# xml.etree test.  This file contains enough tests to make sure that
# all included components work as they should.
# Large parts are extracted from the upstream test suite.
#
# PLEASE write all new tests using the standard unittest infrastructure and
# not doctest.
#
# IMPORTANT: the same tests are run from "test_xml_etree_c" in order
# to ensure consistency between the C implementation and the Python
# implementation.
#
# For this purpose, the module-level "ET" symbol is temporarily
# monkey-patched when running the "test_xml_etree_c" test suite.
# Don't re-import "xml.etree.ElementTree" module in the docstring,
# except if the test is specific to the Python implementation.

import html
import io
import sys
import unittest
import weakref

from test import support
from test.support import TESTFN, findfile, unlink, import_fresh_module, gc_collect

pyET = None
ET = None

SIMPLE_XMLFILE = findfile("simple.xml", subdir="xmltestdata")
try:
    SIMPLE_XMLFILE.encode("utf-8")
except UnicodeEncodeError:
    raise unittest.SkipTest("filename is not encodable to utf8")
SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE = findfile("simple-ns.xml", subdir="xmltestdata")

SAMPLE_XML = """\
<body>
  <tag class='a'>text</tag>
  <tag class='b' />
  <section>
    <tag class='b' id='inner'>subtext</tag>
  </section>
</body>
"""

SAMPLE_SECTION = """\
<section>
  <tag class='b' id='inner'>subtext</tag>
  <nexttag />
  <nextsection>
    <tag />
  </nextsection>
</section>
"""

SAMPLE_XML_NS = """
<body xmlns="http://effbot.org/ns">
  <tag>text</tag>
  <tag />
  <section>
    <tag>subtext</tag>
  </section>
</body>
"""

SAMPLE_XML_NS_ELEMS = """
<root>
<h:table xmlns:h="hello">
  <h:tr>
    <h:td>Apples</h:td>
    <h:td>Bananas</h:td>
  </h:tr>
</h:table>

<f:table xmlns:f="foo">
  <f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
  <f:width>80</f:width>
  <f:length>120</f:length>
</f:table>
</root>
"""

def sanity():
    """
    Import sanity.

    >>> from xml.etree import ElementTree
    >>> from xml.etree import ElementInclude
    >>> from xml.etree import ElementPath
    """

def check_method(method):
    if not hasattr(method, '__call__'):
        print(method, "not callable")

def serialize(elem, to_string=True, encoding='unicode', **options):
    import io
    if encoding != 'unicode':
        file = io.BytesIO()
    else:
        file = io.StringIO()
    tree = ET.ElementTree(elem)
    tree.write(file, encoding=encoding, **options)
    if to_string:
        return file.getvalue()
    else:
        file.seek(0)
        return file

def summarize(elem):
    if elem.tag == ET.Comment:
        return "<Comment>"
    return elem.tag

def summarize_list(seq):
    return [summarize(elem) for elem in seq]

def normalize_crlf(tree):
    for elem in tree.iter():
        if elem.text:
            elem.text = elem.text.replace("\r\n", "\n")
        if elem.tail:
            elem.tail = elem.tail.replace("\r\n", "\n")

def normalize_exception(func, *args, **kwargs):
    # Ignore the exception __module__
    try:
        func(*args, **kwargs)
    except Exception as err:
        print("Traceback (most recent call last):")
        print("{}: {}".format(err.__class__.__name__, err))

def check_string(string):
    len(string)
    for char in string:
        if len(char) != 1:
            print("expected one-character string, got %r" % char)
    new_string = string + ""
    new_string = string + " "
    string[:0]

def check_mapping(mapping):
    len(mapping)
    keys = mapping.keys()
    items = mapping.items()
    for key in keys:
        item = mapping[key]
    mapping["key"] = "value"
    if mapping["key"] != "value":
        print("expected value string, got %r" % mapping["key"])

def check_element(element):
    if not ET.iselement(element):
        print("not an element")
    if not hasattr(element, "tag"):
        print("no tag member")
    if not hasattr(element, "attrib"):
        print("no attrib member")
    if not hasattr(element, "text"):
        print("no text member")
    if not hasattr(element, "tail"):
        print("no tail member")

    check_string(element.tag)
    check_mapping(element.attrib)
    if element.text is not None:
        check_string(element.text)
    if element.tail is not None:
        check_string(element.tail)
    for elem in element:
        check_element(elem)

# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# element tree tests

def interface():
    """
    Test element tree interface.

    >>> element = ET.Element("tag")
    >>> check_element(element)
    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(element)
    >>> check_element(tree.getroot())

    >>> element = ET.Element("t\\xe4g", key="value")
    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(element)
    >>> repr(element)   # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    "<Element 't\\xe4g' at 0x...>"
    >>> element = ET.Element("tag", key="value")

    Make sure all standard element methods exist.

    >>> check_method(element.append)
    >>> check_method(element.extend)
    >>> check_method(element.insert)
    >>> check_method(element.remove)
    >>> check_method(element.getchildren)
    >>> check_method(element.find)
    >>> check_method(element.iterfind)
    >>> check_method(element.findall)
    >>> check_method(element.findtext)
    >>> check_method(element.clear)
    >>> check_method(element.get)
    >>> check_method(element.set)
    >>> check_method(element.keys)
    >>> check_method(element.items)
    >>> check_method(element.iter)
    >>> check_method(element.itertext)
    >>> check_method(element.getiterator)

    These methods return an iterable. See bug 6472.

    >>> check_method(element.iterfind("tag").__next__)
    >>> check_method(element.iterfind("*").__next__)
    >>> check_method(tree.iterfind("tag").__next__)
    >>> check_method(tree.iterfind("*").__next__)

    These aliases are provided:

    >>> assert ET.XML == ET.fromstring
    >>> assert ET.PI == ET.ProcessingInstruction
    >>> assert ET.XMLParser == ET.XMLTreeBuilder
    """

def simpleops():
    """
    Basic method sanity checks.

    >>> elem = ET.XML("<body><tag/></body>")
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<body><tag /></body>'
    >>> e = ET.Element("tag2")
    >>> elem.append(e)
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<body><tag /><tag2 /></body>'
    >>> elem.remove(e)
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<body><tag /></body>'
    >>> elem.insert(0, e)
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<body><tag2 /><tag /></body>'
    >>> elem.remove(e)
    >>> elem.extend([e])
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<body><tag /><tag2 /></body>'
    >>> elem.remove(e)

    >>> element = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
    >>> serialize(element) # 1
    '<tag key="value" />'
    >>> subelement = ET.Element("subtag")
    >>> element.append(subelement)
    >>> serialize(element) # 2
    '<tag key="value"><subtag /></tag>'
    >>> element.insert(0, subelement)
    >>> serialize(element) # 3
    '<tag key="value"><subtag /><subtag /></tag>'
    >>> element.remove(subelement)
    >>> serialize(element) # 4
    '<tag key="value"><subtag /></tag>'
    >>> element.remove(subelement)
    >>> serialize(element) # 5
    '<tag key="value" />'
    >>> element.remove(subelement)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
    >>> serialize(element) # 6
    '<tag key="value" />'
    >>> element[0:0] = [subelement, subelement, subelement]
    >>> serialize(element[1])
    '<subtag />'
    >>> element[1:9] == [element[1], element[2]]
    True
    >>> element[:9:2] == [element[0], element[2]]
    True
    >>> del element[1:2]
    >>> serialize(element)
    '<tag key="value"><subtag /><subtag /></tag>'
    """

def cdata():
    """
    Test CDATA handling (etc).

    >>> serialize(ET.XML("<tag>hello</tag>"))
    '<tag>hello</tag>'
    >>> serialize(ET.XML("<tag>&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#111;</tag>"))
    '<tag>hello</tag>'
    >>> serialize(ET.XML("<tag><![CDATA[hello]]></tag>"))
    '<tag>hello</tag>'
    """

def find():
    """
    Test find methods (including xpath syntax).

