"""A collection of string constants.

Public module variables:

whitespace -- a string containing all characters considered whitespace
lowercase -- a string containing all characters considered lowercase letters
uppercase -- a string containing all characters considered uppercase letters
letters -- a string containing all characters considered letters
digits -- a string containing all characters considered decimal digits
hexdigits -- a string containing all characters considered hexadecimal digits
octdigits -- a string containing all characters considered octal digits
punctuation -- a string containing all characters considered punctuation
printable -- a string containing all characters considered printable

"""

# Some strings for ctype-style character classification
whitespace = ' \t\n\r\v\f'
ascii_lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
ascii_uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
ascii_letters = ascii_lowercase + ascii_uppercase
digits = '0123456789'
hexdigits = digits + 'abcdef' + 'ABCDEF'
octdigits = '01234567'
punctuation = """!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~"""
printable = digits + ascii_letters + punctuation + whitespace

# Functions which aren't available as string methods.

# Capitalize the words in a string, e.g. " aBc  dEf " -> "Abc Def".
def capwords(s, sep=None):
    """capwords(s, [sep]) -> string

    Split the argument into words using split, capitalize each
    word using capitalize, and join the capitalized words using
    join. Note that this replaces runs of whitespace characters by
    a single space.

    """
    return (sep or ' ').join([x.capitalize() for x in s.split(sep)])


# Construct a translation map for bytes.translate
def maketrans(frm: bytes, to: bytes) -> bytes:
    """maketrans(frm, to) -> bytes

    Return a translation table (a bytes object of length 256)
    suitable for use in bytes.translate where each byte in frm is
    mapped to the byte at the same position in to.
    The strings frm and to must be of the same length.
    """
    if len(frm) != len(to):
        raise ValueError("maketrans arguments must have same length")
    if not (isinstance(frm, bytes) and isinstance(to, bytes)):
        raise TypeError("maketrans arguments must be bytes objects")
    L = bytearray(range(256))
    for i, c in enumerate(frm):
        L[c] = to[i]
    return bytes(L)


####################################################################
import re as _re

class _multimap:
    """Helper class for combining multiple mappings.

    Used by .{safe_,}substitute() to combine the mapping and keyword
    arguments.
    """
    def __init__(self, primary, secondary):
        self._primary = primary
        self._secondary = secondary

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        try:
            return self._primary[key]
        except KeyError:
            return self._secondary[key]


class _TemplateMetaclass(type):
    pattern = r"""
    %(delim)s(?:
      (?P<escaped>%(delim)s) |   # Escape sequence of two delimiters
      (?P<named>%(id)s)      |   # delimiter and a Python identifier
      {(?P<braced>%(id)s)}   |   # delimiter and a braced identifier
      (?P<invalid>)              # Other ill-formed delimiter exprs
    )
    """

    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
        super(_TemplateMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)
        if 'pattern' in dct:
            pattern = cls.pattern
        else:
            pattern = _TemplateMetaclass.pattern % {
                'delim' : _re.escape(cls.delimiter),
                'id'    : cls.idpattern,
                }
        cls.pattern = _re.compile(pattern, _re.IGNORECASE | _re.VERBOSE)


class Template(metaclass=_TemplateMetaclass):
    """A string class for supporting $-substitutions."""

    delimiter = '$'
    idpattern = r'[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*'

    def __init__(self, template):
        self.template = template

    # Search for $$, $identifier, ${identifier}, and any bare $'s

    def _invalid(self, mo):
        i = mo.start('invalid')
        lines = self.template[:i].splitlines(True)
        if not lines:
            colno = 1
            lineno = 1
        else:
            colno = i - len(''.join(lines[:-1]))
            lineno = len(lines)
        raise ValueError('Invalid placeholder in string: line %d, col %d' %
                         (lineno, colno))

    def substitute(self, *args, **kws):
        if len(args) > 1:
            raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')
        if not args:
            mapping = kws
        elif kws:
            mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])
        else:
            mapping = args[0]
        # Helper function for .sub()
        def convert(mo):
            # Check the most common path first.
            named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
            if named is not None:
                val = mapping[named]
                # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter will
                # fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII characters.
                return '%s' % (val,)
            if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
                return self.delimiter
            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
                self._invalid(mo)
            raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
                             self.pattern)
        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)

    def safe_substitute(self, *args, **kws):
        if len(args) > 1:
            raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')
        if not args:
            mapping = kws
        elif kws:
            mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])
        else:
            mapping = args[0]
        # Helper function for .sub()
        def convert(mo):
            named = mo.group('named')
            if named is not None:
                try:
                    # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter
                    # will fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII
                    return '%s' % (mapping[named],)
                except KeyError:
                    return self.delimiter + named
            braced = mo.group('braced')
            if braced is not None:
                try:
                    return '%s' % (mapping[braced],)
                except KeyError:
                    return self.delimiter + '{' + braced + '}'
            if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
                return self.delimiter
            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
                return self.delimiter
            raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
                             self.pattern)
        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)


########################################################################
# the Formatter class
# see PEP 3101 for details and purpose of this class

# The hard parts are reused from the C implementation.  They're
# exposed here via the sys module.  sys was chosen because it's always
# available and doesn't have to be dynamically loaded.

# The overall parser is implemented in str._formatter_parser.
# The field name parser is implemented in str._formatter_field_name_split

class Formatter:
    def format(self, format_string, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.vformat(format_string, args, kwargs)

    def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs):
        used_args = set()
        result = self._vformat(format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, 2)
        self.check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)
        return result

    def _vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, recursion_depth):
        if recursion_depth < 0:
            raise ValueError('Max string recursion exceeded')
        result = []
        for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in \
                self.parse(format_string):

            # output the literal text
            if literal_text:
                result.append(literal_text)

            # if there's a field, output it
            if field_name is not None:
                # this is some markup, find the object and do
                #  the formatting

                # given the field_name, find the object it references
                #  and the argument it came from
                obj, arg_used = self.get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
                used_args.add(arg_used)

                # do any conversion on the resulting object
                obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)

                # expand the format spec, if needed
                format_spec = self._vformat(format_spec, args, kwargs,
                                            used_args, recursion_depth-1)

                # format the object and append to the result
                result.append(self.format_field(obj, format_spec))

        return ''.join(result)


    def get_value(self, key, args, kwargs):
        if isinstance(key, int):
            return args[key]
        else:
            return kwargs[key]


    def check_unused_args(self, used_args, args, kwargs):
        pass


    def format_field(self, value, format_spec):
        return format(value, format_spec)


    def convert_field(self, value, conversion):
        # do any conversion on the resulting object
        if conversion == 'r':
            return repr(value)
        elif conversion == 's':
            return str(value)
        elif conversion is None:
            return value
        raise ValueError("Unknown converion specifier {0!s}".format(conversion))


    # returns an iterable that contains tuples of the form:
    # (literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion)
    # literal_text can be zero length
    # field_name can be None, in which case there's no
    #  object to format and output
    # if field_name is not None, it is looked up, formatted
    #  with format_spec and conversion and then used
    def parse(self, format_string):
        return format_string._formatter_parser()


    # given a field_name, find the object it references.
    #  field_name:   the field being looked up, e.g. "0.name"
    #                 or "lookup[3]"
    #  used_args:    a set of which args have been used
    #  args, kwargs: as passed in to vformat
    def get_field(self, field_name, args, kwargs):
        first, rest = field_name._formatter_field_name_split()

        obj = self.get_value(first, args, kwargs)

        # loop through the rest of the field_name, doing
        #  getattr or getitem as needed
        for is_attr, i in rest:
            if is_attr:
                obj = getattr(obj, i)
            else:
                obj = obj[i]

        return obj, first