diff --git a/Doc/library/os.path.rst b/Doc/library/os.path.rst
index 4cab311..d06d9ce 100644
--- a/Doc/library/os.path.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/os.path.rst
@@ -344,15 +344,24 @@
       Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
 
 
-.. function:: realpath(path)
+.. function:: realpath(path, *, strict=False)
 
    Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic
    links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating
    system).
 
+   If a path doesn't exist or a symlink loop is encountered, and *strict* is
+   ``True``, :exc:`OSError` is raised. If *strict* is ``False``, the path is
+   resolved as far as possible and any remainder is appended without checking
+   whether it exists.
+
    .. note::
-      When symbolic link cycles occur, the returned path will be one member of
-      the cycle, but no guarantee is made about which member that will be.
+      This function emulates the operating system's procedure for making a path
+      canonical, which differs slightly between Windows and UNIX with respect
+      to how links and subsequent path components interact.
+
+      Operating system APIs make paths canonical as needed, so it's not
+      normally necessary to call this function.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.6
       Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
@@ -360,6 +369,9 @@
    .. versionchanged:: 3.8
       Symbolic links and junctions are now resolved on Windows.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.10
+      The *strict* parameter was added.
+
 
 .. function:: relpath(path, start=os.curdir)
 
diff --git a/Lib/ntpath.py b/Lib/ntpath.py
index 5ae8079..527c7ae 100644
--- a/Lib/ntpath.py
+++ b/Lib/ntpath.py
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ def _getfinalpathname_nonstrict(path):
                 tail = join(name, tail) if tail else name
         return tail
 
-    def realpath(path):
+    def realpath(path, *, strict=False):
         path = normpath(path)
         if isinstance(path, bytes):
             prefix = b'\\\\?\\'
@@ -660,6 +660,8 @@ def realpath(path):
             path = _getfinalpathname(path)
             initial_winerror = 0
         except OSError as ex:
+            if strict:
+                raise
             initial_winerror = ex.winerror
             path = _getfinalpathname_nonstrict(path)
         # The path returned by _getfinalpathname will always start with \\?\ -
diff --git a/Lib/pathlib.py b/Lib/pathlib.py
index 37934c6..073fce8 100644
--- a/Lib/pathlib.py
+++ b/Lib/pathlib.py
@@ -14,12 +14,6 @@
 from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes as urlquote_from_bytes
 
 
-if os.name == 'nt':
-    from nt import _getfinalpathname
-else:
-    _getfinalpathname = None
-
-
 __all__ = [
     "PurePath", "PurePosixPath", "PureWindowsPath",
     "Path", "PosixPath", "WindowsPath",
@@ -29,14 +23,17 @@
 # Internals
 #
 
+_WINERROR_NOT_READY = 21  # drive exists but is not accessible
+_WINERROR_INVALID_NAME = 123  # fix for bpo-35306
+_WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME = 1921  # broken symlink pointing to itself
+
 # EBADF - guard against macOS `stat` throwing EBADF
 _IGNORED_ERROS = (ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP)
 
 _IGNORED_WINERRORS = (
-    21,  # ERROR_NOT_READY - drive exists but is not accessible
-    123, # ERROR_INVALID_NAME - fix for bpo-35306
-    1921,  # ERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME - fix for broken symlink pointing to itself
-)
+    _WINERROR_NOT_READY,
+    _WINERROR_INVALID_NAME,
+    _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME)
 
 def _ignore_error(exception):
     return (getattr(exception, 'errno', None) in _IGNORED_ERROS or
@@ -186,30 +183,6 @@ def casefold_parts(self, parts):
     def compile_pattern(self, pattern):
         return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern), re.IGNORECASE).fullmatch
 
-    def resolve(self, path, strict=False):
-        s = str(path)
-        if not s:
-            return path._accessor.getcwd()
-        previous_s = None
-        if _getfinalpathname is not None:
-            if strict:
-                return self._ext_to_normal(_getfinalpathname(s))
-            else:
-                tail_parts = []  # End of the path after the first one not found
-                while True:
-                    try:
-                        s = self._ext_to_normal(_getfinalpathname(s))
-                    except FileNotFoundError:
-                        previous_s = s
-                        s, tail = os.path.split(s)
-                        tail_parts.append(tail)
-                        if previous_s == s:
-                            return path
-                    else:
-                        return os.path.join(s, *reversed(tail_parts))
-        # Means fallback on absolute
-        return None
-
     def _split_extended_path(self, s, ext_prefix=ext_namespace_prefix):
         prefix = ''
         if s.startswith(ext_prefix):
@@ -220,10 +193,6 @@ def _split_extended_path(self, s, ext_prefix=ext_namespace_prefix):
                 s = '\\' + s[3:]
         return prefix, s
 
