bpo-1635741: Port _sha1, _sha512, _md5 to multiphase init (GH-21818)

Port the _sha1, _sha512, and _md5 extension modules
to multi-phase initialization API (PEP 489).
diff --git a/Modules/sha512module.c b/Modules/sha512module.c
index aa2aeed..725098d 100644
--- a/Modules/sha512module.c
+++ b/Modules/sha512module.c
@@ -422,20 +422,29 @@
  * ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 
-static PyTypeObject SHA384type;
-static PyTypeObject SHA512type;
+typedef struct {
+    PyTypeObject* sha384_type;
+    PyTypeObject* sha512_type;
+} SHA512State;
 
-
-static SHAobject *
-newSHA384object(void)
+static inline SHA512State*
+sha512_get_state(PyObject *module)
 {
-    return (SHAobject *)PyObject_New(SHAobject, &SHA384type);
+    void *state = PyModule_GetState(module);
+    assert(state != NULL);
+    return (SHA512State *)state;
 }
 
 static SHAobject *
-newSHA512object(void)
+newSHA384object(SHA512State *st)
 {
-    return (SHAobject *)PyObject_New(SHAobject, &SHA512type);
+    return (SHAobject *)PyObject_New(SHAobject, st->sha384_type);
+}
+
+static SHAobject *
+newSHA512object(SHA512State *st)
+{
+    return (SHAobject *)PyObject_New(SHAobject, st->sha512_type);
 }
 
 /* Internal methods for a hash object */
@@ -443,7 +452,9 @@
 static void
 SHA512_dealloc(PyObject *ptr)
 {
+    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(ptr);
     PyObject_Del(ptr);
+    Py_DECREF(tp);
 }
 
 
@@ -452,21 +463,27 @@
 /*[clinic input]
 SHA512Type.copy
 
+    cls: defining_class
+
 Return a copy of the hash object.
 [clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
-SHA512Type_copy_impl(SHAobject *self)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=adea896ed3164821 input=9f5f31e6c457776a]*/
+SHA512Type_copy_impl(SHAobject *self, PyTypeObject *cls)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=85ea5b47837a08e6 input=f673a18f66527c90]*/
 {
     SHAobject *newobj;
+    SHA512State *st = PyType_GetModuleState(cls);
 
-    if (Py_IS_TYPE((PyObject*)self, &SHA512type)) {
-        if ( (newobj = newSHA512object())==NULL)
+    if (Py_IS_TYPE((PyObject*)self, st->sha512_type)) {
+        if ( (newobj = newSHA512object(st))==NULL) {
             return NULL;
-    } else {
-        if ( (newobj = newSHA384object())==NULL)
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        if ( (newobj = newSHA384object(st))==NULL) {
             return NULL;
+        }
     }
 
     SHAcopy(self, newobj);
@@ -574,74 +591,37 @@
     {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject SHA384type = {
-    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
-    "_sha512.sha384",   /*tp_name*/
-    sizeof(SHAobject),  /*tp_basicsize*/
-    0,                  /*tp_itemsize*/
-    /* methods */
-    SHA512_dealloc,     /*tp_dealloc*/
-    0,                  /*tp_vectorcall_offset*/
-    0,                  /*tp_getattr*/
-    0,                  /*tp_setattr*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_async*/
-    0,                  /*tp_repr*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_number*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_sequence*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_mapping*/
-    0,                  /*tp_hash*/
-    0,                  /*tp_call*/
-    0,                  /*tp_str*/
-    0,                  /*tp_getattro*/
-    0,                  /*tp_setattro*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_buffer*/
-    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT, /*tp_flags*/
-    0,                  /*tp_doc*/
-    0,                  /*tp_traverse*/
-    0,                  /*tp_clear*/
-    0,                  /*tp_richcompare*/
-    0,                  /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
-    0,                  /*tp_iter*/
-    0,                  /*tp_iternext*/
-    SHA_methods,        /* tp_methods */
-    SHA_members,        /* tp_members */
-    SHA_getseters,      /* tp_getset */
+static PyType_Slot sha512_sha384_type_slots[] = {
+    {Py_tp_dealloc, SHA512_dealloc},
+    {Py_tp_methods, SHA_methods},
+    {Py_tp_members, SHA_members},
+    {Py_tp_getset, SHA_getseters},
+    {0,0}
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject SHA512type = {
-    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
-    "_sha512.sha512",   /*tp_name*/
-    sizeof(SHAobject),  /*tp_basicsize*/
-    0,                  /*tp_itemsize*/
-    /* methods */
-    SHA512_dealloc,     /*tp_dealloc*/
-    0,                  /*tp_vectorcall_offset*/
-    0,                  /*tp_getattr*/
-    0,                  /*tp_setattr*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_async*/
-    0,                  /*tp_repr*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_number*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_sequence*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_mapping*/
-    0,                  /*tp_hash*/
-    0,                  /*tp_call*/
-    0,                  /*tp_str*/
-    0,                  /*tp_getattro*/
-    0,                  /*tp_setattro*/
-    0,                  /*tp_as_buffer*/
-    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT, /*tp_flags*/
-    0,                  /*tp_doc*/
-    0,                  /*tp_traverse*/
-    0,                  /*tp_clear*/
-    0,                  /*tp_richcompare*/
-    0,                  /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
-    0,                  /*tp_iter*/
-    0,                  /*tp_iternext*/
-    SHA_methods,        /* tp_methods */
-    SHA_members,        /* tp_members */
-    SHA_getseters,      /* tp_getset */
+static PyType_Spec sha512_sha384_type_spec = {
+    .name = "_sha512.sha384",
+    .basicsize =  sizeof(SHAobject),
+    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
+    .slots = sha512_sha384_type_slots
 };
 
