bpo-40792: Make the result of PyNumber_Index() always having exact type int. (GH-20443)

Previously, the result could have been an instance of a subclass of int.

Also revert bpo-26202 and make attributes start, stop and step of the range
object having exact type int.

Add private function _PyNumber_Index() which preserves the old behavior
of PyNumber_Index() for performance to use it in the conversion functions
like PyLong_AsLong().
diff --git a/Doc/library/operator.rst b/Doc/library/operator.rst
index fa02bde..36c5355 100644
--- a/Doc/library/operator.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/operator.rst
@@ -112,6 +112,10 @@
 
    Return *a* converted to an integer.  Equivalent to ``a.__index__()``.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.10
+      The result always has exact type :class:`int`.  Previously, the result
+      could have been an instance of a subclass of ``int``.
+
 
 .. function:: inv(obj)
               invert(obj)