\section{Standard Module \module{rfc822}}
\label{module-rfc822}
\stmodindex{rfc822}


This module defines a class, \class{Message}, which represents a
collection of ``email headers'' as defined by the Internet standard
\rfc{822}.  It is used in various contexts, usually to read such
headers from a file.

Note that there's a separate module to read \UNIX{}, MH, and MMDF
style mailbox files: \module{mailbox}\refstmodindex{mailbox}.

\begin{classdesc}{Message}{file\optional{, seekable}}
A \class{Message} instance is instantiated with an open file object as
parameter.  The optional \var{seekable} parameter indicates if the
file object is seekable; the default value is \code{1} for true.
Instantiation reads headers from the file up to a blank line and
stores them in the instance; after instantiation, the file is
positioned directly after the blank line that terminates the headers.

Input lines as read from the file may either be terminated by CR-LF or
by a single linefeed; a terminating CR-LF is replaced by a single
linefeed before the line is stored.

All header matching is done independent of upper or lower case;
e.g. \code{\var{m}['From']}, \code{\var{m}['from']} and
\code{\var{m}['FROM']} all yield the same result.
\end{classdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{parsedate}{date}
Attempts to parse a date according to the rules in \rfc{822}.
however, some mailers don't follow that format as specified, so
\function{parsedate()} tries to guess correctly in such cases. 
\var{date} is a string containing an \rfc{822} date, such as 
\code{'Mon, 20 Nov 1995 19:12:08 -0500'}.  If it succeeds in parsing
the date, \function{parsedate()} returns a 9-tuple that can be passed
directly to \function{time.mktime()}; otherwise \code{None} will be
returned.  
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{parsedate_tz}{date}
Performs the same function as \function{parsedate()}, but returns
either \code{None} or a 10-tuple; the first 9 elements make up a tuple
that can be passed directly to \function{time.mktime()}, and the tenth
is the offset of the date's timezone from UTC (which is the official
term for Greenwich Mean Time).  (Note that the sign of the timezone
offset is the opposite of the sign of the \code{time.timezone}
variable for the same timezone; the latter variable follows the
\POSIX{} standard while this module follows \rfc{822}.)  If the input
string has no timezone, the last element of the tuple returned is
\code{None}.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{mktime_tz}{tuple}
Turn a 10-tuple as returned by \function{parsedate_tz()} into a UTC
timestamp.  It the timezone item in the tuple is \code{None}, assume
local time.  Minor deficiency: this first interprets the first 8
elements as a local time and then compensates for the timezone
difference; this may yield a slight error around daylight savings time
switch dates.  Not enough to worry about for common use.
\end{funcdesc}

\subsection{Message Objects}
\label{message-objects}

A \class{Message} instance has the following methods:

\begin{methoddesc}{rewindbody}{}
Seek to the start of the message body.  This only works if the file
object is seekable.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getallmatchingheaders}{name}
Return a list of lines consisting of all headers matching
\var{name}, if any.  Each physical line, whether it is a continuation
line or not, is a separate list item.  Return the empty list if no
header matches \var{name}.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getfirstmatchingheader}{name}
Return a list of lines comprising the first header matching
\var{name}, and its continuation line(s), if any.  Return \code{None}
if there is no header matching \var{name}.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getrawheader}{name}
Return a single string consisting of the text after the colon in the
first header matching \var{name}.  This includes leading whitespace,
the trailing linefeed, and internal linefeeds and whitespace if there
any continuation line(s) were present.  Return \code{None} if there is
no header matching \var{name}.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getheader}{name}
Like \code{getrawheader(\var{name})}, but strip leading and trailing
whitespace.  Internal whitespace is not stripped.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getaddr}{name}
Return a pair \code{(\var{full name}, \var{email address})} parsed
from the string returned by \code{getheader(\var{name})}.  If no
header matching \var{name} exists, return \code{(None, None)};
otherwise both the full name and the address are (possibly empty)
strings.

Example: If \var{m}'s first \code{From} header contains the string
\code{'jack@cwi.nl (Jack Jansen)'}, then
\code{m.getaddr('From')} will yield the pair
\code{('Jack Jansen', 'jack@cwi.nl')}.
If the header contained
\code{'Jack Jansen <jack@cwi.nl>'} instead, it would yield the
exact same result.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getaddrlist}{name}
This is similar to \code{getaddr(\var{list})}, but parses a header
containing a list of email addresses (e.g. a \code{To} header) and
returns a list of \code{(\var{full name}, \var{email address})} pairs
(even if there was only one address in the header).  If there is no
header matching \var{name}, return an empty list.

XXX The current version of this function is not really correct.  It
yields bogus results if a full name contains a comma.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getdate}{name}
Retrieve a header using \method{getheader()} and parse it into a 9-tuple
compatible with \function{time.mktime()}.  If there is no header matching
\var{name}, or it is unparsable, return \code{None}.

Date parsing appears to be a black art, and not all mailers adhere to
the standard.  While it has been tested and found correct on a large
collection of email from many sources, it is still possible that this
function may occasionally yield an incorrect result.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getdate_tz}{name}
Retrieve a header using \method{getheader()} and parse it into a
10-tuple; the first 9 elements will make a tuple compatible with
\function{time.mktime()}, and the 10th is a number giving the offset
of the date's timezone from UTC.  Similarly to \method{getdate()}, if
there is no header matching \var{name}, or it is unparsable, return
\code{None}. 
\end{methoddesc}

\class{Message} instances also support a read-only mapping interface.
In particular: \code{\var{m}[name]} is like
\code{\var{m}.getheader(name)} but raises \exception{KeyError} if
there is no matching header; and \code{len(\var{m})},
\code{\var{m}.has_key(name)}, \code{\var{m}.keys()},
\code{\var{m}.values()} and \code{\var{m}.items()} act as expected
(and consistently).

Finally, \class{Message} instances have two public instance variables:

\begin{memberdesc}{headers}
A list containing the entire set of header lines, in the order in
which they were read.  Each line contains a trailing newline.  The
blank line terminating the headers is not contained in the list.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{fp}
The file object passed at instantiation time.
\end{memberdesc}