Make (most of) Python's tests pass under Thread Sanitizer.

http://code.google.com/p/data-race-test/wiki/ThreadSanitizer is a dynamic data
race detector that runs on top of valgrind. With this patch, the binaries at
http://code.google.com/p/data-race-test/wiki/ThreadSanitizer#Binaries pass many
but not all of the Python tests. All of regrtest still passes outside of tsan.

I've implemented part of the C1x atomic types so that we can explicitly mark
variables that are used across threads, and get defined behavior as compilers
advance.

I've added tsan's client header and implementation to the codebase in
dynamic_annotations.{h,c} (docs at
http://code.google.com/p/data-race-test/wiki/DynamicAnnotations).
Unfortunately, I haven't been able to get helgrind and drd to give sensible
error messages, even when I use their client annotations, so I'm not supporting
them.
diff --git a/Python/dynamic_annotations.c b/Python/dynamic_annotations.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10511da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Python/dynamic_annotations.c
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/* Copyright (c) 2008-2009, Google Inc.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ * ---
+ * Author: Kostya Serebryany
+ */
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+# include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+# error "This file should be built as pure C to avoid name mangling"
+#endif
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "dynamic_annotations.h"
+
+/* Each function is empty and called (via a macro) only in debug mode.
+   The arguments are captured by dynamic tools at runtime. */
+
+#if DYNAMIC_ANNOTATIONS_ENABLED == 1
+
+void AnnotateRWLockCreate(const char *file, int line,
+                          const volatile void *lock){}
+void AnnotateRWLockDestroy(const char *file, int line,
+                           const volatile void *lock){}
+void AnnotateRWLockAcquired(const char *file, int line,
+                            const volatile void *lock, long is_w){}
+void AnnotateRWLockReleased(const char *file, int line,
+                            const volatile void *lock, long is_w){}
+void AnnotateBarrierInit(const char *file, int line,
+                         const volatile void *barrier, long count,
+                         long reinitialization_allowed) {}
+void AnnotateBarrierWaitBefore(const char *file, int line,
+                               const volatile void *barrier) {}
+void AnnotateBarrierWaitAfter(const char *file, int line,
+                              const volatile void *barrier) {}
+void AnnotateBarrierDestroy(const char *file, int line,
+                            const volatile void *barrier) {}
+
+void AnnotateCondVarWait(const char *file, int line,
+                         const volatile void *cv,
+                         const volatile void *lock){}
+void AnnotateCondVarSignal(const char *file, int line,
+                           const volatile void *cv){}
+void AnnotateCondVarSignalAll(const char *file, int line,
+                              const volatile void *cv){}
+void AnnotatePublishMemoryRange(const char *file, int line,
+                                const volatile void *address,
+                                long size){}
+void AnnotateUnpublishMemoryRange(const char *file, int line,
+                                  const volatile void *address,
+                                  long size){}
+void AnnotatePCQCreate(const char *file, int line,
+                       const volatile void *pcq){}
+void AnnotatePCQDestroy(const char *file, int line,
+                        const volatile void *pcq){}
+void AnnotatePCQPut(const char *file, int line,
+                    const volatile void *pcq){}
+void AnnotatePCQGet(const char *file, int line,
+                    const volatile void *pcq){}
+void AnnotateNewMemory(const char *file, int line,
+                       const volatile void *mem,
+                       long size){}
+void AnnotateExpectRace(const char *file, int line,
+                        const volatile void *mem,
+                        const char *description){}
+void AnnotateBenignRace(const char *file, int line,
+                        const volatile void *mem,
+                        const char *description){}
+void AnnotateBenignRaceSized(const char *file, int line,
+                             const volatile void *mem,
+                             long size,
+                             const char *description) {}
+void AnnotateMutexIsUsedAsCondVar(const char *file, int line,
+                                  const volatile void *mu){}
+void AnnotateTraceMemory(const char *file, int line,
+                         const volatile void *arg){}
+void AnnotateThreadName(const char *file, int line,
+                        const char *name){}
+void AnnotateIgnoreReadsBegin(const char *file, int line){}
+void AnnotateIgnoreReadsEnd(const char *file, int line){}
+void AnnotateIgnoreWritesBegin(const char *file, int line){}
+void AnnotateIgnoreWritesEnd(const char *file, int line){}
+void AnnotateIgnoreSyncBegin(const char *file, int line){}
+void AnnotateIgnoreSyncEnd(const char *file, int line){}
+void AnnotateEnableRaceDetection(const char *file, int line, int enable){}
+void AnnotateNoOp(const char *file, int line,
+                  const volatile void *arg){}
+void AnnotateFlushState(const char *file, int line){}
+
+static int GetRunningOnValgrind(void) {
+#ifdef RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND
+  if (RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND) return 1;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+  char *running_on_valgrind_str = getenv("RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND");
+  if (running_on_valgrind_str) {
+    return strcmp(running_on_valgrind_str, "0") != 0;
+  }
+#else
+  /* Visual Studio issues warnings if we use getenv,
+   * so we use GetEnvironmentVariableA instead.
+   */
+  char value[100] = "1";
+  int res = GetEnvironmentVariableA("RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND",
+                                    value, sizeof(value));
+  /* value will remain "1" if res == 0 or res >= sizeof(value). The latter
+   * can happen only if the given value is long, in this case it can't be "0".
+   */
+  if (res > 0 && !strcmp(value, "0"))
+    return 1;
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* See the comments in dynamic_annotations.h */
+int RunningOnValgrind(void) {
+  static volatile int running_on_valgrind = -1;
+  /* C doesn't have thread-safe initialization of statics, and we
+     don't want to depend on pthread_once here, so hack it. */
+  int local_running_on_valgrind = running_on_valgrind;
+  if (local_running_on_valgrind == -1)
+    running_on_valgrind = local_running_on_valgrind = GetRunningOnValgrind();
+  return local_running_on_valgrind;
+}
+
+#endif  /* DYNAMIC_ANNOTATIONS_ENABLED == 1 */