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+
+:mod:`ossaudiodev` --- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
+=============================================================
+
+.. module:: ossaudiodev
+ :platform: Linux, FreeBSD
+ :synopsis: Access to OSS-compatible audio devices.
+
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.3
+
+This module allows you to access the OSS (Open Sound System) audio interface.
+OSS is available for a wide range of open-source and commercial Unices, and is
+the standard audio interface for Linux and recent versions of FreeBSD.
+
+.. % Things will get more complicated for future Linux versions, since
+.. % ALSA is in the standard kernel as of 2.5.x. Presumably if you
+.. % use ALSA, you'll have to make sure its OSS compatibility layer
+.. % is active to use ossaudiodev, but you're gonna need it for the vast
+.. % majority of Linux audio apps anyways.
+.. %
+.. % Sounds like things are also complicated for other BSDs. In response
+.. % to my python-dev query, Thomas Wouters said:
+.. %
+.. % > Likewise, googling shows OpenBSD also uses OSS/Free -- the commercial
+.. % > OSS installation manual tells you to remove references to OSS/Free from the
+.. % > kernel :)
+.. %
+.. % but Aleksander Piotrowsk actually has an OpenBSD box, and he quotes
+.. % from its <soundcard.h>:
+.. % > * WARNING! WARNING!
+.. % > * This is an OSS (Linux) audio emulator.
+.. % > * Use the Native NetBSD API for developing new code, and this
+.. % > * only for compiling Linux programs.
+.. %
+.. % There's also an ossaudio manpage on OpenBSD that explains things
+.. % further. Presumably NetBSD and OpenBSD have a different standard
+.. % audio interface. That's the great thing about standards, there are so
+.. % many to choose from ... ;-)
+.. %
+.. % This probably all warrants a footnote or two, but I don't understand
+.. % things well enough right now to write it! --GPW
+
+
+.. seealso::
+
+ `Open Sound System Programmer's Guide <http://www.opensound.com/pguide/oss.pdf>`_
+ the official documentation for the OSS C API
+
+ The module defines a large number of constants supplied by the OSS device
+ driver; see ``<sys/soundcard.h>`` on either Linux or FreeBSD for a listing .
+
+:mod:`ossaudiodev` defines the following variables and functions:
+
+
+.. exception:: OSSAudioError
+
+ This exception is raised on certain errors. The argument is a string describing
+ what went wrong.
+
+ (If :mod:`ossaudiodev` receives an error from a system call such as
+ :cfunc:`open`, :cfunc:`write`, or :cfunc:`ioctl`, it raises :exc:`IOError`.
+ Errors detected directly by :mod:`ossaudiodev` result in :exc:`OSSAudioError`.)
+
+ (For backwards compatibility, the exception class is also available as
+ ``ossaudiodev.error``.)
+
+
+.. function:: open([device, ]mode)
+
+ Open an audio device and return an OSS audio device object. This object
+ supports many file-like methods, such as :meth:`read`, :meth:`write`, and
+ :meth:`fileno` (although there are subtle differences between conventional Unix
+ read/write semantics and those of OSS audio devices). It also supports a number
+ of audio-specific methods; see below for the complete list of methods.
+
+ *device* is the audio device filename to use. If it is not specified, this
+ module first looks in the environment variable :envvar:`AUDIODEV` for a device
+ to use. If not found, it falls back to :file:`/dev/dsp`.
+
+ *mode* is one of ``'r'`` for read-only (record) access, ``'w'`` for
+ write-only (playback) access and ``'rw'`` for both. Since many sound cards
+ only allow one process to have the recorder or player open at a time, it is a
+ good idea to open the device only for the activity needed. Further, some
+ sound cards are half-duplex: they can be opened for reading or writing, but
+ not both at once.
+
+ Note the unusual calling syntax: the *first* argument is optional, and the
+ second is required. This is a historical artifact for compatibility with the
+ older :mod:`linuxaudiodev` module which :mod:`ossaudiodev` supersedes.
