bpo-36290: Fix keytword collision handling in AST node constructors (GH-12382)

(cherry picked from commit c73914a562580ae72048876cb42ed8e76e2c83f9)

Co-authored-by: Rémi Lapeyre <remi.lapeyre@lenstra.fr>
diff --git a/Lib/ast.py b/Lib/ast.py
index 0c88bcf..99a1148 100644
--- a/Lib/ast.py
+++ b/Lib/ast.py
@@ -483,6 +483,13 @@
         return type.__instancecheck__(cls, inst)
 
 def _new(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+    for key in kwargs:
+        if key not in cls._fields:
+            # arbitrary keyword arguments are accepted
+            continue
+        pos = cls._fields.index(key)
+        if pos < len(args):
+            raise TypeError(f"{cls.__name__} got multiple values for argument {key!r}")
     if cls in _const_types:
         return Constant(*args, **kwargs)
     return Constant.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ast.py b/Lib/test/test_ast.py
index 8887558..486f2aa 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ast.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ast.py
@@ -387,6 +387,15 @@
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, None, 2)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, None, 2, lineno=0)
 
+        # Arbitrary keyword arguments are supported
+        self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(1, foo='bar').foo, 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(ast.Num(1, foo='bar').foo, 'bar')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Num got multiple values for argument 'n'"):
+            ast.Num(1, n=2)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Constant got multiple values for argument 'value'"):
+            ast.Constant(1, value=2)
+
         self.assertEqual(ast.Num(42).n, 42)
         self.assertEqual(ast.Num(4.25).n, 4.25)
         self.assertEqual(ast.Num(4.25j).n, 4.25j)