bpo-36301: Add _Py_PreInitializeFromConfig() (GH-12536)

* Initialize _PyPreConfig.dev_mode to -1.
* _PyPreConfig_Read(): coreconfig has the priority over preconfig.
* _PyCoreConfig_Read() now calls _PyPreCmdline_Read() internally.
* config_from_cmdline() now pass _PyPreCmdline to config_read().
* Add _PyPreCmdline_Copy().
diff --git a/Python/coreconfig.c b/Python/coreconfig.c
index 130dfcc..ba5abb6 100644
--- a/Python/coreconfig.c
+++ b/Python/coreconfig.c
@@ -1336,16 +1336,30 @@
    * Py_xxx global configuration variables
 
    See _PyCoreConfig_ReadFromArgv() to parse also command line arguments. */
-_PyInitError
-_PyCoreConfig_Read(_PyCoreConfig *config)
+static _PyInitError
+config_read_impl(_PyCoreConfig *config, _PyPreCmdline *cmdline)
 {
     _PyInitError err;
 
-    err = _Py_PreInitialize();
+    err = _Py_PreInitializeFromConfig(config);
     if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
         return err;
     }
 
+    _PyPreCmdline_GetPreConfig(cmdline, &_PyRuntime.preconfig);
+    _PyPreCmdline_GetCoreConfig(cmdline, config);
+
+    err = _PyPreCmdline_Read(cmdline);
+    if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    _PyPreCmdline_SetCoreConfig(cmdline, config);
+
+    if (_PyWstrList_Extend(&config->xoptions, &cmdline->xoptions) < 0) {
+        return _Py_INIT_NO_MEMORY();
+    }
+
     if (_PyPreConfig_Copy(&config->preconfig, &_PyRuntime.preconfig) < 0) {
         return _Py_INIT_NO_MEMORY();
     }
@@ -1454,6 +1468,41 @@
 }
 
 
+static _PyInitError
+config_read(_PyCoreConfig *config, const _PyPreCmdline *src_cmdline)
+{
+    _PyInitError err;
+
+    err = _Py_PreInitializeFromConfig(config);
+    if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    _PyPreCmdline cmdline = _PyPreCmdline_INIT;
+
+    if (src_cmdline) {
+        if (_PyPreCmdline_Copy(&cmdline, src_cmdline) < 0) {
+            err = _Py_INIT_NO_MEMORY();
+            goto done;
+        }
+    }
+
+    err = config_read_impl(config, &cmdline);
+
+done:
+    _PyPreCmdline_Clear(&cmdline);
+    return err;
+
+}
+
+
+_PyInitError
+_PyCoreConfig_Read(_PyCoreConfig *config)
+{
+    return config_read(config, NULL);
+}
+
+
 static void
 config_init_stdio(const _PyCoreConfig *config)
 {
@@ -2025,9 +2074,6 @@
     }
 
     _PyPreCmdline_SetPreConfig(&cmdline->precmdline, &_PyRuntime.preconfig);
-    if (_PyWstrList_Extend(&config->xoptions, &cmdline->precmdline.xoptions) < 0) {
-        return _Py_INIT_NO_MEMORY();
-    }
 
     err = config_parse_cmdline(config, cmdline, &need_usage);
     if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
@@ -2055,7 +2101,7 @@
         return err;
     }
 
-    err = _PyCoreConfig_Read(config);
+    err = config_read(config, &cmdline->precmdline);
     if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
         return err;
     }
@@ -2090,7 +2136,7 @@
 {
     _PyInitError err;
 
-    err = _Py_PreInitialize();
+    err = _Py_PreInitializeFromConfig(config);
     if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
         return err;
     }
diff --git a/Python/preconfig.c b/Python/preconfig.c
index c16f340..ac87a7a 100644
--- a/Python/preconfig.c
+++ b/Python/preconfig.c
@@ -110,6 +110,22 @@
 }
 
 
+int
+_PyPreCmdline_Copy(_PyPreCmdline *cmdline, const _PyPreCmdline *cmdline2)
+{
+    _PyPreCmdline_Clear(cmdline);
+    if (_PyWstrList_Copy(&cmdline->argv, &cmdline2->argv) < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (_PyWstrList_Copy(&cmdline->xoptions, &cmdline2->xoptions) < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    cmdline->use_environment = cmdline2->use_environment;
+    cmdline->isolated = cmdline2->isolated;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
 _PyInitError
 _PyPreCmdline_SetArgv(_PyPreCmdline *cmdline, const _PyArgv *args)
 {
@@ -117,7 +133,7 @@
 }
 
 
-static void
+void
 _PyPreCmdline_GetPreConfig(_PyPreCmdline *cmdline, const _PyPreConfig *config)
 {
 #define COPY_ATTR(ATTR) \
@@ -132,6 +148,36 @@
 }
 
 
+void
+_PyPreCmdline_GetCoreConfig(_PyPreCmdline *cmdline, const _PyCoreConfig *config)
+{
+#define COPY_ATTR(ATTR) \
+    if (config->preconfig.ATTR != -1) { \
+        cmdline->ATTR = config->preconfig.ATTR; \
+    }
+
+    COPY_ATTR(use_environment);
+    COPY_ATTR(isolated);
+
+#undef COPY_ATTR
+}
+
+
+void
+_PyPreCmdline_SetCoreConfig(const _PyPreCmdline *cmdline, _PyCoreConfig *config)
+{
+#define COPY_ATTR(ATTR) \
+    if (config->preconfig.ATTR == -1 && cmdline->ATTR != -1) { \
+        config->preconfig.ATTR = cmdline->ATTR; \
+    }
+
+    COPY_ATTR(use_environment);
+    COPY_ATTR(isolated);
+
+#undef COPY_ATTR
+}
+
+
 /* --- _PyPreConfig ----------------------------------------------- */
 
 void
@@ -628,7 +674,8 @@
 
    See _PyPreConfig_ReadFromArgv() to parse also command line arguments. */
 _PyInitError
-_PyPreConfig_Read(_PyPreConfig *config, const _PyArgv *args)
+_PyPreConfig_Read(_PyPreConfig *config, const _PyArgv *args,
+                  const _PyCoreConfig *coreconfig)
 {
     _PyInitError err;
     _PyPreCmdline cmdline = _PyPreCmdline_INIT;
@@ -642,8 +689,17 @@
     /* Set LC_CTYPE to the user preferred locale */
     _Py_SetLocaleFromEnv(LC_CTYPE);
 
+    _PyPreConfig_GetGlobalConfig(config);
+
     _PyPreCmdline_GetPreConfig(&cmdline, config);
 
+    if (coreconfig) {
+        _PyPreCmdline_GetCoreConfig(&cmdline, coreconfig);
+        if (config->dev_mode == -1) {
+            config->dev_mode = coreconfig->preconfig.dev_mode;
+        }
+    }
+
     if (args) {
         err = _PyPreCmdline_SetArgv(&cmdline, args);
         if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
@@ -724,7 +780,7 @@
         Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag = config->legacy_windows_fs_encoding;
 #endif
 
-        err = _PyPreConfig_Read(config, args);
+        err = _PyPreConfig_Read(config, args, NULL);
         if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
             goto done;
         }
diff --git a/Python/pylifecycle.c b/Python/pylifecycle.c
index ea1b731..66cadc9 100644
--- a/Python/pylifecycle.c
+++ b/Python/pylifecycle.c
@@ -715,7 +715,9 @@
 
 
 static _PyInitError
-pyinit_preinit(_PyPreConfig *config, const _PyPreConfig *src_config)
+pyinit_preinit(_PyPreConfig *config,
+               const _PyPreConfig *src_config,
+               const _PyCoreConfig *coreconfig)
 {
     _PyInitError err;
 
@@ -729,13 +731,17 @@
         return _Py_INIT_OK();
     }
 
+    if (!src_config && coreconfig) {
+        src_config = &coreconfig->preconfig;
+    }
+
     if (src_config) {
         if (_PyPreConfig_Copy(config, src_config) < 0) {
             return _Py_INIT_ERR("failed to copy pre config");
         }
     }
 
-    err = _PyPreConfig_Read(config, NULL);
+    err = _PyPreConfig_Read(config, NULL, coreconfig);
     if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
         return err;
     }
@@ -751,17 +757,27 @@
 
 
 _PyInitError
-_Py_PreInitializeFromPreConfig(_PyPreConfig *config)
+_Py_PreInitialize(void)
 {
-    return pyinit_preinit(config, NULL);
+    _PyPreConfig config = _PyPreConfig_INIT;
+    _PyInitError err = pyinit_preinit(&config, NULL, NULL);
+    _PyPreConfig_Clear(&config);
+    return err;
 }
 
 
 _PyInitError
-_Py_PreInitialize(void)
+_Py_PreInitializeFromPreConfig(_PyPreConfig *config)
+{
+    return pyinit_preinit(config, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+
+_PyInitError
+_Py_PreInitializeFromConfig(const _PyCoreConfig *coreconfig)
 {
     _PyPreConfig config = _PyPreConfig_INIT;
-    _PyInitError err = pyinit_preinit(&config, NULL);
+    _PyInitError err = pyinit_preinit(&config, NULL, coreconfig);
     _PyPreConfig_Clear(&config);
     return err;
 }
@@ -814,16 +830,13 @@
 
     assert(src_config != NULL);
 
-    _PyCoreConfig local_config = _PyCoreConfig_INIT;
-
-    err = pyinit_preinit(&local_config.preconfig, &src_config->preconfig);
+    err = _Py_PreInitializeFromConfig(src_config);
     if (_Py_INIT_FAILED(err)) {
-        goto done;
+        return err;
     }
 
+    _PyCoreConfig local_config = _PyCoreConfig_INIT;
     err = pyinit_coreconfig(&local_config, src_config, interp_p);
-
-done:
     _PyCoreConfig_Clear(&local_config);
     return err;
 }