-    def _ext_to_normal(self, s):
-        # Turn back an extended path into a normal DOS-like path
-        return self._split_extended_path(s)[1]
-
     def is_reserved(self, parts):
         # NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated
         # (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL").
@@ -281,54 +250,6 @@ def casefold_parts(self, parts):
     def compile_pattern(self, pattern):
         return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern)).fullmatch
 
-    def resolve(self, path, strict=False):
-        sep = self.sep
-        accessor = path._accessor
-        seen = {}
-        def _resolve(path, rest):
-            if rest.startswith(sep):
-                path = ''
-
-            for name in rest.split(sep):
-                if not name or name == '.':
-                    # current dir
-                    continue
-                if name == '..':
-                    # parent dir
-                    path, _, _ = path.rpartition(sep)
-                    continue
-                if path.endswith(sep):
-                    newpath = path + name
-                else:
-                    newpath = path + sep + name
-                if newpath in seen:
-                    # Already seen this path
-                    path = seen[newpath]
-                    if path is not None:
-                        # use cached value
-                        continue
-                    # The symlink is not resolved, so we must have a symlink loop.
-                    raise RuntimeError("Symlink loop from %r" % newpath)
-                # Resolve the symbolic link
-                try:
-                    target = accessor.readlink(newpath)
-                except OSError as e:
-                    if e.errno != EINVAL and strict:
-                        raise
-                    # Not a symlink, or non-strict mode. We just leave the path
-                    # untouched.
-                    path = newpath
-                else:
-                    seen[newpath] = None # not resolved symlink
-                    path = _resolve(path, target)
-                    seen[newpath] = path # resolved symlink
-
-            return path
-        # NOTE: according to POSIX, getcwd() cannot contain path components
-        # which are symlinks.
-        base = '' if path.is_absolute() else accessor.getcwd()
-        return _resolve(base, str(path)) or sep
-
     def is_reserved(self, parts):
         return False
 
@@ -424,6 +345,8 @@ def group(self, path):
 
     expanduser = staticmethod(os.path.expanduser)
 
+    realpath = staticmethod(os.path.realpath)
+
 
 _normal_accessor = _NormalAccessor()
 
@@ -1132,15 +1055,27 @@ def resolve(self, strict=False):
         normalizing it (for example turning slashes into backslashes under
         Windows).
         """
-        s = self._flavour.resolve(self, strict=strict)
-        if s is None:
-            # No symlink resolution => for consistency, raise an error if
-            # the path doesn't exist or is forbidden
-            self.stat()
-            s = str(self.absolute())
-        # Now we have no symlinks in the path, it's safe to normalize it.
-        normed = self._flavour.pathmod.normpath(s)
-        return self._from_parts((normed,))
+
+        def check_eloop(e):
+            winerror = getattr(e, 'winerror', 0)
+            if e.errno == ELOOP or winerror == _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME:
+                raise RuntimeError("Symlink loop from %r" % e.filename)
+
+        try:
+            s = self._accessor.realpath(self, strict=strict)
+        except OSError as e:
+            check_eloop(e)
+            raise
+        p = self._from_parts((s,))
+
+        # In non-strict mode, realpath() doesn't raise on symlink loops.
+        # Ensure we get an exception by calling stat()
+        if not strict:
+            try:
+                p.stat()
+            except OSError as e:
+                check_eloop(e)
+        return p
 
     def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
         """
diff --git a/Lib/posixpath.py b/Lib/posixpath.py
index 62afbd0..259baa6 100644
--- a/Lib/posixpath.py
+++ b/Lib/posixpath.py
@@ -387,16 +387,16 @@ def abspath(path):
 # Return a canonical path (i.e. the absolute location of a file on the
 # filesystem).
 
