diff --git a/Lib/ConfigParser.py b/Lib/ConfigParser.py
index 28299bd..faa0930 100644
--- a/Lib/ConfigParser.py
+++ b/Lib/ConfigParser.py
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
     def getboolean(self, section, option):
         v = self.get(section, option)
         if v.lower() not in self._boolean_states:
-            raise ValueError, 'Not a boolean: %s' % v
+            raise ValueError('Not a boolean: %s' % v)
         return self._boolean_states[v.lower()]
 
     def optionxform(self, optionstr):
diff --git a/Lib/UserDict.py b/Lib/UserDict.py
index bcee543..bc05dfb 100644
--- a/Lib/UserDict.py
+++ b/Lib/UserDict.py
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@
         return default
     def pop(self, key, *args):
         if len(args) > 1:
-            raise TypeError, "pop expected at most 2 arguments, got "\
-                              + repr(1 + len(args))
+            raise TypeError("pop expected at most 2 arguments, got "
+                            + repr(1 + len(args)))
         try:
             value = self[key]
         except KeyError:
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
         try:
             k, v = next(self.iteritems())
         except StopIteration:
-            raise KeyError, 'container is empty'
+            raise KeyError('container is empty')
         del self[k]
         return (k, v)
     def update(self, other=None, **kwargs):
diff --git a/Lib/UserString.py b/Lib/UserString.py
index faad148..c55c1bf 100755
--- a/Lib/UserString.py
+++ b/Lib/UserString.py
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
     def __init__(self, string=""):
         self.data = string
     def __hash__(self):
-        raise TypeError, "unhashable type (it is mutable)"
+        raise TypeError("unhashable type (it is mutable)")
     def __setitem__(self, index, sub):
         if isinstance(index, slice):
             if isinstance(sub, UserString):
diff --git a/Lib/aifc.py b/Lib/aifc.py
index 4e88256..085fa90 100644
--- a/Lib/aifc.py
+++ b/Lib/aifc.py
@@ -287,14 +287,14 @@
         self._soundpos = 0
         self._file = Chunk(file)
         if self._file.getname() != 'FORM':
-            raise Error, 'file does not start with FORM id'
+            raise Error('file does not start with FORM id')
         formdata = self._file.read(4)
         if formdata == 'AIFF':
             self._aifc = 0
         elif formdata == 'AIFC':
             self._aifc = 1
         else:
-            raise Error, 'not an AIFF or AIFF-C file'
+            raise Error('not an AIFF or AIFF-C file')
         self._comm_chunk_read = 0
         while 1:
             self._ssnd_seek_needed = 1
@@ -317,10 +317,10 @@
             elif chunkname in _skiplist:
                 pass
             else:
-                raise Error, 'unrecognized chunk type '+chunk.chunkname
+                raise Error('unrecognized chunk type '+chunk.chunkname)
             chunk.skip()
         if not self._comm_chunk_read or not self._ssnd_chunk:
-            raise Error, 'COMM chunk and/or SSND chunk missing'
+            raise Error('COMM chunk and/or SSND chunk missing')
         if self._aifc and self._decomp:
             import cl
             params = [cl.ORIGINAL_FORMAT, 0,
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@
             elif self._nchannels == 2:
                 params[1] = cl.STEREO_INTERLEAVED
             else:
-                raise Error, 'cannot compress more than 2 channels'
+                raise Error('cannot compress more than 2 channels')
             self._decomp.SetParams(params)
 
     def __init__(self, f):
@@ -394,11 +394,11 @@
         for marker in self._markers:
             if id == marker[0]:
                 return marker
-        raise Error, 'marker %r does not exist' % (id,)
+        raise Error('marker %r does not exist' % (id,))
 
     def setpos(self, pos):
         if pos < 0 or pos > self._nframes:
-            raise Error, 'position not in range'
+            raise Error('position not in range')
         self._soundpos = pos
         self._ssnd_seek_needed = 1
 
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
                             return
                         except ImportError:
                             pass
-                    raise Error, 'cannot read compressed AIFF-C files'
+                    raise Error('cannot read compressed AIFF-C files')
                 if self._comptype == 'ULAW':
                     scheme = cl.G711_ULAW
                     self._framesize = self._framesize / 2
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@
                     scheme = cl.G711_ALAW
                     self._framesize = self._framesize / 2
                 else:
-                    raise Error, 'unsupported compression type'
+                    raise Error('unsupported compression type')
                 self._decomp = cl.OpenDecompressor(scheme)
                 self._convert = self._decomp_data
         else:
@@ -594,53 +594,53 @@
     #
     def aiff(self):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         self._aifc = 0
 
     def aifc(self):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         self._aifc = 1
 
     def setnchannels(self, nchannels):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if nchannels < 1:
-            raise Error, 'bad # of channels'
+            raise Error('bad # of channels')
         self._nchannels = nchannels
 
     def getnchannels(self):
         if not self._nchannels:
-            raise Error, 'number of channels not set'
+            raise Error('number of channels not set')
         return self._nchannels
 
     def setsampwidth(self, sampwidth):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if sampwidth < 1 or sampwidth > 4:
-            raise Error, 'bad sample width'
+            raise Error('bad sample width')
         self._sampwidth = sampwidth
 
     def getsampwidth(self):
         if not self._sampwidth:
-            raise Error, 'sample width not set'
+            raise Error('sample width not set')
         return self._sampwidth
 
     def setframerate(self, framerate):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if framerate <= 0:
-            raise Error, 'bad frame rate'
+            raise Error('bad frame rate')
         self._framerate = framerate
 
     def getframerate(self):
         if not self._framerate:
-            raise Error, 'frame rate not set'
+            raise Error('frame rate not set')
         return self._framerate
 
     def setnframes(self, nframes):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         self._nframes = nframes
 
     def getnframes(self):
@@ -648,9 +648,9 @@
 
     def setcomptype(self, comptype, compname):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if comptype not in ('NONE', 'ULAW', 'ALAW', 'G722'):
-            raise Error, 'unsupported compression type'
+            raise Error('unsupported compression type')
         self._comptype = comptype
         self._compname = compname
 
@@ -668,9 +668,9 @@
     def setparams(self, params):
         nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname = params
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if comptype not in ('NONE', 'ULAW', 'ALAW', 'G722'):
-            raise Error, 'unsupported compression type'
+            raise Error('unsupported compression type')
         self.setnchannels(nchannels)
         self.setsampwidth(sampwidth)
         self.setframerate(framerate)
@@ -679,17 +679,17 @@
 
     def getparams(self):
         if not self._nchannels or not self._sampwidth or not self._framerate:
-            raise Error, 'not all parameters set'
+            raise Error('not all parameters set')
         return self._nchannels, self._sampwidth, self._framerate, \
               self._nframes, self._comptype, self._compname
 
     def setmark(self, id, pos, name):
         if id <= 0:
-            raise Error, 'marker ID must be > 0'
+            raise Error('marker ID must be > 0')
         if pos < 0:
-            raise Error, 'marker position must be >= 0'
+            raise Error('marker position must be >= 0')
         if type(name) != type(''):
-            raise Error, 'marker name must be a string'
+            raise Error('marker name must be a string')
         for i in range(len(self._markers)):
             if id == self._markers[i][0]:
                 self._markers[i] = id, pos, name
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@
         for marker in self._markers:
             if id == marker[0]:
                 return marker
-        raise Error, 'marker %r does not exist' % (id,)
+        raise Error('marker %r does not exist' % (id,))
 
     def getmarkers(self):
         if len(self._markers) == 0:
@@ -770,18 +770,18 @@
                 if not self._sampwidth:
                     self._sampwidth = 2
                 if self._sampwidth != 2:
-                    raise Error, 'sample width must be 2 when compressing with ULAW or ALAW'
+                    raise Error('sample width must be 2 when compressing with ULAW or ALAW')
             if self._comptype == 'G722':
                 if not self._sampwidth:
                     self._sampwidth = 2
                 if self._sampwidth != 2:
-                    raise Error, 'sample width must be 2 when compressing with G7.22 (ADPCM)'
+                    raise Error('sample width must be 2 when compressing with G7.22 (ADPCM)')
             if not self._nchannels:
-                raise Error, '# channels not specified'
+                raise Error('# channels not specified')
             if not self._sampwidth:
-                raise Error, 'sample width not specified'
+                raise Error('sample width not specified')
             if not self._framerate:
-                raise Error, 'sampling rate not specified'
+                raise Error('sampling rate not specified')
             self._write_header(datasize)
 
     def _init_compression(self):
@@ -798,13 +798,13 @@
                     return
                 except ImportError:
                     pass
-            raise Error, 'cannot write compressed AIFF-C files'
+            raise Error('cannot write compressed AIFF-C files')
         if self._comptype == 'ULAW':
             scheme = cl.G711_ULAW
         elif self._comptype == 'ALAW':
             scheme = cl.G711_ALAW
         else:
-            raise Error, 'unsupported compression type'
+            raise Error('unsupported compression type')
         self._comp = cl.OpenCompressor(scheme)
         params = [cl.ORIGINAL_FORMAT, 0,
               cl.BITS_PER_COMPONENT, self._sampwidth * 8,
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@
         elif self._nchannels == 2:
             params[1] = cl.STEREO_INTERLEAVED
         else:
-            raise Error, 'cannot compress more than 2 channels'
+            raise Error('cannot compress more than 2 channels')
         self._comp.SetParams(params)
         # the compressor produces a header which we ignore
         dummy = self._comp.Compress(0, '')
@@ -930,7 +930,7 @@
     elif mode in ('w', 'wb'):
         return Aifc_write(f)
     else:
-        raise Error, "mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'"
+        raise Error("mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'")
 
 openfp = open # B/W compatibility
 
diff --git a/Lib/anydbm.py b/Lib/anydbm.py
index 8938184..41335a3 100644
--- a/Lib/anydbm.py
+++ b/Lib/anydbm.py
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
     _errors.append(_mod.error)
 
 if not _defaultmod:
-    raise ImportError, "no dbm clone found; tried %s" % _names
+    raise ImportError("no dbm clone found; tried %s" % _names)
 
 error = tuple(_errors)
 
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@
             # flag was used so use default type
             mod = _defaultmod
         else:
-            raise error, "need 'c' or 'n' flag to open new db"
+            raise error("need 'c' or 'n' flag to open new db")
     elif result == "":
         # db type cannot be determined
-        raise error, "db type could not be determined"
+        raise error("db type could not be determined")
     else:
         mod = __import__(result)
     return mod.open(file, flag, mode)
diff --git a/Lib/asynchat.py b/Lib/asynchat.py
index 9157f33..9443656 100644
--- a/Lib/asynchat.py
+++ b/Lib/asynchat.py
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@
         asyncore.dispatcher.__init__ (self, conn)
 
     def collect_incoming_data(self, data):
-        raise NotImplementedError, "must be implemented in subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError("must be implemented in subclass")
 
     def found_terminator(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError, "must be implemented in subclass"
+        raise NotImplementedError("must be implemented in subclass")
 
     def set_terminator (self, term):
         "Set the input delimiter.  Can be a fixed string of any length, an integer, or None"
diff --git a/Lib/asyncore.py b/Lib/asyncore.py
index 32f5790..ceaeeab 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncore.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncore.py
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@
             self.connected = True
             self.handle_connect()
         else:
-            raise socket.error, (err, errorcode[err])
+            raise socket.error(err, errorcode[err])
 
     def accept(self):
         # XXX can return either an address pair or None
diff --git a/Lib/bdb.py b/Lib/bdb.py
index fddc3e6..f0891f1 100644
--- a/Lib/bdb.py
+++ b/Lib/bdb.py
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
             return False
 
     def do_clear(self, arg):
-        raise NotImplementedError, "subclass of bdb must implement do_clear()"
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclass of bdb must implement do_clear()")
 
     def break_anywhere(self, frame):
         return self.canonic(frame.f_code.co_filename) in self.breaks
diff --git a/Lib/cgi.py b/Lib/cgi.py
index 4cf9609..7b457cc 100755
--- a/Lib/cgi.py
+++ b/Lib/cgi.py
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         elif ctype == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded':
             clength = int(environ['CONTENT_LENGTH'])
             if maxlen and clength > maxlen:
-                raise ValueError, 'Maximum content length exceeded'
+                raise ValueError('Maximum content length exceeded')
             qs = fp.read(clength)
         else:
             qs = ''                     # Unknown content-type
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
         nv = name_value.split('=', 1)
         if len(nv) != 2:
             if strict_parsing:
-                raise ValueError, "bad query field: %r" % (name_value,)
+                raise ValueError("bad query field: %r" % (name_value,))
             # Handle case of a control-name with no equal sign
             if keep_blank_values:
                 nv.append('')
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@
     if 'boundary' in pdict:
         boundary = pdict['boundary']
     if not valid_boundary(boundary):
-        raise ValueError,  ('Invalid boundary in multipart form: %r'
+        raise ValueError('Invalid boundary in multipart form: %r'
                             % (boundary,))
 
     nextpart = "--" + boundary
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@
                     pass
             if bytes > 0:
                 if maxlen and bytes > maxlen:
-                    raise ValueError, 'Maximum content length exceeded'
+                    raise ValueError('Maximum content length exceeded')
                 data = fp.read(bytes)
             else:
                 data = ""
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@
             except ValueError:
                 pass
             if maxlen and clen > maxlen:
-                raise ValueError, 'Maximum content length exceeded'
+                raise ValueError('Maximum content length exceeded')
         self.length = clen
 
         self.list = self.file = None
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
         if name != 'value':
-            raise AttributeError, name
+            raise AttributeError(name)
         if self.file:
             self.file.seek(0)
             value = self.file.read()
@@ -556,12 +556,12 @@
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         """Dictionary style indexing."""
         if self.list is None:
-            raise TypeError, "not indexable"
+            raise TypeError("not indexable")
         found = []
         for item in self.list:
             if item.name == key: found.append(item)
         if not found:
-            raise KeyError, key
+            raise KeyError(key)
         if len(found) == 1:
             return found[0]
         else:
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@
     def keys(self):
         """Dictionary style keys() method."""
         if self.list is None:
-            raise TypeError, "not indexable"
+            raise TypeError("not indexable")
         keys = []
         for item in self.list:
             if item.name not in keys: keys.append(item.name)
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@
     def __contains__(self, key):
         """Dictionary style __contains__ method."""
         if self.list is None:
-            raise TypeError, "not indexable"
+            raise TypeError("not indexable")
         for item in self.list:
             if item.name == key: return True
         return False
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@
         """Internal: read a part that is itself multipart."""
         ib = self.innerboundary
         if not valid_boundary(ib):
-            raise ValueError, 'Invalid boundary in multipart form: %r' % (ib,)
+            raise ValueError('Invalid boundary in multipart form: %r' % (ib,))
         self.list = []
         klass = self.FieldStorageClass or self.__class__
         part = klass(self.fp, {}, ib,
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@
     """
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         if len(self.dict[key]) > 1:
-            raise IndexError, 'expecting a single value'
+            raise IndexError('expecting a single value')
         return self.dict[key][0]
     def getlist(self, key):
         return self.dict[key]
diff --git a/Lib/chunk.py b/Lib/chunk.py
index 32aada8..5863ed0 100644
--- a/Lib/chunk.py
+++ b/Lib/chunk.py
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
 
     def isatty(self):
         if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError, "I/O operation on closed file"
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
         return False
 
     def seek(self, pos, whence=0):
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@
         """
 
         if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError, "I/O operation on closed file"
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
         if not self.seekable:
-            raise IOError, "cannot seek"
+            raise IOError("cannot seek")
         if whence == 1:
             pos = pos + self.size_read
         elif whence == 2:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
 
     def tell(self):
         if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError, "I/O operation on closed file"
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
         return self.size_read
 
     def read(self, size=-1):
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
         """
 
         if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError, "I/O operation on closed file"
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
         if self.size_read >= self.chunksize:
             return ''
         if size < 0:
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
         """
 