    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
    >>> elem.find("tag").tag
    'tag'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("tag").tag
    'tag'
    >>> elem.find("section/tag").tag
    'tag'
    >>> elem.find("./tag").tag
    'tag'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("./tag").tag
    'tag'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("/tag").tag
    'tag'
    >>> elem[2] = ET.XML(SAMPLE_SECTION)
    >>> elem.find("section/nexttag").tag
    'nexttag'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("section/tag").tag
    'tag'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("tog")
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("tog/foo")
    >>> elem.findtext("tag")
    'text'
    >>> elem.findtext("section/nexttag")
    ''
    >>> elem.findtext("section/nexttag", "default")
    ''
    >>> elem.findtext("tog")
    >>> elem.findtext("tog", "default")
    'default'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("tag")
    'text'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("tog/foo")
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("tog/foo", "default")
    'default'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("./tag")
    'text'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("/tag")
    'text'
    >>> elem.findtext("section/tag")
    'subtext'
    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("section/tag")
    'subtext'
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("."))
    ['body']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("tag"))
    ['tag', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("tog"))
    []
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("tog/foo"))
    []
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*"))
    ['tag', 'tag', 'section']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag"))
    ['tag', 'tag', 'tag', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section/tag"))
    ['tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section//tag"))
    ['tag', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section/*"))
    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section//*"))
    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section/.//*"))
    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*/*"))
    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*//*"))
    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*/tag"))
    ['tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*/./tag"))
    ['tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("./tag"))
    ['tag', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag"))
    ['tag', 'tag', 'tag', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("././tag"))
    ['tag', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag[@class]"))
    ['tag', 'tag', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag[@class='a']"))
    ['tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag[@class='b']"))
    ['tag', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag[@id]"))
    ['tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//section[tag]"))
    ['section']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//section[element]"))
    []
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("../tag"))
    []
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section/../tag"))
    ['tag', 'tag']
    >>> summarize_list(ET.ElementTree(elem).findall("./tag"))
    ['tag', 'tag']

    Following example is invalid in 1.2.
    A leading '*' is assumed in 1.3.

    >>> elem.findall("section//") == elem.findall("section//*")
    True

    ET's Path module handles this case incorrectly; this gives
    a warning in 1.3, and the behaviour will be modified in 1.4.

    >>> summarize_list(ET.ElementTree(elem).findall("/tag"))
    ['tag', 'tag']

    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML_NS)
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("tag"))
    []
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("{http://effbot.org/ns}tag"))
    ['{http://effbot.org/ns}tag', '{http://effbot.org/ns}tag']
    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//{http://effbot.org/ns}tag"))
    ['{http://effbot.org/ns}tag', '{http://effbot.org/ns}tag', '{http://effbot.org/ns}tag']
    """

def file_init():
    """
    >>> import io

    >>> stringfile = io.BytesIO(SAMPLE_XML.encode("utf-8"))
    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(file=stringfile)
    >>> tree.find("tag").tag
    'tag'
    >>> tree.find("section/tag").tag
    'tag'

    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(file=SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
    >>> tree.find("element").tag
    'element'
    >>> tree.find("element/../empty-element").tag
    'empty-element'
    """

def bad_find():
    """
    Check bad or unsupported path expressions.

    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
    >>> elem.findall("/tag")
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    SyntaxError: cannot use absolute path on element
    """

def path_cache():
    """
    Check that the path cache behaves sanely.

    >>> from xml.etree import ElementPath

    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
    >>> for i in range(10): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
    >>> cache_len_10 = len(ElementPath._cache)
    >>> for i in range(10): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
    >>> len(ElementPath._cache) == cache_len_10
    True
    >>> for i in range(20): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
    >>> len(ElementPath._cache) > cache_len_10
    True
    >>> for i in range(600): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
    >>> len(ElementPath._cache) < 500
    True
    """

def copy():
    """
    Test copy handling (etc).

    >>> import copy
    >>> e1 = ET.XML("<tag>hello<foo/></tag>")
    >>> e2 = copy.copy(e1)
    >>> e3 = copy.deepcopy(e1)
    >>> e1.find("foo").tag = "bar"
    >>> serialize(e1)
    '<tag>hello<bar /></tag>'
    >>> serialize(e2)
    '<tag>hello<bar /></tag>'
    >>> serialize(e3)
    '<tag>hello<foo /></tag>'

    """

def attrib():
    """
    Test attribute handling.

    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag")
    >>> elem.get("key") # 1.1
    >>> elem.get("key", "default") # 1.2
    'default'
    >>> elem.set("key", "value")
    >>> elem.get("key") # 1.3
    'value'

    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
    >>> elem.get("key") # 2.1
    'value'
    >>> elem.attrib # 2.2
    {'key': 'value'}

    >>> attrib = {"key": "value"}
    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag", attrib)
    >>> attrib.clear() # check for aliasing issues
    >>> elem.get("key") # 3.1
    'value'
    >>> elem.attrib # 3.2
    {'key': 'value'}

    >>> attrib = {"key": "value"}
    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag", **attrib)
    >>> attrib.clear() # check for aliasing issues
    >>> elem.get("key") # 4.1
    'value'
    >>> elem.attrib # 4.2
    {'key': 'value'}

    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag", {"key": "other"}, key="value")
    >>> elem.get("key") # 5.1
    'value'
    >>> elem.attrib # 5.2
    {'key': 'value'}

    >>> elem = ET.Element('test')
    >>> elem.text = "aa"
    >>> elem.set('testa', 'testval')
    >>> elem.set('testb', 'test2')
    >>> ET.tostring(elem)
    b'<test testa="testval" testb="test2">aa</test>'
    >>> sorted(elem.keys())
    ['testa', 'testb']
    >>> sorted(elem.items())
    [('testa', 'testval'), ('testb', 'test2')]
    >>> elem.attrib['testb']
    'test2'
    >>> elem.attrib['testb'] = 'test1'
    >>> elem.attrib['testc'] = 'test2'
    >>> ET.tostring(elem)
    b'<test testa="testval" testb="test1" testc="test2">aa</test>'
    """

def makeelement():
    """
    Test makeelement handling.

    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag")
    >>> attrib = {"key": "value"}
    >>> subelem = elem.makeelement("subtag", attrib)
    >>> if subelem.attrib is attrib:
    ...     print("attrib aliasing")
    >>> elem.append(subelem)
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>'

    >>> elem.clear()
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<tag />'
    >>> elem.append(subelem)
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>'
    >>> elem.extend([subelem, subelem])
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<tag><subtag key="value" /><subtag key="value" /><subtag key="value" /></tag>'
    >>> elem[:] = [subelem]
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>'
    >>> elem[:] = tuple([subelem])
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>'

    """

def parsefile():
    """
    Test parsing from file.

    >>> tree = ET.parse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
    >>> normalize_crlf(tree)
    >>> tree.write(sys.stdout, encoding='unicode')
    <root>
       <element key="value">text</element>
       <element>text</element>tail
       <empty-element />
    </root>
    >>> tree = ET.parse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE)
    >>> normalize_crlf(tree)
    >>> tree.write(sys.stdout, encoding='unicode')
    <ns0:root xmlns:ns0="namespace">
       <ns0:element key="value">text</ns0:element>
       <ns0:element>text</ns0:element>tail
       <ns0:empty-element />
    </ns0:root>

    >>> with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE) as f:
    ...     data = f.read()

    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser()
    >>> parser.version  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    'Expat ...'
    >>> parser.feed(data)
    >>> print(serialize(parser.close()))
    <root>
       <element key="value">text</element>
       <element>text</element>tail
       <empty-element />
    </root>

    >>> parser = ET.XMLTreeBuilder() # 1.2 compatibility
    >>> parser.feed(data)
    >>> print(serialize(parser.close()))
    <root>
       <element key="value">text</element>
       <element>text</element>tail
       <empty-element />
    </root>

    >>> target = ET.TreeBuilder()
    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser(target=target)
    >>> parser.feed(data)
    >>> print(serialize(parser.close()))
    <root>
       <element key="value">text</element>
       <element>text</element>tail
       <empty-element />
    </root>
    """

def parseliteral():
    """
    >>> element = ET.XML("<html><body>text</body></html>")
    >>> ET.ElementTree(element).write(sys.stdout, encoding='unicode')
    <html><body>text</body></html>
    >>> element = ET.fromstring("<html><body>text</body></html>")
    >>> ET.ElementTree(element).write(sys.stdout, encoding='unicode')
    <html><body>text</body></html>
    >>> sequence = ["<html><body>", "text</bo", "dy></html>"]
    >>> element = ET.fromstringlist(sequence)
    >>> ET.tostring(element)
    b'<html><body>text</body></html>'
    >>> b"".join(ET.tostringlist(element))
    b'<html><body>text</body></html>'
    >>> ET.tostring(element, "ascii")
    b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\\n<html><body>text</body></html>"
    >>> _, ids = ET.XMLID("<html><body>text</body></html>")
    >>> len(ids)
    0
    >>> _, ids = ET.XMLID("<html><body id='body'>text</body></html>")
    >>> len(ids)
    1
    >>> ids["body"].tag
    'body'
    """

def iterparse():
    """
    Test iterparse interface.

    >>> iterparse = ET.iterparse

    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
    >>> action, elem = next(context)
    >>> print(action, elem.tag)
    end element
    >>> for action, elem in context:
    ...   print(action, elem.tag)
    end element
    end empty-element
    end root
    >>> context.root.tag
    'root'

    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE)
    >>> for action, elem in context:
    ...   print(action, elem.tag)
    end {namespace}element
    end {namespace}element
    end {namespace}empty-element
    end {namespace}root

    >>> events = ()
    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events)
    >>> for action, elem in context:
    ...   print(action, elem.tag)

    >>> events = ()
    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events=events)
    >>> for action, elem in context:
    ...   print(action, elem.tag)

    >>> events = ("start", "end")
    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events)
    >>> for action, elem in context:
    ...   print(action, elem.tag)
    start root
    start element
    end element
    start element
    end element
    start empty-element
    end empty-element
    end root

    >>> events = ("start", "end", "start-ns", "end-ns")
    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE, events)
    >>> for action, elem in context:
    ...   if action in ("start", "end"):
    ...     print(action, elem.tag)
    ...   else:
    ...     print(action, elem)
    start-ns ('', 'namespace')
    start {namespace}root
    start {namespace}element
    end {namespace}element
    start {namespace}element
    end {namespace}element
    start {namespace}empty-element
    end {namespace}empty-element
    end {namespace}root
    end-ns None

    >>> events = ("start", "end", "bogus")
    >>> with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, "rb") as f:
    ...     iterparse(f, events)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ValueError: unknown event 'bogus'

    >>> import io

    >>> source = io.BytesIO(
    ...     b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\\n"
    ...     b"<body xmlns='http://&#233;ffbot.org/ns'\\n"
    ...     b"      xmlns:cl\\xe9='http://effbot.org/ns'>text</body>\\n")
    >>> events = ("start-ns",)
    >>> context = iterparse(source, events)
    >>> for action, elem in context:
    ...     print(action, elem)
    start-ns ('', 'http://\\xe9ffbot.org/ns')
    start-ns ('cl\\xe9', 'http://effbot.org/ns')

    >>> source = io.StringIO("<document />junk")
    >>> try:
    ...   for action, elem in iterparse(source):
    ...     print(action, elem.tag)
    ... except ET.ParseError as v:
    ...   print(v)
    end document
    junk after document element: line 1, column 12
    """

def writefile():
    """
    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag")
    >>> elem.text = "text"
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<tag>text</tag>'
    >>> ET.SubElement(elem, "subtag").text = "subtext"
    >>> serialize(elem)
    '<tag>text<subtag>subtext</subtag></tag>'

    Test tag suppression
    >>> elem.tag = None
    >>> serialize(elem)
    'text<subtag>subtext</subtag>'
    >>> elem.insert(0, ET.Comment("comment"))
    >>> serialize(elem)     # assumes 1.3
    'text<!--comment--><subtag>subtext</subtag>'
    >>> elem[0] = ET.PI("key", "value")
    >>> serialize(elem)
    'text<?key value?><subtag>subtext</subtag>'
    """

def custom_builder():
    """
    Test parser w. custom builder.

    >>> with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE) as f:
    ...     data = f.read()
    >>> class Builder:
    ...     def start(self, tag, attrib):
    ...         print("start", tag)
    ...     def end(self, tag):
    ...         print("end", tag)
    ...     def data(self, text):
    ...         pass
    >>> builder = Builder()
    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser(target=builder)
    >>> parser.feed(data)
    start root
    start element
    end element
    start element
    end element
    start empty-element
    end empty-element
    end root

    >>> with open(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE) as f:
    ...     data = f.read()
    >>> class Builder:
    ...     def start(self, tag, attrib):
    ...         print("start", tag)
    ...     def end(self, tag):
    ...         print("end", tag)
    ...     def data(self, text):
    ...         pass
    ...     def pi(self, target, data):
    ...         print("pi", target, repr(data))
    ...     def comment(self, data):
    ...         print("comment", repr(data))
    >>> builder = Builder()
    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser(target=builder)
    >>> parser.feed(data)
    pi pi 'data'
    comment ' comment '
    start {namespace}root
    start {namespace}element
    end {namespace}element
    start {namespace}element
    end {namespace}element
    start {namespace}empty-element
    end {namespace}empty-element
    end {namespace}root

    """

def getchildren():
    """
    Test Element.getchildren()

    >>> with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, "rb") as f:
    ...     tree = ET.parse(f)
    >>> for elem in tree.getroot().iter():
    ...     summarize_list(elem.getchildren())
    ['element', 'element', 'empty-element']
    []
    []
    []
    >>> for elem in tree.getiterator():
    ...     summarize_list(elem.getchildren())
    ['element', 'element', 'empty-element']
    []
    []
    []

    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
    >>> len(elem.getchildren())
    3
    >>> len(elem[2].getchildren())
    1
    >>> elem[:] == elem.getchildren()
    True
    >>> child1 = elem[0]
    >>> child2 = elem[2]
    >>> del elem[1:2]
    >>> len(elem.getchildren())
    2
    >>> child1 == elem[0]
    True
    >>> child2 == elem[1]
    True
    >>> elem[0:2] = [child2, child1]
    >>> child2 == elem[0]
    True
    >>> child1 == elem[1]
    True
    >>> child1 == elem[0]
    False
    >>> elem.clear()
    >>> elem.getchildren()
    []
    """

def writestring():
    """
    >>> elem = ET.XML("<html><body>text</body></html>")
    >>> ET.tostring(elem)
    b'<html><body>text</body></html>'
    >>> elem = ET.fromstring("<html><body>text</body></html>")
    >>> ET.tostring(elem)
    b'<html><body>text</body></html>'
    """

def check_encoding(encoding):
    """
    >>> check_encoding("ascii")
    >>> check_encoding("us-ascii")
    >>> check_encoding("iso-8859-1")
    >>> check_encoding("iso-8859-15")
    >>> check_encoding("cp437")
    >>> check_encoding("mac-roman")
    """
    ET.XML("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?><xml />" % encoding)

def methods():
    r"""
    Test serialization methods.

    >>> e = ET.XML("<html><link/><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>")
    >>> e.tail = "\n"
    >>> serialize(e)
    '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n'
    >>> serialize(e, method=None)
    '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n'
    >>> serialize(e, method="xml")
    '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n'
    >>> serialize(e, method="html")
    '<html><link><script>1 < 2</script></html>\n'
    >>> serialize(e, method="text")
    '1 < 2\n'
    """

ENTITY_XML = """\
<!DOCTYPE points [
<!ENTITY % user-entities SYSTEM 'user-entities.xml'>
%user-entities;
]>
<document>&entity;</document>
"""

def entity():
    """
    Test entity handling.

    1) good entities

    >>> e = ET.XML("<document title='&#x8230;'>test</document>")
    >>> serialize(e, encoding="us-ascii")
    b'<document title="&#33328;">test</document>'
    >>> serialize(e)
    '<document title="\u8230">test</document>'

    2) bad entities

    >>> normalize_exception(ET.XML, "<document>&entity;</document>")
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ParseError: undefined entity: line 1, column 10

    >>> normalize_exception(ET.XML, ENTITY_XML)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ParseError: undefined entity &entity;: line 5, column 10

    3) custom entity

    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser()
    >>> parser.entity["entity"] = "text"
    >>> parser.feed(ENTITY_XML)
    >>> root = parser.close()
    >>> serialize(root)
    '<document>text</document>'
    """

def namespace():
    """
    Test namespace issues.

    1) xml namespace

    >>> elem = ET.XML("<tag xml:lang='en' />")
    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.1
    '<tag xml:lang="en" />'

    2) other "well-known" namespaces

    >>> elem = ET.XML("<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf='http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#' />")
    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.1
    '<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" />'

    >>> elem = ET.XML("<html:html xmlns:html='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml' />")
    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.2
    '<html:html xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" />'

    >>> elem = ET.XML("<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap='http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope' />")
    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.3
    '<ns0:Envelope xmlns:ns0="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope" />'

    3) unknown namespaces
    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML_NS)
    >>> print(serialize(elem))
    <ns0:body xmlns:ns0="http://effbot.org/ns">
      <ns0:tag>text</ns0:tag>
      <ns0:tag />
      <ns0:section>
        <ns0:tag>subtext</ns0:tag>
      </ns0:section>
    </ns0:body>
    """

def qname():
    """
    Test QName handling.

    1) decorated tags

    >>> elem = ET.Element("{uri}tag")
    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.1
    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />'
    >>> elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("{uri}tag"))
    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.2
    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />'
    >>> elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("uri", "tag"))
    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.3
    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />'
    >>> elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("uri", "tag"))
    >>> subelem = ET.SubElement(elem, ET.QName("uri", "tag1"))
    >>> subelem = ET.SubElement(elem, ET.QName("uri", "tag2"))
    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.4
    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri"><ns0:tag1 /><ns0:tag2 /></ns0:tag>'

    2) decorated attributes

    >>> elem.clear()
    >>> elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = "value"
    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.1
    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="value" />'

    >>> elem.clear()
    >>> elem.attrib[ET.QName("{uri}key")] = "value"
    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.2
    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="value" />'

    3) decorated values are not converted by default, but the
       QName wrapper can be used for values

    >>> elem.clear()
    >>> elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = "{uri}value"
    >>> serialize(elem) # 3.1
    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="{uri}value" />'

    >>> elem.clear()
    >>> elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = ET.QName("{uri}value")
    >>> serialize(elem) # 3.2
    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="ns0:value" />'

    >>> elem.clear()
    >>> subelem = ET.Element("tag")
    >>> subelem.attrib["{uri1}key"] = ET.QName("{uri2}value")
    >>> elem.append(subelem)
    >>> elem.append(subelem)
    >>> serialize(elem) # 3.3
    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" xmlns:ns1="uri1" xmlns:ns2="uri2"><tag ns1:key="ns2:value" /><tag ns1:key="ns2:value" /></ns0:tag>'

    4) Direct QName tests

    >>> str(ET.QName('ns', 'tag'))
    '{ns}tag'
    >>> str(ET.QName('{ns}tag'))
    '{ns}tag'
    >>> q1 = ET.QName('ns', 'tag')
    >>> q2 = ET.QName('ns', 'tag')
    >>> q1 == q2
    True
    >>> q2 = ET.QName('ns', 'other-tag')
    >>> q1 == q2
    False
    >>> q1 == 'ns:tag'
    False
    >>> q1 == '{ns}tag'
    True
    """

def doctype_public():
    """
    Test PUBLIC doctype.

    >>> elem = ET.XML('<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
    ...   ' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
    ...   ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
    ...   '<html>text</html>')

    """

def xpath_tokenizer(p):
    """
    Test the XPath tokenizer.

    >>> # tests from the xml specification
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("*")
    ['*']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("text()")
    ['text', '()']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("@name")
    ['@', 'name']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("@*")
    ['@', '*']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("para[1]")
    ['para', '[', '1', ']']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("para[last()]")
    ['para', '[', 'last', '()', ']']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("*/para")
    ['*', '/', 'para']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("/doc/chapter[5]/section[2]")
    ['/', 'doc', '/', 'chapter', '[', '5', ']', '/', 'section', '[', '2', ']']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("chapter//para")
    ['chapter', '//', 'para']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("//para")
    ['//', 'para']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("//olist/item")
    ['//', 'olist', '/', 'item']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer(".")
    ['.']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer(".//para")
    ['.', '//', 'para']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("..")
    ['..']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("../@lang")
    ['..', '/', '@', 'lang']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("chapter[title]")
    ['chapter', '[', 'title', ']']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("employee[@secretary and @assistant]")
    ['employee', '[', '@', 'secretary', '', 'and', '', '@', 'assistant', ']']

    >>> # additional tests
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("{http://spam}egg")
    ['{http://spam}egg']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer("./spam.egg")
    ['.', '/', 'spam.egg']
    >>> xpath_tokenizer(".//{http://spam}egg")
    ['.', '//', '{http://spam}egg']
    """
    from xml.etree import ElementPath
    out = []
    for op, tag in ElementPath.xpath_tokenizer(p):
        out.append(op or tag)
    return out

def processinginstruction():
    """
    Test ProcessingInstruction directly

    >>> ET.tostring(ET.ProcessingInstruction('test', 'instruction'))
    b'<?test instruction?>'
    >>> ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', 'instruction'))
    b'<?test instruction?>'

    Issue #2746

    >>> ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', '<testing&>'))
    b'<?test <testing&>?>'
    >>> ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', '<testing&>\xe3'), 'latin-1')
    b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='latin-1'?>\\n<?test <testing&>\\xe3?>"
    """

#
# xinclude tests (samples from appendix C of the xinclude specification)

XINCLUDE = {}

XINCLUDE["C1.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <p>120 Mz is adequate for an average home user.</p>
  <xi:include href="disclaimer.xml"/>
</document>
"""

XINCLUDE["disclaimer.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<disclaimer>
  <p>The opinions represented herein represent those of the individual
  and should not be interpreted as official policy endorsed by this
  organization.</p>
</disclaimer>
"""

XINCLUDE["C2.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <p>This document has been accessed
  <xi:include href="count.txt" parse="text"/> times.</p>
</document>
"""

XINCLUDE["count.txt"] = "324387"

XINCLUDE["C2b.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <p>This document has been <em>accessed</em>
  <xi:include href="count.txt" parse="text"/> times.</p>
</document>
"""

XINCLUDE["C3.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <p>The following is the source of the "data.xml" resource:</p>
  <example><xi:include href="data.xml" parse="text"/></example>
</document>
"""

XINCLUDE["data.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<data>
  <item><![CDATA[Brooks & Shields]]></item>
</data>
"""

XINCLUDE["C5.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<div xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <xi:include href="example.txt" parse="text">
    <xi:fallback>
      <xi:include href="fallback-example.txt" parse="text">
        <xi:fallback><a href="mailto:bob@example.org">Report error</a></xi:fallback>
      </xi:include>
    </xi:fallback>
  </xi:include>
</div>
"""

XINCLUDE["default.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <p>Example.</p>
  <xi:include href="{}"/>
</document>
""".format(html.escape(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, True))


def xinclude_loader(href, parse="xml", encoding=None):
    try:
        data = XINCLUDE[href]
    except KeyError:
        raise OSError("resource not found")
    if parse == "xml":
        data = ET.XML(data)
    return data

def xinclude():
    r"""
    Basic inclusion example (XInclude C.1)

    >>> from xml.etree import ElementInclude

    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C1.xml")
    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
    >>> print(serialize(document)) # C1
    <document>
      <p>120 Mz is adequate for an average home user.</p>
      <disclaimer>
      <p>The opinions represented herein represent those of the individual
      and should not be interpreted as official policy endorsed by this
      organization.</p>
    </disclaimer>
    </document>

    Textual inclusion example (XInclude C.2)

    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C2.xml")
    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
    >>> print(serialize(document)) # C2
    <document>
      <p>This document has been accessed
      324387 times.</p>
    </document>

    Textual inclusion after sibling element (based on modified XInclude C.2)

    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C2b.xml")
    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
    >>> print(serialize(document)) # C2b
    <document>
      <p>This document has been <em>accessed</em>
      324387 times.</p>
    </document>

    Textual inclusion of XML example (XInclude C.3)

    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C3.xml")
    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
    >>> print(serialize(document)) # C3
    <document>
      <p>The following is the source of the "data.xml" resource:</p>
      <example>&lt;?xml version='1.0'?&gt;
    &lt;data&gt;
      &lt;item&gt;&lt;![CDATA[Brooks &amp; Shields]]&gt;&lt;/item&gt;
    &lt;/data&gt;
    </example>
    </document>

    Fallback example (XInclude C.5)
    Note! Fallback support is not yet implemented

    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C5.xml")
    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    OSError: resource not found
    >>> # print(serialize(document)) # C5
    """


#
# badly formatted xi:include tags

XINCLUDE_BAD = {}

XINCLUDE_BAD["B1.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<document xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <p>120 Mz is adequate for an average home user.</p>
  <xi:include href="disclaimer.xml" parse="BAD_TYPE"/>
</document>
"""

XINCLUDE_BAD["B2.xml"] = """\
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<div xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
    <xi:fallback></xi:fallback>
</div>
"""

def xinclude_failures():
    r"""
    Test failure to locate included XML file.

    >>> from xml.etree import ElementInclude

    >>> def none_loader(href, parser, encoding=None):
    ...     return None

    >>> document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE["C1.xml"])
    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, loader=none_loader)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    xml.etree.ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError: cannot load 'disclaimer.xml' as 'xml'

    Test failure to locate included text file.

    >>> document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE["C2.xml"])
    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, loader=none_loader)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    xml.etree.ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError: cannot load 'count.txt' as 'text'

    Test bad parse type.

    >>> document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE_BAD["B1.xml"])
    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, loader=none_loader)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    xml.etree.ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError: unknown parse type in xi:include tag ('BAD_TYPE')

    Test xi:fallback outside xi:include.

    >>> document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE_BAD["B2.xml"])
    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, loader=none_loader)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    xml.etree.ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError: xi:fallback tag must be child of xi:include ('{http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude}fallback')
    """

# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# reported bugs

def bug_xmltoolkit21():
    """

    marshaller gives obscure errors for non-string values

    >>> elem = ET.Element(123)
    >>> serialize(elem) # tag
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)
    >>> elem = ET.Element("elem")
    >>> elem.text = 123
    >>> serialize(elem) # text
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)
    >>> elem = ET.Element("elem")
    >>> elem.tail = 123
    >>> serialize(elem) # tail
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)
    >>> elem = ET.Element("elem")
    >>> elem.set(123, "123")
    >>> serialize(elem) # attribute key
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)
    >>> elem = ET.Element("elem")
    >>> elem.set("123", 123)
    >>> serialize(elem) # attribute value
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)

    """

def bug_xmltoolkit25():
    """

    typo in ElementTree.findtext

    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(elem)
    >>> tree.findtext("tag")
    'text'
    >>> tree.findtext("section/tag")
    'subtext'

    """

def bug_xmltoolkit28():
    """

    .//tag causes exceptions

    >>> tree = ET.XML("<doc><table><tbody/></table></doc>")
    >>> summarize_list(tree.findall(".//thead"))
    []
    >>> summarize_list(tree.findall(".//tbody"))
    ['tbody']

    """

def bug_xmltoolkitX1():
    """

    dump() doesn't flush the output buffer

    >>> tree = ET.XML("<doc><table><tbody/></table></doc>")
    >>> ET.dump(tree); print("tail")
    <doc><table><tbody /></table></doc>
    tail

    """

def bug_xmltoolkit39():
    """

    non-ascii element and attribute names doesn't work

    >>> tree = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><t\\xe4g />")
    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
    b'<t\\xc3\\xa4g />'

    >>> tree = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><tag \\xe4ttr='v&#228;lue' />")
    >>> tree.attrib
    {'\\xe4ttr': 'v\\xe4lue'}
    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
    b'<tag \\xc3\\xa4ttr="v\\xc3\\xa4lue" />'

    >>> tree = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><t\\xe4g>text</t\\xe4g>")
    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
    b'<t\\xc3\\xa4g>text</t\\xc3\\xa4g>'

    >>> tree = ET.Element("t\u00e4g")
    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
    b'<t\\xc3\\xa4g />'

    >>> tree = ET.Element("tag")
    >>> tree.set("\u00e4ttr", "v\u00e4lue")
    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
    b'<tag \\xc3\\xa4ttr="v\\xc3\\xa4lue" />'

    """

def bug_xmltoolkit54():
    """

    problems handling internally defined entities

    >>> e = ET.XML("<!DOCTYPE doc [<!ENTITY ldots '&#x8230;'>]><doc>&ldots;</doc>")
    >>> serialize(e, encoding="us-ascii")
    b'<doc>&#33328;</doc>'
    >>> serialize(e)
    '<doc>\u8230</doc>'

    """

def bug_xmltoolkit55():
    """

    make sure we're reporting the first error, not the last

    >>> normalize_exception(ET.XML, b"<!DOCTYPE doc SYSTEM 'doc.dtd'><doc>&ldots;&ndots;&rdots;</doc>")
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ParseError: undefined entity &ldots;: line 1, column 36

    """

class ExceptionFile:
    def read(self, x):
        raise OSError

def xmltoolkit60():
    """

    Handle crash in stream source.
    >>> tree = ET.parse(ExceptionFile())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    OSError

    """

XMLTOOLKIT62_DOC = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE patent-application-publication SYSTEM "pap-v15-2001-01-31.dtd" []>
<patent-application-publication>
<subdoc-abstract>
<paragraph id="A-0001" lvl="0">A new cultivar of Begonia plant named &lsquo;BCT9801BEG&rsquo;.</paragraph>
</subdoc-abstract>
</patent-application-publication>"""


def xmltoolkit62():
    """

    Don't crash when using custom entities.

    >>> xmltoolkit62()
    'A new cultivar of Begonia plant named \u2018BCT9801BEG\u2019.'

    """
    ENTITIES = {'rsquo': '\u2019', 'lsquo': '\u2018'}
    parser = ET.XMLTreeBuilder()
    parser.entity.update(ENTITIES)
    parser.feed(XMLTOOLKIT62_DOC)
    t = parser.close()
    return t.find('.//paragraph').text

def xmltoolkit63():
    """

    Check reference leak.
    >>> xmltoolkit63()
    >>> count = sys.getrefcount(None)
    >>> for i in range(1000):
    ...     xmltoolkit63()
    >>> sys.getrefcount(None) - count
    0

    """
    tree = ET.TreeBuilder()
    tree.start("tag", {})
    tree.data("text")
    tree.end("tag")

# --------------------------------------------------------------------


def bug_200708_newline():
    r"""

    Preserve newlines in attributes.

    >>> e = ET.Element('SomeTag', text="def _f():\n  return 3\n")
    >>> ET.tostring(e)
    b'<SomeTag text="def _f():&#10;  return 3&#10;" />'
    >>> ET.XML(ET.tostring(e)).get("text")
    'def _f():\n  return 3\n'
    >>> ET.tostring(ET.XML(ET.tostring(e)))
    b'<SomeTag text="def _f():&#10;  return 3&#10;" />'

    """

def bug_200708_close():
    """

    Test default builder.
    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser() # default
    >>> parser.feed("<element>some text</element>")
    >>> summarize(parser.close())
    'element'

    Test custom builder.
    >>> class EchoTarget:
    ...     def close(self):
    ...         return ET.Element("element") # simulate root
    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser(EchoTarget())
    >>> parser.feed("<element>some text</element>")
    >>> summarize(parser.close())
    'element'

    """

def bug_200709_default_namespace():
    """

    >>> e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
    >>> serialize(e, default_namespace="default") # 1
    '<elem xmlns="default"><elem /></elem>'

    >>> e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "{not-default}elem")
    >>> serialize(e, default_namespace="default") # 2
    '<elem xmlns="default" xmlns:ns1="not-default"><elem /><ns1:elem /></elem>'

    >>> e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "elem") # unprefixed name
    >>> serialize(e, default_namespace="default") # 3
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ValueError: cannot use non-qualified names with default_namespace option

    """

def bug_200709_register_namespace():
    """

    >>> ET.tostring(ET.Element("{http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/}title"))
    b'<ns0:title xmlns:ns0="http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/" />'
    >>> ET.register_namespace("foo", "http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/")
    >>> ET.tostring(ET.Element("{http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/}title"))
    b'<foo:title xmlns:foo="http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/" />'

    And the Dublin Core namespace is in the default list:

    >>> ET.tostring(ET.Element("{http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/}title"))
    b'<dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" />'

    """

def bug_200709_element_comment():
    """

    Not sure if this can be fixed, really (since the serializer needs
    ET.Comment, not cET.comment).

