bpo-43774: Document configure options (GH-25283)

Add Doc/using/configure.rst documentation to document configure,
preprocessor, compiler and linker options.

Add a new section about the "Python debug build".
diff --git a/Doc/library/sys.rst b/Doc/library/sys.rst
index 80b30d0..d85eadb 100644
--- a/Doc/library/sys.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/sys.rst
@@ -250,8 +250,8 @@
    Print low-level information to stderr about the state of CPython's memory
    allocator.
 
-   If Python is configured --with-pydebug, it also performs some expensive
-   internal consistency checks.
+   If Python is :option:`configured --with-pydebug <--with-pydebug>`, it also
+   performs some expensive internal consistency checks.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.3