+
+ .. % XXX it might also be motivated
+ .. % by my unfounded-but-still-possibly-true belief that the default
+ .. % audio device varies unpredictably across operating systems. -GW
+
+
+.. function:: openmixer([device])
+
+ Open a mixer device and return an OSS mixer device object. *device* is the
+ mixer device filename to use. If it is not specified, this module first looks
+ in the environment variable :envvar:`MIXERDEV` for a device to use. If not
+ found, it falls back to :file:`/dev/mixer`.
+
+
+.. _ossaudio-device-objects:
+
+Audio Device Objects
+--------------------
+
+Before you can write to or read from an audio device, you must call three
+methods in the correct order:
+
+#. :meth:`setfmt` to set the output format
+
+#. :meth:`channels` to set the number of channels
+
+#. :meth:`speed` to set the sample rate
+
+Alternately, you can use the :meth:`setparameters` method to set all three audio
+parameters at once. This is more convenient, but may not be as flexible in all
+cases.
+
+The audio device objects returned by :func:`open` define the following methods
+and (read-only) attributes:
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.close()
+
+ Explicitly close the audio device. When you are done writing to or reading from
+ an audio device, you should explicitly close it. A closed device cannot be used
+ again.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.fileno()
+
+ Return the file descriptor associated with the device.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.read(size)
+
+ Read *size* bytes from the audio input and return them as a Python string.
+ Unlike most Unix device drivers, OSS audio devices in blocking mode (the
+ default) will block :func:`read` until the entire requested amount of data is
+ available.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.write(data)
+
+ Write the Python string *data* to the audio device and return the number of
+ bytes written. If the audio device is in blocking mode (the default), the
+ entire string is always written (again, this is different from usual Unix device
+ semantics). If the device is in non-blocking mode, some data may not be written
+ ---see :meth:`writeall`.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.writeall(data)
+
+ Write the entire Python string *data* to the audio device: waits until the audio
+ device is able to accept data, writes as much data as it will accept, and
+ repeats until *data* has been completely written. If the device is in blocking
+ mode (the default), this has the same effect as :meth:`write`; :meth:`writeall`
+ is only useful in non-blocking mode. Has no return value, since the amount of
+ data written is always equal to the amount of data supplied.
+
+The following methods each map to exactly one :func:`ioctl` system call. The
+correspondence is obvious: for example, :meth:`setfmt` corresponds to the
+``SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT`` ioctl, and :meth:`sync` to ``SNDCTL_DSP_SYNC`` (this can
+be useful when consulting the OSS documentation). If the underlying
+:func:`ioctl` fails, they all raise :exc:`IOError`.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.nonblock()
+
+ Put the device into non-blocking mode. Once in non-blocking mode, there is no
+ way to return it to blocking mode.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.getfmts()
+
+ Return a bitmask of the audio output formats supported by the soundcard. Some
+ of the formats supported by OSS are:
+
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | Format | Description |
+ +=========================+=============================================+
+ | :const:`AFMT_MU_LAW` | a logarithmic encoding (used by Sun ``.au`` |
+ | | files and :file:`/dev/audio`) |
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | :const:`AFMT_A_LAW` | a logarithmic encoding |
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | :const:`AFMT_IMA_ADPCM` | a 4:1 compressed format defined by the |
+ | | Interactive Multimedia Association |
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | :const:`AFMT_U8` | Unsigned, 8-bit audio |
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | :const:`AFMT_S16_LE` | Signed, 16-bit audio, little-endian byte |
+ | | order (as used by Intel processors) |
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | :const:`AFMT_S16_BE` | Signed, 16-bit audio, big-endian byte order |
+ | | (as used by 68k, PowerPC, Sparc) |
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | :const:`AFMT_S8` | Signed, 8 bit audio |
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | :const:`AFMT_U16_LE` | Unsigned, 16-bit little-endian audio |
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+ | :const:`AFMT_U16_BE` | Unsigned, 16-bit big-endian audio |
+ +-------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+
+ Consult the OSS documentation for a full list of audio formats, and note that
+ most devices support only a subset of these formats. Some older devices only
+ support :const:`AFMT_U8`; the most common format used today is
+ :const:`AFMT_S16_LE`.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.setfmt(format)
+
+ Try to set the current audio format to *format*---see :meth:`getfmts` for a
+ list. Returns the audio format that the device was set to, which may not be the
+ requested format. May also be used to return the current audio format---do this
+ by passing an "audio format" of :const:`AFMT_QUERY`.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.channels(nchannels)
+
+ Set the number of output channels to *nchannels*. A value of 1 indicates
+ monophonic sound, 2 stereophonic. Some devices may have more than 2 channels,
+ and some high-end devices may not support mono. Returns the number of channels
+ the device was set to.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.speed(samplerate)
+
+ Try to set the audio sampling rate to *samplerate* samples per second. Returns
+ the rate actually set. Most sound devices don't support arbitrary sampling
+ rates. Common rates are:
+
+ +-------+-------------------------------------------+
+ | Rate | Description |
+ +=======+===========================================+
+ | 8000 | default rate for :file:`/dev/audio` |
+ +-------+-------------------------------------------+
+ | 11025 | speech recording |
+ +-------+-------------------------------------------+
+ | 22050 | |
+ +-------+-------------------------------------------+
+ | 44100 | CD quality audio (at 16 bits/sample and 2 |
+ | | channels) |
+ +-------+-------------------------------------------+
+ | 96000 | DVD quality audio (at 24 bits/sample) |
+ +-------+-------------------------------------------+
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.sync()
+
+ Wait until the sound device has played every byte in its buffer. (This happens
+ implicitly when the device is closed.) The OSS documentation recommends closing
+ and re-opening the device rather than using :meth:`sync`.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.reset()
+
+ Immediately stop playing or recording and return the device to a state where it
+ can accept commands. The OSS documentation recommends closing and re-opening
+ the device after calling :meth:`reset`.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.post()
+
+ Tell the driver that there is likely to be a pause in the output, making it
+ possible for the device to handle the pause more intelligently. You might use
+ this after playing a spot sound effect, before waiting for user input, or before
+ doing disk I/O.
+
+The following convenience methods combine several ioctls, or one ioctl and some
+simple calculations.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.setparameters(format, nchannels, samplerate [, strict=False])
+
+ Set the key audio sampling parameters---sample format, number of channels, and
+ sampling rate---in one method call. *format*, *nchannels*, and *samplerate*
+ should be as specified in the :meth:`setfmt`, :meth:`channels`, and
+ :meth:`speed` methods. If *strict* is true, :meth:`setparameters` checks to
+ see if each parameter was actually set to the requested value, and raises
+ :exc:`OSSAudioError` if not. Returns a tuple (*format*, *nchannels*,
+ *samplerate*) indicating the parameter values that were actually set by the
+ device driver (i.e., the same as the return values of :meth:`setfmt`,
+ :meth:`channels`, and :meth:`speed`).
+
+ For example, ::
+
+ (fmt, channels, rate) = dsp.setparameters(fmt, channels, rate)
+
+ is equivalent to ::
+
+ fmt = dsp.setfmt(fmt)
+ channels = dsp.channels(channels)
+ rate = dsp.rate(channels)
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.bufsize()
+
+ Returns the size of the hardware buffer, in samples.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.obufcount()
+
+ Returns the number of samples that are in the hardware buffer yet to be played.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_audio_device.obuffree()
+
+ Returns the number of samples that could be queued into the hardware buffer to
+ be played without blocking.
+
+Audio device objects also support several read-only attributes:
+
+
+.. attribute:: oss_audio_device.closed
+
+ Boolean indicating whether the device has been closed.
