diff --git a/Lib/test/test_io.py b/Lib/test/test_io.py
index bcf435f..a17fcee 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_io.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_io.py
@@ -2653,12 +2653,50 @@
     def test_interrupted_write_text(self):
         self.check_interrupted_write("xy", b"xy", mode="w", encoding="ascii")
 
+    def check_reentrant_write(self, data, **fdopen_kwargs):
+        def on_alarm(*args):
+            # Will be called reentrantly from the same thread
+            wio.write(data)
+            1/0
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, on_alarm)
+        r, w = os.pipe()
+        wio = self.io.open(w, **fdopen_kwargs)
+        try:
+            signal.alarm(1)
+            # Either the reentrant call to wio.write() fails with RuntimeError,
+            # or the signal handler raises ZeroDivisionError.
+            with self.assertRaises((ZeroDivisionError, RuntimeError)) as cm:
+                while 1:
+                    for i in range(100):
+                        wio.write(data)
+                        wio.flush()
+                    # Make sure the buffer doesn't fill up and block further writes
+                    os.read(r, len(data) * 100)
+            exc = cm.exception
+            if isinstance(exc, RuntimeError):
+                self.assertTrue(str(exc).startswith("reentrant call"), str(exc))
+        finally:
+            wio.close()
+            os.close(r)
+
+    def test_reentrant_write_buffered(self):
+        self.check_reentrant_write(b"xy", mode="wb")
+
+    def test_reentrant_write_text(self):
+        self.check_reentrant_write("xy", mode="w", encoding="ascii")
+
+
 class CSignalsTest(SignalsTest):
     io = io
 
 class PySignalsTest(SignalsTest):
     io = pyio
 
+    # Handling reentrancy issues would slow down _pyio even more, so the
+    # tests are disabled.
+    test_reentrant_write_buffered = None
+    test_reentrant_write_text = None
+
 
 def test_main():
     tests = (CIOTest, PyIOTest,
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS
index 0349ef2..b0221cb 100644
--- a/Misc/NEWS
+++ b/Misc/NEWS
@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@
 Library
 -------
 
+- Issue #10478: Reentrant calls inside buffered IO objects (for example by
+  way of a signal handler) now raise a RuntimeError instead of freezing the
+  current process.
+
 - logging: Added getLogRecordFactory/setLogRecordFactory with docs and tests.
 
 - Issue #10549: Fix pydoc traceback when text-documenting certain classes.
diff --git a/Modules/_io/bufferedio.c b/Modules/_io/bufferedio.c
index 7661a00..f7e34a8 100644
--- a/Modules/_io/bufferedio.c
+++ b/Modules/_io/bufferedio.c
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@
 
 #ifdef WITH_THREAD
     PyThread_type_lock lock;
+    volatile long owner;
 #endif
 
     Py_ssize_t buffer_size;
@@ -260,17 +261,34 @@
 /* These macros protect the buffered object against concurrent operations. */
 
 #ifdef WITH_THREAD
-#define ENTER_BUFFERED(self) \
-    if (!PyThread_acquire_lock(self->lock, 0)) { \
-        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS \
-        PyThread_acquire_lock(self->lock, 1); \
-        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS \
+
+static int
+_enter_buffered_busy(buffered *self)
+{
+    if (self->owner == PyThread_get_thread_ident()) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                     "reentrant call inside %R", self);
+        return 0;
     }
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    PyThread_acquire_lock(self->lock, 1);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#define ENTER_BUFFERED(self) \
+    ( (PyThread_acquire_lock(self->lock, 0) ? \
+       1 : _enter_buffered_busy(self)) \
+     && (self->owner = PyThread_get_thread_ident(), 1) )
 
 #define LEAVE_BUFFERED(self) \
-    PyThread_release_lock(self->lock);
+    do { \
+        self->owner = 0; \
+        PyThread_release_lock(self->lock); \
+    } while(0);
+
 #else
-#define ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+#define ENTER_BUFFERED(self) 1
 #define LEAVE_BUFFERED(self)
 #endif
 
@@ -444,7 +462,8 @@
     int r;
 
     CHECK_INITIALIZED(self)
-    ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+    if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+        return NULL;
 
     r = buffered_closed(self);
     if (r < 0)
@@ -465,7 +484,8 @@
     /* flush() will most probably re-take the lock, so drop it first */
     LEAVE_BUFFERED(self)
     res = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs((PyObject *)self, _PyIO_str_flush, NULL);
-    ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+    if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+        return NULL;
     if (res == NULL) {
         goto end;
     }
@@ -679,6 +699,7 @@
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "can't allocate read lock");
         return -1;
     }
+    self->owner = 0;
 #endif
     /* Find out whether buffer_size is a power of 2 */
     /* XXX is this optimization useful? */
@@ -705,7 +726,8 @@
     CHECK_INITIALIZED(self)
     CHECK_CLOSED(self, "flush of closed file")
 
-    ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+    if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+        return NULL;
     res = _bufferedwriter_flush_unlocked(self, 0);
     if (res != NULL && self->readable) {
         /* Rewind the raw stream so that its position corresponds to
@@ -732,7 +754,8 @@
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+    if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+        return NULL;
 
     if (self->writable) {
         res = _bufferedwriter_flush_unlocked(self, 1);
@@ -767,7 +790,8 @@
 
     if (n == -1) {
         /* The number of bytes is unspecified, read until the end of stream */
-        ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+        if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+            return NULL;
         res = _bufferedreader_read_all(self);
         LEAVE_BUFFERED(self)
     }
@@ -775,7 +799,8 @@
         res = _bufferedreader_read_fast(self, n);
         if (res == Py_None) {
             Py_DECREF(res);
-            ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+            if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+                return NULL;
             res = _bufferedreader_read_generic(self, n);
             LEAVE_BUFFERED(self)
         }
@@ -803,7 +828,8 @@
     if (n == 0)
         return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
 
-    ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+    if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+        return NULL;
     
     if (self->writable) {
         res = _bufferedwriter_flush_unlocked(self, 1);
@@ -859,7 +885,8 @@
     
     /* TODO: use raw.readinto() instead! */
     if (self->writable) {
-        ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+        if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+            return NULL;
         res = _bufferedwriter_flush_unlocked(self, 0);
         LEAVE_BUFFERED(self)
         if (res == NULL)
@@ -903,7 +930,8 @@
         goto end_unlocked;
     }
 
-    ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+    if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+        goto end_unlocked;
 
     /* Now we try to get some more from the raw stream */
     if (self->writable) {
@@ -1053,7 +1081,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+    if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+        return NULL;
 
     /* Fallback: invoke raw seek() method and clear buffer */
     if (self->writable) {
@@ -1091,7 +1120,8 @@
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+    if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self))
+        return NULL;
 
     if (self->writable) {
         res = _bufferedwriter_flush_unlocked(self, 0);
@@ -1748,7 +1778,10 @@
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    ENTER_BUFFERED(self)
+    if (!ENTER_BUFFERED(self)) {
+        PyBuffer_Release(&buf);
+        return NULL;
+    }
 
     /* Fast path: the data to write can be fully buffered. */
     if (!VALID_READ_BUFFER(self) && !VALID_WRITE_BUFFER(self)) {