Lib/test/test_argparse.py

# Author: Steven J. Bethard <steven.bethard@gmail.com>.

import codecs
import inspect
import os
import shutil
import stat
import sys
import textwrap
import tempfile
import unittest
import argparse

from io import StringIO

from test import support
from unittest import mock
class StdIOBuffer(StringIO):
    pass

class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        # The tests assume that line wrapping occurs at 80 columns, but this
        # behaviour can be overridden by setting the COLUMNS environment
        # variable.  To ensure that this assumption is true, unset COLUMNS.
        env = support.EnvironmentVarGuard()
        env.unset("COLUMNS")
        self.addCleanup(env.__exit__)


class TempDirMixin(object):

    def setUp(self):
        self.temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        self.old_dir = os.getcwd()
        os.chdir(self.temp_dir)

    def tearDown(self):
        os.chdir(self.old_dir)
        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.temp_dir, topdown=False):
            for name in files:
                os.chmod(os.path.join(self.temp_dir, name), stat.S_IWRITE)
        shutil.rmtree(self.temp_dir, True)

    def create_readonly_file(self, filename):
        file_path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, filename)
        with open(file_path, 'w') as file:
            file.write(filename)
        os.chmod(file_path, stat.S_IREAD)

class Sig(object):

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs


class NS(object):

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        self.__dict__.update(kwargs)

    def __repr__(self):
        sorted_items = sorted(self.__dict__.items())
        kwarg_str = ', '.join(['%s=%r' % tup for tup in sorted_items])
        return '%s(%s)' % (type(self).__name__, kwarg_str)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return vars(self) == vars(other)


class ArgumentParserError(Exception):

    def __init__(self, message, stdout=None, stderr=None, error_code=None):
        Exception.__init__(self, message, stdout, stderr)
        self.message = message
        self.stdout = stdout
        self.stderr = stderr
        self.error_code = error_code


def stderr_to_parser_error(parse_args, *args, **kwargs):
    # if this is being called recursively and stderr or stdout is already being
    # redirected, simply call the function and let the enclosing function
    # catch the exception
    if isinstance(sys.stderr, StdIOBuffer) or isinstance(sys.stdout, StdIOBuffer):
        return parse_args(*args, **kwargs)

    # if this is not being called recursively, redirect stderr and
    # use it as the ArgumentParserError message
    old_stdout = sys.stdout
    old_stderr = sys.stderr
    sys.stdout = StdIOBuffer()
    sys.stderr = StdIOBuffer()
    try:
        try:
            result = parse_args(*args, **kwargs)
            for key in list(vars(result)):
                if getattr(result, key) is sys.stdout:
                    setattr(result, key, old_stdout)
                if getattr(result, key) is sys.stderr:
                    setattr(result, key, old_stderr)
            return result
        except SystemExit:
            code = sys.exc_info()[1].code
            stdout = sys.stdout.getvalue()
            stderr = sys.stderr.getvalue()
            raise ArgumentParserError("SystemExit", stdout, stderr, code)
    finally:
        sys.stdout = old_stdout
        sys.stderr = old_stderr


class ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):

    def parse_args(self, *args, **kwargs):
        parse_args = super(ErrorRaisingArgumentParser, self).parse_args
        return stderr_to_parser_error(parse_args, *args, **kwargs)

    def exit(self, *args, **kwargs):
        exit = super(ErrorRaisingArgumentParser, self).exit
        return stderr_to_parser_error(exit, *args, **kwargs)

    def error(self, *args, **kwargs):
        error = super(ErrorRaisingArgumentParser, self).error
        return stderr_to_parser_error(error, *args, **kwargs)


class ParserTesterMetaclass(type):
    """Adds parser tests using the class attributes.

    Classes of this type should specify the following attributes:

    argument_signatures -- a list of Sig objects which specify
        the signatures of Argument objects to be created
    failures -- a list of args lists that should cause the parser
        to fail
    successes -- a list of (initial_args, options, remaining_args) tuples
        where initial_args specifies the string args to be parsed,
        options is a dict that should match the vars() of the options
        parsed out of initial_args, and remaining_args should be any
        remaining unparsed arguments
    """

    def __init__(cls, name, bases, bodydict):
        if name == 'ParserTestCase':
            return

        # default parser signature is empty
        if not hasattr(cls, 'parser_signature'):
            cls.parser_signature = Sig()
        if not hasattr(cls, 'parser_class'):
            cls.parser_class = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser

        # ---------------------------------------
        # functions for adding optional arguments
        # ---------------------------------------
        def no_groups(parser, argument_signatures):
            """Add all arguments directly to the parser"""
            for sig in argument_signatures:
                parser.add_argument(*sig.args, **sig.kwargs)

        def one_group(parser, argument_signatures):
            """Add all arguments under a single group in the parser"""
            group = parser.add_argument_group('foo')
            for sig in argument_signatures:
                group.add_argument(*sig.args, **sig.kwargs)

        def many_groups(parser, argument_signatures):
            """Add each argument in its own group to the parser"""
            for i, sig in enumerate(argument_signatures):
                group = parser.add_argument_group('foo:%i' % i)
                group.add_argument(*sig.args, **sig.kwargs)

        # --------------------------
        # functions for parsing args
        # --------------------------
        def listargs(parser, args):
            """Parse the args by passing in a list"""
            return parser.parse_args(args)

        def sysargs(parser, args):
            """Parse the args by defaulting to sys.argv"""
            old_sys_argv = sys.argv
            sys.argv = [old_sys_argv[0]] + args
            try:
                return parser.parse_args()
            finally:
                sys.argv = old_sys_argv

        # class that holds the combination of one optional argument
        # addition method and one arg parsing method
        class AddTests(object):

            def __init__(self, tester_cls, add_arguments, parse_args):
                self._add_arguments = add_arguments
                self._parse_args = parse_args

                add_arguments_name = self._add_arguments.__name__
                parse_args_name = self._parse_args.__name__
                for test_func in [self.test_failures, self.test_successes]:
                    func_name = test_func.__name__
                    names = func_name, add_arguments_name, parse_args_name
                    test_name = '_'.join(names)

                    def wrapper(self, test_func=test_func):
                        test_func(self)
                    try:
                        wrapper.__name__ = test_name
                    except TypeError:
                        pass
                    setattr(tester_cls, test_name, wrapper)

            def _get_parser(self, tester):
                args = tester.parser_signature.args
                kwargs = tester.parser_signature.kwargs
                parser = tester.parser_class(*args, **kwargs)
                self._add_arguments(parser, tester.argument_signatures)
                return parser

            def test_failures(self, tester):
                parser = self._get_parser(tester)
                for args_str in tester.failures:
                    args = args_str.split()
                    with tester.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError, msg=args):
                        parser.parse_args(args)

            def test_successes(self, tester):
                parser = self._get_parser(tester)
                for args, expected_ns in tester.successes:
                    if isinstance(args, str):
                        args = args.split()
                    result_ns = self._parse_args(parser, args)
                    tester.assertEqual(expected_ns, result_ns)

        # add tests for each combination of an optionals adding method
        # and an arg parsing method
        for add_arguments in [no_groups, one_group, many_groups]:
            for parse_args in [listargs, sysargs]:
                AddTests(cls, add_arguments, parse_args)

bases = TestCase,
ParserTestCase = ParserTesterMetaclass('ParserTestCase', bases, {})