         if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError, "I/O operation on closed file"
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
         if self.seekable:
             try:
                 n = self.chunksize - self.size_read
diff --git a/Lib/cmd.py b/Lib/cmd.py
index 8362edc..a2b2020 100644
--- a/Lib/cmd.py
+++ b/Lib/cmd.py
@@ -358,8 +358,8 @@
         nonstrings = [i for i in range(len(list))
                         if not isinstance(list[i], basestring)]
         if nonstrings:
-            raise TypeError, ("list[i] not a string for i in %s" %
-                              ", ".join(map(str, nonstrings)))
+            raise TypeError("list[i] not a string for i in %s"
+                            % ", ".join(map(str, nonstrings)))
         size = len(list)
         if size == 1:
             self.stdout.write('%s\n'%str(list[0]))
diff --git a/Lib/codeop.py b/Lib/codeop.py
index 6abde2e..780c862 100644
--- a/Lib/codeop.py
+++ b/Lib/codeop.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
     if code:
         return code
     if not code1 and repr(err1) == repr(err2):
-        raise SyntaxError, err1
+        raise SyntaxError(err1)
 
 def _compile(source, filename, symbol):
     return compile(source, filename, symbol, PyCF_DONT_IMPLY_DEDENT)
diff --git a/Lib/copy_reg.py b/Lib/copy_reg.py
index 59b6b97..d693209 100644
--- a/Lib/copy_reg.py
+++ b/Lib/copy_reg.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
         state = None
     else:
         if base is self.__class__:
-            raise TypeError, "can't pickle %s objects" % base.__name__
+            raise TypeError("can't pickle %s objects" % base.__name__)
         state = base(self)
     args = (self.__class__, base, state)
     try:
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
     """Register an extension code."""
     code = int(code)
     if not 1 <= code <= 0x7fffffff:
-        raise ValueError, "code out of range"
+        raise ValueError("code out of range")
     key = (module, name)
     if (_extension_registry.get(key) == code and
         _inverted_registry.get(code) == key):
diff --git a/Lib/csv.py b/Lib/csv.py
index cd0f7d3..32a377e 100644
--- a/Lib/csv.py
+++ b/Lib/csv.py
@@ -104,9 +104,8 @@
         self.fieldnames = fieldnames    # list of keys for the dict
         self.restval = restval          # for writing short dicts
         if extrasaction.lower() not in ("raise", "ignore"):
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  ("extrasaction (%s) must be 'raise' or 'ignore'" %
-                   extrasaction)
+            raise ValueError("extrasaction (%s) must be 'raise' or 'ignore'"
+                             % extrasaction)
         self.extrasaction = extrasaction
         self.writer = writer(f, dialect, *args, **kwds)
 
@@ -114,8 +113,8 @@
         if self.extrasaction == "raise":
             wrong_fields = [k for k in rowdict if k not in self.fieldnames]
             if wrong_fields:
-                raise ValueError("dict contains fields not in fieldnames: " +
-                                 ", ".join(wrong_fields))
+                raise ValueError("dict contains fields not in fieldnames: "
+                                 + ", ".join(wrong_fields))
         return [rowdict.get(key, self.restval) for key in self.fieldnames]
 
     def writerow(self, rowdict):
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@
                                                                 delimiters)
 
         if not delimiter:
-            raise Error, "Could not determine delimiter"
+            raise Error("Could not determine delimiter")
 
         class dialect(Dialect):
             _name = "sniffed"
diff --git a/Lib/decimal.py b/Lib/decimal.py
index cca0a44..8afeb4b 100644
--- a/Lib/decimal.py
+++ b/Lib/decimal.py
@@ -2350,7 +2350,7 @@
 
         # Errors should only be risked on copies of the context
         # self._ignored_flags = []
-        raise error, explanation
+        raise error(explanation)
 
     def _ignore_all_flags(self):
         """Ignore all flags, if they are raised"""
diff --git a/Lib/difflib.py b/Lib/difflib.py
index 1370415..82e3319 100644
--- a/Lib/difflib.py
+++ b/Lib/difflib.py
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@
             elif tag == 'equal':
                 g = self._dump(' ', a, alo, ahi)
             else:
-                raise ValueError, 'unknown tag %r' % (tag,)
+                raise ValueError('unknown tag %r' % (tag,))
 
             for line in g:
                 yield line
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@
                     atags += ' ' * la
                     btags += ' ' * lb
                 else:
-                    raise ValueError, 'unknown tag %r' % (tag,)
+                    raise ValueError('unknown tag %r' % (tag,))
             for line in self._qformat(aelt, belt, atags, btags):
                 yield line
         else:
@@ -2005,7 +2005,7 @@
     try:
         tag = {1: "- ", 2: "+ "}[int(which)]
     except KeyError:
-        raise ValueError, ('unknown delta choice (must be 1 or 2): %r'
+        raise ValueError('unknown delta choice (must be 1 or 2): %r'
                            % which)
     prefixes = ("  ", tag)
     for line in delta:
diff --git a/Lib/dis.py b/Lib/dis.py
index 1ef4b33..200dee2 100644
--- a/Lib/dis.py
+++ b/Lib/dis.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
         try:
             tb = sys.last_traceback
         except AttributeError:
-            raise RuntimeError, "no last traceback to disassemble"
+            raise RuntimeError("no last traceback to disassemble")
         while tb.tb_next: tb = tb.tb_next
     disassemble(tb.tb_frame.f_code, tb.tb_lasti)
 
diff --git a/Lib/doctest.py b/Lib/doctest.py
index 3fd4ecd..2374d44 100644
--- a/Lib/doctest.py
+++ b/Lib/doctest.py
@@ -326,9 +326,9 @@
 # [XX] Normalize with respect to os.path.pardir?
 def _module_relative_path(module, path):
     if not inspect.ismodule(module):
-        raise TypeError, 'Expected a module: %r' % module
+        raise TypeError('Expected a module: %r' % module)
     if path.startswith('/'):
-        raise ValueError, 'Module-relative files may not have absolute paths'
+        raise ValueError('Module-relative files may not have absolute paths')
 
     # Find the base directory for the path.
     if hasattr(module, '__file__'):
diff --git a/Lib/encodings/__init__.py b/Lib/encodings/__init__.py
index 221ba82..ed25e91 100644
--- a/Lib/encodings/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/encodings/__init__.py
@@ -116,18 +116,16 @@
     entry = getregentry()
     if not isinstance(entry, codecs.CodecInfo):
         if not 4 <= len(entry) <= 7:
-            raise CodecRegistryError,\
-                 'module "%s" (%s) failed to register' % \
-                  (mod.__name__, mod.__file__)
+            raise CodecRegistryError('module "%s" (%s) failed to register'
+                                     % (mod.__name__, mod.__file__))
         if not hasattr(entry[0], '__call__') or \
            not hasattr(entry[1], '__call__') or \
            (entry[2] is not None and not hasattr(entry[2], '__call__')) or \
            (entry[3] is not None and not hasattr(entry[3], '__call__')) or \
            (len(entry) > 4 and entry[4] is not None and not hasattr(entry[4], '__call__')) or \
            (len(entry) > 5 and entry[5] is not None and not hasattr(entry[5], '__call__')):
-            raise CodecRegistryError,\
-                'incompatible codecs in module "%s" (%s)' % \
-                (mod.__name__, mod.__file__)
+            raise CodecRegistryError('incompatible codecs in module "%s" (%s)'
+                                     % (mod.__name__, mod.__file__))
         if len(entry)<7 or entry[6] is None:
             entry += (None,)*(6-len(entry)) + (mod.__name__.split(".", 1)[1],)
         entry = codecs.CodecInfo(*entry)
diff --git a/Lib/encodings/punycode.py b/Lib/encodings/punycode.py
index f650f6c..f08c807 100644
--- a/Lib/encodings/punycode.py
+++ b/Lib/encodings/punycode.py
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
             char = ord(extended[extpos])
         except IndexError:
             if errors == "strict":
-                raise UnicodeError, "incomplete punicode string"
+                raise UnicodeError("incomplete punicode string")
             return extpos + 1, None
         extpos += 1
         if 0x41 <= char <= 0x5A: # A-Z
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
         char += pos // (len(base) + 1)
         if char > 0x10FFFF:
             if errors == "strict":
-                raise UnicodeError, ("Invalid character U+%x" % char)
+                raise UnicodeError("Invalid character U+%x" % char)
             char = ord('?')
         pos = pos % (len(base) + 1)
         base = base[:pos] + chr(char) + base[pos:]
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@
 
     def decode(self, input, errors='strict'):
         if errors not in ('strict', 'replace', 'ignore'):
-            raise UnicodeError, "Unsupported error handling "+errors
+            raise UnicodeError("Unsupported error handling "+errors)
         res = punycode_decode(input, errors)
         return res, len(input)
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
 class IncrementalDecoder(codecs.IncrementalDecoder):
     def decode(self, input, final=False):
         if self.errors not in ('strict', 'replace', 'ignore'):
-            raise UnicodeError, "Unsupported error handling "+self.errors
+            raise UnicodeError("Unsupported error handling "+self.errors)
         return punycode_decode(input, self.errors)
 
 class StreamWriter(Codec,codecs.StreamWriter):
diff --git a/Lib/encodings/utf_16.py b/Lib/encodings/utf_16.py
index cf096b5..5500c06 100644
--- a/Lib/encodings/utf_16.py
+++ b/Lib/encodings/utf_16.py
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
         elif byteorder == 1:
             self.decode = codecs.utf_16_be_decode
         elif consumed>=2:
-            raise UnicodeError,"UTF-16 stream does not start with BOM"
+            raise UnicodeError("UTF-16 stream does not start with BOM")
         return (object, consumed)
 
 ### encodings module API
diff --git a/Lib/filecmp.py b/Lib/filecmp.py
index ac01613..1f599ce 100644
--- a/Lib/filecmp.py
+++ b/Lib/filecmp.py
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
 
     def __getattr__(self, attr):
         if attr not in self.methodmap:
-            raise AttributeError, attr
+            raise AttributeError(attr)
         self.methodmap[attr](self)
         return getattr(self, attr)
 
diff --git a/Lib/fileinput.py b/Lib/fileinput.py
index 0080f78..5a423a1 100644
--- a/Lib/fileinput.py
+++ b/Lib/fileinput.py
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
     """
     global _state
     if _state and _state._file:
-        raise RuntimeError, "input() already active"
+        raise RuntimeError("input() already active")
     _state = FileInput(files, inplace, backup, bufsize, mode, openhook)
     return _state
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
     last file has been read, this function has no effect.
     """
     if not _state:
-        raise RuntimeError, "no active input()"
+        raise RuntimeError("no active input()")
     return _state.nextfile()
 
 def filename():
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
     Before the first line has been read, returns None.
     """
     if not _state:
-        raise RuntimeError, "no active input()"
+        raise RuntimeError("no active input()")
     return _state.filename()
 
 def lineno():
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
     of the last file has been read, returns the line number of that line.
     """
     if not _state:
-        raise RuntimeError, "no active input()"
+        raise RuntimeError("no active input()")
     return _state.lineno()
 
 def filelineno():
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
     been read, returns the line number of that line within the file.
     """
     if not _state:
-        raise RuntimeError, "no active input()"
+        raise RuntimeError("no active input()")
     return _state.filelineno()
 
 def fileno():
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
     opened, returns -1.
     """
     if not _state:
-        raise RuntimeError, "no active input()"
+        raise RuntimeError("no active input()")
     return _state.fileno()
 
 def isfirstline():
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
     otherwise returns false.
     """
     if not _state:
-        raise RuntimeError, "no active input()"
+        raise RuntimeError("no active input()")
     return _state.isfirstline()
 
 def isstdin():
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
     otherwise returns false.
     """
     if not _state:
-        raise RuntimeError, "no active input()"
+        raise RuntimeError("no active input()")
     return _state.isstdin()
 
 class FileInput:
@@ -257,11 +257,11 @@
 
     def __getitem__(self, i):
         if i != self._lineno:
-            raise RuntimeError, "accessing lines out of order"
+            raise RuntimeError("accessing lines out of order")
         try:
             return self.__next__()
         except StopIteration:
-            raise IndexError, "end of input reached"
+            raise IndexError("end of input reached")
 
     def nextfile(self):
         savestdout = self._savestdout
diff --git a/Lib/fpformat.py b/Lib/fpformat.py
index 485c39b..c196436 100644
--- a/Lib/fpformat.py
+++ b/Lib/fpformat.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
     fraction is 0 or more digits
     expo is an integer"""
     res = decoder.match(s)
-    if res is None: raise NotANumber, s
+    if res is None: raise NotANumber(s)
     sign, intpart, fraction, exppart = res.group(1,2,3,4)
     if sign == '+': sign = ''
     if fraction: fraction = fraction[1:]
diff --git a/Lib/ftplib.py b/Lib/ftplib.py
index 634bbde..cfc51ba 100644
--- a/Lib/ftplib.py
+++ b/Lib/ftplib.py
@@ -212,16 +212,16 @@
         if c in ('1', '2', '3'):
             return resp
         if c == '4':
-            raise error_temp, resp
+            raise error_temp(resp)
         if c == '5':
-            raise error_perm, resp
-        raise error_proto, resp
+            raise error_perm(resp)
+        raise error_proto(resp)
 
     def voidresp(self):
         """Expect a response beginning with '2'."""
         resp = self.getresp()
         if resp[0] != '2':
-            raise error_reply, resp
+            raise error_reply(resp)
         return resp
 
     def abort(self):
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
         self.sock.sendall(line, MSG_OOB)
         resp = self.getmultiline()
         if resp[:3] not in ('426', '226'):
-            raise error_proto, resp
+            raise error_proto(resp)
 
     def sendcmd(self, cmd):
         '''Send a command and return the response.'''
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@
         if self.af == socket.AF_INET6:
             af = 2
         if af == 0:
-            raise error_proto, 'unsupported address family'
+            raise error_proto('unsupported address family')
         fields = ['', repr(af), host, repr(port), '']
         cmd = 'EPRT ' + '|'.join(fields)
         return self.voidcmd(cmd)
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@
                 continue
             break
         if not sock:
-            raise socket.error, msg
+            raise socket.error(msg)
         sock.listen(1)
         port = sock.getsockname()[1] # Get proper port
         host = self.sock.getsockname()[0] # Get proper host
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
             if resp[0] == '2':
                 resp = self.getresp()
             if resp[0] != '1':
-                raise error_reply, resp
+                raise error_reply(resp)
         else:
             sock = self.makeport()
             if rest is not None:
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@
             if resp[0] == '2':
                 resp = self.getresp()
             if resp[0] != '1':
-                raise error_reply, resp
+                raise error_reply(resp)
             conn, sockaddr = sock.accept()
         if resp[:3] == '150':
             # this is conditional in case we received a 125
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
         if resp[0] == '3': resp = self.sendcmd('PASS ' + passwd)
         if resp[0] == '3': resp = self.sendcmd('ACCT ' + acct)
         if resp[0] != '2':
-            raise error_reply, resp
+            raise error_reply(resp)
         return resp
 
     def retrbinary(self, cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None):
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@
         '''Rename a file.'''
         resp = self.sendcmd('RNFR ' + fromname)
         if resp[0] != '3':
-            raise error_reply, resp
+            raise error_reply(resp)
         return self.voidcmd('RNTO ' + toname)
 
     def delete(self, filename):
@@ -486,9 +486,9 @@
         if resp[:3] in ('250', '200'):
             return resp
         elif resp[:1] == '5':
-            raise error_perm, resp
+            raise error_perm(resp)
         else:
-            raise error_reply, resp
+            raise error_reply(resp)
 
     def cwd(self, dirname):
         '''Change to a directory.'''
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@
     be present in the 150 message.
     '''
     if resp[:3] != '150':
-        raise error_reply, resp
+        raise error_reply(resp)
     global _150_re
     if _150_re is None:
         import re
@@ -573,14 +573,14 @@
     Return ('host.addr.as.numbers', port#) tuple.'''
 
     if resp[:3] != '227':
-        raise error_reply, resp
+        raise error_reply(resp)
     global _227_re
     if _227_re is None:
         import re
         _227_re = re.compile(r'(\d+),(\d+),(\d+),(\d+),(\d+),(\d+)')
     m = _227_re.search(resp)
     if not m:
-        raise error_proto, resp
+        raise error_proto(resp)
     numbers = m.groups()
     host = '.'.join(numbers[:4])
     port = (int(numbers[4]) << 8) + int(numbers[5])
@@ -593,17 +593,17 @@
     Return ('host.addr.as.numbers', port#) tuple.'''
 
     if resp[:3] != '229':
-        raise error_reply, resp
+        raise error_reply(resp)
     left = resp.find('(')
-    if left < 0: raise error_proto, resp
+    if left < 0: raise error_proto(resp)
     right = resp.find(')', left + 1)
     if right < 0:
-        raise error_proto, resp # should contain '(|||port|)'
+        raise error_proto(resp) # should contain '(|||port|)'
     if resp[left + 1] != resp[right - 1]:
-        raise error_proto, resp
+        raise error_proto(resp)
     parts = resp[left + 1:right].split(resp[left+1])
     if len(parts) != 5:
-        raise error_proto, resp
+        raise error_proto(resp)
     host = peer[0]
     port = int(parts[3])
     return host, port
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@
     Returns the directoryname in the 257 reply.'''
 
     if resp[:3] != '257':
-        raise error_reply, resp
+        raise error_reply(resp)
     if resp[3:5] != ' "':
         return '' # Not compliant to RFC 959, but UNIX ftpd does this
     dirname = ''
@@ -674,8 +674,7 @@
                 filename = os.path.join(os.environ["HOME"],
                                         ".netrc")
             else:
-                raise IOError, \
-                      "specify file to load or set $HOME"
+                raise IOError("specify file to load or set $HOME")
         self.__hosts = {}
         self.__macros = {}
         fp = open(filename, "r")
diff --git a/Lib/gettext.py b/Lib/gettext.py
index 37ebf8a..533be3d 100644
--- a/Lib/gettext.py
+++ b/Lib/gettext.py
@@ -83,11 +83,10 @@
     try:
         danger = [x for x in tokens if x[0] == token.NAME and x[1] != 'n']
     except tokenize.TokenError:
-        raise ValueError, \
-              'plural forms expression error, maybe unbalanced parenthesis'
+        raise ValueError('plural forms expression error, maybe unbalanced parenthesis')
     else:
         if danger:
-            raise ValueError, 'plural forms expression could be dangerous'
+            raise ValueError('plural forms expression could be dangerous')
 
     # Replace some C operators by their Python equivalents
     plural = plural.replace('&&', ' and ')
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@
                 # Actually, we never reach this code, because unbalanced
                 # parentheses get caught in the security check at the
                 # beginning.
-                raise ValueError, 'unbalanced parenthesis in plural form'
+                raise ValueError('unbalanced parenthesis in plural form')
             s = expr.sub(repl, stack.pop())
             stack[-1] += '(%s)' % s
         else:
diff --git a/Lib/gzip.py b/Lib/gzip.py
index 73bc550..4f750c0 100644
--- a/Lib/gzip.py
+++ b/Lib/gzip.py
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
                                              zlib.DEF_MEM_LEVEL,
                                              0)
         else:
-            raise IOError, "Mode " + mode + " not supported"
+            raise IOError("Mode " + mode + " not supported")
 
         self.fileobj = fileobj
         self.offset = 0
@@ -174,10 +174,10 @@
     def _read_gzip_header(self):
         magic = self.fileobj.read(2)
         if magic != b'\037\213':
-            raise IOError, 'Not a gzipped file'
+            raise IOError('Not a gzipped file')
         method = ord( self.fileobj.read(1) )
         if method != 8:
-            raise IOError, 'Unknown compression method'
+            raise IOError('Unknown compression method')
         flag = ord( self.fileobj.read(1) )
         # modtime = self.fileobj.read(4)
         # extraflag = self.fileobj.read(1)
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
             raise IOError(errno.EBADF, "write() on read-only GzipFile object")
 
         if self.fileobj is None:
-            raise ValueError, "write() on closed GzipFile object"
+            raise ValueError("write() on closed GzipFile object")
         if len(data) > 0:
             self.size = self.size + len(data)
             self.crc = zlib.crc32(data, self.crc)
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
 
     def _read(self, size=1024):
         if self.fileobj is None:
-            raise EOFError, "Reached EOF"
+            raise EOFError("Reached EOF")
 
         if self._new_member:
             # If the _new_member flag is set, we have to
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
             pos = self.fileobj.tell()   # Save current position
             self.fileobj.seek(0, 2)     # Seek to end of file
             if pos == self.fileobj.tell():
-                raise EOFError, "Reached EOF"
+                raise EOFError("Reached EOF")
             else:
                 self.fileobj.seek( pos ) # Return to original position
 
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@
             uncompress = self.decompress.flush()
             self._read_eof()
             self._add_read_data( uncompress )
-            raise EOFError, 'Reached EOF'
+            raise EOFError('Reached EOF')
 
         uncompress = self.decompress.decompress(buf)
         self._add_read_data( uncompress )
@@ -321,9 +321,9 @@
         crc32 = read32(self.fileobj)
         isize = U32(read32(self.fileobj))   # may exceed 2GB
         if U32(crc32) != U32(self.crc):
-            raise IOError, "CRC check failed"
+            raise IOError("CRC check failed")
         elif isize != LOWU32(self.size):
-            raise IOError, "Incorrect length of data produced"
+            raise IOError("Incorrect length of data produced")
 
     def close(self):
         if self.mode == WRITE:
diff --git a/Lib/hashlib.py b/Lib/hashlib.py
index 1d0e647..e24d5a1 100644
--- a/Lib/hashlib.py
+++ b/Lib/hashlib.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
         elif bs == '384':
             return _sha512.sha384
 
-    raise ValueError, "unsupported hash type"
+    raise ValueError("unsupported hash type")
 
 
 def __py_new(name, data=b''):
diff --git a/Lib/ihooks.py b/Lib/ihooks.py
index 14a20a6..d2eabc4 100644
--- a/Lib/ihooks.py
+++ b/Lib/ihooks.py
@@ -271,8 +271,8 @@
             elif type == PKG_DIRECTORY:
                 m = self.hooks.load_package(name, filename, file)
             else:
-                raise ImportError, "Unrecognized module type (%r) for %s" % \
-                      (type, name)
+                raise ImportError("Unrecognized module type (%r) for %s"
+                                  % (type, name))
         finally:
             if file: file.close()
         m.__file__ = filename
@@ -291,14 +291,13 @@
         if type == PKG_DIRECTORY:
             initstuff = self.find_module_in_dir("__init__", filename, 0)
             if not initstuff:
-                raise ImportError, "No __init__ module in package %s" % name
+                raise ImportError("No __init__ module in package %s" % name)
             initfile, initfilename, initinfo = initstuff
             initsuff, initmode, inittype = initinfo
             if inittype not in (PY_COMPILED, PY_SOURCE):
                 if initfile: initfile.close()
-                raise ImportError, \
-                    "Bad type (%r) for __init__ module in package %s" % (
-                    inittype, name)
+                raise ImportError("Bad type (%r) for __init__ module"
+                                  " in package %s" % (inittype, name))
             path = [filename]
             file = initfile
             realfilename = initfilename
@@ -361,14 +360,14 @@
             return self.modules[name] # Fast path
         stuff = self.loader.find_module(name)
         if not stuff:
-            raise ImportError, "No module named %s" % name
+            raise ImportError("No module named %s" % name)
         return self.loader.load_module(name, stuff)
 
     def reload(self, module, path = None):
         name = str(module.__name__)
         stuff = self.loader.find_module(name, path)
         if not stuff:
-            raise ImportError, "Module %s not found for reload" % name
+            raise ImportError("Module %s not found for reload" % name)
         return self.loader.load_module(name, stuff)
 
     def unload(self, module):
@@ -439,7 +438,7 @@
             parent = None
             q = self.import_it(head, qname, parent)
             if q: return q, tail
-        raise ImportError, "No module named " + qname
+        raise ImportError("No module named " + qname)
 
     def load_tail(self, q, tail):
         m = q
@@ -450,7 +449,7 @@
             mname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, head)
             m = self.import_it(head, mname, m)
             if not m:
-                raise ImportError, "No module named " + mname
+                raise ImportError("No module named " + mname)
         return m
 
     def ensure_fromlist(self, m, fromlist, recursive=0):
@@ -468,11 +467,11 @@
                 subname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, sub)
                 submod = self.import_it(sub, subname, m)
                 if not submod:
-                    raise ImportError, "No module named " + subname
+                    raise ImportError("No module named " + subname)
 
     def import_it(self, partname, fqname, parent, force_load=0):
         if not partname:
-            raise ValueError, "Empty module name"
+            raise ValueError("Empty module name")
         if not force_load:
             try:
                 return self.modules[fqname]
diff --git a/Lib/imputil.py b/Lib/imputil.py
index 8cd492c..1d09ba5 100644
--- a/Lib/imputil.py
+++ b/Lib/imputil.py
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
             top_module = self._import_top_module(parts[0])
             if not top_module:
                 # the topmost module wasn't found at all.
-                raise ImportError, 'No module named ' + fqname
+                raise ImportError('No module named ' + fqname)
 
         # fast-path simple imports
         if len(parts) == 1:
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
         # If the importer does not exist, then we have to bail. A missing
         # importer means that something else imported the module, and we have
         # no knowledge of how to get sub-modules out of the thing.
-        raise ImportError, 'No module named ' + fqname
+        raise ImportError('No module named ' + fqname)
 
     def _determine_import_context(self, globals):
         """Returns the context in which a module should be imported.
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@
             fqname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, part)
             m = self._import_one(m, part, fqname)
             if not m:
-                raise ImportError, "No module named " + fqname
+                raise ImportError("No module named " + fqname)
         return m
 
     def _import_fromlist(self, package, fromlist):
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@
                 subname = "%s.%s" % (package.__name__, sub)
                 submod = self._import_one(package, sub, subname)
                 if not submod:
-                    raise ImportError, "cannot import name " + subname
+                    raise ImportError("cannot import name " + subname)
 
     def _do_import(self, parent, parts, fromlist):
         """Attempt to import the module relative to parent.
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@
             object, then these names/values will be inserted *after* the module
             has been loaded/initialized.
         """
-        raise RuntimeError, "get_code not implemented"
+        raise RuntimeError("get_code not implemented")
 
 
 ######################################################################
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@
                 a = a + ':'
             return a + b
     else:
-        raise ImportError, 'no os specific module found'
+        raise ImportError('no os specific module found')
 
     if join is None:
         def join(a, b, sep=sep):
diff --git a/Lib/inspect.py b/Lib/inspect.py
index 45db8ee..35d6e59 100644
--- a/Lib/inspect.py
+++ b/Lib/inspect.py
@@ -724,8 +724,8 @@
     args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, ann = \
         getfullargspec(func)
     if kwonlyargs or ann:
-        raise ValueError, ("Function has keyword-only arguments or annotations"
-                           ", use getfullargspec() API which can support them")
+        raise ValueError("Function has keyword-only arguments or annotations"
+                         ", use getfullargspec() API which can support them")
     return (args, varargs, varkw, defaults)
 
 def getfullargspec(func):
diff --git a/Lib/lib-tk/Tix.py b/Lib/lib-tk/Tix.py
index a91b003..f523d7a 100755
--- a/Lib/lib-tk/Tix.py
+++ b/Lib/lib-tk/Tix.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 
 # WARNING - TkVersion is a limited precision floating point number
 if TkVersion < 3.999:
-    raise ImportError, "This version of Tix.py requires Tk 4.0 or higher"
+    raise ImportError("This version of Tix.py requires Tk 4.0 or higher")
 
 import _tkinter # If this fails your Python may not be configured for Tk
 
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@
     def __getattr__(self, name):
         if name in self.subwidget_list:
             return self.subwidget_list[name]
-        raise AttributeError, name
+        raise AttributeError(name)
 
     def set_silent(self, value):
         """Set a variable without calling its action routine"""
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@
         the sub-class)."""
         n = self._subwidget_name(name)
         if not n:
-            raise TclError, "Subwidget " + name + " not child of " + self._name
+            raise TclError("Subwidget " + name + " not child of " + self._name)
         # Remove header of name and leading dot
         n = n[len(self._w)+1:]
         return self._nametowidget(n)
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@
         if not master:
             master = Tkinter._default_root
             if not master:
-                raise RuntimeError, 'Too early to create image'
+                raise RuntimeError('Too early to create image')
         if kw and cnf: cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
         elif kw: cnf = kw
         options = ()
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@
         master = _default_root              # global from Tkinter
         if not master and 'refwindow' in cnf: master=cnf['refwindow']
         elif not master and 'refwindow' in kw:  master= kw['refwindow']
-        elif not master: raise RuntimeError, "Too early to create display style: no root window"
+        elif not master: raise RuntimeError("Too early to create display style: no root window")
         self.tk = master.tk
         self.stylename = self.tk.call('tixDisplayStyle', itemtype,
                             *self._options(cnf,kw) )
diff --git a/Lib/lib-tk/Tkinter.py b/Lib/lib-tk/Tkinter.py
index 144be0a..f6c1ab4 100644
--- a/Lib/lib-tk/Tkinter.py
+++ b/Lib/lib-tk/Tkinter.py
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
 
 def _exit(code='0'):
     """Internal function. Calling it will throw the exception SystemExit."""
-    raise SystemExit, code
+    raise SystemExit(code)
 
 _varnum = 0
 class Variable:
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@
                 args = self.subst(*args)
             return self.func(*args)
         except SystemExit as msg:
-            raise SystemExit, msg
+            raise SystemExit(msg)
         except:
             self.widget._report_exception()
 
