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+
+:mod:`resource` --- Resource usage information
+==============================================
+
+.. module:: resource
+ :platform: Unix
+ :synopsis: An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process.
+.. moduleauthor:: Jeremy Hylton <jeremy@alum.mit.edu>
+.. sectionauthor:: Jeremy Hylton <jeremy@alum.mit.edu>
+
+
+This module provides basic mechanisms for measuring and controlling system
+resources utilized by a program.
+
+Symbolic constants are used to specify particular system resources and to
+request usage information about either the current process or its children.
+
+A single exception is defined for errors:
+
+
+.. exception:: error
+
+ The functions described below may raise this error if the underlying system call
+ failures unexpectedly.
+
+
+Resource Limits
+---------------
+
+Resources usage can be limited using the :func:`setrlimit` function described
+below. Each resource is controlled by a pair of limits: a soft limit and a hard
+limit. The soft limit is the current limit, and may be lowered or raised by a
+process over time. The soft limit can never exceed the hard limit. The hard
+limit can be lowered to any value greater than the soft limit, but not raised.
+(Only processes with the effective UID of the super-user can raise a hard
+limit.)
+
+The specific resources that can be limited are system dependent. They are
+described in the :manpage:`getrlimit(2)` man page. The resources listed below
+are supported when the underlying operating system supports them; resources
+which cannot be checked or controlled by the operating system are not defined in
+this module for those platforms.
+
+
+.. function:: getrlimit(resource)
+
+ Returns a tuple ``(soft, hard)`` with the current soft and hard limits of
+ *resource*. Raises :exc:`ValueError` if an invalid resource is specified, or
+ :exc:`error` if the underlying system call fails unexpectedly.
+
+
+.. function:: setrlimit(resource, limits)
+
+ Sets new limits of consumption of *resource*. The *limits* argument must be a
+ tuple ``(soft, hard)`` of two integers describing the new limits. A value of
+ ``-1`` can be used to specify the maximum possible upper limit.
+
+ Raises :exc:`ValueError` if an invalid resource is specified, if the new soft
+ limit exceeds the hard limit, or if a process tries to raise its hard limit
+ (unless the process has an effective UID of super-user). Can also raise
+ :exc:`error` if the underlying system call fails.
+
+These symbols define resources whose consumption can be controlled using the
+:func:`setrlimit` and :func:`getrlimit` functions described below. The values of
+these symbols are exactly the constants used by C programs.
+
+The Unix man page for :manpage:`getrlimit(2)` lists the available resources.
+Note that not all systems use the same symbol or same value to denote the same
+resource. This module does not attempt to mask platform differences --- symbols
+not defined for a platform will not be available from this module on that
+platform.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_CORE
+
+ The maximum size (in bytes) of a core file that the current process can create.
+ This may result in the creation of a partial core file if a larger core would be
+ required to contain the entire process image.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_CPU
+
+ The maximum amount of processor time (in seconds) that a process can use. If
+ this limit is exceeded, a :const:`SIGXCPU` signal is sent to the process. (See
+ the :mod:`signal` module documentation for information about how to catch this
+ signal and do something useful, e.g. flush open files to disk.)
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_FSIZE
+
+ The maximum size of a file which the process may create. This only affects the
+ stack of the main thread in a multi-threaded process.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_DATA
+
+ The maximum size (in bytes) of the process's heap.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_STACK
+
+ The maximum size (in bytes) of the call stack for the current process.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_RSS
+
+ The maximum resident set size that should be made available to the process.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_NPROC
+
+ The maximum number of processes the current process may create.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_NOFILE
+
+ The maximum number of open file descriptors for the current process.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_OFILE
+
+ The BSD name for :const:`RLIMIT_NOFILE`.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
+
+ The maximum address space which may be locked in memory.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_VMEM
+
+ The largest area of mapped memory which the process may occupy.
+
+
+.. data:: RLIMIT_AS
+
+ The maximum area (in bytes) of address space which may be taken by the process.
+
+
+Resource Usage
+--------------
+
+These functions are used to retrieve resource usage information:
+
+
+.. function:: getrusage(who)
+
+ This function returns an object that describes the resources consumed by either
+ the current process or its children, as specified by the *who* parameter. The
+ *who* parameter should be specified using one of the :const:`RUSAGE_\*`
+ constants described below.
+
+ The fields of the return value each describe how a particular system resource
+ has been used, e.g. amount of time spent running is user mode or number of times
+ the process was swapped out of main memory. Some values are dependent on the
+ clock tick internal, e.g. the amount of memory the process is using.
+
+ For backward compatibility, the return value is also accessible as a tuple of 16
+ elements.
+
+ The fields :attr:`ru_utime` and :attr:`ru_stime` of the return value are
+ floating point values representing the amount of time spent executing in user
+ mode and the amount of time spent executing in system mode, respectively. The
+ remaining values are integers. Consult the :manpage:`getrusage(2)` man page for
+ detailed information about these values. A brief summary is presented here:
+
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | Index | Field | Resource |
+ +========+=====================+===============================+
+ | ``0`` | :attr:`ru_utime` | time in user mode (float) |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``1`` | :attr:`ru_stime` | time in system mode (float) |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``2`` | :attr:`ru_maxrss` | maximum resident set size |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``3`` | :attr:`ru_ixrss` | shared memory size |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``4`` | :attr:`ru_idrss` | unshared memory size |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``5`` | :attr:`ru_isrss` | unshared stack size |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``6`` | :attr:`ru_minflt` | page faults not requiring I/O |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``7`` | :attr:`ru_majflt` | page faults requiring I/O |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``8`` | :attr:`ru_nswap` | number of swap outs |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``9`` | :attr:`ru_inblock` | block input operations |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``10`` | :attr:`ru_oublock` | block output operations |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``11`` | :attr:`ru_msgsnd` | messages sent |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``12`` | :attr:`ru_msgrcv` | messages received |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``13`` | :attr:`ru_nsignals` | signals received |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``14`` | :attr:`ru_nvcsw` | voluntary context switches |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+ | ``15`` | :attr:`ru_nivcsw` | involuntary context switches |
+ +--------+---------------------+-------------------------------+
+
+ This function will raise a :exc:`ValueError` if an invalid *who* parameter is
+ specified. It may also raise :exc:`error` exception in unusual circumstances.
+
+ .. versionchanged:: 2.3
+ Added access to values as attributes of the returned object.
+
+
+.. function:: getpagesize()
+
+ Returns the number of bytes in a system page. (This need not be the same as the
+ hardware page size.) This function is useful for determining the number of bytes
+ of memory a process is using. The third element of the tuple returned by
+ :func:`getrusage` describes memory usage in pages; multiplying by page size
+ produces number of bytes.
+
+The following :const:`RUSAGE_\*` symbols are passed to the :func:`getrusage`
+function to specify which processes information should be provided for.
+
+
+.. data:: RUSAGE_SELF
+
+ :const:`RUSAGE_SELF` should be used to request information pertaining only to
+ the process itself.
+
+
+.. data:: RUSAGE_CHILDREN
+
+ Pass to :func:`getrusage` to request resource information for child processes of
+ the calling process.
+
+
+.. data:: RUSAGE_BOTH
+
+ Pass to :func:`getrusage` to request resources consumed by both the current
+ process and child processes. May not be available on all systems.
+