    >>> a = ET.Element('a')
    >>> a.append(ET.Comment('foo'))
    >>> a[0].tag == ET.Comment
    True

    >>> a = ET.Element('a')
    >>> a.append(ET.PI('foo'))
    >>> a[0].tag == ET.PI
    True

    """

def bug_200709_element_insert():
    """

    >>> a = ET.Element('a')
    >>> b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
    >>> c = ET.SubElement(a, 'c')
    >>> d = ET.Element('d')
    >>> a.insert(0, d)
    >>> summarize_list(a)
    ['d', 'b', 'c']
    >>> a.insert(-1, d)
    >>> summarize_list(a)
    ['d', 'b', 'd', 'c']

    """

def bug_200709_iter_comment():
    """

    >>> a = ET.Element('a')
    >>> b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
    >>> comment_b = ET.Comment("TEST-b")
    >>> b.append(comment_b)
    >>> summarize_list(a.iter(ET.Comment))
    ['<Comment>']

    """

# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# reported on bugs.python.org

def bug_1534630():
    """

    >>> bob = ET.TreeBuilder()
    >>> e = bob.data("data")
    >>> e = bob.start("tag", {})
    >>> e = bob.end("tag")
    >>> e = bob.close()
    >>> serialize(e)
    '<tag />'

    """

def check_issue6233():
    """

    >>> e = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?><body>t\\xc3\\xa3g</body>")
    >>> ET.tostring(e, 'ascii')
    b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\\n<body>t&#227;g</body>"
    >>> e = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><body>t\\xe3g</body>")
    >>> ET.tostring(e, 'ascii')
    b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\\n<body>t&#227;g</body>"

    """

def check_issue3151():
    """

    >>> e = ET.XML('<prefix:localname xmlns:prefix="${stuff}"/>')
    >>> e.tag
    '{${stuff}}localname'
    >>> t = ET.ElementTree(e)
    >>> ET.tostring(e)
    b'<ns0:localname xmlns:ns0="${stuff}" />'

    """

def check_issue6565():
    """

    >>> elem = ET.XML("<body><tag/></body>")
    >>> summarize_list(elem)
    ['tag']
    >>> newelem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
    >>> elem[:] = newelem[:]
    >>> summarize_list(elem)
    ['tag', 'tag', 'section']

    """

def check_issue10777():
    """
    Registering a namespace twice caused a "dictionary changed size during
    iteration" bug.

    >>> ET.register_namespace('test10777', 'http://myuri/')
    >>> ET.register_namespace('test10777', 'http://myuri/')
    """

# --------------------------------------------------------------------


class BasicElementTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_augmentation_type_errors(self):
        e = ET.Element('joe')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, e.append, 'b')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, e.extend, [ET.Element('bar'), 'foo'])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, e.insert, 0, 'foo')

    def test_cyclic_gc(self):
        class Dummy:
            pass

        # Test the shortest cycle: d->element->d
        d = Dummy()
        d.dummyref = ET.Element('joe', attr=d)
        wref = weakref.ref(d)
        del d
        gc_collect()
        self.assertIsNone(wref())

        # A longer cycle: d->e->e2->d
        e = ET.Element('joe')
        d = Dummy()
        d.dummyref = e
        wref = weakref.ref(d)
        e2 = ET.SubElement(e, 'foo', attr=d)
        del d, e, e2
        gc_collect()
        self.assertIsNone(wref())

        # A cycle between Element objects as children of one another
        # e1->e2->e3->e1
        e1 = ET.Element('e1')
        e2 = ET.Element('e2')
        e3 = ET.Element('e3')
        e1.append(e2)
        e2.append(e2)
        e3.append(e1)
        wref = weakref.ref(e1)
        del e1, e2, e3
        gc_collect()
        self.assertIsNone(wref())

    def test_weakref(self):
        flag = False
        def wref_cb(w):
            nonlocal flag
            flag = True
        e = ET.Element('e')
        wref = weakref.ref(e, wref_cb)
        self.assertEqual(wref().tag, 'e')
        del e
        self.assertEqual(flag, True)
        self.assertEqual(wref(), None)


class ElementTreeTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_istype(self):
        self.assertIsInstance(ET.ParseError, type)
        self.assertIsInstance(ET.QName, type)
        self.assertIsInstance(ET.ElementTree, type)
        self.assertIsInstance(ET.Element, type)
        self.assertIsInstance(ET.TreeBuilder, type)
        self.assertIsInstance(ET.XMLParser, type)

    def test_Element_subclass_trivial(self):
        class MyElement(ET.Element):
            pass

        mye = MyElement('foo')
        self.assertIsInstance(mye, ET.Element)
        self.assertIsInstance(mye, MyElement)
        self.assertEqual(mye.tag, 'foo')

        # test that attribute assignment works (issue 14849)
        mye.text = "joe"
        self.assertEqual(mye.text, "joe")

    def test_Element_subclass_constructor(self):
        class MyElement(ET.Element):
            def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
                super(MyElement, self).__init__(tag + '__', attrib, **extra)

        mye = MyElement('foo', {'a': 1, 'b': 2}, c=3, d=4)
        self.assertEqual(mye.tag, 'foo__')
        self.assertEqual(sorted(mye.items()),
            [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)])

    def test_Element_subclass_new_method(self):
        class MyElement(ET.Element):
            def newmethod(self):
                return self.tag

        mye = MyElement('joe')
        self.assertEqual(mye.newmethod(), 'joe')

    def test_html_empty_elems_serialization(self):
        # issue 15970
        # from http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/index/elements.html
        for element in ['AREA', 'BASE', 'BASEFONT', 'BR', 'COL', 'FRAME', 'HR',
                        'IMG', 'INPUT', 'ISINDEX', 'LINK', 'META', 'PARAM']:
            for elem in [element, element.lower()]:
                expected = '<%s>' % elem
                serialized = serialize(ET.XML('<%s />' % elem), method='html')
                self.assertEqual(serialized, expected)
                serialized = serialize(ET.XML('<%s></%s>' % (elem,elem)),
                                       method='html')
                self.assertEqual(serialized, expected)

class ElementIterTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def _ilist(self, elem, tag=None):
        return summarize_list(elem.iter(tag))

    def test_basic(self):
        doc = ET.XML("<html><body>this is a <i>paragraph</i>.</body>..</html>")
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc), ['html', 'body', 'i'])
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc.find('body')), ['body', 'i'])
        self.assertEqual(next(doc.iter()).tag, 'html')
        self.assertEqual(''.join(doc.itertext()), 'this is a paragraph...')
        self.assertEqual(''.join(doc.find('body').itertext()),
            'this is a paragraph.')
        self.assertEqual(next(doc.itertext()), 'this is a ')

        # iterparse should return an iterator
        sourcefile = serialize(doc, to_string=False)
        self.assertEqual(next(ET.iterparse(sourcefile))[0], 'end')

        tree = ET.ElementTree(None)
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, tree.iter)

    def test_corners(self):
        # single root, no subelements
        a = ET.Element('a')
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a'])

        # one child
        b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'b'])

        # one child and one grandchild
        c = ET.SubElement(b, 'c')
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'b', 'c'])

        # two children, only first with grandchild
        d = ET.SubElement(a, 'd')
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

        # replace first child by second
        a[0] = a[1]
        del a[1]
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'd'])

    def test_iter_by_tag(self):
        doc = ET.XML('''
            <document>
                <house>
                    <room>bedroom1</room>
                    <room>bedroom2</room>
                </house>
                <shed>nothing here
                </shed>
                <house>
                    <room>bedroom8</room>
                </house>
            </document>''')