+
+
+.. attribute:: oss_audio_device.name
+
+ String containing the name of the device file.
+
+
+.. attribute:: oss_audio_device.mode
+
+ The I/O mode for the file, either ``"r"``, ``"rw"``, or ``"w"``.
+
+
+.. _mixer-device-objects:
+
+Mixer Device Objects
+--------------------
+
+The mixer object provides two file-like methods:
+
+
+.. method:: oss_mixer_device.close()
+
+ This method closes the open mixer device file. Any further attempts to use the
+ mixer after this file is closed will raise an :exc:`IOError`.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_mixer_device.fileno()
+
+ Returns the file handle number of the open mixer device file.
+
+The remaining methods are specific to audio mixing:
+
+
+.. method:: oss_mixer_device.controls()
+
+ This method returns a bitmask specifying the available mixer controls ("Control"
+ being a specific mixable "channel", such as :const:`SOUND_MIXER_PCM` or
+ :const:`SOUND_MIXER_SYNTH`). This bitmask indicates a subset of all available
+ mixer controls---the :const:`SOUND_MIXER_\*` constants defined at module level.
+ To determine if, for example, the current mixer object supports a PCM mixer, use
+ the following Python code::
+
+ mixer=ossaudiodev.openmixer()
+ if mixer.controls() & (1 << ossaudiodev.SOUND_MIXER_PCM):
+ # PCM is supported
+ ... code ...
+
+ For most purposes, the :const:`SOUND_MIXER_VOLUME` (master volume) and
+ :const:`SOUND_MIXER_PCM` controls should suffice---but code that uses the mixer
+ should be flexible when it comes to choosing mixer controls. On the Gravis
+ Ultrasound, for example, :const:`SOUND_MIXER_VOLUME` does not exist.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_mixer_device.stereocontrols()
+
+ Returns a bitmask indicating stereo mixer controls. If a bit is set, the
+ corresponding control is stereo; if it is unset, the control is either
+ monophonic or not supported by the mixer (use in combination with
+ :meth:`controls` to determine which).
+
+ See the code example for the :meth:`controls` function for an example of getting
+ data from a bitmask.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_mixer_device.reccontrols()
+
+ Returns a bitmask specifying the mixer controls that may be used to record. See
+ the code example for :meth:`controls` for an example of reading from a bitmask.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_mixer_device.get(control)
+
+ Returns the volume of a given mixer control. The returned volume is a 2-tuple
+ ``(left_volume,right_volume)``. Volumes are specified as numbers from 0
+ (silent) to 100 (full volume). If the control is monophonic, a 2-tuple is still
+ returned, but both volumes are the same.
+
+ Raises :exc:`OSSAudioError` if an invalid control was is specified, or
+ :exc:`IOError` if an unsupported control is specified.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_mixer_device.set(control, (left, right))
+
+ Sets the volume for a given mixer control to ``(left,right)``. ``left`` and
+ ``right`` must be ints and between 0 (silent) and 100 (full volume). On
+ success, the new volume is returned as a 2-tuple. Note that this may not be
+ exactly the same as the volume specified, because of the limited resolution of
+ some soundcard's mixers.
+
+ Raises :exc:`OSSAudioError` if an invalid mixer control was specified, or if the
+ specified volumes were out-of-range.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_mixer_device.get_recsrc()
+
+ This method returns a bitmask indicating which control(s) are currently being
+ used as a recording source.
+
+
+.. method:: oss_mixer_device.set_recsrc(bitmask)
+
+ Call this function to specify a recording source. Returns a bitmask indicating
+ the new recording source (or sources) if successful; raises :exc:`IOError` if an
+ invalid source was specified. To set the current recording source to the
+ microphone input::
+
+ mixer.setrecsrc (1 << ossaudiodev.SOUND_MIXER_MIC)
+