[3.8] bpo-36389: Backport debug enhancements from master (GH-16796)

* bpo-36389: _PyObject_CheckConsistency() available in release mode (GH-16612)

bpo-36389, bpo-38376: The _PyObject_CheckConsistency() function is
now also available in release mode. For example, it can be used to
debug a crash in the visit_decref() function of the GC.

Modify the following functions to also work in release mode:

* _PyDict_CheckConsistency()
* _PyObject_CheckConsistency()
* _PyType_CheckConsistency()
* _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency()

Other changes:

* _PyMem_IsPtrFreed(ptr) now also returns 1 if ptr is NULL
  (equals to 0).
* _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency() now returns 1 and is only used
  with assert().
* Reorder _PyObject_Dump() to write safe fields first, and only
  attempt to render repr() at the end.

(cherry picked from commit 6876257eaabdb30f27ebcbd7d2557278ce2e5705)

* bpo-36389: Fix _PyBytesWriter in release mode (GH-16624)

Fix _PyBytesWriter API when Python is built in release mode with
assertions.

(cherry picked from commit 60ec6efd96d95476fe5e38c491491add04f026e5)

* bpo-38070: Enhance visit_decref() debug trace (GH-16631)

subtract_refs() now pass the parent object to visit_decref() which
pass it to _PyObject_ASSERT(). So if the "is freed" assertion fails,
the parent is used in debug trace, rather than the freed object. The
parent object is more likely to contain useful information. Freed
objects cannot be inspected are are displayed as "<object at xxx is
freed>" with no other detail.

(cherry picked from commit 4d5f94b8cd20f804c7868c5395a15aa6032f874c)

* Fix also a typo in PYMEM_DEADBYTE macro comment

* bpo-36389: Add newline to _PyObject_AssertFailed() (GH-16629)

Add a newline between the verbose object dump and the Py_FatalError()
logs for readability.

(cherry picked from commit 7775349895088a7ae68cecf0c74cf817f15e2c74)
diff --git a/Objects/unicodeobject.c b/Objects/unicodeobject.c
index 9eef05a..0556eff 100644
--- a/Objects/unicodeobject.c
+++ b/Objects/unicodeobject.c
@@ -442,65 +442,63 @@
 int
 _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(PyObject *op, int check_content)
 {
+#define CHECK(expr) \
+    do { if (!(expr)) { _PyObject_ASSERT_FAILED_MSG(op, Py_STRINGIFY(expr)); } } while (0)
+
     PyASCIIObject *ascii;
     unsigned int kind;
 
-    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, PyUnicode_Check(op));
+    assert(op != NULL);
+    CHECK(PyUnicode_Check(op));
 
     ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)op;
     kind = ascii->state.kind;
 
     if (ascii->state.ascii == 1 && ascii->state.compact == 1) {
-        _PyObject_ASSERT(op, kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
-        _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->state.ready == 1);
+        CHECK(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
+        CHECK(ascii->state.ready == 1);
     }
     else {
         PyCompactUnicodeObject *compact = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)op;
-#ifndef NDEBUG
         void *data;
-#endif
 
         if (ascii->state.compact == 1) {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
             data = compact + 1;
-#endif
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
+            CHECK(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
                                  || kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
                                  || kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->state.ascii == 0);
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->state.ready == 1);
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, compact->utf8 != data);
+            CHECK(ascii->state.ascii == 0);
+            CHECK(ascii->state.ready == 1);
+            CHECK(compact->utf8 != data);
         }
         else {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
             PyUnicodeObject *unicode = (PyUnicodeObject *)op;
 
             data = unicode->data.any;
-#endif
             if (kind == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->length == 0);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->hash == -1);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->state.compact == 0);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->state.ascii == 0);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->state.ready == 0);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->state.interned == SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->wstr != NULL);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, data == NULL);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, compact->utf8 == NULL);
+                CHECK(ascii->length == 0);
+                CHECK(ascii->hash == -1);
+                CHECK(ascii->state.compact == 0);
+                CHECK(ascii->state.ascii == 0);
+                CHECK(ascii->state.ready == 0);
+                CHECK(ascii->state.interned == SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED);
+                CHECK(ascii->wstr != NULL);
+                CHECK(data == NULL);
+                CHECK(compact->utf8 == NULL);
             }
             else {
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
+                CHECK(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
                                      || kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
                                      || kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->state.compact == 0);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->state.ready == 1);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, data != NULL);
+                CHECK(ascii->state.compact == 0);
+                CHECK(ascii->state.ready == 1);
+                CHECK(data != NULL);
                 if (ascii->state.ascii) {
-                    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, compact->utf8 == data);
-                    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, compact->utf8_length == ascii->length);
+                    CHECK(compact->utf8 == data);
+                    CHECK(compact->utf8_length == ascii->length);
                 }
                 else
-                    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, compact->utf8 != data);
+                    CHECK(compact->utf8 != data);
             }
         }
         if (kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
@@ -512,16 +510,16 @@
 #endif
                )
             {
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->wstr == data);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, compact->wstr_length == ascii->length);
+                CHECK(ascii->wstr == data);
+                CHECK(compact->wstr_length == ascii->length);
             } else
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, ascii->wstr != data);
+                CHECK(ascii->wstr != data);
         }
 
         if (compact->utf8 == NULL)
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, compact->utf8_length == 0);
+            CHECK(compact->utf8_length == 0);
         if (ascii->wstr == NULL)
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, compact->wstr_length == 0);
+            CHECK(compact->wstr_length == 0);
     }
 
     /* check that the best kind is used: O(n) operation */
@@ -540,23 +538,25 @@
         }
         if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
             if (ascii->state.ascii == 0) {
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, maxchar >= 128);
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, maxchar <= 255);
+                CHECK(maxchar >= 128);
+                CHECK(maxchar <= 255);
             }
             else
-                _PyObject_ASSERT(op, maxchar < 128);
+                CHECK(maxchar < 128);
         }
         else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, maxchar >= 0x100);
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, maxchar <= 0xFFFF);
+            CHECK(maxchar >= 0x100);
+            CHECK(maxchar <= 0xFFFF);
         }
         else {
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, maxchar >= 0x10000);
-            _PyObject_ASSERT(op, maxchar <= MAX_UNICODE);
+            CHECK(maxchar >= 0x10000);
+            CHECK(maxchar <= MAX_UNICODE);
         }
-        _PyObject_ASSERT(op, PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, ascii->length) == 0);
+        CHECK(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, ascii->length) == 0);
     }
     return 1;
+
+#undef CHECK
 }