-def realpath(filename):
+def realpath(filename, *, strict=False):
     """Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any
 symbolic links encountered in the path."""
     filename = os.fspath(filename)
-    path, ok = _joinrealpath(filename[:0], filename, {})
+    path, ok = _joinrealpath(filename[:0], filename, strict, {})
     return abspath(path)
 
 # Join two paths, normalizing and eliminating any symbolic links
 # encountered in the second path.
-def _joinrealpath(path, rest, seen):
+def _joinrealpath(path, rest, strict, seen):
     if isinstance(path, bytes):
         sep = b'/'
         curdir = b'.'
@@ -425,7 +425,15 @@ def _joinrealpath(path, rest, seen):
                 path = pardir
             continue
         newpath = join(path, name)
-        if not islink(newpath):
+        try:
+            st = os.lstat(newpath)
+        except OSError:
+            if strict:
+                raise
+            is_link = False
+        else:
+            is_link = stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)
+        if not is_link:
             path = newpath
             continue
         # Resolve the symbolic link
@@ -436,10 +444,14 @@ def _joinrealpath(path, rest, seen):
                 # use cached value
                 continue
             # The symlink is not resolved, so we must have a symlink loop.
-            # Return already resolved part + rest of the path unchanged.
-            return join(newpath, rest), False
+            if strict:
+                # Raise OSError(errno.ELOOP)
+                os.stat(newpath)
+            else:
+                # Return already resolved part + rest of the path unchanged.
+                return join(newpath, rest), False
         seen[newpath] = None # not resolved symlink
-        path, ok = _joinrealpath(path, os.readlink(newpath), seen)
+        path, ok = _joinrealpath(path, os.readlink(newpath), strict, seen)
         if not ok:
             return join(path, rest), False
         seen[newpath] = path # resolved symlink
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
index f97aca5..661c59d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
@@ -271,6 +271,17 @@ def test_realpath_basic(self):
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_GETFINALPATHNAME, 'need _getfinalpathname')
+    def test_realpath_strict(self):
+        # Bug #43757: raise FileNotFoundError in strict mode if we encounter
+        # a path that does not exist.
+        ABSTFN = ntpath.abspath(os_helper.TESTFN)
+        os.symlink(ABSTFN + "1", ABSTFN)
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN)
+        self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN, strict=True)
+        self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "2", strict=True)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_GETFINALPATHNAME, 'need _getfinalpathname')
     def test_realpath_relative(self):
         ABSTFN = ntpath.abspath(os_helper.TESTFN)
         open(ABSTFN, "wb").close()
@@ -340,8 +351,9 @@ def test_realpath_broken_symlinks(self):
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_GETFINALPATHNAME, 'need _getfinalpathname')
     def test_realpath_symlink_loops(self):
-        # Symlink loops are non-deterministic as to which path is returned, but
-        # it will always be the fully resolved path of one member of the cycle
+        # Symlink loops in non-strict mode are non-deterministic as to which
+        # path is returned, but it will always be the fully resolved path of
+        # one member of the cycle
         ABSTFN = ntpath.abspath(os_helper.TESTFN)
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN)
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN + "1")
@@ -385,6 +397,50 @@ def test_realpath_symlink_loops(self):
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_GETFINALPATHNAME, 'need _getfinalpathname')
+    def test_realpath_symlink_loops_strict(self):
+        # Symlink loops raise OSError in strict mode
+        ABSTFN = ntpath.abspath(os_helper.TESTFN)
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN)
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN + "1")
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN + "2")
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN + "y")
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN + "c")
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN + "a")
+
+        os.symlink(ABSTFN, ABSTFN)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN, strict=True)
+
+        os.symlink(ABSTFN + "1", ABSTFN + "2")
+        os.symlink(ABSTFN + "2", ABSTFN + "1")
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "1", strict=True)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "2", strict=True)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "1\\x", strict=True)
+        # Windows eliminates '..' components before resolving links, so the
+        # following call is not expected to raise.
+        self.assertPathEqual(ntpath.realpath(ABSTFN + "1\\..", strict=True),
+                             ntpath.dirname(ABSTFN))
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "1\\..\\x", strict=True)
+        os.symlink(ABSTFN + "x", ABSTFN + "y")
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "1\\..\\"
+                                             + ntpath.basename(ABSTFN) + "y",
+                                             strict=True)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath,