+static PyType_Slot sha512_sha512_type_slots[] = {
+    {Py_tp_dealloc, SHA512_dealloc},
+    {Py_tp_methods, SHA_methods},
+    {Py_tp_members, SHA_members},
+    {Py_tp_getset, SHA_getseters},
+    {0,0}
+};
+
+// Using PyType_GetModuleState() on this type is safe since
+// it cannot be subclassed: it does not have the Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE flag.
+static PyType_Spec sha512_sha512_type_spec = {
+    .name = "_sha512.sha512",
+    .basicsize =  sizeof(SHAobject),
+    .flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
+    .slots = sha512_sha512_type_slots
+};
 
 /* The single module-level function: new() */
 
@@ -662,10 +642,12 @@
     SHAobject *new;
     Py_buffer buf;
 
+    SHA512State *st = sha512_get_state(module);
+
     if (string)
         GET_BUFFER_VIEW_OR_ERROUT(string, &buf);
 
-    if ((new = newSHA512object()) == NULL) {
+    if ((new = newSHA512object(st)) == NULL) {
         if (string)
             PyBuffer_Release(&buf);
         return NULL;
@@ -704,10 +686,12 @@
     SHAobject *new;
     Py_buffer buf;
 
+    SHA512State *st = sha512_get_state(module);
+
     if (string)
         GET_BUFFER_VIEW_OR_ERROUT(string, &buf);
 
-    if ((new = newSHA384object()) == NULL) {
+    if ((new = newSHA384object(st)) == NULL) {
         if (string)
             PyBuffer_Release(&buf);
         return NULL;
@@ -738,43 +722,80 @@
     {NULL,      NULL}            /* Sentinel */
 };
 
+static int
+_sha512_traverse(PyObject *module, visitproc visit, void *arg)
+{
+    SHA512State *state = sha512_get_state(module);
+    Py_VISIT(state->sha384_type);
+    Py_VISIT(state->sha512_type);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+_sha512_clear(PyObject *module)
+{
+    SHA512State *state = sha512_get_state(module);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->sha384_type);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->sha512_type);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+_sha512_free(void *module)
+{
+    _sha512_clear((PyObject *)module);
+}
+
 
 /* Initialize this module. */
+static int
+_sha512_exec(PyObject *m)
+{
+    SHA512State* st = sha512_get_state(m);
+
+    st->sha384_type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(
+        m, &sha512_sha384_type_spec, NULL);
+
+    st->sha512_type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(
+        m, &sha512_sha512_type_spec, NULL);
+
+    if (st->sha384_type == NULL || st->sha512_type == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    Py_INCREF(st->sha384_type);
+    if (PyModule_AddObject(m, "SHA384Type", (PyObject *)st->sha384_type) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(st->sha384_type);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    Py_INCREF(st->sha512_type);
+    if (PyModule_AddObject(m, "SHA384Type", (PyObject *)st->sha512_type) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(st->sha512_type);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyModuleDef_Slot _sha512_slots[] = {
+    {Py_mod_exec, _sha512_exec},
+    {0, NULL}
+};
 
 static struct PyModuleDef _sha512module = {
         PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
-        "_sha512",
-        NULL,
-        -1,
-        SHA_functions,
-        NULL,
-        NULL,
-        NULL,
-        NULL
+        .m_name = "_sha512",
+        .m_size = sizeof(SHA512State),
+        .m_methods = SHA_functions,
+        .m_slots = _sha512_slots,
+        .m_traverse = _sha512_traverse,
+        .m_clear = _sha512_clear,
+        .m_free = _sha512_free
 };
 
 PyMODINIT_FUNC
 PyInit__sha512(void)
 {
-    PyObject *m;
-
-    Py_SET_TYPE(&SHA384type, &PyType_Type);
-    if (PyType_Ready(&SHA384type) < 0) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    Py_SET_TYPE(&SHA512type, &PyType_Type);
-    if (PyType_Ready(&SHA512type) < 0) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    m = PyModule_Create(&_sha512module);
-    if (m == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    Py_INCREF((PyObject *)&SHA384type);
-    PyModule_AddObject(m, "SHA384Type", (PyObject *)&SHA384type);
-    Py_INCREF((PyObject *)&SHA512type);
-    PyModule_AddObject(m, "SHA512Type", (PyObject *)&SHA512type);
-    return m;
+    return PyModuleDef_Init(&_sha512module);
 }