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\section{\module{string} ---
Common string operations}
\declaremodule{standard}{string}
\modulesynopsis{Common string operations.}
This module defines some constants useful for checking character
classes and some useful string functions. See the module
\refmodule{re}\refstmodindex{re} for string functions based on regular
expressions.
The constants defined in this module are:
\begin{datadesc}{ascii_letters}
The concatenation of the \constant{ascii_lowercase} and
\constant{ascii_uppercase} constants described below. This value is
not locale-dependent.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{ascii_lowercase}
The lowercase letters \code{'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'}. This
value is not locale-dependent and will not change.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{ascii_uppercase}
The uppercase letters \code{'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'}. This
value is not locale-dependent and will not change.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{digits}
The string \code{'0123456789'}.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{hexdigits}
The string \code{'0123456789abcdefABCDEF'}.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{letters}
The concatenation of the strings \constant{lowercase} and
\constant{uppercase} described below. The specific value is
locale-dependent, and will be updated when
\function{locale.setlocale()} is called.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{lowercase}
A string containing all the characters that are considered lowercase
letters. On most systems this is the string
\code{'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'}. Do not change its definition ---
the effect on the routines \function{upper()} and
\function{swapcase()} is undefined. The specific value is
locale-dependent, and will be updated when
\function{locale.setlocale()} is called.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{octdigits}
The string \code{'01234567'}.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{punctuation}
String of \ASCII{} characters which are considered punctuation
characters in the \samp{C} locale.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{printable}
String of characters which are considered printable. This is a
combination of \constant{digits}, \constant{letters},
\constant{punctuation}, and \constant{whitespace}.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{uppercase}
A string containing all the characters that are considered uppercase
letters. On most systems this is the string
\code{'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'}. Do not change its definition ---
the effect on the routines \function{lower()} and
\function{swapcase()} is undefined. The specific value is
locale-dependent, and will be updated when
\function{locale.setlocale()} is called.
\end{datadesc}
\begin{datadesc}{whitespace}
A string containing all characters that are considered whitespace.
On most systems this includes the characters space, tab, linefeed,
return, formfeed, and vertical tab. Do not change its definition ---
the effect on the routines \function{strip()} and \function{split()}
is undefined.
\end{datadesc}
Many of the functions provided by this module are also defined as
methods of string and Unicode objects; see ``String Methods'' (section
\ref{string-methods}) for more information on those.
The functions defined in this module are:
\begin{funcdesc}{atof}{s}
\deprecated{2.0}{Use the \function{float()} built-in function.}
Convert a string to a floating point number. The string must have
the standard syntax for a floating point literal in Python,
optionally preceded by a sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). Note that
this behaves identical to the built-in function
\function{float()}\bifuncindex{float} when passed a string.
\note{When passing in a string, values for NaN\index{NaN}
and Infinity\index{Infinity} may be returned, depending on the
underlying C library. The specific set of strings accepted which
cause these values to be returned depends entirely on the C library
and is known to vary.}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{atoi}{s\optional{, base}}
\deprecated{2.0}{Use the \function{int()} built-in function.}
Convert string \var{s} to an integer in the given \var{base}. The
string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a
sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). The \var{base} defaults to 10. If it
is 0, a default base is chosen depending on the leading characters
of the string (after stripping the sign): \samp{0x} or \samp{0X}
means 16, \samp{0} means 8, anything else means 10. If \var{base}
is 16, a leading \samp{0x} or \samp{0X} is always accepted, though
not required. This behaves identically to the built-in function
\function{int()} when passed a string. (Also note: for a more
flexible interpretation of numeric literals, use the built-in
function \function{eval()}\bifuncindex{eval}.)
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{atol}{s\optional{, base}}
\deprecated{2.0}{Use the \function{long()} built-in function.}
Convert string \var{s} to a long integer in the given \var{base}.
The string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded
by a sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}). The \var{base} argument has the
same meaning as for \function{atoi()}. A trailing \samp{l} or
\samp{L} is not allowed, except if the base is 0. Note that when
invoked without \var{base} or with \var{base} set to 10, this
behaves identical to the built-in function
\function{long()}\bifuncindex{long} when passed a string.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{capitalize}{word}
Return a copy of \var{word} with only its first character capitalized.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{capwords}{s}
Split the argument into words using \function{split()}, capitalize
each word using \function{capitalize()}, and join the capitalized
words using \function{join()}. Note that this replaces runs of
whitespace characters by a single space, and removes leading and
trailing whitespace.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{expandtabs}{s\optional{, tabsize}}
Expand tabs in a string, i.e.\ replace them by one or more spaces,
depending on the current column and the given tab size. The column
number is reset to zero after each newline occurring in the string.