+                          ABSTFN + "1\\..\\" + ntpath.basename(ABSTFN) + "1",
+                          strict=True)
+
+        os.symlink(ntpath.basename(ABSTFN) + "a\\b", ABSTFN + "a")
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "a", strict=True)
+
+        os.symlink("..\\" + ntpath.basename(ntpath.dirname(ABSTFN))
+                   + "\\" + ntpath.basename(ABSTFN) + "c", ABSTFN + "c")
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "c", strict=True)
+
+        # Test using relative path as well.
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ntpath.basename(ABSTFN),
+                          strict=True)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_GETFINALPATHNAME, 'need _getfinalpathname')
     def test_realpath_symlink_prefix(self):
         ABSTFN = ntpath.abspath(os_helper.TESTFN)
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN + "3")
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_posixpath.py b/Lib/test/test_posixpath.py
index e18d01f..8d398ec 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_posixpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_posixpath.py
@@ -358,6 +358,19 @@ def test_realpath_basic(self):
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
                          "Missing symlink implementation")
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
+    def test_realpath_strict(self):
+        # Bug #43757: raise FileNotFoundError in strict mode if we encounter
+        # a path that does not exist.
+        try:
+            os.symlink(ABSTFN+"1", ABSTFN)
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, realpath, ABSTFN, strict=True)
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, realpath, ABSTFN + "2", strict=True)
+        finally:
+            os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
+                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_relative(self):
         try:
             os.symlink(posixpath.relpath(ABSTFN+"1"), ABSTFN)
@@ -370,7 +383,7 @@ def test_realpath_relative(self):
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_symlink_loops(self):
         # Bug #930024, return the path unchanged if we get into an infinite
-        # symlink loop.
+        # symlink loop in non-strict mode (default).
         try:
             os.symlink(ABSTFN, ABSTFN)
             self.assertEqual(realpath(ABSTFN), ABSTFN)
@@ -410,6 +423,48 @@ def test_realpath_symlink_loops(self):
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
                          "Missing symlink implementation")
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
+    def test_realpath_symlink_loops_strict(self):
+        # Bug #43757, raise OSError if we get into an infinite symlink loop in
+        # strict mode.
+        try:
+            os.symlink(ABSTFN, ABSTFN)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath, ABSTFN, strict=True)
+
+            os.symlink(ABSTFN+"1", ABSTFN+"2")
+            os.symlink(ABSTFN+"2", ABSTFN+"1")
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath, ABSTFN+"1", strict=True)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath, ABSTFN+"2", strict=True)
+
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath, ABSTFN+"1/x", strict=True)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath, ABSTFN+"1/..", strict=True)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath, ABSTFN+"1/../x", strict=True)
+            os.symlink(ABSTFN+"x", ABSTFN+"y")
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath,
+                              ABSTFN+"1/../" + basename(ABSTFN) + "y", strict=True)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath,
+                              ABSTFN+"1/../" + basename(ABSTFN) + "1", strict=True)
+
+            os.symlink(basename(ABSTFN) + "a/b", ABSTFN+"a")
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath, ABSTFN+"a", strict=True)
+
+            os.symlink("../" + basename(dirname(ABSTFN)) + "/" +
+                       basename(ABSTFN) + "c", ABSTFN+"c")
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath, ABSTFN+"c", strict=True)
+
+            # Test using relative path as well.
+            with os_helper.change_cwd(dirname(ABSTFN)):
+                self.assertRaises(OSError, realpath, basename(ABSTFN), strict=True)
+        finally:
+            os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN)
+            os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN+"1")
+            os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN+"2")
+            os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN+"y")
+            os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN+"c")
+            os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN+"a")
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
+                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_repeated_indirect_symlinks(self):
         # Issue #6975.
         try:
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2021-04-08-22-11-27.bpo-25264.b33fa0.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2021-04-08-22-11-27.bpo-25264.b33fa0.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..593846e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2021-04-08-22-11-27.bpo-25264.b33fa0.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+:func:`os.path.realpath` now accepts a *strict* keyword-only argument.
+When set to ``True``, :exc:`OSError` is raised if a path doesn't exist
+or a symlink loop is encountered.