diff --git a/Lib/xml/etree/ElementTree.py b/Lib/xml/etree/ElementTree.py
index c1cf483..b5ad8e1 100644
--- a/Lib/xml/etree/ElementTree.py
+++ b/Lib/xml/etree/ElementTree.py
@@ -169,10 +169,8 @@
         if not isinstance(attrib, dict):
             raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % (
                 attrib.__class__.__name__,))
-        attrib = attrib.copy()
-        attrib.update(extra)
         self.tag = tag
-        self.attrib = attrib
+        self.attrib = {**attrib, **extra}
         self._children = []
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -451,8 +449,7 @@
     additional attributes given as keyword arguments.
 
     """
-    attrib = attrib.copy()
-    attrib.update(extra)
+    attrib = {**attrib, **extra}
     element = parent.makeelement(tag, attrib)
     parent.append(element)
     return element
diff --git a/Lib/xml/sax/saxutils.py b/Lib/xml/sax/saxutils.py
index a69c7f7..b4fc2da 100644
--- a/Lib/xml/sax/saxutils.py
+++ b/Lib/xml/sax/saxutils.py
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@
     the optional entities parameter.  The keys and values must all be
     strings; each key will be replaced with its corresponding value.
     """
-    entities = entities.copy()
-    entities.update({'\n': '&#10;', '\r': '&#13;', '\t':'&#9;'})
+    entities = {**entities, '\n': '&#10;', '\r': '&#13;', '\t':'&#9;'}
     data = escape(data, entities)
     if '"' in data:
         if "'" in data: