| ======================================== |
| :mod:`turtle` --- Turtle graphics for Tk |
| ======================================== |
| |
| .. module:: turtle |
| :synopsis: Turtle graphics for Tk |
| .. sectionauthor:: Gregor Lingl <gregor.lingl@aon.at> |
| |
| .. testsetup:: default |
| |
| from turtle import * |
| turtle = Turtle() |
| |
| Introduction |
| ============ |
| |
| Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was |
| part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally Feurzig and |
| Seymour Papert in 1966. |
| |
| Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. Give it the |
| command ``turtle.forward(15)``, and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the |
| direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command |
| ``turtle.left(25)``, and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise. |
| |
| By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures |
| can easily be drawn. |
| |
| The :mod:`turtle` module is an extended reimplementation of the same-named |
| module from the Python standard distribution up to version Python 2.5. |
| |
| It tries to keep the merits of the old turtle module and to be (nearly) 100% |
| compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the learning |
| programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods interactively when using |
| the module from within IDLE run with the ``-n`` switch. |
| |
| The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both object-oriented |
| and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses :mod:`Tkinter` for the underlying |
| graphics, it needs a version of python installed with Tk support. |
| |
| The object-oriented interface uses essentially two+two classes: |
| |
| 1. The :class:`TurtleScreen` class defines graphics windows as a playground for |
| the drawing turtles. Its constructor needs a :class:`Tkinter.Canvas` or a |
| :class:`ScrolledCanvas` as argument. It should be used when :mod:`turtle` is |
| used as part of some application. |
| |
| The function :func:`Screen` returns a singleton object of a |
| :class:`TurtleScreen` subclass. This function should be used when |
| :mod:`turtle` is used as a standalone tool for doing graphics. |
| As a singleton object, inheriting from its class is not possible. |
| |
| All methods of TurtleScreen/Screen also exist as functions, i.e. as part of |
| the procedure-oriented interface. |
| |
| 2. :class:`RawTurtle` (alias: :class:`RawPen`) defines Turtle objects which draw |
| on a :class:`TurtleScreen`. Its constructor needs a Canvas, ScrolledCanvas |
| or TurtleScreen as argument, so the RawTurtle objects know where to draw. |
| |
| Derived from RawTurtle is the subclass :class:`Turtle` (alias: :class:`Pen`), |
| which draws on "the" :class:`Screen` - instance which is automatically |
| created, if not already present. |
| |
| All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also exist as functions, i.e. part of the |
| procedure-oriented interface. |
| |
| The procedural interface provides functions which are derived from the methods |
| of the classes :class:`Screen` and :class:`Turtle`. They have the same names as |
| the corresponding methods. A screen object is automatically created whenever a |
| function derived from a Screen method is called. An (unnamed) turtle object is |
| automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method |
| is called. |
| |
| To use multiple turtles an a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface. |
| |
| .. note:: |
| In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given. |
| Methods, of course, have the additional first argument *self* which is |
| omitted here. |
| |
| |
| Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods |
| ================================================= |
| |
| Turtle methods |
| -------------- |
| |
| Turtle motion |
| Move and draw |
| | :func:`forward` | :func:`fd` |
| | :func:`backward` | :func:`bk` | :func:`back` |
| | :func:`right` | :func:`rt` |
| | :func:`left` | :func:`lt` |
| | :func:`goto` | :func:`setpos` | :func:`setposition` |
| | :func:`setx` |
| | :func:`sety` |
| | :func:`setheading` | :func:`seth` |
| | :func:`home` |
| | :func:`circle` |
| | :func:`dot` |
| | :func:`stamp` |
| | :func:`clearstamp` |
| | :func:`clearstamps` |
| | :func:`undo` |
| | :func:`speed` |
| |
| Tell Turtle's state |
| | :func:`position` | :func:`pos` |
| | :func:`towards` |
| | :func:`xcor` |
| | :func:`ycor` |
| | :func:`heading` |
| | :func:`distance` |
| |
| Setting and measurement |
| | :func:`degrees` |
| | :func:`radians` |
| |
| Pen control |
| Drawing state |
| | :func:`pendown` | :func:`pd` | :func:`down` |
| | :func:`penup` | :func:`pu` | :func:`up` |
| | :func:`pensize` | :func:`width` |
| | :func:`pen` |
| | :func:`isdown` |
| |
| Color control |
| | :func:`color` |
| | :func:`pencolor` |
| | :func:`fillcolor` |
| |
| Filling |
| | :func:`filling` |
| | :func:`begin_fill` |
| | :func:`end_fill` |
| |
| More drawing control |
| | :func:`reset` |
| | :func:`clear` |
| | :func:`write` |
| |
| Turtle state |
| Visibility |
| | :func:`showturtle` | :func:`st` |
| | :func:`hideturtle` | :func:`ht` |
| | :func:`isvisible` |
| |
| Appearance |
| | :func:`shape` |
| | :func:`resizemode` |
| | :func:`shapesize` | :func:`turtlesize` |
| | :func:`shearfactor` |
| | :func:`settiltangle` |
| | :func:`tiltangle` |
| | :func:`tilt` |
| | :func:`shapetransform` |
| | :func:`get_shapepoly` |
| |
| Using events |
| | :func:`onclick` |
| | :func:`onrelease` |
| | :func:`ondrag` |
| |
| Special Turtle methods |
| | :func:`begin_poly` |
| | :func:`end_poly` |
| | :func:`get_poly` |
| | :func:`clone` |
| | :func:`getturtle` | :func:`getpen` |
| | :func:`getscreen` |
| | :func:`setundobuffer` |
| | :func:`undobufferentries` |
| |
| |
| Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen |
| ------------------------------ |
| |
| Window control |
| | :func:`bgcolor` |
| | :func:`bgpic` |
| | :func:`clear` | :func:`clearscreen` |
| | :func:`reset` | :func:`resetscreen` |
| | :func:`screensize` |
| | :func:`setworldcoordinates` |
| |
| Animation control |
| | :func:`delay` |
| | :func:`tracer` |
| | :func:`update` |
| |
| Using screen events |
| | :func:`listen` |
| | :func:`onkey` | :func:`onkeyrelease` |
| | :func:`onkeypress` |
| | :func:`onclick` | :func:`onscreenclick` |
| | :func:`ontimer` |
| | :func:`mainloop` |
| |
| Settings and special methods |
| | :func:`mode` |
| | :func:`colormode` |
| | :func:`getcanvas` |
| | :func:`getshapes` |
| | :func:`register_shape` | :func:`addshape` |
| | :func:`turtles` |
| | :func:`window_height` |
| | :func:`window_width` |
| |
| Input methods |
| | :func:`textinput` |
| | :func:`numinput` |
| |
| Methods specific to Screen |
| | :func:`bye` |
| | :func:`exitonclick` |
| | :func:`setup` |
| | :func:`title` |
| |
| |
| Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions |
| ======================================================= |
| |
| Most of the examples in this section refer to a Turtle instance called |
| ``turtle``. |
| |
| Turtle motion |
| ------------- |
| |
| .. function:: forward(distance) |
| fd(distance) |
| |
| :param distance: a number (integer or float) |
| |
| Move the turtle forward by the specified *distance*, in the direction the |
| turtle is headed. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,0.00) |
| >>> turtle.forward(25) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (25.00,0.00) |
| >>> turtle.forward(-75) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (-50.00,0.00) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: back(distance) |
| bk(distance) |
| backward(distance) |
| |
| :param distance: a number |
| |
| Move the turtle backward by *distance*, opposite to the direction the |
| turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> turtle.goto(0, 0) |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,0.00) |
| >>> turtle.backward(30) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (-30.00,0.00) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: right(angle) |
| rt(angle) |
| |
| :param angle: a number (integer or float) |
| |
| Turn turtle right by *angle* units. (Units are by default degrees, but |
| can be set via the :func:`degrees` and :func:`radians` functions.) Angle |
| orientation depends on the turtle mode, see :func:`mode`. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> turtle.setheading(22) |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 22.0 |
| >>> turtle.right(45) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 337.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: left(angle) |
| lt(angle) |
| |
| :param angle: a number (integer or float) |
| |
| Turn turtle left by *angle* units. (Units are by default degrees, but |
| can be set via the :func:`degrees` and :func:`radians` functions.) Angle |
| orientation depends on the turtle mode, see :func:`mode`. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> turtle.setheading(22) |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 22.0 |
| >>> turtle.left(45) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 67.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: goto(x, y=None) |
| setpos(x, y=None) |
| setposition(x, y=None) |
| |
| :param x: a number or a pair/vector of numbers |
| :param y: a number or ``None`` |
| |
| If *y* is ``None``, *x* must be a pair of coordinates or a :class:`Vec2D` |
| (e.g. as returned by :func:`pos`). |
| |
| Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, draw line. Do |
| not change the turtle's orientation. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> turtle.goto(0, 0) |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> tp = turtle.pos() |
| >>> tp |
| (0.00,0.00) |
| >>> turtle.setpos(60,30) |
| >>> turtle.pos() |
| (60.00,30.00) |
| >>> turtle.setpos((20,80)) |
| >>> turtle.pos() |
| (20.00,80.00) |
| >>> turtle.setpos(tp) |
| >>> turtle.pos() |
| (0.00,0.00) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: setx(x) |
| |
| :param x: a number (integer or float) |
| |
| Set the turtle's first coordinate to *x*, leave second coordinate |
| unchanged. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> turtle.goto(0, 240) |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,240.00) |
| >>> turtle.setx(10) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (10.00,240.00) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: sety(y) |
| |
| :param y: a number (integer or float) |
| |
| Set the turtle's second coordinate to *y*, leave first coordinate unchanged. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> turtle.goto(0, 40) |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,40.00) |
| >>> turtle.sety(-10) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,-10.00) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: setheading(to_angle) |
| seth(to_angle) |
| |
| :param to_angle: a number (integer or float) |
| |
| Set the orientation of the turtle to *to_angle*. Here are some common |
| directions in degrees: |
| |
| =================== ==================== |
| standard mode logo mode |
| =================== ==================== |
| 0 - east 0 - north |
| 90 - north 90 - east |
| 180 - west 180 - south |
| 270 - south 270 - west |
| =================== ==================== |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.setheading(90) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 90.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: home() |
| |
| Move turtle to the origin -- coordinates (0,0) -- and set its heading to |
| its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see :func:`mode`). |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> turtle.setheading(90) |
| >>> turtle.goto(0, -10) |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 90.0 |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,-10.00) |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,0.00) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 0.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: circle(radius, extent=None, steps=None) |
| |
| :param radius: a number |
| :param extent: a number (or ``None``) |
| :param steps: an integer (or ``None``) |
| |
| Draw a circle with given *radius*. The center is *radius* units left of |
| the turtle; *extent* -- an angle -- determines which part of the circle |
| is drawn. If *extent* is not given, draw the entire circle. If *extent* |
| is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen |
| position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if *radius* is |
| positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the |
| turtle is changed by the amount of *extent*. |
| |
| As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, *steps* |
| determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be |
| calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,0.00) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 0.0 |
| >>> turtle.circle(50) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (-0.00,0.00) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 0.0 |
| >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # draw a semicircle |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,240.00) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 180.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: dot(size=None, *color) |
| |
| :param size: an integer >= 1 (if given) |
| :param color: a colorstring or a numeric color tuple |
| |
| Draw a circular dot with diameter *size*, using *color*. If *size* is |
| not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used. |
| |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.dot() |
| >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (100.00,-0.00) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 0.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: stamp() |
| |
| Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle |
| position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete |
| it by calling ``clearstamp(stamp_id)``. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.color("blue") |
| >>> turtle.stamp() |
| 11 |
| >>> turtle.fd(50) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: clearstamp(stampid) |
| |
| :param stampid: an integer, must be return value of previous |
| :func:`stamp` call |
| |
| Delete stamp with given *stampid*. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (150.00,-0.00) |
| >>> turtle.color("blue") |
| >>> astamp = turtle.stamp() |
| >>> turtle.fd(50) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (200.00,-0.00) |
| >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (200.00,-0.00) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: clearstamps(n=None) |
| |
| :param n: an integer (or ``None``) |
| |
| Delete all or first/last *n* of turtle's stamps. If *n* is None, delete |
| all stamps, if *n* > 0 delete first *n* stamps, else if *n* < 0 delete |
| last *n* stamps. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> for i in range(8): |
| ... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30) |
| 13 |
| 14 |
| 15 |
| 16 |
| 17 |
| 18 |
| 19 |
| 20 |
| >>> turtle.clearstamps(2) |
| >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2) |
| >>> turtle.clearstamps() |
| |
| |
| .. function:: undo() |
| |
| Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available |
| undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> for i in range(4): |
| ... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80) |
| ... |
| >>> for i in range(8): |
| ... turtle.undo() |
| |
| |
| .. function:: speed(speed=None) |
| |
| :param speed: an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below) |
| |
| Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. If no |
| argument is given, return current speed. |
| |
| If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set |
| to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows: |
| |
| * "fastest": 0 |
| * "fast": 10 |
| * "normal": 6 |
| * "slow": 3 |
| * "slowest": 1 |
| |
| Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing |
| and turtle turning. |
| |
| Attention: *speed* = 0 means that *no* animation takes |
| place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the |
| turtle turn instantly. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.speed() |
| 3 |
| >>> turtle.speed('normal') |
| >>> turtle.speed() |
| 6 |
| >>> turtle.speed(9) |
| >>> turtle.speed() |
| 9 |
| |
| |
| Tell Turtle's state |
| ------------------- |
| |
| .. function:: position() |
| pos() |
| |
| Return the turtle's current location (x,y) (as a :class:`Vec2D` vector). |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.pos() |
| (440.00,-0.00) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: towards(x, y=None) |
| |
| :param x: a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance |
| :param y: a number if *x* is a number, else ``None`` |
| |
| Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified |
| by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. This depends on the turtle's start |
| orientation which depends on the mode - "standard"/"world" or "logo"). |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.goto(10, 10) |
| >>> turtle.towards(0,0) |
| 225.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: xcor() |
| |
| Return the turtle's x coordinate. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.left(50) |
| >>> turtle.forward(100) |
| >>> turtle.pos() |
| (64.28,76.60) |
| >>> print turtle.xcor() |
| 64.2787609687 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: ycor() |
| |
| Return the turtle's y coordinate. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.left(60) |
| >>> turtle.forward(100) |
| >>> print turtle.pos() |
| (50.00,86.60) |
| >>> print turtle.ycor() |
| 86.6025403784 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: heading() |
| |
| Return the turtle's current heading (value depends on the turtle mode, see |
| :func:`mode`). |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.left(67) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 67.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: distance(x, y=None) |
| |
| :param x: a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance |
| :param y: a number if *x* is a number, else ``None`` |
| |
| Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y), the given vector, or the given |
| other turtle, in turtle step units. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.distance(30,40) |
| 50.0 |
| >>> turtle.distance((30,40)) |
| 50.0 |
| >>> joe = Turtle() |
| >>> joe.forward(77) |
| >>> turtle.distance(joe) |
| 77.0 |
| |
| |
| Settings for measurement |
| ------------------------ |
| |
| .. function:: degrees(fullcircle=360.0) |
| |
| :param fullcircle: a number |
| |
| Set angle measurement units, i.e. set number of "degrees" for a full circle. |
| Default value is 360 degrees. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.left(90) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 90.0 |
| >>> turtle.degrees(400.0) # angle measurement in gon |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 100.0 |
| >>> turtle.degrees(360) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 90.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: radians() |
| |
| Set the angle measurement units to radians. Equivalent to |
| ``degrees(2*math.pi)``. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.left(90) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 90.0 |
| >>> turtle.radians() |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 1.5707963267948966 |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> turtle.degrees(360) |
| |
| |
| Pen control |
| ----------- |
| |
| Drawing state |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
| |
| .. function:: pendown() |
| pd() |
| down() |
| |
| Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: penup() |
| pu() |
| up() |
| |
| Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: pensize(width=None) |
| width(width=None) |
| |
| :param width: a positive number |
| |
| Set the line thickness to *width* or return it. If resizemode is set to |
| "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line |
| thickness. If no argument is given, the current pensize is returned. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.pensize() |
| 1 |
| >>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn |
| |
| |
| .. function:: pen(pen=None, **pendict) |
| |
| :param pen: a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys |
| :param pendict: one or more keyword-arguments with the below listed keys as keywords |
| |
| Return or set the pen's attributes in a "pen-dictionary" with the following |
| key/value pairs: |
| |
| * "shown": True/False |
| * "pendown": True/False |
| * "pencolor": color-string or color-tuple |
| * "fillcolor": color-string or color-tuple |
| * "pensize": positive number |
| * "speed": number in range 0..10 |
| * "resizemode": "auto" or "user" or "noresize" |
| * "stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number) |
| * "outline": positive number |
| * "tilt": number |
| |
| This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent call to :func:`pen` |
| to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes |
| can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen |
| attributes in one statement. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :options: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE |
| |
| >>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10) |
| >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items()) |
| [('fillcolor', 'black'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'), |
| ('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'), |
| ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)] |
| >>> penstate=turtle.pen() |
| >>> turtle.color("yellow", "") |
| >>> turtle.penup() |
| >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items()) |
| [('fillcolor', ''), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'yellow'), |
| ('pendown', False), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'), |
| ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)] |
| >>> turtle.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green") |
| >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items()) |
| [('fillcolor', 'green'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'), |
| ('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'), |
| ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)] |
| |
| |
| .. function:: isdown() |
| |
| Return ``True`` if pen is down, ``False`` if it's up. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.penup() |
| >>> turtle.isdown() |
| False |
| >>> turtle.pendown() |
| >>> turtle.isdown() |
| True |
| |
| |
| Color control |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
| |
| .. function:: pencolor(*args) |
| |
| Return or set the pencolor. |
| |
| Four input formats are allowed: |
| |
| ``pencolor()`` |
| Return the current pencolor as color specification string or |
| as a tuple (see example). May be used as input to another |
| color/pencolor/fillcolor call. |
| |
| ``pencolor(colorstring)`` |
| Set pencolor to *colorstring*, which is a Tk color specification string, |
| such as ``"red"``, ``"yellow"``, or ``"#33cc8c"``. |
| |
| ``pencolor((r, g, b))`` |
| Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of *r*, *g*, and |
| *b*. Each of *r*, *g*, and *b* must be in the range 0..colormode, where |
| colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see :func:`colormode`). |
| |
| ``pencolor(r, g, b)`` |
| Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by *r*, *g*, and *b*. Each of |
| *r*, *g*, and *b* must be in the range 0..colormode. |
| |
| If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the |
| newly set pencolor. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> colormode() |
| 1.0 |
| >>> turtle.pencolor() |
| 'red' |
| >>> turtle.pencolor("brown") |
| >>> turtle.pencolor() |
| 'brown' |
| >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55) |
| >>> turtle.pencolor(tup) |
| >>> turtle.pencolor() |
| (0.20000000000000001, 0.80000000000000004, 0.5490196078431373) |
| >>> colormode(255) |
| >>> turtle.pencolor() |
| (51, 204, 140) |
| >>> turtle.pencolor('#32c18f') |
| >>> turtle.pencolor() |
| (50, 193, 143) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: fillcolor(*args) |
| |
| Return or set the fillcolor. |
| |
| Four input formats are allowed: |
| |
| ``fillcolor()`` |
| Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly |
| in tuple format (see example). May be used as input to another |
| color/pencolor/fillcolor call. |
| |
| ``fillcolor(colorstring)`` |
| Set fillcolor to *colorstring*, which is a Tk color specification string, |
| such as ``"red"``, ``"yellow"``, or ``"#33cc8c"``. |
| |
| ``fillcolor((r, g, b))`` |
| Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of *r*, *g*, and |
| *b*. Each of *r*, *g*, and *b* must be in the range 0..colormode, where |
| colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see :func:`colormode`). |
| |
| ``fillcolor(r, g, b)`` |
| Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by *r*, *g*, and *b*. Each of |
| *r*, *g*, and *b* must be in the range 0..colormode. |
| |
| If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn |
| with the newly set fillcolor. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.fillcolor("violet") |
| >>> turtle.fillcolor() |
| 'violet' |
| >>> col = turtle.pencolor() |
| >>> col |
| (50, 193, 143) |
| >>> turtle.fillcolor(col) |
| >>> turtle.fillcolor() |
| (50, 193, 143) |
| >>> turtle.fillcolor('#ffffff') |
| >>> turtle.fillcolor() |
| (255, 255, 255) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: color(*args) |
| |
| Return or set pencolor and fillcolor. |
| |
| Several input formats are allowed. They use 0 to 3 arguments as |
| follows: |
| |
| ``color()`` |
| Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color |
| specification strings or tuples as returned by :func:`pencolor` and |
| :func:`fillcolor`. |
| |
| ``color(colorstring)``, ``color((r,g,b))``, ``color(r,g,b)`` |
| Inputs as in :func:`pencolor`, set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the |
| given value. |
| |
| ``color(colorstring1, colorstring2)``, ``color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))`` |
| Equivalent to ``pencolor(colorstring1)`` and ``fillcolor(colorstring2)`` |
| and analogously if the other input format is used. |
| |
| If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn |
| with the newly set colors. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.color("red", "green") |
| >>> turtle.color() |
| ('red', 'green') |
| >>> color("#285078", "#a0c8f0") |
| >>> color() |
| ((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240)) |
| |
| |
| See also: Screen method :func:`colormode`. |
| |
| |
| Filling |
| ~~~~~~~ |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| |
| .. function:: filling() |
| |
| Return fillstate (``True`` if filling, ``False`` else). |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.begin_fill() |
| >>> if turtle.filling(): |
| ... turtle.pensize(5) |
| ... else: |
| ... turtle.pensize(3) |
| |
| |
| |
| .. function:: begin_fill() |
| |
| To be called just before drawing a shape to be filled. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: end_fill() |
| |
| Fill the shape drawn after the last call to :func:`begin_fill`. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.color("black", "red") |
| >>> turtle.begin_fill() |
| >>> turtle.circle(80) |
| >>> turtle.end_fill() |
| |
| |
| More drawing control |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
| |
| .. function:: reset() |
| |
| Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set |
| variables to the default values. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.goto(0,-22) |
| >>> turtle.left(100) |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,-22.00) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 100.0 |
| >>> turtle.reset() |
| >>> turtle.position() |
| (0.00,0.00) |
| >>> turtle.heading() |
| 0.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: clear() |
| |
| Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and |
| position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: write(arg, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal")) |
| |
| :param arg: object to be written to the TurtleScreen |
| :param move: True/False |
| :param align: one of the strings "left", "center" or right" |
| :param font: a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype) |
| |
| Write text - the string representation of *arg* - at the current turtle |
| position according to *align* ("left", "center" or right") and with the given |
| font. If *move* is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the |
| text. By default, *move* is False. |
| |
| >>> turtle.write("Home = ", True, align="center") |
| >>> turtle.write((0,0), True) |
| |
| |
| Turtle state |
| ------------ |
| |
| Visibility |
| ~~~~~~~~~~ |
| |
| .. function:: hideturtle() |
| ht() |
| |
| Make the turtle invisible. It's a good idea to do this while you're in the |
| middle of doing some complex drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the |
| drawing observably. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.hideturtle() |
| |
| |
| .. function:: showturtle() |
| st() |
| |
| Make the turtle visible. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.showturtle() |
| |
| |
| .. function:: isvisible() |
| |
| Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden. |
| |
| >>> turtle.hideturtle() |
| >>> turtle.isvisible() |
| False |
| >>> turtle.showturtle() |
| >>> turtle.isvisible() |
| True |
| |
| |
| Appearance |
| ~~~~~~~~~~ |
| |
| .. function:: shape(name=None) |
| |
| :param name: a string which is a valid shapename |
| |
| Set turtle shape to shape with given *name* or, if name is not given, return |
| name of current shape. Shape with *name* must exist in the TurtleScreen's |
| shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: "arrow", |
| "turtle", "circle", "square", "triangle", "classic". To learn about how to |
| deal with shapes see Screen method :func:`register_shape`. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.shape() |
| 'classic' |
| >>> turtle.shape("turtle") |
| >>> turtle.shape() |
| 'turtle' |
| |
| |
| .. function:: resizemode(rmode=None) |
| |
| :param rmode: one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize" |
| |
| Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize". If *rmode* |
| is not given, return current resizemode. Different resizemodes have the |
| following effects: |
| |
| - "auto": adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize. |
| - "user": adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of |
| stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by |
| :func:`shapesize`. |
| - "noresize": no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place. |
| |
| resizemode("user") is called by :func:`shapesize` when used with arguments. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.resizemode() |
| 'noresize' |
| >>> turtle.resizemode("auto") |
| >>> turtle.resizemode() |
| 'auto' |
| |
| |
| .. function:: shapesize(stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None) |
| |
| :param stretch_wid: positive number |
| :param stretch_len: positive number |
| :param outline: positive number |
| |
| Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set |
| resizemode to "user". If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle |
| will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: *stretch_wid* is |
| stretchfactor perpendicular to its orientation, *stretch_len* is |
| stretchfactor in direction of its orientation, *outline* determines the width |
| of the shapes's outline. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.shapesize() |
| (1, 1, 1) |
| >>> turtle.resizemode("user") |
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12) |
| >>> turtle.shapesize() |
| (5, 5, 12) |
| >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8) |
| >>> turtle.shapesize() |
| (5, 5, 8) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: shearfactor(self, shear=None): |
| |
| :param shear: number (optional) |
| |
| Set or return the current shearfactor. Shear the turtleshape according to |
| the given shearfactor shear, which is the tangent of the shear angle. |
| Do *not* change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). |
| If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the |
| tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the |
| heading of the turtle are sheared. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.shape("circle") |
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) |
| >>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5) |
| >>> turtle.shearfactor() |
| >>> 0.5 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: tilt(angle) |
| |
| :param angle: a number |
| |
| Rotate the turtleshape by *angle* from its current tilt-angle, but do *not* |
| change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.reset() |
| >>> turtle.shape("circle") |
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) |
| >>> turtle.tilt(30) |
| >>> turtle.fd(50) |
| >>> turtle.tilt(30) |
| >>> turtle.fd(50) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: settiltangle(angle) |
| |
| :param angle: a number |
| |
| Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by *angle*, |
| regardless of its current tilt-angle. *Do not* change the turtle's heading |
| (direction of movement). |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.reset() |
| >>> turtle.shape("circle") |
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) |
| >>> turtle.settiltangle(45) |
| >>> turtle.fd(50) |
| >>> turtle.settiltangle(-45) |
| >>> turtle.fd(50) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: tiltangle(angle=None) |
| |
| :param angle: a number (optional) |
| |
| Set or return the current tilt-angle. If angle is given, rotate the |
| turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, |
| regardless of its current tilt-angle. Do *not* change the turtle's |
| heading (direction of movement). |
| If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle |
| between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the |
| turtle (its direction of movement). |
| |
| Deprecated since Python 3.1 |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.reset() |
| >>> turtle.shape("circle") |
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) |
| >>> turtle.tilt(45) |
| >>> turtle.tiltangle() |
| 45.0 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: shapetransform(t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None) |
| |
| :param t11: a number (optional) |
| :param t12: a number (optional) |
| :param t21: a number (optional) |
| :param t12: a number (optional) |
| |
| Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape. |
| |
| If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation |
| matrix as a tuple of 4 elements. |
| Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape |
| according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and |
| second row t21, 22. The determinant t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 must not be |
| zero, otherwise an error is raised. |
| Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the |
| given matrix. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.shape("square") |
| >>> turtle.shapesize(4,2) |
| >>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5) |
| >>> turtle.shapetransform() |
| >>> (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: get_shapepoly(): |
| |
| Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs. This |
| can be used to define a new shape or components of a compound shape. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.shape("square") |
| >>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2) |
| >>> turtle.get_shapepoly() |
| ((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20)) |
| |
| |
| Using events |
| ------------ |
| |
| .. function:: onclick(fun, btn=1, add=None) |
| |
| :param fun: a function with two arguments which will be called with the |
| coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas |
| :param num: number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button) |
| :param add: ``True`` or ``False`` -- if ``True``, a new binding will be |
| added, otherwise it will replace a former binding |
| |
| Bind *fun* to mouse-click events on this turtle. If *fun* is ``None``, |
| existing bindings are removed. Example for the anonymous turtle, i.e. the |
| procedural way: |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> def turn(x, y): |
| ... left(180) |
| ... |
| >>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it. |
| >>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed |
| |
| |
| .. function:: onrelease(fun, btn=1, add=None) |
| |
| :param fun: a function with two arguments which will be called with the |
| coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas |
| :param num: number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button) |
| :param add: ``True`` or ``False`` -- if ``True``, a new binding will be |
| added, otherwise it will replace a former binding |
| |
| Bind *fun* to mouse-button-release events on this turtle. If *fun* is |
| ``None``, existing bindings are removed. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> class MyTurtle(Turtle): |
| ... def glow(self,x,y): |
| ... self.fillcolor("red") |
| ... def unglow(self,x,y): |
| ... self.fillcolor("") |
| ... |
| >>> turtle = MyTurtle() |
| >>> turtle.onclick(turtle.glow) # clicking on turtle turns fillcolor red, |
| >>> turtle.onrelease(turtle.unglow) # releasing turns it to transparent. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: ondrag(fun, btn=1, add=None) |
| |
| :param fun: a function with two arguments which will be called with the |
| coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas |
| :param num: number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button) |
| :param add: ``True`` or ``False`` -- if ``True``, a new binding will be |
| added, otherwise it will replace a former binding |
| |
| Bind *fun* to mouse-move events on this turtle. If *fun* is ``None``, |
| existing bindings are removed. |
| |
| Remark: Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a |
| mouse-click event on that turtle. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto) |
| |
| Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across |
| the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down). |
| |
| |
| Special Turtle methods |
| ---------------------- |
| |
| .. function:: begin_poly() |
| |
| Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first |
| vertex of polygon. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: end_poly() |
| |
| Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last |
| vertex of polygon. This will be connected with the first vertex. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: get_poly() |
| |
| Return the last recorded polygon. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.home() |
| >>> turtle.begin_poly() |
| >>> turtle.fd(100) |
| >>> turtle.left(20) |
| >>> turtle.fd(30) |
| >>> turtle.left(60) |
| >>> turtle.fd(50) |
| >>> turtle.end_poly() |
| >>> p = turtle.get_poly() |
| >>> register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: clone() |
| |
| Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and |
| turtle properties. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> mick = Turtle() |
| >>> joe = mick.clone() |
| |
| |
| .. function:: getturtle() |
| |
| Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use: as a function to |
| return the "anonymous turtle": |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> pet = getturtle() |
| >>> pet.fd(50) |
| >>> pet |
| <turtle.Turtle object at 0x...> |
| |
| |
| .. function:: getscreen() |
| |
| Return the :class:`TurtleScreen` object the turtle is drawing on. |
| TurtleScreen methods can then be called for that object. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> ts = turtle.getscreen() |
| >>> ts |
| <turtle._Screen object at 0x...> |
| >>> ts.bgcolor("pink") |
| |
| |
| .. function:: setundobuffer(size) |
| |
| :param size: an integer or ``None`` |
| |
| Set or disable undobuffer. If *size* is an integer an empty undobuffer of |
| given size is installed. *size* gives the maximum number of turtle actions |
| that can be undone by the :func:`undo` method/function. If *size* is |
| ``None``, the undobuffer is disabled. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> turtle.setundobuffer(42) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: undobufferentries() |
| |
| Return number of entries in the undobuffer. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> while undobufferentries(): |
| ... undo() |
| |
| |
| |
| .. _compoundshapes: |
| |
| Excursus about the use of compound shapes |
| ----------------------------------------- |
| |
| To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different |
| color, you must use the helper class :class:`Shape` explicitly as described |
| below: |
| |
| 1. Create an empty Shape object of type "compound". |
| 2. Add as many components to this object as desired, using the |
| :meth:`addcomponent` method. |
| |
| For example: |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> s = Shape("compound") |
| >>> poly1 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) |
| >>> s.addcomponent(poly1, "red", "blue") |
| >>> poly2 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(-10,-5)) |
| >>> s.addcomponent(poly2, "blue", "red") |
| |
| 3. Now add the Shape to the Screen's shapelist and use it: |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> register_shape("myshape", s) |
| >>> shape("myshape") |
| |
| |
| .. note:: |
| |
| The :class:`Shape` class is used internally by the :func:`register_shape` |
| method in different ways. The application programmer has to deal with the |
| Shape class *only* when using compound shapes like shown above! |
| |
| |
| Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions |
| ========================================================== |
| |
| Most of the examples in this section refer to a TurtleScreen instance called |
| ``screen``. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> screen = Screen() |
| |
| Window control |
| -------------- |
| |
| .. function:: bgcolor(*args) |
| |
| :param args: a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a |
| 3-tuple of such numbers |
| |
| Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.bgcolor("orange") |
| >>> screen.bgcolor() |
| 'orange' |
| >>> screen.bgcolor("#800080") |
| >>> screen.bgcolor() |
| (128, 0, 128) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: bgpic(picname=None) |
| |
| :param picname: a string, name of a gif-file or ``"nopic"``, or ``None`` |
| |
| Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. If *picname* |
| is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If *picname* is |
| ``"nopic"``, delete background image, if present. If *picname* is ``None``, |
| return the filename of the current backgroundimage. :: |
| |
| >>> screen.bgpic() |
| 'nopic' |
| >>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif") |
| >>> screen.bgpic() |
| "landscape.gif" |
| |
| |
| .. function:: clear() |
| clearscreen() |
| |
| Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. Reset the now |
| empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no background |
| image, no event bindings and tracing on. |
| |
| .. note:: |
| This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the |
| name ``clearscreen``. The global function ``clear`` is another one |
| derived from the Turtle method ``clear``. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: reset() |
| resetscreen() |
| |
| Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state. |
| |
| .. note:: |
| This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the |
| name ``resetscreen``. The global function ``reset`` is another one |
| derived from the Turtle method ``reset``. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: screensize(canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None) |
| |
| :param canvwidth: positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels |
| :param canvheight: positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels |
| :param bg: colorstring or color-tuple, new background color |
| |
| If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else |
| resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Do not alter the drawing |
| window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas, use the scrollbars. With this |
| method, one can make visible those parts of a drawing which were outside the |
| canvas before. |
| |
| >>> screen.screensize() |
| (400, 300) |
| >>> screen.screensize(2000,1500) |
| >>> screen.screensize() |
| (2000, 1500) |
| |
| e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: setworldcoordinates(llx, lly, urx, ury) |
| |
| :param llx: a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas |
| :param lly: a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas |
| :param urx: a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas |
| :param ury: a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas |
| |
| Set up user-defined coordinate system and switch to mode "world" if |
| necessary. This performs a ``screen.reset()``. If mode "world" is already |
| active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates. |
| |
| **ATTENTION**: in user-defined coordinate systems angles may appear |
| distorted. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.reset() |
| >>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-50,-7.5,50,7.5) |
| >>> for _ in range(72): |
| ... left(10) |
| ... |
| >>> for _ in range(8): |
| ... left(45); fd(2) # a regular octagon |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> screen.reset() |
| >>> for t in turtles(): |
| ... t.reset() |
| |
| |
| Animation control |
| ----------------- |
| |
| .. function:: delay(delay=None) |
| |
| :param delay: positive integer |
| |
| Set or return the drawing *delay* in milliseconds. (This is approximately |
| the time interval between two consecutive canvas updates.) The longer the |
| drawing delay, the slower the animation. |
| |
| Optional argument: |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.delay() |
| 10 |
| >>> screen.delay(5) |
| >>> screen.delay() |
| 5 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: tracer(n=None, delay=None) |
| |
| :param n: nonnegative integer |
| :param delay: nonnegative integer |
| |
| Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If *n* is |
| given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be |
| used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second argument sets |
| delay value (see :func:`delay`). |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.tracer(8, 25) |
| >>> dist = 2 |
| >>> for i in range(200): |
| ... fd(dist) |
| ... rt(90) |
| ... dist += 2 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: update() |
| |
| Perform a TurtleScreen update. To be used when tracer is turned off. |
| |
| See also the RawTurtle/Turtle method :func:`speed`. |
| |
| |
| Using screen events |
| ------------------- |
| |
| .. function:: listen(xdummy=None, ydummy=None) |
| |
| Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events). Dummy arguments |
| are provided in order to be able to pass :func:`listen` to the onclick method. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: onkey(fun, key) |
| onkeyrelease(fun, key) |
| |
| :param fun: a function with no arguments or ``None`` |
| :param key: a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space") |
| |
| Bind *fun* to key-release event of key. If *fun* is ``None``, event bindings |
| are removed. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen |
| must have the focus. (See method :func:`listen`.) |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> def f(): |
| ... fd(50) |
| ... lt(60) |
| ... |
| >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") |
| >>> screen.listen() |
| |
| |
| .. function:: onkeypress(fun, key=None): |
| |
| :param fun: a function with no arguments or ``None`` |
| :param key: a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space") |
| |
| Bind *fun* to key-press event of key if key is given, |
| or to any key-press-event if no key is given. |
| Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen |
| must have focus. (See method :func:`listen`.) |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> def f(): |
| ... fd(50) |
| ... |
| >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") |
| >>> screen.listen() |
| |
| |
| .. function:: onclick(fun, btn=1, add=None) |
| onscreenclick(fun, btn=1, add=None) |
| |
| :param fun: a function with two arguments which will be called with the |
| coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas |
| :param num: number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button) |
| :param add: ``True`` or ``False`` -- if ``True``, a new binding will be |
| added, otherwise it will replace a former binding |
| |
| Bind *fun* to mouse-click events on this screen. If *fun* is ``None``, |
| existing bindings are removed. |
| |
| Example for a TurtleScreen instance named ``screen`` and a Turtle instance |
| named turtle: |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto) # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will |
| >>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point. |
| >>> screen.onclick(None) # remove event binding again |
| |
| .. note:: |
| This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the |
| name ``onscreenclick``. The global function ``onclick`` is another one |
| derived from the Turtle method ``onclick``. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: ontimer(fun, t=0) |
| |
| :param fun: a function with no arguments |
| :param t: a number >= 0 |
| |
| Install a timer that calls *fun* after *t* milliseconds. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> running = True |
| >>> def f(): |
| ... if running: |
| ... fd(50) |
| ... lt(60) |
| ... screen.ontimer(f, 250) |
| >>> f() ### makes the turtle march around |
| >>> running = False |
| |
| |
| .. function:: mainloop() |
| |
| Starts event loop - calling Tkinter's mainloop function. |
| Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program. |
| Must *not* be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode |
| (No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics. :: |
| |
| >>> screen.mainloop() |
| |
| |
| Input methods |
| ------------- |
| |
| .. function:: textinput(title, prompt) |
| |
| :param title: string |
| :param prompt: string |
| |
| Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Parameter title is |
| the title of the dialog window, propmt is a text mostly describing |
| what information to input. |
| Return the string input. If the dialog is canceled, return None. :: |
| |
| >>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:") |
| |
| |
| .. function:: numinput(self, title, prompt, |
| default=None, minval=None, maxval=None): |
| |
| :param title: string |
| :param prompt: string |
| :param default: number (optional) |
| :param prompt: number (optional) |
| :param prompt: number (optional) |
| |
| Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. title is the title of the |
| dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information |
| to input. default: default value, minval: minimum value for imput, |
| maxval: maximum value for input |
| The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are |
| given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for |
| correction. |
| Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return None. :: |
| |
| >>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000) |
| |
| |
| Settings and special methods |
| ---------------------------- |
| |
| .. function:: mode(mode=None) |
| |
| :param mode: one of the strings "standard", "logo" or "world" |
| |
| Set turtle mode ("standard", "logo" or "world") and perform reset. If mode |
| is not given, current mode is returned. |
| |
| Mode "standard" is compatible with old :mod:`turtle`. Mode "logo" is |
| compatible with most Logo turtle graphics. Mode "world" uses user-defined |
| "world coordinates". **Attention**: in this mode angles appear distorted if |
| ``x/y`` unit-ratio doesn't equal 1. |
| |
| ============ ========================= =================== |
| Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles |
| ============ ========================= =================== |
| "standard" to the right (east) counterclockwise |
| "logo" upward (north) clockwise |
| ============ ========================= =================== |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> mode("logo") # resets turtle heading to north |
| >>> mode() |
| 'logo' |
| |
| |
| .. function:: colormode(cmode=None) |
| |
| :param cmode: one of the values 1.0 or 255 |
| |
| Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Subsequently *r*, *g*, *b* |
| values of color triples have to be in the range 0..\ *cmode*. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.colormode(1) |
| >>> turtle.pencolor(240, 160, 80) |
| Traceback (most recent call last): |
| ... |
| TurtleGraphicsError: bad color sequence: (240, 160, 80) |
| >>> screen.colormode() |
| 1.0 |
| >>> screen.colormode(255) |
| >>> screen.colormode() |
| 255 |
| >>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80) |
| |
| |
| .. function:: getcanvas() |
| |
| Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. Useful for insiders who know what to |
| do with a Tkinter Canvas. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> cv = screen.getcanvas() |
| >>> cv |
| <turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x...> |
| |
| |
| .. function:: getshapes() |
| |
| Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.getshapes() |
| ['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ..., 'turtle'] |
| |
| |
| .. function:: register_shape(name, shape=None) |
| addshape(name, shape=None) |
| |
| There are three different ways to call this function: |
| |
| (1) *name* is the name of a gif-file and *shape* is ``None``: Install the |
| corresponding image shape. :: |
| |
| >>> screen.register_shape("turtle.gif") |
| |
| .. note:: |
| Image shapes *do not* rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not |
| display the heading of the turtle! |
| |
| (2) *name* is an arbitrary string and *shape* is a tuple of pairs of |
| coordinates: Install the corresponding polygon shape. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3), (0,5), (-5,-3))) |
| |
| (3) *name* is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) :class:`Shape` |
| object: Install the corresponding compound shape. |
| |
| Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist. Only thusly registered |
| shapes can be used by issuing the command ``shape(shapename)``. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: turtles() |
| |
| Return the list of turtles on the screen. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> for turtle in screen.turtles(): |
| ... turtle.color("red") |
| |
| |
| .. function:: window_height() |
| |
| Return the height of the turtle window. :: |
| |
| >>> screen.window_height() |
| 480 |
| |
| |
| .. function:: window_width() |
| |
| Return the width of the turtle window. :: |
| |
| >>> screen.window_width() |
| 640 |
| |
| |
| .. _screenspecific: |
| |
| Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen |
| ----------------------------------------------------------- |
| |
| .. function:: bye() |
| |
| Shut the turtlegraphics window. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: exitonclick() |
| |
| Bind bye() method to mouse clicks on the Screen. |
| |
| |
| If the value "using_IDLE" in the configuration dictionary is ``False`` |
| (default value), also enter mainloop. Remark: If IDLE with the ``-n`` switch |
| (no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to ``True`` in |
| :file:`turtle.cfg`. In this case IDLE's own mainloop is active also for the |
| client script. |
| |
| |
| .. function:: setup(width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"], startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"]) |
| |
| Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments |
| are stored in the configuration dicionary and can be changed via a |
| :file:`turtle.cfg` file. |
| |
| :param width: if an integer, a size in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the |
| screen; default is 50% of screen |
| :param height: if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of |
| the screen; default is 75% of screen |
| :param startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left |
| edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if None, |
| center window horizontally |
| :param startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top |
| edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if None, |
| center window vertically |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0) |
| >>> # sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen |
| >>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None) |
| >>> # sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers |
| |
| |
| .. function:: title(titlestring) |
| |
| :param titlestring: a string that is shown in the titlebar of the turtle |
| graphics window |
| |
| Set title of turtle window to *titlestring*. |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle zoo!") |
| |
| |
| The public classes of the module :mod:`turtle` |
| ============================================== |
| |
| |
| .. class:: RawTurtle(canvas) |
| RawPen(canvas) |
| |
| :param canvas: a :class:`Tkinter.Canvas`, a :class:`ScrolledCanvas` or a |
| :class:`TurtleScreen` |
| |
| Create a turtle. The turtle has all methods described above as "methods of |
| Turtle/RawTurtle". |
| |
| |
| .. class:: Turtle() |
| |
| Subclass of RawTurtle, has the same interface but draws on a default |
| :class:`Screen` object created automatically when needed for the first time. |
| |
| |
| .. class:: TurtleScreen(cv) |
| |
| :param cv: a :class:`Tkinter.Canvas` |
| |
| Provides screen oriented methods like :func:`setbg` etc. that are described |
| above. |
| |
| .. class:: Screen() |
| |
| Subclass of TurtleScreen, with :ref:`four methods added <screenspecific>`. |
| |
| |
| .. class:: ScrolledCavas(master) |
| |
| :param master: some Tkinter widget to contain the ScrolledCanvas, i.e. |
| a Tkinter-canvas with scrollbars added |
| |
| Used by class Screen, which thus automatically provides a ScrolledCanvas as |
| playground for the turtles. |
| |
| .. class:: Shape(type_, data) |
| |
| :param type\_: one of the strings "polygon", "image", "compound" |
| |
| Data structure modeling shapes. The pair ``(type_, data)`` must follow this |
| specification: |
| |
| |
| =========== =========== |
| *type_* *data* |
| =========== =========== |
| "polygon" a polygon-tuple, i.e. a tuple of pairs of coordinates |
| "image" an image (in this form only used internally!) |
| "compound" ``None`` (a compound shape has to be constructed using the |
| :meth:`addcomponent` method) |
| =========== =========== |
| |
| .. method:: addcomponent(poly, fill, outline=None) |
| |
| :param poly: a polygon, i.e. a tuple of pairs of numbers |
| :param fill: a color the *poly* will be filled with |
| :param outline: a color for the poly's outline (if given) |
| |
| Example: |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| |
| >>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) |
| >>> s = Shape("compound") |
| >>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue") |
| >>> # ... add more components and then use register_shape() |
| |
| See :ref:`compoundshapes`. |
| |
| |
| .. class:: Vec2D(x, y) |
| |
| A two-dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing |
| turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs too. Derived |
| from tuple, so a vector is a tuple! |
| |
| Provides (for *a*, *b* vectors, *k* number): |
| |
| * ``a + b`` vector addition |
| * ``a - b`` vector subtraction |
| * ``a * b`` inner product |
| * ``k * a`` and ``a * k`` multiplication with scalar |
| * ``abs(a)`` absolute value of a |
| * ``a.rotate(angle)`` rotation |
| |
| |
| Help and configuration |
| ====================== |
| |
| How to use help |
| --------------- |
| |
| The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively |
| via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python help |
| facilities: |
| |
| - When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the |
| docstrings of typed in function-/method calls. |
| |
| - Calling :func:`help` on methods or functions displays the docstrings:: |
| |
| >>> help(Screen.bgcolor) |
| Help on method bgcolor in module turtle: |
| |
| bgcolor(self, *args) unbound turtle.Screen method |
| Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen. |
| |
| Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers |
| in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers. |
| |
| |
| >>> screen.bgcolor("orange") |
| >>> screen.bgcolor() |
| "orange" |
| >>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5) |
| >>> screen.bgcolor() |
| "#800080" |
| |
| >>> help(Turtle.penup) |
| Help on method penup in module turtle: |
| |
| penup(self) unbound turtle.Turtle method |
| Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. |
| |
| Aliases: penup | pu | up |
| |
| No argument |
| |
| >>> turtle.penup() |
| |
| - The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified |
| form:: |
| |
| >>> help(bgcolor) |
| Help on function bgcolor in module turtle: |
| |
| bgcolor(*args) |
| Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen. |
| |
| Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers |
| in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers. |
| |
| Example:: |
| |
| >>> bgcolor("orange") |
| >>> bgcolor() |
| "orange" |
| >>> bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5) |
| >>> bgcolor() |
| "#800080" |
| |
| >>> help(penup) |
| Help on function penup in module turtle: |
| |
| penup() |
| Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. |
| |
| Aliases: penup | pu | up |
| |
| No argument |
| |
| Example: |
| >>> penup() |
| |
| These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function |
| definitions that are derived from the methods at import time. |
| |
| |
| Translation of docstrings into different languages |
| -------------------------------------------------- |
| |
| There is a utility to create a dictionary the keys of which are the method names |
| and the values of which are the docstrings of the public methods of the classes |
| Screen and Turtle. |
| |
| .. function:: write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict") |
| |
| :param filename: a string, used as filename |
| |
| Create and write docstring-dictionary to a Python script with the given |
| filename. This function has to be called explicitly (it is not used by the |
| turtle graphics classes). The docstring dictionary will be written to the |
| Python script :file:`{filename}.py`. It is intended to serve as a template |
| for translation of the docstrings into different languages. |
| |
| If you (or your students) want to use :mod:`turtle` with online help in your |
| native language, you have to translate the docstrings and save the resulting |
| file as e.g. :file:`turtle_docstringdict_german.py`. |
| |
| If you have an appropriate entry in your :file:`turtle.cfg` file this dictionary |
| will be read in at import time and will replace the original English docstrings. |
| |
| At the time of this writing there are docstring dictionaries in German and in |
| Italian. (Requests please to glingl@aon.at.) |
| |
| |
| |
| How to configure Screen and Turtles |
| ----------------------------------- |
| |
| The built-in default configuration mimics the appearance and behaviour of the |
| old turtle module in order to retain best possible compatibility with it. |
| |
| If you want to use a different configuration which better reflects the features |
| of this module or which better fits to your needs, e.g. for use in a classroom, |
| you can prepare a configuration file ``turtle.cfg`` which will be read at import |
| time and modify the configuration according to its settings. |
| |
| The built in configuration would correspond to the following turtle.cfg:: |
| |
| width = 0.5 |
| height = 0.75 |
| leftright = None |
| topbottom = None |
| canvwidth = 400 |
| canvheight = 300 |
| mode = standard |
| colormode = 1.0 |
| delay = 10 |
| undobuffersize = 1000 |
| shape = classic |
| pencolor = black |
| fillcolor = black |
| resizemode = noresize |
| visible = True |
| language = english |
| exampleturtle = turtle |
| examplescreen = screen |
| title = Python Turtle Graphics |
| using_IDLE = False |
| |
| Short explanation of selected entries: |
| |
| - The first four lines correspond to the arguments of the :meth:`Screen.setup` |
| method. |
| - Line 5 and 6 correspond to the arguments of the method |
| :meth:`Screen.screensize`. |
| - *shape* can be any of the built-in shapes, e.g: arrow, turtle, etc. For more |
| info try ``help(shape)``. |
| - If you want to use no fillcolor (i.e. make the turtle transparent), you have |
| to write ``fillcolor = ""`` (but all nonempty strings must not have quotes in |
| the cfg-file). |
| - If you want to reflect the turtle its state, you have to use ``resizemode = |
| auto``. |
| - If you set e.g. ``language = italian`` the docstringdict |
| :file:`turtle_docstringdict_italian.py` will be loaded at import time (if |
| present on the import path, e.g. in the same directory as :mod:`turtle`. |
| - The entries *exampleturtle* and *examplescreen* define the names of these |
| objects as they occur in the docstrings. The transformation of |
| method-docstrings to function-docstrings will delete these names from the |
| docstrings. |
| - *using_IDLE*: Set this to ``True`` if you regularly work with IDLE and its -n |
| switch ("no subprocess"). This will prevent :func:`exitonclick` to enter the |
| mainloop. |
| |
| There can be a :file:`turtle.cfg` file in the directory where :mod:`turtle` is |
| stored and an additional one in the current working directory. The latter will |
| override the settings of the first one. |
| |
| The :file:`Demo/turtle` directory contains a :file:`turtle.cfg` file. You can |
| study it as an example and see its effects when running the demos (preferably |
| not from within the demo-viewer). |
| |
| |
| Demo scripts |
| ============ |
| |
| There is a set of demo scripts in the turtledemo directory located in the |
| :file:`Demo/turtle` directory in the source distribution. |
| |
| It contains: |
| |
| - a set of 15 demo scripts demonstrating different features of the new module |
| :mod:`turtle` |
| - a demo viewer :file:`turtleDemo.py` which can be used to view the sourcecode |
| of the scripts and run them at the same time. 14 of the examples can be |
| accessed via the Examples menu; all of them can also be run standalone. |
| - The example :file:`turtledemo_two_canvases.py` demonstrates the simultaneous |
| use of two canvases with the turtle module. Therefore it only can be run |
| standalone. |
| - There is a :file:`turtle.cfg` file in this directory, which also serves as an |
| example for how to write and use such files. |
| |
| The demoscripts are: |
| |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | Name | Description | Features | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | bytedesign | complex classical | :func:`tracer`, delay,| |
| | | turtlegraphics pattern | :func:`update` | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | chaos | graphs verhust dynamics, | world coordinates | |
| | | proves that you must not | | |
| | | trust computers' computations| | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | clock | analog clock showing time | turtles as clock's | |
| | | of your computer | hands, ontimer | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | colormixer | experiment with r, g, b | :func:`ondrag` | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | fractalcurves | Hilbert & Koch curves | recursion | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | lindenmayer | ethnomathematics | L-System | |
| | | (indian kolams) | | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | minimal_hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Rectangular Turtles | |
| | | | as Hanoi discs | |
| | | | (shape, shapesize) | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | nim | play the classical nim game | turtles as nimsticks, | |
| | | with three heaps of sticks | event driven (mouse, | |
| | | against the computer. | keyboard) | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | paint | super minimalistic | :func:`onclick` | |
| | | drawing program | | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | peace | elementary | turtle: appearance | |
| | | | and animation | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | penrose | aperiodic tiling with | :func:`stamp` | |
| | | kites and darts | | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | planet_and_moon| simulation of | compound shapes, | |
| | | gravitational system | :class:`Vec2D` | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | round_dance | dancing turtles rotating | compound shapes, clone| |
| | | pairwise in opposite | shapesize, tilt, | |
| | | direction | get_polyshape, update | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | tree | a (graphical) breadth | :func:`clone` | |
| | | first tree (using generators)| | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | wikipedia | a pattern from the wikipedia | :func:`clone`, | |
| | | article on turtle graphics | :func:`undo` | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| | yingyang | another elementary example | :func:`circle` | |
| +----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+ |
| |
| Have fun! |
| |
| |
| Changes since Python 2.6 |
| ======================== |
| |
| - The methods :meth:`Turtle.tracer`, :meth:`Turtle.window_width` and |
| :meth:`Turtle.window_height` have been eliminated. |
| Methods with these names and functionality are now available only |
| as methods of :class:`Screen`. The functions derived from these remain |
| available. (In fact already in Python 2.6 these methods were merely |
| duplications of the corresponding |
| :class:`TurtleScreen`/:class:`Screen`-methods.) |
| |
| - The method :meth:`Turtle.fill` has been eliminated. |
| The behaviour of :meth:`begin_fill` and :meth:`end_fill` |
| have changed slightly: now every filling-process must be completed with an |
| ``end_fill()`` call. |
| |
| - A method :meth:`Turtle.filling` has been added. It returns a boolean |
| value: ``True`` if a filling process is under way, ``False`` otherwise. |
| This behaviour corresponds to a ``fill()`` call without arguments in |
| Python 2.6. |
| |
| Changes since Python 3.0 |
| ======================== |
| |
| - The methods :meth:`Turtle.shearfactor`, :meth:`Turtle.shapetransform` and |
| :meth:`Turtle.get_shapepoly` have been added. Thus the full range of |
| regular linear transforms is now available for transforming turtle shapes. |
| :meth:`Turtle.tiltangle` has been enhanced in functionality: it now can |
| be used to get or set the tiltangle. :meth:`Turtle.settiltangle` has been |
| deprecated. |
| |
| - The method :meth:`Screen.onkeypress` has been added as a complement to |
| :meth:`Screen.onkey` which in fact binds actions to the keyrelease event. |
| Accordingly the latter has got an alias: :meth:`Screen.onkeyrelease`. |
| |
| - The method :meth:`Screen.mainloop` has been added. So when working only |
| with Screen and Turtle objects one must not additonally import |
| :func:`mainloop` anymore. |
| |
| - Two input methods has been added :meth:`Screen.textinput` and |
| :meth:`Screen.numinput`. These popup input dialogs and return |
| strings and numbers respectively. |
| |
| - Two example scripts :file:`tdemo_nim.py` and :file:`tdemo_round_dance.py` |
| have been added to the Demo directory (source distribution only). As usual |
| they can be viewed and executed within the demo viewer :file:`turtleDemo.py`. |
| |
| |
| .. doctest:: |
| :hide: |
| |
| >>> for turtle in turtles(): |
| ... turtle.reset() |
| >>> turtle.penup() |
| >>> turtle.goto(-200,25) |
| >>> turtle.pendown() |
| >>> turtle.write("No one expects the Spanish Inquisition!", |
| ... font=("Arial", 20, "normal")) |
| >>> turtle.penup() |
| >>> turtle.goto(-100,-50) |
| >>> turtle.pendown() |
| >>> turtle.write("Our two chief Turtles are...", |
| ... font=("Arial", 16, "normal")) |
| >>> turtle.penup() |
| >>> turtle.goto(-450,-75) |
| >>> turtle.write(str(turtles())) |