@@ -1652,19 +1652,16 @@
         # Version sanity checks
         tk_version = self.tk.getvar('tk_version')
         if tk_version != _tkinter.TK_VERSION:
-            raise RuntimeError, \
-            "tk.h version (%s) doesn't match libtk.a version (%s)" \
-            % (_tkinter.TK_VERSION, tk_version)
+            raise RuntimeError("tk.h version (%s) doesn't match libtk.a version (%s)"
+                               % (_tkinter.TK_VERSION, tk_version))
         # Under unknown circumstances, tcl_version gets coerced to float
         tcl_version = str(self.tk.getvar('tcl_version'))
         if tcl_version != _tkinter.TCL_VERSION:
-            raise RuntimeError, \
-            "tcl.h version (%s) doesn't match libtcl.a version (%s)" \
-            % (_tkinter.TCL_VERSION, tcl_version)
+            raise RuntimeError("tcl.h version (%s) doesn't match libtcl.a version (%s)" \
+                               % (_tkinter.TCL_VERSION, tcl_version))
         if TkVersion < 4.0:
-            raise RuntimeError, \
-            "Tk 4.0 or higher is required; found Tk %s" \
-            % str(TkVersion)
+            raise RuntimeError("Tk 4.0 or higher is required; found Tk %s"
+                               % str(TkVersion))
         # Create and register the tkerror and exit commands
         # We need to inline parts of _register here, _ register
         # would register differently-named commands.
@@ -3182,7 +3179,7 @@
         if 'command' in kwargs:
             del kwargs['command']
         if kwargs:
-            raise TclError, 'unknown option -'+kwargs.keys()[0]
+            raise TclError('unknown option -'+kwargs.keys()[0])
         menu.add_command(label=value,
                  command=_setit(variable, value, callback))
         for v in values:
@@ -3208,7 +3205,7 @@
         if not master:
             master = _default_root
             if not master:
-                raise RuntimeError, 'Too early to create image'
+                raise RuntimeError('Too early to create image')
         self.tk = master.tk
         if not name:
             Image._last_id += 1
diff --git a/Lib/lib-tk/tkCommonDialog.py b/Lib/lib-tk/tkCommonDialog.py
index 2cd9be4..a5815c6 100644
--- a/Lib/lib-tk/tkCommonDialog.py
+++ b/Lib/lib-tk/tkCommonDialog.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
         # FIXME: should this be placed on the module level instead?
         if TkVersion < 4.2:
-            raise TclError, "this module requires Tk 4.2 or newer"
+            raise TclError("this module requires Tk 4.2 or newer")
 
         self.master  = master
         self.options = options
diff --git a/Lib/lib-tk/tkFont.py b/Lib/lib-tk/tkFont.py
index ce50397..4b4dc67 100644
--- a/Lib/lib-tk/tkFont.py
+++ b/Lib/lib-tk/tkFont.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
             self.delete_font = False
             # confirm font exists
             if self.name not in root.tk.call("font", "names"):
-                raise Tkinter._tkinter.TclError, "named font %s does not already exist" % (self.name,)
+                raise Tkinter._tkinter.TclError("named font %s does not already exist" % (self.name,))
             # if font config info supplied, apply it
             if font:
                 root.tk.call("font", "configure", self.name, *font)
diff --git a/Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py b/Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py
index fcde9af..434579e 100644
--- a/Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py
+++ b/Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
         >>> turtle.color(0, .5, 0)
         """
         if not args:
-            raise Error, "no color arguments"
+            raise Error("no color arguments")
         if len(args) == 1:
             color = args[0]
             if type(color) == type(""):
@@ -239,18 +239,18 @@
                 try:
                     id = self._canvas.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill=color)
                 except Tkinter.TclError:
-                    raise Error, "bad color string: %r" % (color,)
+                    raise Error("bad color string: %r" % (color,))
                 self._set_color(color)
                 return
             try:
                 r, g, b = color
             except:
-                raise Error, "bad color sequence: %r" % (color,)
+                raise Error("bad color sequence: %r" % (color,))
         else:
             try:
                 r, g, b = args
             except:
-                raise Error, "bad color arguments: %r" % (args,)
+                raise Error("bad color arguments: %r" % (args,))
         assert 0 <= r <= 1
         assert 0 <= g <= 1
         assert 0 <= b <= 1
@@ -520,12 +520,12 @@
             try:
                 x, y = args[0]
             except:
-                raise Error, "bad point argument: %r" % (args[0],)
+                raise Error("bad point argument: %r" % (args[0],))
         else:
             try:
                 x, y = args
             except:
-                raise Error, "bad coordinates: %r" % (args[0],)
+                raise Error("bad coordinates: %r" % (args[0],))
         x0, y0 = self._origin
         self._goto(x0+x, y0-y)
 
@@ -752,25 +752,25 @@
     if width >= 0 or width == None:
         _width = width
     else:
-        raise ValueError, "width can not be less than 0"
+        raise ValueError("width can not be less than 0")
 
     height = geometry.get('height',_height)
     if height >= 0 or height == None:
         _height = height
     else:
-        raise ValueError, "height can not be less than 0"
+        raise ValueError("height can not be less than 0")
 
     startx = geometry.get('startx', _startx)
     if startx >= 0 or startx == None:
         _startx = _startx
     else:
-        raise ValueError, "startx can not be less than 0"
+        raise ValueError("startx can not be less than 0")
 
     starty = geometry.get('starty', _starty)
     if starty >= 0 or starty == None:
         _starty = starty
     else:
-        raise ValueError, "startx can not be less than 0"
+        raise ValueError("startx can not be less than 0")
 
 
     if _root and _width and _height:
diff --git a/Lib/locale.py b/Lib/locale.py
index dea0ab7..b8bc567 100644
--- a/Lib/locale.py
+++ b/Lib/locale.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
             Activates/queries locale processing.
         """
         if value not in (None, '', 'C'):
-            raise Error, '_locale emulation only supports "C" locale'
+            raise Error('_locale emulation only supports "C" locale')
         return 'C'
 
     def strcoll(a,b):
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
         return tuple(code.split('.')[:2])
     elif code == 'C':
         return None, None
-    raise ValueError, 'unknown locale: %s' % localename
+    raise ValueError('unknown locale: %s' % localename)
 
 def _build_localename(localetuple):
 
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@
     """
     localename = _setlocale(category)
     if category == LC_ALL and ';' in localename:
-        raise TypeError, 'category LC_ALL is not supported'
+        raise TypeError('category LC_ALL is not supported')
     return _parse_localename(localename)
 
 def setlocale(category, locale=None):
diff --git a/Lib/logging/__init__.py b/Lib/logging/__init__.py
index ef78422..e714760 100644
--- a/Lib/logging/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/logging/__init__.py
@@ -638,8 +638,8 @@
         This version is intended to be implemented by subclasses and so
         raises a NotImplementedError.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError, 'emit must be implemented '\
-                                    'by Handler subclasses'
+        raise NotImplementedError('emit must be implemented '
+                                  'by Handler subclasses')
 
     def handle(self, record):
         """
@@ -834,8 +834,8 @@
     """
     if klass != Logger:
         if not issubclass(klass, Logger):
-            raise TypeError, "logger not derived from logging.Logger: " + \
-                            klass.__name__
+            raise TypeError("logger not derived from logging.Logger: "
+                            + klass.__name__)
     global _loggerClass
     _loggerClass = klass
 
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@
         """
         if not isinstance(level, int):
             if raiseExceptions:
-                raise TypeError, "level must be an integer"
+                raise TypeError("level must be an integer")
             else:
                 return
         if self.isEnabledFor(level):
diff --git a/Lib/logging/config.py b/Lib/logging/config.py
index 99755e2..ed14052 100644
--- a/Lib/logging/config.py
+++ b/Lib/logging/config.py
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@
     stopListening().
     """
     if not thread:
-        raise NotImplementedError, "listen() needs threading to work"
+        raise NotImplementedError("listen() needs threading to work")
 
     class ConfigStreamHandler(StreamRequestHandler):
         """
diff --git a/Lib/logging/handlers.py b/Lib/logging/handlers.py
index 2279db2..893fbe6 100644
--- a/Lib/logging/handlers.py
+++ b/Lib/logging/handlers.py
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@
         logging.Handler.__init__(self)
         method = method.upper()
         if method not in ["GET", "POST"]:
-            raise ValueError, "method must be GET or POST"
+            raise ValueError("method must be GET or POST")
         self.host = host
         self.url = url
         self.method = method
diff --git a/Lib/macpath.py b/Lib/macpath.py
index f54ffa0..5125f6b 100644
--- a/Lib/macpath.py
+++ b/Lib/macpath.py
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
                 i = i - 1
             else:
                 # best way to handle this is to raise an exception
-                raise norm_error, 'Cannot use :: immediately after volume name'
+                raise norm_error('Cannot use :: immediately after volume name')
         else:
             i = i + 1
 
diff --git a/Lib/macurl2path.py b/Lib/macurl2path.py
index b18f2b2..0c8b64f 100644
--- a/Lib/macurl2path.py
+++ b/Lib/macurl2path.py
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@
     #
     tp = urllib.splittype(pathname)[0]
     if tp and tp != 'file':
-        raise RuntimeError, 'Cannot convert non-local URL to pathname'
+        raise RuntimeError('Cannot convert non-local URL to pathname')
     # Turn starting /// into /, an empty hostname means current host
     if pathname[:3] == '///':
         pathname = pathname[2:]
     elif pathname[:2] == '//':
-        raise RuntimeError, 'Cannot convert non-local URL to pathname'
+        raise RuntimeError('Cannot convert non-local URL to pathname')
     components = pathname.split('/')
     # Remove . and embedded ..
     i = 0
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     """OS-specific conversion from a file system path to a relative URL
     of the 'file' scheme; not recommended for general use."""
     if '/' in pathname:
-        raise RuntimeError, "Cannot convert pathname containing slashes"
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot convert pathname containing slashes")
     components = pathname.split(':')
     # Remove empty first and/or last component
     if components[0] == '':
diff --git a/Lib/mhlib.py b/Lib/mhlib.py
index c06e1a6..955862b 100644
--- a/Lib/mhlib.py
+++ b/Lib/mhlib.py
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
         if not os.path.isabs(path) and path[0] != '~':
             path = os.path.join('~', path)
         path = os.path.expanduser(path)
-        if not os.path.isdir(path): raise Error, 'MH() path not found'
+        if not os.path.isdir(path): raise Error('MH() path not found')
         self.path = path
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
         self.mh = mh
         self.name = name
         if not os.path.isdir(self.getfullname()):
-            raise Error, 'no folder %s' % name
+            raise Error('no folder %s' % name)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """String representation."""
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@
         try:
             return max(seqs['cur'])
         except (ValueError, KeyError):
-            raise Error, "no cur message"
+            raise Error("no cur message")
 
     def setcurrent(self, n):
         """Set the current message."""
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@
         all = self.listmessages()
         # Observed behavior: test for empty folder is done first
         if not all:
-            raise Error, "no messages in %s" % self.name
+            raise Error("no messages in %s" % self.name)
         # Common case first: all is frequently the default
         if seq == 'all':
             return all
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
             if tail[:1] in '-+':
                 dir, tail = tail[:1], tail[1:]
             if not isnumeric(tail):
-                raise Error, "bad message list %s" % seq
+                raise Error("bad message list %s" % seq)
             try:
                 count = int(tail)
             except (ValueError, OverflowError):
@@ -374,10 +374,10 @@
                 if not head in seqs:
                     if not msg:
                         msg = "bad message list %s" % seq
-                    raise Error, msg, sys.exc_info()[2]
+                    raise Error(msg).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
                 msgs = seqs[head]
                 if not msgs:
-                    raise Error, "sequence %s empty" % head
+                    raise Error("sequence %s empty" % head)
                 if dir == '-':
                     return msgs[-count:]
                 else:
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@
             j = bisect(all, end)
             r = all[i:j]
             if not r:
-                raise Error, "bad message list %s" % seq
+                raise Error("bad message list %s" % seq)
             return r
         # Neither X:Y nor X-Y; must be a number or a (pseudo-)sequence
         try:
@@ -411,14 +411,14 @@
             if not seq in seqs:
                 if not msg:
                     msg = "bad message list %s" % seq
-                raise Error, msg
+                raise Error(msg)
             return seqs[seq]
         else:
             if n not in all:
                 if isnumeric(seq):
-                    raise Error, "message %d doesn't exist" % n
+                    raise Error("message %d doesn't exist" % n)
                 else:
-                    raise Error, "no %s message" % seq
+                    raise Error("no %s message" % seq)
             else:
                 return [n]
 
@@ -441,17 +441,17 @@
             try:
                 return all[i]
             except IndexError:
-                raise Error, "no next message"
+                raise Error("no next message")
         if seq == 'prev':
             n = self.getcurrent()
             i = bisect(all, n-1)
             if i == 0:
-                raise Error, "no prev message"
+                raise Error("no prev message")
             try:
                 return all[i-1]
             except IndexError:
-                raise Error, "no prev message"
-        raise Error, None
+                raise Error("no prev message")
+        raise Error()
 
     def openmessage(self, n):
         """Open a message -- returns a Message object."""
@@ -478,9 +478,9 @@
             self.removefromallsequences(deleted)
         if errors:
             if len(errors) == 1:
-                raise os.error, errors[0]
+                raise os.error(errors[0])
             else:
-                raise os.error, ('multiple errors:', errors)
+                raise os.error('multiple errors:', errors)
 
     def refilemessages(self, list, tofolder, keepsequences=0):
         """Refile one or more messages -- may raise os.error.
@@ -513,9 +513,9 @@
             self.removefromallsequences(refiled.keys())
         if errors:
             if len(errors) == 1:
-                raise os.error, errors[0]
+                raise os.error(errors[0])
             else:
-                raise os.error, ('multiple errors:', errors)
+                raise os.error('multiple errors:', errors)
 
     def _copysequences(self, fromfolder, refileditems):
         """Helper for refilemessages() to copy sequences."""
@@ -706,10 +706,10 @@
         list of SubMessage objects.  Each submessage object behaves
         (almost) as a Message object."""
         if self.getmaintype() != 'multipart':
-            raise Error, 'Content-Type is not multipart/*'
+            raise Error('Content-Type is not multipart/*')
         bdry = self.getparam('boundary')
         if not bdry:
-            raise Error, 'multipart/* without boundary param'
+            raise Error('multipart/* without boundary param')
         self.fp.seek(self.startofbody)
         mf = multifile.MultiFile(self.fp)
         mf.push(bdry)
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@
             elif len(list) == 2 and list[0] <= list[1]:
                 new.append((list[0], list[1]))
             else:
-                raise ValueError, 'bad data passed to IntSet'
+                raise ValueError('bad data passed to IntSet')
         self.pairs = self.pairs + new
         self.normalize()
 
diff --git a/Lib/mimetools.py b/Lib/mimetools.py
index 0553989..0112f48 100644
--- a/Lib/mimetools.py
+++ b/Lib/mimetools.py
@@ -162,8 +162,7 @@
     if encoding in decodetab:
         pipethrough(input, decodetab[encoding], output)
     else:
-        raise ValueError, \
-              'unknown Content-Transfer-Encoding: %s' % encoding
+        raise ValueError('unknown Content-Transfer-Encoding: %s' % encoding)
 
 def encode(input, output, encoding):
     """Encode common content-transfer-encodings (base64, quopri, uuencode)."""
@@ -181,8 +180,7 @@
     if encoding in encodetab:
         pipethrough(input, encodetab[encoding], output)
     else:
-        raise ValueError, \
-              'unknown Content-Transfer-Encoding: %s' % encoding
+        raise ValueError('unknown Content-Transfer-Encoding: %s' % encoding)
 
 # The following is no longer used for standard encodings
 
diff --git a/Lib/modulefinder.py b/Lib/modulefinder.py
index d5328bc..a57911c 100644
--- a/Lib/modulefinder.py
+++ b/Lib/modulefinder.py
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
                 self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
                 return parent
             if pname.count(".") < level:
-                raise ImportError, "relative importpath too deep"
+                raise ImportError("relative importpath too deep")
             pname = ".".join(pname.split(".")[:-level])
             parent = self.modules[pname]
             self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
                 self.msgout(4, "find_head_package ->", (q, tail))
                 return q, tail
         self.msgout(4, "raise ImportError: No module named", qname)
-        raise ImportError, "No module named " + qname
+        raise ImportError("No module named " + qname)
 
     def load_tail(self, q, tail):
         self.msgin(4, "load_tail", q, tail)
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
             m = self.import_module(head, mname, m)
             if not m:
                 self.msgout(4, "raise ImportError: No module named", mname)
-                raise ImportError, "No module named " + mname
+                raise ImportError("No module named " + mname)
         self.msgout(4, "load_tail ->", m)
         return m
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
                 subname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, sub)
                 submod = self.import_module(sub, subname, m)
                 if not submod:
-                    raise ImportError, "No module named " + subname
+                    raise ImportError("No module named " + subname)
 
     def find_all_submodules(self, m):
         if not m.__path__:
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@
         elif type == imp.PY_COMPILED:
             if fp.read(4) != imp.get_magic():
                 self.msgout(2, "raise ImportError: Bad magic number", pathname)
-                raise ImportError, "Bad magic number in %s" % pathname
+                raise ImportError("Bad magic number in %s" % pathname)
             fp.read(4)
             co = marshal.load(fp)
         else:
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@
             fullname = name
         if fullname in self.excludes:
             self.msgout(3, "find_module -> Excluded", fullname)
-            raise ImportError, name
+            raise ImportError(name)
 
         if path is None:
             if name in sys.builtin_module_names:
diff --git a/Lib/msilib/__init__.py b/Lib/msilib/__init__.py
index e2ea814..9595413 100644
--- a/Lib/msilib/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/msilib/__init__.py
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
                 seqno = seq[i][2]
             seq[i] = (action, cond, seqno)
             return
-    raise ValueError, "Action not found in sequence"
+    raise ValueError("Action not found in sequence")
 
 def add_data(db, table, values):
     v = db.OpenView("SELECT * FROM `%s`" % table)
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
             elif isinstance(field, Binary):
                 r.SetStream(i+1, field.name)
             else:
-                raise TypeError, "Unsupported type %s" % field.__class__.__name__
+                raise TypeError("Unsupported type %s" % field.__class__.__name__)
         try:
             v.Modify(MSIMODIFY_INSERT, r)
         except Exception as e:
diff --git a/Lib/multifile.py b/Lib/multifile.py
index e82a3fd..c94d06b 100644
--- a/Lib/multifile.py
+++ b/Lib/multifile.py
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@
                 if self.level > 0:
                     pos = pos + self.lastpos
                 else:
-                    raise Error, "can't use whence=2 yet"
+                    raise Error("can't use whence=2 yet")
         if not 0 <= pos <= here or \
                         self.level > 0 and pos > self.lastpos:
-            raise Error, 'bad MultiFile.seek() call'
+            raise Error('bad MultiFile.seek() call')
         self.fp.seek(pos + self.start)
         self.level = 0
         self.last = 0
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
             self.level = len(self.stack)
             self.last = (self.level > 0)
             if self.last:
-                raise Error, 'sudden EOF in MultiFile.readline()'
+                raise Error('sudden EOF in MultiFile.readline()')
             return ''
         assert self.level == 0
         # Fast check to see if this is just data
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
             self.lastpos = self.tell() - len(line)
         self.level = i+1
         if self.level > 1:
-            raise Error,'Missing endmarker in MultiFile.readline()'
+            raise Error('Missing endmarker in MultiFile.readline()')
         return ''
 
     def readlines(self):
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
 
     def push(self, sep):
         if self.level > 0:
-            raise Error, 'bad MultiFile.push() call'
+            raise Error('bad MultiFile.push() call')
         self.stack.append(sep)
         if self.seekable:
             self.posstack.append(self.start)
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
 
     def pop(self):
         if self.stack == []:
-            raise Error, 'bad MultiFile.pop() call'
+            raise Error('bad MultiFile.pop() call')
         if self.level <= 1:
             self.last = 0
         else:
diff --git a/Lib/nturl2path.py b/Lib/nturl2path.py
index 31064044..9dde299 100644
--- a/Lib/nturl2path.py
+++ b/Lib/nturl2path.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
     comp = url.split('|')
     if len(comp) != 2 or comp[0][-1] not in string.ascii_letters:
         error = 'Bad URL: ' + url
-        raise IOError, error
+        raise IOError(error)
     drive = comp[0][-1].upper()
     components = comp[1].split('/')
     path = drive + ':'
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
     comp = p.split(':')
     if len(comp) != 2 or len(comp[0]) > 1:
         error = 'Bad path: ' + p
-        raise IOError, error
+        raise IOError(error)
 
     drive = urllib.quote(comp[0].upper())
     components = comp[1].split('\\')
diff --git a/Lib/optparse.py b/Lib/optparse.py
index bae1050..b3de411 100644
--- a/Lib/optparse.py
+++ b/Lib/optparse.py
@@ -239,10 +239,10 @@
         self.level -= 1
 
     def format_usage(self, usage):
-        raise NotImplementedError, "subclasses must implement"
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclasses must implement")
 
     def format_heading(self, heading):
-        raise NotImplementedError, "subclasses must implement"
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclasses must implement")
 
     def _format_text(self, text):
         """
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@
             parser.print_version()
             parser.exit()
         else:
-            raise RuntimeError, "unknown action %r" % self.action
+            raise RuntimeError("unknown action %r" % self.action)
 
         return 1
 
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@
         elif mode == "loose":
             self._update_loose(dict)
         else:
-            raise ValueError, "invalid update mode: %r" % mode
+            raise ValueError("invalid update mode: %r" % mode)
 
     def read_module(self, modname, mode="careful"):
         __import__(modname)
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@
 
     def set_conflict_handler(self, handler):
         if handler not in ("error", "resolve"):
-            raise ValueError, "invalid conflict_resolution value %r" % handler
+            raise ValueError("invalid conflict_resolution value %r" % handler)
         self.conflict_handler = handler
 
     def set_description(self, description):
@@ -999,9 +999,9 @@
         elif len(args) == 1 and not kwargs:
             option = args[0]
             if not isinstance(option, Option):
-                raise TypeError, "not an Option instance: %r" % option
+                raise TypeError("not an Option instance: %r" % option)
         else:
-            raise TypeError, "invalid arguments"
+            raise TypeError("invalid arguments")
 
         self._check_conflict(option)
 
@@ -1310,11 +1310,11 @@
         elif len(args) == 1 and not kwargs:
             group = args[0]
             if not isinstance(group, OptionGroup):
-                raise TypeError, "not an OptionGroup instance: %r" % group
+                raise TypeError("not an OptionGroup instance: %r" % group)
             if group.parser is not self:
-                raise ValueError, "invalid OptionGroup (wrong parser)"
+                raise ValueError("invalid OptionGroup (wrong parser)")
         else:
-            raise TypeError, "invalid arguments"
+            raise TypeError("invalid arguments")
 
         self.option_groups.append(group)
         return group
diff --git a/Lib/pipes.py b/Lib/pipes.py
index 07ee60c..dc18404 100644
--- a/Lib/pipes.py
+++ b/Lib/pipes.py
@@ -111,45 +111,33 @@
     def append(self, cmd, kind):
         """t.append(cmd, kind) adds a new step at the end."""
         if type(cmd) is not type(''):
-            raise TypeError, \
-                  'Template.append: cmd must be a string'
+            raise TypeError('Template.append: cmd must be a string')
         if kind not in stepkinds:
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.append: bad kind %r' % (kind,)
+            raise ValueError('Template.append: bad kind %r' % (kind,))
         if kind == SOURCE:
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.append: SOURCE can only be prepended'
+            raise ValueError('Template.append: SOURCE can only be prepended')
         if self.steps and self.steps[-1][1] == SINK:
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.append: already ends with SINK'
+            raise ValueError('Template.append: already ends with SINK')
         if kind[0] == 'f' and not re.search(r'\$IN\b', cmd):
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.append: missing $IN in cmd'
+            raise ValueError('Template.append: missing $IN in cmd')
         if kind[1] == 'f' and not re.search(r'\$OUT\b', cmd):
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.append: missing $OUT in cmd'
+            raise ValueError('Template.append: missing $OUT in cmd')
         self.steps.append((cmd, kind))
 
     def prepend(self, cmd, kind):
         """t.prepend(cmd, kind) adds a new step at the front."""
         if type(cmd) is not type(''):
-            raise TypeError, \
-                  'Template.prepend: cmd must be a string'
+            raise TypeError('Template.prepend: cmd must be a string')
         if kind not in stepkinds:
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.prepend: bad kind %r' % (kind,)
+            raise ValueError('Template.prepend: bad kind %r' % (kind,))
         if kind == SINK:
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.prepend: SINK can only be appended'
+            raise ValueError('Template.prepend: SINK can only be appended')
         if self.steps and self.steps[0][1] == SOURCE:
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.prepend: already begins with SOURCE'
+            raise ValueError('Template.prepend: already begins with SOURCE')
         if kind[0] == 'f' and not re.search(r'\$IN\b', cmd):
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.prepend: missing $IN in cmd'
+            raise ValueError('Template.prepend: missing $IN in cmd')
         if kind[1] == 'f' and not re.search(r'\$OUT\b', cmd):
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.prepend: missing $OUT in cmd'
+            raise ValueError('Template.prepend: missing $OUT in cmd')
         self.steps.insert(0, (cmd, kind))
 
     def open(self, file, rw):
@@ -159,8 +147,8 @@
             return self.open_r(file)
         if rw == 'w':
             return self.open_w(file)
-        raise ValueError, \
-              'Template.open: rw must be \'r\' or \'w\', not %r' % (rw,)
+        raise ValueError('Template.open: rw must be \'r\' or \'w\', not %r'
+                         % (rw,))
 
     def open_r(self, file):
         """t.open_r(file) and t.open_w(file) implement
@@ -168,8 +156,7 @@
         if not self.steps:
             return open(file, 'r')
         if self.steps[-1][1] == SINK:
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.open_r: pipeline ends width SINK'
+            raise ValueError('Template.open_r: pipeline ends width SINK')
         cmd = self.makepipeline(file, '')
         return os.popen(cmd, 'r')
 
@@ -177,8 +164,7 @@
         if not self.steps:
             return open(file, 'w')
         if self.steps[0][1] == SOURCE:
-            raise ValueError, \
-                  'Template.open_w: pipeline begins with SOURCE'
+            raise ValueError('Template.open_w: pipeline begins with SOURCE')
         cmd = self.makepipeline('', file)
         return os.popen(cmd, 'w')
 
diff --git a/Lib/platform.py b/Lib/platform.py
index 25daadd..7b4258f 100755
--- a/Lib/platform.py
+++ b/Lib/platform.py
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@
     def __init__(self,cmd,mode='r',bufsize=None):
 
         if mode != 'r':
-            raise ValueError,'popen()-emulation only supports read mode'
+            raise ValueError('popen()-emulation only supports read mode')
         import tempfile
         self.tmpfile = tmpfile = tempfile.mktemp()
         os.system(cmd + ' > %s' % tmpfile)
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
             pipe = popen(cmd)
             info = pipe.read()
             if pipe.close():
-                raise os.error,'command failed'
+                raise os.error('command failed')
             # XXX How can I supress shell errors from being written
             #     to stderr ?
         except os.error as why:
diff --git a/Lib/poplib.py b/Lib/poplib.py
index 4e2c03b..ef60c74 100644
--- a/Lib/poplib.py
+++ b/Lib/poplib.py
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@
                 continue
             break
         if not self.sock:
-            raise socket.error, msg
+            raise socket.error(msg)
         self.file = self.sock.makefile('rb')
         self.sslobj = socket.ssl(self.sock, self.keyfile, self.certfile)
         self._debugging = 0
diff --git a/Lib/pstats.py b/Lib/pstats.py
index 59c84fe..cc0a7ac 100644
--- a/Lib/pstats.py
+++ b/Lib/pstats.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
             keys = kwds.keys()
             keys.sort()
             extras = ", ".join(["%s=%s" % (k, kwds[k]) for k in keys])
-            raise ValueError, "unrecognized keyword args: %s" % extras
+            raise ValueError("unrecognized keyword args: %s" % extras)
         if not len(args):
             arg = None
         else:
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@
             self.stats = arg.stats
             arg.stats = {}
         if not self.stats:
-            raise TypeError,  "Cannot create or construct a %r object from '%r''" % (
-                              self.__class__, arg)
+            raise TypeError("Cannot create or construct a %r object from '%r''"
+                            % (self.__class__, arg))
         return
 
     def get_top_level_stats(self):
diff --git a/Lib/pty.py b/Lib/pty.py
index 5d588e4..4873827 100644
--- a/Lib/pty.py
+++ b/Lib/pty.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
         try:
             tty_name, master_fd = sgi._getpty(os.O_RDWR, 0o666, 0)
         except IOError as msg:
-            raise os.error, msg
+            raise os.error(msg)
         return master_fd, tty_name
     for x in 'pqrstuvwxyzPQRST':
         for y in '0123456789abcdef':
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
             except os.error:
                 continue
             return (fd, '/dev/tty' + x + y)
-    raise os.error, 'out of pty devices'
+    raise os.error('out of pty devices')
 
 def slave_open(tty_name):
     """slave_open(tty_name) -> slave_fd
diff --git a/Lib/pydoc.py b/Lib/pydoc.py
index eea9853..3cffa06 100755
--- a/Lib/pydoc.py
+++ b/Lib/pydoc.py
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
         """Raise an exception for unimplemented types."""
         message = "don't know how to document object%s of type %s" % (
             name and ' ' + repr(name), type(object).__name__)
-        raise TypeError, message
+        raise TypeError(message)
 
     docmodule = docclass = docroutine = docother = docproperty = docdata = fail
 
@@ -1463,7 +1463,7 @@
     if isinstance(thing, str):
         object = locate(thing, forceload)
         if not object:
-            raise ImportError, 'no Python documentation found for %r' % thing
+            raise ImportError('no Python documentation found for %r' % thing)
         return object, thing
     else:
         return thing, getattr(thing, '__name__', None)
diff --git a/Lib/random.py b/Lib/random.py
index 8a47178..e2bfcfd 100644
--- a/Lib/random.py
+++ b/Lib/random.py
@@ -157,18 +157,18 @@
         # common case while still doing adequate error checking.
         istart = int(start)
         if istart != start:
-            raise ValueError, "non-integer arg 1 for randrange()"
+            raise ValueError("non-integer arg 1 for randrange()")
         if stop is default:
             if istart > 0:
                 if istart >= maxwidth:
                     return self._randbelow(istart)
                 return int(self.random() * istart)
-            raise ValueError, "empty range for randrange()"
+            raise ValueError("empty range for randrange()")
 
         # stop argument supplied.
         istop = int(stop)
         if istop != stop:
-            raise ValueError, "non-integer stop for randrange()"
+            raise ValueError("non-integer stop for randrange()")
         width = istop - istart
         if step == 1 and width > 0:
             # Note that
@@ -188,21 +188,21 @@
                 return int(istart + self._randbelow(width))
             return int(istart + int(self.random()*width))
         if step == 1:
-            raise ValueError, "empty range for randrange() (%d,%d, %d)" % (istart, istop, width)
+            raise ValueError("empty range for randrange() (%d,%d, %d)" % (istart, istop, width))
 
         # Non-unit step argument supplied.
         istep = int(step)
         if istep != step:
-            raise ValueError, "non-integer step for randrange()"
+            raise ValueError("non-integer step for randrange()")
         if istep > 0:
             n = (width + istep - 1) // istep
         elif istep < 0:
             n = (width + istep + 1) // istep
         else:
-            raise ValueError, "zero step for randrange()"
+            raise ValueError("zero step for randrange()")
 
         if n <= 0:
-            raise ValueError, "empty range for randrange()"
+            raise ValueError("empty range for randrange()")
 
         if n >= maxwidth:
             return istart + istep*self._randbelow(n)
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
 
         n = len(population)
         if not 0 <= k <= n:
-            raise ValueError, "sample larger than population"
+            raise ValueError("sample larger than population")
         random = self.random
         _int = int
         result = [None] * k
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
         # Warning: a few older sources define the gamma distribution in terms
         # of alpha > -1.0
         if alpha <= 0.0 or beta <= 0.0:
-            raise ValueError, 'gammavariate: alpha and beta must be > 0.0'
+            raise ValueError('gammavariate: alpha and beta must be > 0.0')
 
         random = self.random
         if alpha > 1.0:
diff --git a/Lib/re.py b/Lib/re.py
index 534ab23..4c5622b 100644
--- a/Lib/re.py
+++ b/Lib/re.py
@@ -226,11 +226,8 @@
     if isinstance(pattern, _pattern_type):
         return pattern
     if not sre_compile.isstring(pattern):
-        raise TypeError, "first argument must be string or compiled pattern"
-    try:
-        p = sre_compile.compile(pattern, flags)
-    except error as v:
-        raise error, v # invalid expression
+        raise TypeError("first argument must be string or compiled pattern")
+    p = sre_compile.compile(pattern, flags)
     if len(_cache) >= _MAXCACHE:
         _cache.clear()
     _cache[cachekey] = p
@@ -242,10 +239,7 @@
     if p is not None:
         return p
     repl, pattern = key
-    try:
-        p = sre_parse.parse_template(repl, pattern)
-    except error as v:
-        raise error, v # invalid expression
+    p = sre_parse.parse_template(repl, pattern)
     if len(_cache_repl) >= _MAXCACHE:
         _cache_repl.clear()
     _cache_repl[key] = p
diff --git a/Lib/rfc822.py b/Lib/rfc822.py
index c4b7d37..1ad2d01 100644
--- a/Lib/rfc822.py
+++ b/Lib/rfc822.py
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@
     def rewindbody(self):
         """Rewind the file to the start of the body (if seekable)."""
         if not self.seekable:
-            raise IOError, "unseekable file"
+            raise IOError("unseekable file")
         self.fp.seek(self.startofbody)
 
     def readheaders(self):
diff --git a/Lib/rlcompleter.py b/Lib/rlcompleter.py
index 4d11aec..1c5750b 100644
--- a/Lib/rlcompleter.py
+++ b/Lib/rlcompleter.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         """
 
         if namespace and not isinstance(namespace, dict):
-            raise TypeError,'namespace must be a dictionary'
+            raise TypeError('namespace must be a dictionary')
 
         # Don't bind to namespace quite yet, but flag whether the user wants a
         # specific namespace or to use __main__.__dict__. This will allow us
diff --git a/Lib/shlex.py b/Lib/shlex.py
index f034ab0..70feb89 100644
--- a/Lib/shlex.py
+++ b/Lib/shlex.py
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@
                     if self.debug >= 2:
                         print("shlex: I see EOF in quotes state")
                     # XXX what error should be raised here?
-                    raise ValueError, "No closing quotation"
+                    raise ValueError("No closing quotation")
                 if nextchar == self.state:
                     if not self.posix:
                         self.token = self.token + nextchar
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
                     if self.debug >= 2:
                         print("shlex: I see EOF in escape state")
                     # XXX what error should be raised here?
-                    raise ValueError, "No escaped character"
+                    raise ValueError("No escaped character")
                 # In posix shells, only the quote itself or the escape
                 # character may be escaped within quotes.
                 if escapedstate in self.quotes and \
diff --git a/Lib/shutil.py b/Lib/shutil.py
index 5ed72b3..f3d6fa9 100644
--- a/Lib/shutil.py
+++ b/Lib/shutil.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 def copyfile(src, dst):
     """Copy data from src to dst"""
     if _samefile(src, dst):
-        raise Error, "`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst)
+        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))
 
     fsrc = None
     fdst = None
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
     except OSError as why:
         errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
     if errors:
-        raise Error, errors
+        raise Error(errors)
 
 def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
     """Recursively delete a directory tree.
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
     except OSError:
         if os.path.isdir(src):
             if destinsrc(src, dst):
-                raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)
+                raise Error("Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst))
             copytree(src, dst, symlinks=True)
             rmtree(src)
         else:
diff --git a/Lib/sre_compile.py b/Lib/sre_compile.py
index 3c9035f..505af92 100644
--- a/Lib/sre_compile.py
+++ b/Lib/sre_compile.py
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
                 emit(OPCODES[ANY])
         elif op in REPEATING_CODES:
             if flags & SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE:
-                raise error, "internal: unsupported template operator"
+                raise error("internal: unsupported template operator")
                 emit(OPCODES[REPEAT])
                 skip = _len(code); emit(0)
                 emit(av[0])
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             else:
                 lo, hi = av[1].getwidth()
                 if lo != hi:
-                    raise error, "look-behind requires fixed-width pattern"
+                    raise error("look-behind requires fixed-width pattern")
                 emit(lo) # look behind
             _compile(code, av[1], flags)
             emit(OPCODES[SUCCESS])
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
             else:
                 code[skipyes] = _len(code) - skipyes + 1
         else:
-            raise ValueError, ("unsupported operand type", op)
+            raise ValueError("unsupported operand type", op)
 
 def _compile_charset(charset, flags, code, fixup=None):
     # compile charset subprogram
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
             else:
                 emit(CHCODES[av])
         else:
-            raise error, "internal: unsupported set operator"
+            raise error("internal: unsupported set operator")
     emit(OPCODES[FAILURE])
 
 def _optimize_charset(charset, fixup):
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@
     # check if av is a "simple" operator
     lo, hi = av[2].getwidth()
     if lo == 0 and hi == MAXREPEAT:
-        raise error, "nothing to repeat"
+        raise error("nothing to repeat")
     return lo == hi == 1 and av[2][0][0] != SUBPATTERN
 
 def _compile_info(code, pattern, flags):
diff --git a/Lib/sre_parse.py b/Lib/sre_parse.py
index 99f33fc..7d5c0d6 100644
--- a/Lib/sre_parse.py
+++ b/Lib/sre_parse.py
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@
         if name is not None:
             ogid = self.groupdict.get(name, None)
             if ogid is not None:
-                raise error, ("redefinition of group name %s as group %d; "
-                              "was group %d" % (repr(name), gid,  ogid))
+                raise error("redefinition of group name %s as group %d; "
+                            "was group %d" % (repr(name), gid,  ogid))
             self.groupdict[name] = gid
         self.open.append(gid)
         return gid
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@
             try:
                 c = self.string[self.index + 1]
             except IndexError:
-                raise error, "bogus escape (end of line)"
+                raise error("bogus escape (end of line)")
             char = char + c
         self.index = self.index + len(char)
         self.next = char
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@
                 escape = escape + source.get()
             escape = escape[2:]
             if len(escape) != 2:
-                raise error, "bogus escape: %s" % repr("\\" + escape)
+                raise error("bogus escape: %s" % repr("\\" + escape))
             return LITERAL, int(escape, 16) & 0xff
         elif c in OCTDIGITS:
             # octal escape (up to three digits)
@@ -255,12 +255,12 @@
             escape = escape[1:]
             return LITERAL, int(escape, 8) & 0xff
         elif c in DIGITS:
-            raise error, "bogus escape: %s" % repr(escape)
+            raise error("bogus escape: %s" % repr(escape))
         if len(escape) == 2:
             return LITERAL, ord(escape[1])
     except ValueError:
         pass
-    raise error, "bogus escape: %s" % repr(escape)
+    raise error("bogus escape: %s" % repr(escape))
 
 def _escape(source, escape, state):
     # handle escape code in expression
@@ -297,14 +297,14 @@
             group = int(escape[1:])
             if group < state.groups:
                 if not state.checkgroup(group):
-                    raise error, "cannot refer to open group"
+                    raise error("cannot refer to open group")
                 return GROUPREF, group
             raise ValueError
         if len(escape) == 2:
             return LITERAL, ord(escape[1])
     except ValueError:
         pass
-    raise error, "bogus escape: %s" % repr(escape)
+    raise error("bogus escape: %s" % repr(escape))
 
 def _parse_sub(source, state, nested=1):
     # parse an alternation: a|b|c
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
         if not source.next or sourcematch(")", 0):
             break
         else:
-            raise error, "pattern not properly closed"
+            raise error("pattern not properly closed")
 
     if len(items) == 1:
         return items[0]
@@ -370,11 +370,11 @@
     if source.match("|"):
         item_no = _parse(source, state)
         if source.match("|"):
-            raise error, "conditional backref with more than two branches"
+            raise error("conditional backref with more than two branches")
     else:
         item_no = None
     if source.next and not source.match(")", 0):
-        raise error, "pattern not properly closed"
+        raise error("pattern not properly closed")
     subpattern = SubPattern(state)
     subpattern.append((GROUPREF_EXISTS, (condgroup, item_yes, item_no)))
     return subpattern
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@
                 elif this:
                     code1 = LITERAL, ord(this)
                 else:
-                    raise error, "unexpected end of regular expression"
+                    raise error("unexpected end of regular expression")
                 if sourcematch("-"):
                     # potential range
                     this = sourceget()
@@ -455,14 +455,14 @@
                         else:
                             code2 = LITERAL, ord(this)
                         if code1[0] != LITERAL or code2[0] != LITERAL:
-                            raise error, "bad character range"
+                            raise error("bad character range")
                         lo = code1[1]
                         hi = code2[1]
                         if hi < lo:
-                            raise error, "bad character range"
+                            raise error("bad character range")
                         setappend((RANGE, (lo, hi)))
                     else:
-                        raise error, "unexpected end of regular expression"
+                        raise error("unexpected end of regular expression")
                 else:
                     if code1[0] is IN:
                         code1 = code1[1][0]
@@ -509,18 +509,18 @@
                 if hi:
                     max = int(hi)
                 if max < min:
-                    raise error, "bad repeat interval"
+                    raise error("bad repeat interval")
             else:
-                raise error, "not supported"
+                raise error("not supported")
             # figure out which item to repeat
             if subpattern:
                 item = subpattern[-1:]
             else:
                 item = None
             if not item or (_len(item) == 1 and item[0][0] == AT):
-                raise error, "nothing to repeat"
+                raise error("nothing to repeat")
             if item[0][0] in REPEATCODES:
-                raise error, "multiple repeat"
+                raise error("multiple repeat")
             if sourcematch("?"):
                 subpattern[-1] = (MIN_REPEAT, (min, max, item))
             else:
@@ -544,35 +544,35 @@
                         while 1:
                             char = sourceget()
                             if char is None:
-                                raise error, "unterminated name"
+                                raise error("unterminated name")
                             if char == ">":
                                 break
                             name = name + char
                         group = 1
                         if not isname(name):
-                            raise error, "bad character in group name"
+                            raise error("bad character in group name")
                     elif sourcematch("="):
                         # named backreference
                         name = ""
                         while 1:
                             char = sourceget()
                             if char is None:
-                                raise error, "unterminated name"
+                                raise error("unterminated name")
                             if char == ")":
                                 break
                             name = name + char
                         if not isname(name):
-                            raise error, "bad character in group name"
+                            raise error("bad character in group name")
                         gid = state.groupdict.get(name)
                         if gid is None:
-                            raise error, "unknown group name"
+                            raise error("unknown group name")
                         subpatternappend((GROUPREF, gid))
                         continue
                     else:
                         char = sourceget()
                         if char is None:
-                            raise error, "unexpected end of pattern"
-                        raise error, "unknown specifier: ?P%s" % char
+                            raise error("unexpected end of pattern")
+                        raise error("unknown specifier: ?P%s" % char)
                 elif sourcematch(":"):
                     # non-capturing group
                     group = 2
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@
                             break
                         sourceget()
                     if not sourcematch(")"):
-                        raise error, "unbalanced parenthesis"
+                        raise error("unbalanced parenthesis")
                     continue
                 elif source.next in ASSERTCHARS:
                     # lookahead assertions
@@ -591,12 +591,12 @@
                     dir = 1
                     if char == "<":
                         if source.next not in LOOKBEHINDASSERTCHARS:
-                            raise error, "syntax error"
+                            raise error("syntax error")
                         dir = -1 # lookbehind
                         char = sourceget()
                     p = _parse_sub(source, state)
                     if not sourcematch(")"):
-                        raise error, "unbalanced parenthesis"
+                        raise error("unbalanced parenthesis")
                     if char == "=":
                         subpatternappend((ASSERT, (dir, p)))
                     else:
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@
                     while 1:
                         char = sourceget()
                         if char is None:
-                            raise error, "unterminated name"
+                            raise error("unterminated name")
                         if char == ")":
                             break
                         condname = condname + char
@@ -616,16 +616,16 @@
                     if isname(condname):
                         condgroup = state.groupdict.get(condname)
                         if condgroup is None:
-                            raise error, "unknown group name"
+                            raise error("unknown group name")
                     else:
                         try:
                             condgroup = int(condname)
                         except ValueError:
-                            raise error, "bad character in group name"
+                            raise error("bad character in group name")
                 else:
                     # flags
                     if not source.next in FLAGS:
-                        raise error, "unexpected end of pattern"
+                        raise error("unexpected end of pattern")
                     while source.next in FLAGS:
                         state.flags = state.flags | FLAGS[sourceget()]
             if group:
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@
                 else:
                     p = _parse_sub(source, state)
                 if not sourcematch(")"):
-                    raise error, "unbalanced parenthesis"
+                    raise error("unbalanced parenthesis")
                 if group is not None:
                     state.closegroup(group)
                 subpatternappend((SUBPATTERN, (group, p)))
@@ -648,10 +648,10 @@
                 while 1:
                     char = sourceget()
                     if char is None:
-                        raise error, "unexpected end of pattern"
+                        raise error("unexpected end of pattern")
                     if char == ")":
                         break
-                    raise error, "unknown extension"
+                    raise error("unknown extension")
 
         elif this == "^":
             subpatternappend((AT, AT_BEGINNING))
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@
             subpatternappend(code)
 
         else:
-            raise error, "parser error"
+            raise error("parser error")
 
     return subpattern
 
@@ -682,9 +682,9 @@
 
     tail = source.get()
     if tail == ")":
-        raise error, "unbalanced parenthesis"
+        raise error("unbalanced parenthesis")
     elif tail:
-        raise error, "bogus characters at end of regular expression"
+        raise error("bogus characters at end of regular expression")
 
     if flags & SRE_FLAG_DEBUG:
         p.dump()
@@ -726,23 +726,23 @@
                     while 1:
                         char = sget()
                         if char is None:
-                            raise error, "unterminated group name"
+                            raise error("unterminated group name")
                         if char == ">":
                             break
                         name = name + char
                 if not name:
-                    raise error, "bad group name"
+                    raise error("bad group name")
                 try:
                     index = int(name)
                     if index < 0:
-                        raise error, "negative group number"
+                        raise error("negative group number")
                 except ValueError:
                     if not isname(name):
-                        raise error, "bad character in group name"
+                        raise error("bad character in group name")
                     try:
                         index = pattern.groupindex[name]
                     except KeyError:
-                        raise IndexError, "unknown group name"
+                        raise IndexError("unknown group name")
                 a((MARK, index))
             elif c == "0":
                 if s.next in OCTDIGITS:
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@
         for index, group in groups:
             literals[index] = s = g(group)
             if s is None:
-                raise error, "unmatched group"
+                raise error("unmatched group")
     except IndexError:
-        raise error, "invalid group reference"
+        raise error("invalid group reference")
     return sep.join(literals)
diff --git a/Lib/string.py b/Lib/string.py
index de364de..ad2146c 100644
--- a/Lib/string.py
+++ b/Lib/string.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 
     """
     if len(fromstr) != len(tostr):
-        raise ValueError, "maketrans arguments must have same length"
+        raise ValueError("maketrans arguments must have same length")
     global _idmapL
     if not _idmapL:
         _idmapL = list(_idmap)
diff --git a/Lib/sunau.py b/Lib/sunau.py
index 648506c..f255502 100644
--- a/Lib/sunau.py
+++ b/Lib/sunau.py
@@ -166,18 +166,18 @@
         self._soundpos = 0
         magic = int(_read_u32(file))
         if magic != AUDIO_FILE_MAGIC:
-            raise Error, 'bad magic number'
+            raise Error('bad magic number')
         self._hdr_size = int(_read_u32(file))
         if self._hdr_size < 24:
-            raise Error, 'header size too small'
+            raise Error('header size too small')
         if self._hdr_size > 100:
-            raise Error, 'header size ridiculously large'
+            raise Error('header size ridiculously large')
         self._data_size = _read_u32(file)
         if self._data_size != AUDIO_UNKNOWN_SIZE:
             self._data_size = int(self._data_size)
         self._encoding = int(_read_u32(file))
         if self._encoding not in _simple_encodings:
-            raise Error, 'encoding not (yet) supported'
+            raise Error('encoding not (yet) supported')
         if self._encoding in (AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8,
                   AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ALAW_8):
             self._sampwidth = 2
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
         elif self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_32:
             self._framesize = self._sampwidth = 4
         else:
-            raise Error, 'unknown encoding'
+            raise Error('unknown encoding')
         self._framerate = int(_read_u32(file))
         self._nchannels = int(_read_u32(file))
         self._framesize = self._framesize * self._nchannels
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
         return None
 
     def getmark(self, id):
-        raise Error, 'no marks'
+        raise Error('no marks')
 
     def readframes(self, nframes):
         if self._encoding in _simple_encodings:
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
 
     def setpos(self, pos):
         if pos < 0 or pos > self.getnframes():
-            raise Error, 'position not in range'
+            raise Error('position not in range')
         self._file.seek(pos * self._framesize + self._hdr_size)
         self._soundpos = pos
 
@@ -305,43 +305,43 @@
 
     def setnchannels(self, nchannels):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if nchannels not in (1, 2, 4):
-            raise Error, 'only 1, 2, or 4 channels supported'
+            raise Error('only 1, 2, or 4 channels supported')
         self._nchannels = nchannels
 
     def getnchannels(self):
         if not self._nchannels:
-            raise Error, 'number of channels not set'
+            raise Error('number of channels not set')
         return self._nchannels
 
     def setsampwidth(self, sampwidth):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if sampwidth not in (1, 2, 4):
-            raise Error, 'bad sample width'
+            raise Error('bad sample width')
         self._sampwidth = sampwidth
 
     def getsampwidth(self):
         if not self._framerate:
-            raise Error, 'sample width not specified'
+            raise Error('sample width not specified')
         return self._sampwidth
 
     def setframerate(self, framerate):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         self._framerate = framerate
 
     def getframerate(self):
         if not self._framerate:
-            raise Error, 'frame rate not set'
+            raise Error('frame rate not set')
         return self._framerate
 
     def setnframes(self, nframes):
         if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if nframes < 0:
-            raise Error, '# of frames cannot be negative'
+            raise Error('# of frames cannot be negative')
         self._nframes = nframes
 
     def getnframes(self):
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
         if type in ('NONE', 'ULAW'):
             self._comptype = type
         else:
-            raise Error, 'unknown compression type'
+            raise Error('unknown compression type')
 
     def getcomptype(self):
         return self._comptype
@@ -411,11 +411,11 @@
     def _ensure_header_written(self):
         if not self._nframeswritten:
             if not self._nchannels:
-                raise Error, '# of channels not specified'
+                raise Error('# of channels not specified')
             if not self._sampwidth:
-                raise Error, 'sample width not specified'
+                raise Error('sample width not specified')
             if not self._framerate:
-                raise Error, 'frame rate not specified'
+                raise Error('frame rate not specified')
             self._write_header()
 
     def _write_header(self):
@@ -430,12 +430,12 @@
                 encoding = AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_32
                 self._framesize = 4
             else:
-                raise Error, 'internal error'
+                raise Error('internal error')
         elif self._comptype == 'ULAW':
             encoding = AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8
             self._framesize = 1
         else:
-            raise Error, 'internal error'
+            raise Error('internal error')
         self._framesize = self._framesize * self._nchannels
         _write_u32(self._file, AUDIO_FILE_MAGIC)
         header_size = 25 + len(self._info)
@@ -470,6 +470,6 @@
     elif mode in ('w', 'wb'):
         return Au_write(f)
     else:
-        raise Error, "mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'"
+        raise Error("mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'")
 
 openfp = open
diff --git a/Lib/sunaudio.py b/Lib/sunaudio.py
index ab4a8fa..6c1bba1 100644
--- a/Lib/sunaudio.py
+++ b/Lib/sunaudio.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 def gethdr(fp):
     """Read a sound header from an open file."""
     if fp.read(4) != MAGIC:
-        raise error, 'gethdr: bad magic word'
+        raise error('gethdr: bad magic word')
     hdr_size = get_long_be(fp.read(4))
     data_size = get_long_be(fp.read(4))
     encoding = get_long_be(fp.read(4))
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     channels = get_long_be(fp.read(4))
     excess = hdr_size - 24
     if excess < 0:
-        raise error, 'gethdr: bad hdr_size'
+        raise error('gethdr: bad hdr_size')
     if excess > 0:
         info = fp.read(excess)
     else:
diff --git a/Lib/symtable.py b/Lib/symtable.py
index e3c5b52..089c8dc 100644
--- a/Lib/symtable.py
+++ b/Lib/symtable.py
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@
         Raises ValueError if the name is bound to multiple namespaces.
         """
         if len(self.__namespaces) != 1:
-            raise ValueError, "name is bound to multiple namespaces"
+            raise ValueError("name is bound to multiple namespaces")
         return self.__namespaces[0]
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/Lib/tarfile.py b/Lib/tarfile.py
index ffe711a..a840a1a 100644
--- a/Lib/tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/tarfile.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
     # handling. In many places it is assumed a simple substitution of / by the
     # local os.path.sep is good enough to convert pathnames, but this does not
     # work with the mac rooted:path:name versus :nonrooted:path:name syntax
-    raise ImportError, "tarfile does not work for platform==mac"
+    raise ImportError("tarfile does not work for platform==mac")
 
 try:
     import grp, pwd
diff --git a/Lib/telnetlib.py b/Lib/telnetlib.py
index 1040e3c..db37200 100644
--- a/Lib/telnetlib.py
+++ b/Lib/telnetlib.py
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@
         buf = self.cookedq
         self.cookedq = ''
         if not buf and self.eof and not self.rawq:
-            raise EOFError, 'telnet connection closed'
+            raise EOFError('telnet connection closed')
         return buf
 
     def read_sb_data(self):
diff --git a/Lib/tempfile.py b/Lib/tempfile.py
index b6b3b96..ae2b77f 100644
--- a/Lib/tempfile.py
+++ b/Lib/tempfile.py
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@
                 if e[0] != _errno.EEXIST:
                     break # no point trying more names in this directory
                 pass
-    raise IOError, (_errno.ENOENT,
-                    ("No usable temporary directory found in %s" % dirlist))
+    raise IOError(_errno.ENOENT,
+                  "No usable temporary directory found in %s" % dirlist)
 
 _name_sequence = None
 
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@
                 continue # try again
             raise
 
-    raise IOError, (_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary file name found")
+    raise IOError(_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary file name found")
 
 
 # User visible interfaces.
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@
                 continue # try again
             raise
 
-    raise IOError, (_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary directory name found")
+    raise IOError(_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary directory name found")
 
 def mktemp(suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None):
     """mktemp([suffix, [prefix, [dir]]])
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
         if not _exists(file):
             return file
 
-    raise IOError, (_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary filename found")
+    raise IOError(_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary filename found")
 
 class _TemporaryFileWrapper:
     """Temporary file wrapper
diff --git a/Lib/threading.py b/Lib/threading.py
index 1ad5664..ce95e40 100644
--- a/Lib/threading.py
+++ b/Lib/threading.py
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@
 
     def release(self):
         if self._value >= self._initial_value:
-            raise ValueError, "Semaphore released too many times"
+            raise ValueError("Semaphore released too many times")
         return _Semaphore.release(self)
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/tokenize.py b/Lib/tokenize.py
index 9ea57b6..a204856 100644
--- a/Lib/tokenize.py
+++ b/Lib/tokenize.py
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
 
         if contstr:                            # continued string
             if not line:
-                raise TokenError, ("EOF in multi-line string", strstart)
+                raise TokenError("EOF in multi-line string", strstart)
             endmatch = endprog.match(line)
             if endmatch:
                 pos = end = endmatch.end(0)
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@
 
         else:                                  # continued statement
             if not line:
-                raise TokenError, ("EOF in multi-line statement", (lnum, 0))
+                raise TokenError("EOF in multi-line statement", (lnum, 0))
             continued = 0
 
         while pos < max:
diff --git a/Lib/unittest.py b/Lib/unittest.py
index 931d2f6..7dac499 100644
--- a/Lib/unittest.py
+++ b/Lib/unittest.py
@@ -130,7 +130,8 @@
         if exctype is test.failureException:
             # Skip assert*() traceback levels
             length = self._count_relevant_tb_levels(tb)
-            return ''.join(traceback.format_exception(exctype, value, tb, length))
+            return ''.join(traceback.format_exception(exctype, value,
+                                                      tb, length))
         return ''.join(traceback.format_exception(exctype, value, tb))
 
     def _is_relevant_tb_level(self, tb):
@@ -186,8 +187,8 @@
             testMethod = getattr(self, methodName)
             self._testMethodDoc = testMethod.__doc__
         except AttributeError:
-            raise ValueError, "no such test method in %s: %s" % \
-                  (self.__class__, methodName)
+            raise ValueError("no such test method in %s: %s"
+                             % (self.__class__, methodName))
 
     def setUp(self):
         "Hook method for setting up the test fixture before exercising it."
@@ -288,15 +289,15 @@
 
     def fail(self, msg=None):
         """Fail immediately, with the given message."""
-        raise self.failureException, msg
+        raise self.failureException(msg)
 
     def failIf(self, expr, msg=None):
         "Fail the test if the expression is true."
-        if expr: raise self.failureException, msg
+        if expr: raise self.failureException(msg)
 
     def failUnless(self, expr, msg=None):
         """Fail the test unless the expression is true."""
-        if not expr: raise self.failureException, msg
+        if not expr: raise self.failureException(msg)
 
     def failUnlessRaises(self, excClass, callableObj, *args, **kwargs):
         """Fail unless an exception of class excClass is thrown
@@ -313,24 +314,22 @@
         else:
             excName = str(getattr(excClass, '__name__', excClass))
             objName = str(getattr(callableObj, '__name__', callableObj))
-            raise self.failureException, "%s not raised by %s" % (excName,
-                                                                  objName)
+            raise self.failureException("%s not raised by %s" % (excName,
+                                                                  objName))
 
     def failUnlessEqual(self, first, second, msg=None):
         """Fail if the two objects are unequal as determined by the '=='
            operator.
         """
         if not first == second:
-            raise self.failureException, \
-                  (msg or '%r != %r' % (first, second))
+            raise self.failureException(msg or '%r != %r' % (first, second))
 
     def failIfEqual(self, first, second, msg=None):
         """Fail if the two objects are equal as determined by the '=='
            operator.
         """
         if first == second:
-            raise self.failureException, \
-                  (msg or '%r == %r' % (first, second))
+            raise self.failureException(msg or '%r == %r' % (first, second))
 
     def failUnlessAlmostEqual(self, first, second, places=7, msg=None):
         """Fail if the two objects are unequal as determined by their
@@ -341,8 +340,8 @@
            as significant digits (measured from the most signficant digit).
         """
         if round(second-first, places) != 0:
-            raise self.failureException, \
-                  (msg or '%r != %r within %r places' % (first, second, places))
+            raise self.failureException(msg or '%r != %r within %r places'
+                                               % (first, second, places))
 
     def failIfAlmostEqual(self, first, second, places=7, msg=None):
         """Fail if the two objects are equal as determined by their
@@ -353,8 +352,8 @@
            as significant digits (measured from the most signficant digit).
         """
         if round(second-first, places) == 0:
-            raise self.failureException, \
-                  (msg or '%r == %r within %r places' % (first, second, places))
+            raise self.failureException(msg or '%r == %r within %r places'
+                                               % (first, second, places))
 
     # Synonyms for assertion methods
 
@@ -484,13 +483,15 @@
 
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash((type(self), self.__setUpFunc, self.__tearDownFunc,
-                                           self.__testFunc, self.__description))
+                    self.__testFunc, self.__description))
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "%s (%s)" % (_strclass(self.__class__), self.__testFunc.__name__)
+        return "%s (%s)" % (_strclass(self.__class__),
+                            self.__testFunc.__name__)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<%s testFunc=%s>" % (_strclass(self.__class__), self.__testFunc)
+        return "<%s testFunc=%s>" % (_strclass(self.__class__),
+                                     self.__testFunc)
 
     def shortDescription(self):
         if self.__description is not None: return self.__description
@@ -514,7 +515,8 @@
     def loadTestsFromTestCase(self, testCaseClass):
         """Return a suite of all tests cases contained in testCaseClass"""
         if issubclass(testCaseClass, TestSuite):
-            raise TypeError("Test cases should not be derived from TestSuite. Maybe you meant to derive from TestCase?")
+            raise TypeError("Test cases should not be derived from TestSuite."
+                            "Maybe you meant to derive from TestCase?")
         testCaseNames = self.getTestCaseNames(testCaseClass)
         if not testCaseNames and hasattr(testCaseClass, 'runTest'):
             testCaseNames = ['runTest']
@@ -585,8 +587,10 @@
     def getTestCaseNames(self, testCaseClass):
         """Return a sorted sequence of method names found within testCaseClass
         """
-        def isTestMethod(attrname, testCaseClass=testCaseClass, prefix=self.testMethodPrefix):
-            return attrname.startswith(prefix) and hasattr(getattr(testCaseClass, attrname), '__call__')
+        def isTestMethod(attrname, testCaseClass=testCaseClass,
+                         prefix=self.testMethodPrefix):
+            return attrname.startswith(prefix) \
+                   and hasattr(getattr(testCaseClass, attrname), '__call__')
         testFnNames = list(filter(isTestMethod, dir(testCaseClass)))
         if self.sortTestMethodsUsing:
             testFnNames.sort(self.sortTestMethodsUsing)
diff --git a/Lib/urllib.py b/Lib/urllib.py
index bbcd00e2..6bf89ee 100644
--- a/Lib/urllib.py
+++ b/Lib/urllib.py
@@ -196,12 +196,12 @@
     def open_unknown(self, fullurl, data=None):
         """Overridable interface to open unknown URL type."""
         type, url = splittype(fullurl)
-        raise IOError, ('url error', 'unknown url type', type)
+        raise IOError('url error', 'unknown url type', type)
 
     def open_unknown_proxy(self, proxy, fullurl, data=None):
         """Overridable interface to open unknown URL type."""
         type, url = splittype(fullurl)
-        raise IOError, ('url error', 'invalid proxy for %s' % type, proxy)
+        raise IOError('url error', 'invalid proxy for %s' % type, proxy)
 
     # External interface
     def retrieve(self, url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None):
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@
                     host = realhost
 
             #print "proxy via http:", host, selector
-        if not host: raise IOError, ('http error', 'no host given')
+        if not host: raise IOError('http error', 'no host given')
 
         if proxy_passwd:
             import base64
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
         """Default error handler: close the connection and raise IOError."""
         void = fp.read()
         fp.close()
-        raise IOError, ('http error', errcode, errmsg, headers)
+        raise IOError('http error', errcode, errmsg, headers)
 
     if hasattr(socket, "ssl"):
         def _https_connection(self, host):
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@
     def open_file(self, url):
         """Use local file or FTP depending on form of URL."""
         if not isinstance(url, str):
-            raise IOError, ('file error', 'proxy support for file protocol currently not implemented')
+            raise IOError('file error', 'proxy support for file protocol currently not implemented')
         if url[:2] == '//' and url[2:3] != '/' and url[2:12].lower() != 'localhost/':
             return self.open_ftp(url)
         else:
@@ -441,16 +441,16 @@
                 urlfile = 'file://' + file
             return addinfourl(open(localname, 'rb'),
                               headers, urlfile)
-        raise IOError, ('local file error', 'not on local host')
+        raise IOError('local file error', 'not on local host')
 
     def open_ftp(self, url):
         """Use FTP protocol."""
         if not isinstance(url, str):
-            raise IOError, ('ftp error', 'proxy support for ftp protocol currently not implemented')
+            raise IOError('ftp error', 'proxy support for ftp protocol currently not implemented')
         import mimetypes, mimetools
         from io import StringIO
         host, path = splithost(url)
-        if not host: raise IOError, ('ftp error', 'no host given')
+        if not host: raise IOError('ftp error', 'no host given')
         host, port = splitport(host)
         user, host = splituser(host)
         if user: user, passwd = splitpasswd(user)
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@
     def open_data(self, url, data=None):
         """Use "data" URL."""
         if not isinstance(url, str):
-            raise IOError, ('data error', 'proxy support for data protocol currently not implemented')
+            raise IOError('data error', 'proxy support for data protocol currently not implemented')
         # ignore POSTed data
         #
         # syntax of data URLs:
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@
         try:
             [type, data] = url.split(',', 1)
         except ValueError:
-            raise IOError, ('data error', 'bad data URL')
+            raise IOError('data error', 'bad data URL')
         if not type:
             type = 'text/plain;charset=US-ASCII'
         semi = type.rfind(';')
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@
     if match:
         host, port = match.group(1, 2)
         try:
-            if not port: raise ValueError, "no digits"
+            if not port: raise ValueError("no digits")
             nport = int(port)
         except ValueError:
             nport = None
diff --git a/Lib/urllib2.py b/Lib/urllib2.py
index 0995aeb..32fb205 100644
--- a/Lib/urllib2.py
+++ b/Lib/urllib2.py
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
             if hasattr(Request, 'get_' + name):
                 getattr(self, 'get_' + name)()
                 return getattr(self, attr)
-        raise AttributeError, attr
+        raise AttributeError(attr)
 
     def get_method(self):
         if self.has_data():
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@
         if self.type is None:
             self.type, self.__r_type = splittype(self.__original)
             if self.type is None:
-                raise ValueError, "unknown url type: %s" % self.__original
+                raise ValueError("unknown url type: %s" % self.__original)
         return self.type
 
     def get_host(self):
@@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@
         import mimetypes
         host = req.get_host()
         if not host:
-            raise IOError, ('ftp error', 'no host given')
+            raise IOError('ftp error', 'no host given')
         host, port = splitport(host)
         if port is None:
             port = ftplib.FTP_PORT
diff --git a/Lib/wave.py b/Lib/wave.py
index 42bf8bf..4fc1bf1 100644
--- a/Lib/wave.py
+++ b/Lib/wave.py
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@
         self._soundpos = 0
         self._file = Chunk(file, bigendian = 0)
         if self._file.getname() != b'RIFF':
-            raise Error, 'file does not start with RIFF id'
+            raise Error('file does not start with RIFF id')
         if self._file.read(4) != b'WAVE':
-            raise Error, 'not a WAVE file'
+            raise Error('not a WAVE file')
         self._fmt_chunk_read = 0
         self._data_chunk = None
         while 1:
@@ -144,14 +144,14 @@
                 self._fmt_chunk_read = 1
             elif chunkname == b'data':
                 if not self._fmt_chunk_read:
-                    raise Error, 'data chunk before fmt chunk'
+                    raise Error('data chunk before fmt chunk')
                 self._data_chunk = chunk
                 self._nframes = chunk.chunksize // self._framesize
                 self._data_seek_needed = 0
                 break
             chunk.skip()
         if not self._fmt_chunk_read or not self._data_chunk:
-            raise Error, 'fmt chunk and/or data chunk missing'
+            raise Error('fmt chunk and/or data chunk missing')
 
     def __init__(self, f):
         self._i_opened_the_file = None
@@ -214,11 +214,11 @@
         return None
 
     def getmark(self, id):
-        raise Error, 'no marks'
+        raise Error('no marks')
 
     def setpos(self, pos):
         if pos < 0 or pos > self._nframes:
-            raise Error, 'position not in range'
+            raise Error('position not in range')
         self._soundpos = pos
         self._data_seek_needed = 1
 