        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc, 'room'), ['room'] * 3)
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc, 'house'), ['house'] * 2)

        # make sure both tag=None and tag='*' return all tags
        all_tags = ['document', 'house', 'room', 'room',
                    'shed', 'house', 'room']
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc), all_tags)
        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc, '*'), all_tags)


class TreeBuilderTest(unittest.TestCase):
    sample1 = ('<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
        ' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
        ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
        '<html>text</html>')

    sample2 = '''<toplevel>sometext</toplevel>'''

    def test_dummy_builder(self):
        class BaseDummyBuilder:
            def close(self):
                return 42

        class DummyBuilder(BaseDummyBuilder):
            data = start = end = lambda *a: None

        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=DummyBuilder())
        parser.feed(self.sample1)
        self.assertEqual(parser.close(), 42)

        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=BaseDummyBuilder())
        parser.feed(self.sample1)
        self.assertEqual(parser.close(), 42)

        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=object())
        parser.feed(self.sample1)
        self.assertIsNone(parser.close())

    def test_subclass(self):
        class MyTreeBuilder(ET.TreeBuilder):
            def foobar(self, x):
                return x * 2

        tb = MyTreeBuilder()
        self.assertEqual(tb.foobar(10), 20)

        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=tb)
        parser.feed(self.sample1)

        e = parser.close()
        self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'html')

    def test_element_factory(self):
        lst = []
        def myfactory(tag, attrib):
            nonlocal lst
            lst.append(tag)
            return ET.Element(tag, attrib)

        tb = ET.TreeBuilder(element_factory=myfactory)
        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=tb)
        parser.feed(self.sample2)
        parser.close()

        self.assertEqual(lst, ['toplevel'])

    def test_doctype(self):
        class DoctypeParser:
            _doctype = None

            def doctype(self, name, pubid, system):
                self._doctype = (name, pubid, system)

            def close(self):
                return self._doctype

        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=DoctypeParser())
        parser.feed(self.sample1)

        self.assertEqual(parser.close(),
            ('html', '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
             'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'))


class XincludeTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def _my_loader(self, href, parse):
        # Used to avoid a test-dependency problem where the default loader
        # of ElementInclude uses the pyET parser for cET tests.
        if parse == 'xml':
            with open(href, 'rb') as f:
                return ET.parse(f).getroot()
        else:
            return None

    def test_xinclude_default(self):
        from xml.etree import ElementInclude
        doc = xinclude_loader('default.xml')
        ElementInclude.include(doc, self._my_loader)
        s = serialize(doc)
        self.assertEqual(s.strip(), '''<document>
  <p>Example.</p>
  <root>
   <element key="value">text</element>
   <element>text</element>tail
   <empty-element />
</root>
</document>''')


class XMLParserTest(unittest.TestCase):
    sample1 = '<file><line>22</line></file>'
    sample2 = ('<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
        ' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
        ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
        '<html>text</html>')

    def _check_sample_element(self, e):
        self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'file')
        self.assertEqual(e[0].tag, 'line')
        self.assertEqual(e[0].text, '22')

    def test_constructor_args(self):
        # Positional args. The first (html) is not supported, but should be
        # nevertheless correctly accepted.
        parser = ET.XMLParser(None, ET.TreeBuilder(), 'utf-8')
        parser.feed(self.sample1)
        self._check_sample_element(parser.close())

        # Now as keyword args.
        parser2 = ET.XMLParser(encoding='utf-8', html=[{}], target=ET.TreeBuilder())
        parser2.feed(self.sample1)
        self._check_sample_element(parser2.close())

    def test_subclass(self):
        class MyParser(ET.XMLParser):
            pass
        parser = MyParser()
        parser.feed(self.sample1)
        self._check_sample_element(parser.close())

    def test_subclass_doctype(self):
        _doctype = None
        class MyParserWithDoctype(ET.XMLParser):
            def doctype(self, name, pubid, system):
                nonlocal _doctype
                _doctype = (name, pubid, system)

        parser = MyParserWithDoctype()
        parser.feed(self.sample2)
        parser.close()
        self.assertEqual(_doctype,
            ('html', '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
             'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'))


class NamespaceParseTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_find_with_namespace(self):
        nsmap = {'h': 'hello', 'f': 'foo'}
        doc = ET.fromstring(SAMPLE_XML_NS_ELEMS)

        self.assertEqual(len(doc.findall('{hello}table', nsmap)), 1)
        self.assertEqual(len(doc.findall('.//{hello}td', nsmap)), 2)
        self.assertEqual(len(doc.findall('.//{foo}name', nsmap)), 1)


class ElementSlicingTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def _elem_tags(self, elemlist):
        return [e.tag for e in elemlist]

    def _subelem_tags(self, elem):
        return self._elem_tags(list(elem))

    def _make_elem_with_children(self, numchildren):
        """Create an Element with a tag 'a', with the given amount of children
           named 'a0', 'a1' ... and so on.

        """
        e = ET.Element('a')
        for i in range(numchildren):
            ET.SubElement(e, 'a%s' % i)
        return e

    def test_getslice_single_index(self):
        e = self._make_elem_with_children(10)

        self.assertEqual(e[1].tag, 'a1')
        self.assertEqual(e[-2].tag, 'a8')

        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: e[12])

    def test_getslice_range(self):
        e = self._make_elem_with_children(6)

        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:]), ['a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:6]), ['a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:16]), ['a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:5]), ['a3', 'a4'])
        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:-1]), ['a3', 'a4'])
        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[:2]), ['a0', 'a1'])

    def test_getslice_steps(self):
        e = self._make_elem_with_children(10)

        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[8:10:1]), ['a8', 'a9'])
        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::3]), ['a0', 'a3', 'a6', 'a9'])
        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::8]), ['a0', 'a8'])
        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[1::8]), ['a1', 'a9'])

    def test_getslice_negative_steps(self):
        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)

        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::-1]), ['a3', 'a2', 'a1', 'a0'])
        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::-2]), ['a3', 'a1'])

    def test_delslice(self):
        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
        del e[0:2]
        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a2', 'a3'])

        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
        del e[0:]
        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), [])

        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
        del e[::-1]
        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), [])

        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
        del e[::-2]
        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'a2'])

        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
        del e[1::2]
        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'a2'])

        e = self._make_elem_with_children(2)
        del e[::2]
        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a1'])


class IOTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def tearDown(self):
        unlink(TESTFN)

    def test_encoding(self):
        # Test encoding issues.
        elem = ET.Element("tag")
        elem.text = "abc"
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag>abc</tag>')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
                b'<tag>abc</tag>')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
                b'<tag>abc</tag>')
        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-32"):
            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
                     "<tag>abc</tag>" % enc).encode(enc))

        elem = ET.Element("tag")
        elem.text = "<&\"\'>"
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
                b'<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
                b'<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>')
        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-32"):
            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
                     "<tag>&lt;&amp;\"'&gt;</tag>" % enc).encode(enc))

        elem = ET.Element("tag")
        elem.attrib["key"] = "<&\"\'>"
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
                b'<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
                b'<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />')
        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-32"):
            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
                     "<tag key=\"&lt;&amp;&quot;'&gt;\" />" % enc).encode(enc))

        elem = ET.Element("tag")
        elem.text = '\xe5\xf6\xf6<>'
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag>\xe5\xf6\xf6&lt;&gt;</tag>')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
                b'<tag>\xc3\xa5\xc3\xb6\xc3\xb6&lt;&gt;</tag>')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
                b'<tag>&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;</tag>')
        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-32"):
            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
                     "<tag>åöö&lt;&gt;</tag>" % enc).encode(enc))

        elem = ET.Element("tag")
        elem.attrib["key"] = '\xe5\xf6\xf6<>'
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag key="\xe5\xf6\xf6&lt;&gt;" />')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
                b'<tag key="\xc3\xa5\xc3\xb6\xc3\xb6&lt;&gt;" />')
        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
                b'<tag key="&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;" />')
        for enc in ("iso-8859-1", "utf-16", "utf-16le", "utf-16be", "utf-32"):
            self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding=enc),
                    ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>\n"
                     "<tag key=\"åöö&lt;&gt;\" />" % enc).encode(enc))

    def test_write_to_filename(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
        tree.write(TESTFN)
        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'''<site />''')

    def test_write_to_text_file(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
        with open(TESTFN, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            tree.write(f, encoding='unicode')
            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'''<site />''')

    def test_write_to_binary_file(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as f:
            tree.write(f)
            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'''<site />''')

    def test_write_to_binary_file_with_bom(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
        # test BOM writing to buffered file
        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as f:
            tree.write(f, encoding='utf-16')
            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
            self.assertEqual(f.read(),
                    '''<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-16'?>\n'''
                    '''<site />'''.encode("utf-16"))
        # test BOM writing to non-buffered file
        with open(TESTFN, 'wb', buffering=0) as f:
            tree.write(f, encoding='utf-16')
            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
            self.assertEqual(f.read(),
                    '''<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-16'?>\n'''
                    '''<site />'''.encode("utf-16"))

    def test_read_from_stringio(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree()
        stream = io.StringIO('''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
        tree.parse(stream)
        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')

    def test_write_to_stringio(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
        stream = io.StringIO()
        tree.write(stream, encoding='unicode')
        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(), '''<site />''')

    def test_read_from_bytesio(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree()
        raw = io.BytesIO(b'''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
        tree.parse(raw)
        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')

    def test_write_to_bytesio(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
        raw = io.BytesIO()
        tree.write(raw)
        self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(), b'''<site />''')

    class dummy:
        pass

    def test_read_from_user_text_reader(self):
        stream = io.StringIO('''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
        reader = self.dummy()
        reader.read = stream.read
        tree = ET.ElementTree()
        tree.parse(reader)
        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')

    def test_write_to_user_text_writer(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
        stream = io.StringIO()
        writer = self.dummy()
        writer.write = stream.write
        tree.write(writer, encoding='unicode')
        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(), '''<site />''')

    def test_read_from_user_binary_reader(self):
        raw = io.BytesIO(b'''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
        reader = self.dummy()
        reader.read = raw.read
        tree = ET.ElementTree()
        tree.parse(reader)
        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')
        tree = ET.ElementTree()

    def test_write_to_user_binary_writer(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
        raw = io.BytesIO()
        writer = self.dummy()
        writer.write = raw.write
        tree.write(writer)
        self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(), b'''<site />''')

    def test_write_to_user_binary_writer_with_bom(self):
        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
        raw = io.BytesIO()
        writer = self.dummy()
        writer.write = raw.write
        writer.seekable = lambda: True
        writer.tell = raw.tell
        tree.write(writer, encoding="utf-16")
        self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(),
                '''<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-16'?>\n'''
                '''<site />'''.encode("utf-16"))

    def test_tostringlist_invariant(self):
        root = ET.fromstring('<tag>foo</tag>')
        self.assertEqual(
            ET.tostring(root, 'unicode'),
            ''.join(ET.tostringlist(root, 'unicode')))
        self.assertEqual(
            ET.tostring(root, 'utf-16'),
            b''.join(ET.tostringlist(root, 'utf-16')))


class ParseErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_subclass(self):
        self.assertIsInstance(ET.ParseError(), SyntaxError)

    def _get_error(self, s):
        try:
            ET.fromstring(s)
        except ET.ParseError as e:
            return e

    def test_error_position(self):
        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('foo').position, (1, 0))
        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('<tag>&foo;</tag>').position, (1, 5))
        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('foobar<').position, (1, 6))

    def test_error_code(self):
        import xml.parsers.expat.errors as ERRORS
        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('foo').code,
                ERRORS.codes[ERRORS.XML_ERROR_SYNTAX])


class KeywordArgsTest(unittest.TestCase):
    # Test various issues with keyword arguments passed to ET.Element
    # constructor and methods
    def test_issue14818(self):
        x = ET.XML("<a>foo</a>")
        self.assertEqual(x.find('a', None),
                         x.find(path='a', namespaces=None))
        self.assertEqual(x.findtext('a', None, None),
                         x.findtext(path='a', default=None, namespaces=None))
        self.assertEqual(x.findall('a', None),
                         x.findall(path='a', namespaces=None))
        self.assertEqual(list(x.iterfind('a', None)),
                         list(x.iterfind(path='a', namespaces=None)))

        self.assertEqual(ET.Element('a').attrib, {})
        elements = [
            ET.Element('a', dict(href="#", id="foo")),
            ET.Element('a', attrib=dict(href="#", id="foo")),
            ET.Element('a', dict(href="#"), id="foo"),
            ET.Element('a', href="#", id="foo"),
            ET.Element('a', dict(href="#", id="foo"), href="#", id="foo"),
        ]
        for e in elements:
            self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'a')
            self.assertEqual(e.attrib, dict(href="#", id="foo"))

        e2 = ET.SubElement(elements[0], 'foobar', attrib={'key1': 'value1'})
        self.assertEqual(e2.attrib['key1'], 'value1')

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'must be dict, not str'):
            ET.Element('a', "I'm not a dict")
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'must be dict, not str'):
            ET.Element('a', attrib="I'm not a dict")

# --------------------------------------------------------------------

@unittest.skipUnless(pyET, 'only for the Python version')
class NoAcceleratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
    # Test that the C accelerator was not imported for pyET
    def test_correct_import_pyET(self):
        self.assertEqual(pyET.Element.__module__, 'xml.etree.ElementTree')
        self.assertEqual(pyET.SubElement.__module__, 'xml.etree.ElementTree')

# --------------------------------------------------------------------


class CleanContext(object):
    """Provide default namespace mapping and path cache."""
    checkwarnings = None

    def __init__(self, quiet=False):
        if sys.flags.optimize >= 2:
            # under -OO, doctests cannot be run and therefore not all warnings
            # will be emitted
            quiet = True
        deprecations = (
            # Search behaviour is broken if search path starts with "/".
            ("This search is broken in 1.3 and earlier, and will be fixed "
             "in a future version.  If you rely on the current behaviour, "
             "change it to '.+'", FutureWarning),
            # Element.getchildren() and Element.getiterator() are deprecated.
            ("This method will be removed in future versions.  "
             "Use .+ instead.", DeprecationWarning),
            ("This method will be removed in future versions.  "
             "Use .+ instead.", PendingDeprecationWarning))
        self.checkwarnings = support.check_warnings(*deprecations, quiet=quiet)

    def __enter__(self):
        from xml.etree import ElementPath
        self._nsmap = ET.register_namespace._namespace_map
        # Copy the default namespace mapping
        self._nsmap_copy = self._nsmap.copy()
        # Copy the path cache (should be empty)
        self._path_cache = ElementPath._cache
        ElementPath._cache = self._path_cache.copy()
        self.checkwarnings.__enter__()

    def __exit__(self, *args):
        from xml.etree import ElementPath
        # Restore mapping and path cache
        self._nsmap.clear()
        self._nsmap.update(self._nsmap_copy)
        ElementPath._cache = self._path_cache
        self.checkwarnings.__exit__(*args)


def test_main(module=None):
    # When invoked without a module, runs the Python ET tests by loading pyET.
    # Otherwise, uses the given module as the ET.
    if module is None:
        global pyET
        pyET = import_fresh_module('xml.etree.ElementTree',
                                   blocked=['_elementtree'])
        module = pyET

    global ET
    ET = module

    test_classes = [
        ElementSlicingTest,
        BasicElementTest,
        IOTest,
        ParseErrorTest,
        XincludeTest,
        ElementTreeTest,
        ElementIterTest,
        TreeBuilderTest,
        ]

    # These tests will only run for the pure-Python version that doesn't import
    # _elementtree. We can't use skipUnless here, because pyET is filled in only
    # after the module is loaded.
    if pyET:
        test_classes.extend([
            NoAcceleratorTest,
            ])

    try:
        support.run_unittest(*test_classes)

        # XXX the C module should give the same warnings as the Python module
        with CleanContext(quiet=(module is not pyET)):
            support.run_doctest(sys.modules[__name__], verbosity=True)
    finally:
        # don't interfere with subsequent tests
        ET = pyET = None


if __name__ == '__main__':
    test_main()