This doesn't understand other non-printing characters or escape
sequences. The tab size defaults to 8.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{find}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{,end}}}
Return the lowest index in \var{s} where the substring \var{sub} is
found such that \var{sub} is wholly contained in
\code{\var{s}[\var{start}:\var{end}]}. Return \code{-1} on failure.
Defaults for \var{start} and \var{end} and interpretation of
negative values is the same as for slices.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{rfind}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
Like \function{find()} but find the highest index.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{index}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
Like \function{find()} but raise \exception{ValueError} when the
substring is not found.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{rindex}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
Like \function{rfind()} but raise \exception{ValueError} when the
substring is not found.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{count}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring
\var{sub} in string \code{\var{s}[\var{start}:\var{end}]}.
Defaults for \var{start} and \var{end} and interpretation of
negative values are the same as for slices.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{lower}{s}
Return a copy of \var{s}, but with upper case letters converted to
lower case.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{maketrans}{from, to}
Return a translation table suitable for passing to
\function{translate()} or \function{regex.compile()}, that will map
each character in \var{from} into the character at the same position
in \var{to}; \var{from} and \var{to} must have the same length.
\warning{Don't use strings derived from \constant{lowercase}
and \constant{uppercase} as arguments; in some locales, these don't have
the same length. For case conversions, always use
\function{lower()} and \function{upper()}.}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{split}{s\optional{, sep\optional{, maxsplit}}}
Return a list of the words of the string \var{s}. If the optional
second argument \var{sep} is absent or \code{None}, the words are
separated by arbitrary strings of whitespace characters (space, tab,
newline, return, formfeed). If the second argument \var{sep} is
present and not \code{None}, it specifies a string to be used as the
word separator. The returned list will then have one more item
than the number of non-overlapping occurrences of the separator in
the string. The optional third argument \var{maxsplit} defaults to
0. If it is nonzero, at most \var{maxsplit} number of splits occur,
and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element of
the list (thus, the list will have at most \code{\var{maxsplit}+1}
elements).
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{splitfields}{s\optional{, sep\optional{, maxsplit}}}
This function behaves identically to \function{split()}. (In the
past, \function{split()} was only used with one argument, while
\function{splitfields()} was only used with two arguments.)
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{join}{words\optional{, sep}}
Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening occurrences of
\var{sep}. The default value for \var{sep} is a single space
character. It is always true that
\samp{string.join(string.split(\var{s}, \var{sep}), \var{sep})}
equals \var{s}.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{joinfields}{words\optional{, sep}}
This function behaves identically to \function{join()}. (In the past,
\function{join()} was only used with one argument, while
\function{joinfields()} was only used with two arguments.)
Note that there is no \method{joinfields()} method on string
objects; use the \method{join()} method instead.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{lstrip}{s\optional{, chars}}
Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. If
\var{chars} is omitted or \code{None}, whitespace characters are
removed. If given and not \code{None}, \var{chars} must be a string;
the characters in the string will be stripped from the beginning of
the string this method is called on.
\versionchanged[The \var{chars} parameter was added. The \var{chars}
parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions]{2.2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{rstrip}{s\optional{, chars}}
Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. If
\var{chars} is omitted or \code{None}, whitespace characters are
removed. If given and not \code{None}, \var{chars} must be a string;
the characters in the string will be stripped from the end of the
string this method is called on.
\versionchanged[The \var{chars} parameter was added. The \var{chars}
parameter cannot be passed in 2.2 versions]{2.2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{strip}{s\optional{, chars}}
Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters
removed. If \var{chars} is omitted or \code{None}, whitespace
characters are removed. If given and not \code{None}, \var{chars}
must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from
the both ends of the string this method is called on.
\versionchanged[The \var{chars} parameter was added. The \var{chars}
parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions]{2.2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{swapcase}{s}
Return a copy of \var{s}, but with lower case letters
converted to upper case and vice versa.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{translate}{s, table\optional{, deletechars}}
Delete all characters from \var{s} that are in \var{deletechars} (if
present), and then translate the characters using \var{table}, which
must be a 256-character string giving the translation for each
character value, indexed by its ordinal.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{upper}{s}
Return a copy of \var{s}, but with lower case letters converted to
upper case.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{ljust}{s, width}
\funcline{rjust}{s, width}
\funcline{center}{s, width}
These functions respectively left-justify, right-justify and center
a string in a field of given width. They return a string that is at
least \var{width} characters wide, created by padding the string
\var{s} with spaces until the given width on the right, left or both
sides. The string is never truncated.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{zfill}{s, width}
Pad a numeric string on the left with zero digits until the given
width is reached. Strings starting with a sign are handled
correctly.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{replace}{str, old, new\optional{, maxsplit}}
Return a copy of string \var{str} with all occurrences of substring
\var{old} replaced by \var{new}. If the optional argument
\var{maxsplit} is given, the first \var{maxsplit} occurrences are
replaced.
\end{funcdesc}