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@
             sampwidth = struct.unpack_from('<h', chunk.read(2))[0]
             self._sampwidth = (sampwidth + 7) // 8
         else:
-            raise Error, 'unknown format: %r' % (wFormatTag,)
+            raise Error('unknown format: %r' % (wFormatTag,))
         self._framesize = self._nchannels * self._sampwidth
         self._comptype = 'NONE'
         self._compname = 'not compressed'
@@ -328,43 +328,43 @@
     #
     def setnchannels(self, nchannels):
         if self._datawritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if nchannels < 1:
-            raise Error, 'bad # of channels'
+            raise Error('bad # of channels')
         self._nchannels = nchannels
 
     def getnchannels(self):
         if not self._nchannels:
-            raise Error, 'number of channels not set'
+            raise Error('number of channels not set')
         return self._nchannels
 
     def setsampwidth(self, sampwidth):
         if self._datawritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if sampwidth < 1 or sampwidth > 4:
-            raise Error, 'bad sample width'
+            raise Error('bad sample width')
         self._sampwidth = sampwidth
 
     def getsampwidth(self):
         if not self._sampwidth:
-            raise Error, 'sample width not set'
+            raise Error('sample width not set')
         return self._sampwidth
 
     def setframerate(self, framerate):
         if self._datawritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if framerate <= 0:
-            raise Error, 'bad frame rate'
+            raise Error('bad frame rate')
         self._framerate = framerate
 
     def getframerate(self):
         if not self._framerate:
-            raise Error, 'frame rate not set'
+            raise Error('frame rate not set')
         return self._framerate
 
     def setnframes(self, nframes):
         if self._datawritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         self._nframes = nframes
 
     def getnframes(self):
@@ -372,9 +372,9 @@
 
     def setcomptype(self, comptype, compname):
         if self._datawritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         if comptype not in ('NONE',):
-            raise Error, 'unsupported compression type'
+            raise Error('unsupported compression type')
         self._comptype = comptype
         self._compname = compname
 
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@
     def setparams(self, params):
         nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname = params
         if self._datawritten:
-            raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
         self.setnchannels(nchannels)
         self.setsampwidth(sampwidth)
         self.setframerate(framerate)
@@ -396,15 +396,15 @@
 
     def getparams(self):
         if not self._nchannels or not self._sampwidth or not self._framerate:
-            raise Error, 'not all parameters set'
+            raise Error('not all parameters set')
         return self._nchannels, self._sampwidth, self._framerate, \
               self._nframes, self._comptype, self._compname
 
     def setmark(self, id, pos, name):
-        raise Error, 'setmark() not supported'
+        raise Error('setmark() not supported')
 
     def getmark(self, id):
-        raise Error, 'no marks'
+        raise Error('no marks')
 
     def getmarkers(self):
         return None
@@ -451,11 +451,11 @@
     def _ensure_header_written(self, datasize):
         if not self._datawritten:
             if not self._nchannels:
-                raise Error, '# channels not specified'
+                raise Error('# channels not specified')
             if not self._sampwidth:
-                raise Error, 'sample width not specified'
+                raise Error('sample width not specified')
             if not self._framerate:
-                raise Error, 'sampling rate not specified'
+                raise Error('sampling rate not specified')
             self._write_header(datasize)
 
     def _write_header(self, initlength):
@@ -495,6 +495,6 @@
     elif mode in ('w', 'wb'):
         return Wave_write(f)
     else:
-        raise Error, "mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'"
+        raise Error("mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'")
 
 openfp = open # B/W compatibility
diff --git a/Lib/weakref.py b/Lib/weakref.py
index bdb89fb..c5e5247 100644
--- a/Lib/weakref.py
+++ b/Lib/weakref.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         o = self.data[key]()
         if o is None:
-            raise KeyError, key
+            raise KeyError(key)
         else:
             return o
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
                 return args[0]
             raise
         if o is None:
-            raise KeyError, key
+            raise KeyError(key)
         else:
             return o
 
diff --git a/Lib/xdrlib.py b/Lib/xdrlib.py
index 98bdedb..b293e06 100644
--- a/Lib/xdrlib.py
+++ b/Lib/xdrlib.py
@@ -66,16 +66,16 @@
     def pack_float(self, x):
         try: self.__buf.write(struct.pack('>f', x))
         except struct.error as msg:
-            raise ConversionError, msg
+            raise ConversionError(msg)
 
     def pack_double(self, x):
         try: self.__buf.write(struct.pack('>d', x))
         except struct.error as msg:
-            raise ConversionError, msg
+            raise ConversionError(msg)
 
     def pack_fstring(self, n, s):
         if n < 0:
-            raise ValueError, 'fstring size must be nonnegative'
+            raise ValueError('fstring size must be nonnegative')
         data = s[:n]
         n = ((n+3)//4)*4
         data = data + (n - len(data)) * b'\0'
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 
     def pack_farray(self, n, list, pack_item):
         if len(list) != n:
-            raise ValueError, 'wrong array size'
+            raise ValueError('wrong array size')
         for item in list:
             pack_item(item)
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
 
     def unpack_fstring(self, n):
         if n < 0:
-            raise ValueError, 'fstring size must be nonnegative'
+            raise ValueError('fstring size must be nonnegative')
         i = self.__pos
         j = i + (n+3)//4*4
         if j > len(self.__buf):
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
             x = self.unpack_uint()
             if x == 0: break
             if x != 1:
-                raise ConversionError, '0 or 1 expected, got %r' % (x,)
+                raise ConversionError('0 or 1 expected, got %r' % (x,))
             item = unpack_item()
             list.append(item)
         return list
diff --git a/Lib/xmlrpclib.py b/Lib/xmlrpclib.py
index ac36b62..60b05b9 100644
--- a/Lib/xmlrpclib.py
+++ b/Lib/xmlrpclib.py
@@ -570,13 +570,13 @@
             try:
                 value.__dict__
             except:
-                raise TypeError, "cannot marshal %s objects" % type(value)
+                raise TypeError("cannot marshal %s objects" % type(value))
             # check if this class is a sub-class of a basic type,
             # because we don't know how to marshal these types
             # (e.g. a string sub-class)
             for type_ in type(value).__mro__:
                 if type_ in self.dispatch.keys():
-                    raise TypeError, "cannot marshal %s objects" % type(value)
+                    raise TypeError("cannot marshal %s objects" % type(value))
             # XXX(twouters): using "_arbitrary_instance" as key as a quick-fix
             # for the p3yk merge, this should probably be fixed more neatly.
             f = self.dispatch["_arbitrary_instance"]
@@ -584,14 +584,14 @@
 
     def dump_nil (self, value, write):
         if not self.allow_none:
-            raise TypeError, "cannot marshal None unless allow_none is enabled"
+            raise TypeError("cannot marshal None unless allow_none is enabled")
         write("<value><nil/></value>")
     dispatch[type(None)] = dump_nil
 
     def dump_int(self, value, write):
         # in case ints are > 32 bits
         if value > MAXINT or value < MININT:
-            raise OverflowError, "int exceeds XML-RPC limits"
+            raise OverflowError("int exceeds XML-RPC limits")
         write("<value><int>")
         write(str(value))
         write("</int></value>\n")
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@
 
     def dump_long(self, value, write):
         if value > MAXINT or value < MININT:
-            raise OverflowError, "long int exceeds XML-RPC limits"
+            raise OverflowError("long int exceeds XML-RPC limits")
         write("<value><int>")
         write(str(int(value)))
         write("</int></value>\n")
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@
     def dump_array(self, value, write):
         i = id(value)
         if i in self.memo:
-            raise TypeError, "cannot marshal recursive sequences"
+            raise TypeError("cannot marshal recursive sequences")
         self.memo[i] = None
         dump = self.__dump
         write("<value><array><data>\n")
@@ -647,14 +647,14 @@
     def dump_struct(self, value, write, escape=escape):
         i = id(value)
         if i in self.memo:
-            raise TypeError, "cannot marshal recursive dictionaries"
+            raise TypeError("cannot marshal recursive dictionaries")
         self.memo[i] = None
         dump = self.__dump
         write("<value><struct>\n")
         for k, v in value.items():
             write("<member>\n")
             if not isinstance(k, basestring):
-                raise TypeError, "dictionary key must be string"
+                raise TypeError("dictionary key must be string")
             write("<name>%s</name>\n" % escape(k))
             dump(v, write)
             write("</member>\n")
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@
         self.append = self._stack.append
         self._use_datetime = use_datetime
         if use_datetime and not datetime:
-            raise ValueError, "the datetime module is not available"
+            raise ValueError("the datetime module is not available")
 
     def close(self):
         # return response tuple and target method
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@
         elif data == "1":
             self.append(True)
         else:
-            raise TypeError, "bad boolean value"
+            raise TypeError("bad boolean value")
         self._value = 0
     dispatch["boolean"] = end_boolean
 
@@ -897,8 +897,7 @@
         elif type(item) == type([]):
             return item[0]
         else:
-            raise ValueError,\
-                  "unexpected type in multicall result"
+            raise ValueError("unexpected type in multicall result")
 
 class MultiCall:
     """server -> a object used to boxcar method calls
@@ -952,7 +951,7 @@
     to an unmarshalling object.  Return both objects.
     """
     if use_datetime and not datetime:
-        raise ValueError, "the datetime module is not available"
+        raise ValueError("the datetime module is not available")
     if FastParser and FastUnmarshaller:
         if use_datetime:
             mkdatetime = _datetime_type
@@ -1321,7 +1320,7 @@
         import urllib
         type, uri = urllib.splittype(uri)
         if type not in ("http", "https"):
-            raise IOError, "unsupported XML-RPC protocol"
+            raise IOError("unsupported XML-RPC protocol")
         self.__host, self.__handler = urllib.splithost(uri)
         if not self.__handler:
             self.__handler = "/RPC2"
diff --git a/Lib/zipfile.py b/Lib/zipfile.py
index 4cd90e5..c72c315 100644
--- a/Lib/zipfile.py
+++ b/Lib/zipfile.py
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@
                 elif ln == 0:
                     counts = ()
                 else:
-                    raise RuntimeError, "Corrupt extra field %s"%(ln,)
+                    raise RuntimeError("Corrupt extra field %s"%(ln,))
 
                 idx = 0
 
@@ -581,10 +581,10 @@
             pass
         elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED:
             if not zlib:
-                raise RuntimeError,\
-                      "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                      "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module")
         else:
-            raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported"
+            raise RuntimeError("That compression method is not supported")
 
         self._allowZip64 = allowZip64
         self._didModify = False
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@
             if not self._filePassed:
                 self.fp.close()
                 self.fp = None
-            raise RuntimeError, 'Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"'
+            raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"')
 
     def _GetContents(self):
         """Read the directory, making sure we close the file if the format
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@
         fp = self.fp
         endrec = _EndRecData(fp)
         if not endrec:
-            raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file"
+            raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file")
         if self.debug > 1:
             print(endrec)
         size_cd = endrec[5]             # bytes in central directory
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@
             centdir = fp.read(46)
             total = total + 46
             if centdir[0:4] != stringCentralDir:
-                raise BadZipfile, "Bad magic number for central directory"
+                raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory")
             centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir)
             if self.debug > 2:
                 print(centdir)
@@ -752,10 +752,10 @@
     def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None):
         """Return file-like object for 'name'."""
         if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"):
-            raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"'
+            raise RuntimeError('open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"')
         if not self.fp:
-            raise RuntimeError, \
-                  "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed"
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                  "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed")
 
         # Only open a new file for instances where we were not
         # given a file object in the constructor
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@
         # Skip the file header:
         fheader = zef_file.read(30)
         if fheader[0:4] != stringFileHeader:
-            raise BadZipfile, "Bad magic number for file header"
+            raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header")
 
         fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader)
         fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH])
@@ -782,9 +782,9 @@
             zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])
 
         if fname != zinfo.orig_filename.encode("utf-8"):
-            raise BadZipfile, \
-                      'File name in directory %r and header %r differ.' % (
-                          zinfo.orig_filename, fname)
+            raise BadZipfile(
+                  'File name in directory %r and header %r differ.'
+                  % (zinfo.orig_filename, fname))
 
         # check for encrypted flag & handle password
         is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1
@@ -793,8 +793,8 @@
             if not pwd:
                 pwd = self.pwd
             if not pwd:
-                raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \
-                      "password required for extraction" % name
+                raise RuntimeError("File %s is encrypted, "
+                                   "password required for extraction" % name)
 
             zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd)
             # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@
             bytes = zef_file.read(12)
             h = list(map(zd, bytes[0:12]))
             if h[11] != ((zinfo.CRC>>24) & 255):
-                raise RuntimeError, "Bad password for file %s" % name
+                raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file %s" % name)
 
         # build and return a ZipExtFile
         if zd is None:
@@ -823,22 +823,22 @@
             if self.debug:      # Warning for duplicate names
                 print("Duplicate name:", zinfo.filename)
         if self.mode not in ("w", "a"):
-            raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"'
+            raise RuntimeError('write() requires mode "w" or "a"')
         if not self.fp:
-            raise RuntimeError, \
-                  "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed"
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                  "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed")
         if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib:
-            raise RuntimeError, \
-                  "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                  "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module")
         if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED):
-            raise RuntimeError, \
-                  "That compression method is not supported"
+            raise RuntimeError("That compression method is not supported")
         if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
             if not self._allowZip64:
                 raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions")
         if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
             if not self._allowZip64:
-                raise LargeZipFile("Zipfile size would require ZIP64 extensions")
+                raise LargeZipFile(
+                      "Zipfile size would require ZIP64 extensions")
 
     def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None):
         """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name
@@ -1103,8 +1103,8 @@
                         self.write(fname, arcname)
         else:
             if pathname[-3:] != ".py":
-                raise RuntimeError, \
-                      'Files added with writepy() must end with ".py"'
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                      'Files added with writepy() must end with ".py"')
             fname, arcname = self._get_codename(pathname[0:-3], basename)
             if self.debug:
                 print("Adding file", arcname)