# ===============
# Optionals tests
# ===============

class TestOptionalsSingleDash(ParserTestCase):
    """Test an Optional with a single-dash option string"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-x')]
    failures = ['-x', 'a', '--foo', '-x --foo', '-x -y']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None)),
        ('-x a', NS(x='a')),
        ('-xa', NS(x='a')),
        ('-x -1', NS(x='-1')),
        ('-x-1', NS(x='-1')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsSingleDashCombined(ParserTestCase):
    """Test an Optional with a single-dash option string"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', action='store_true'),
        Sig('-yyy', action='store_const', const=42),
        Sig('-z'),
    ]
    failures = ['a', '--foo', '-xa', '-x --foo', '-x -z', '-z -x',
                '-yx', '-yz a', '-yyyx', '-yyyza', '-xyza']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=False, yyy=None, z=None)),
        ('-x', NS(x=True, yyy=None, z=None)),
        ('-za', NS(x=False, yyy=None, z='a')),
        ('-z a', NS(x=False, yyy=None, z='a')),
        ('-xza', NS(x=True, yyy=None, z='a')),
        ('-xz a', NS(x=True, yyy=None, z='a')),
        ('-x -za', NS(x=True, yyy=None, z='a')),
        ('-x -z a', NS(x=True, yyy=None, z='a')),
        ('-y', NS(x=False, yyy=42, z=None)),
        ('-yyy', NS(x=False, yyy=42, z=None)),
        ('-x -yyy -za', NS(x=True, yyy=42, z='a')),
        ('-x -yyy -z a', NS(x=True, yyy=42, z='a')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsSingleDashLong(ParserTestCase):
    """Test an Optional with a multi-character single-dash option string"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-foo')]
    failures = ['-foo', 'a', '--foo', '-foo --foo', '-foo -y', '-fooa']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=None)),
        ('-foo a', NS(foo='a')),
        ('-foo -1', NS(foo='-1')),
        ('-fo a', NS(foo='a')),
        ('-f a', NS(foo='a')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsSingleDashSubsetAmbiguous(ParserTestCase):
    """Test Optionals where option strings are subsets of each other"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-f'), Sig('-foobar'), Sig('-foorab')]
    failures = ['-f', '-foo', '-fo', '-foo b', '-foob', '-fooba', '-foora']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(f=None, foobar=None, foorab=None)),
        ('-f a', NS(f='a', foobar=None, foorab=None)),
        ('-fa', NS(f='a', foobar=None, foorab=None)),
        ('-foa', NS(f='oa', foobar=None, foorab=None)),
        ('-fooa', NS(f='ooa', foobar=None, foorab=None)),
        ('-foobar a', NS(f=None, foobar='a', foorab=None)),
        ('-foorab a', NS(f=None, foobar=None, foorab='a')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsSingleDashAmbiguous(ParserTestCase):
    """Test Optionals that partially match but are not subsets"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-foobar'), Sig('-foorab')]
    failures = ['-f', '-f a', '-fa', '-foa', '-foo', '-fo', '-foo b']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foobar=None, foorab=None)),
        ('-foob a', NS(foobar='a', foorab=None)),
        ('-foor a', NS(foobar=None, foorab='a')),
        ('-fooba a', NS(foobar='a', foorab=None)),
        ('-foora a', NS(foobar=None, foorab='a')),
        ('-foobar a', NS(foobar='a', foorab=None)),
        ('-foorab a', NS(foobar=None, foorab='a')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsNumeric(ParserTestCase):
    """Test an Optional with a short opt string"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-1', dest='one')]
    failures = ['-1', 'a', '-1 --foo', '-1 -y', '-1 -1', '-1 -2']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(one=None)),
        ('-1 a', NS(one='a')),
        ('-1a', NS(one='a')),
        ('-1-2', NS(one='-2')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsDoubleDash(ParserTestCase):
    """Test an Optional with a double-dash option string"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('--foo')]
    failures = ['--foo', '-f', '-f a', 'a', '--foo -x', '--foo --bar']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=None)),
        ('--foo a', NS(foo='a')),
        ('--foo=a', NS(foo='a')),
        ('--foo -2.5', NS(foo='-2.5')),
        ('--foo=-2.5', NS(foo='-2.5')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsDoubleDashPartialMatch(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests partial matching with a double-dash option string"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--badger', action='store_true'),
        Sig('--bat'),
    ]
    failures = ['--bar', '--b', '--ba', '--b=2', '--ba=4', '--badge 5']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(badger=False, bat=None)),
        ('--bat X', NS(badger=False, bat='X')),
        ('--bad', NS(badger=True, bat=None)),
        ('--badg', NS(badger=True, bat=None)),
        ('--badge', NS(badger=True, bat=None)),
        ('--badger', NS(badger=True, bat=None)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsDoubleDashPrefixMatch(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests when one double-dash option string is a prefix of another"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--badger', action='store_true'),
        Sig('--ba'),
    ]
    failures = ['--bar', '--b', '--ba', '--b=2', '--badge 5']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(badger=False, ba=None)),
        ('--ba X', NS(badger=False, ba='X')),
        ('--ba=X', NS(badger=False, ba='X')),
        ('--bad', NS(badger=True, ba=None)),
        ('--badg', NS(badger=True, ba=None)),
        ('--badge', NS(badger=True, ba=None)),
        ('--badger', NS(badger=True, ba=None)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsSingleDoubleDash(ParserTestCase):
    """Test an Optional with single- and double-dash option strings"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-f', action='store_true'),
        Sig('--bar'),
        Sig('-baz', action='store_const', const=42),
    ]
    failures = ['--bar', '-fbar', '-fbaz', '-bazf', '-b B', 'B']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(f=False, bar=None, baz=None)),
        ('-f', NS(f=True, bar=None, baz=None)),
        ('--ba B', NS(f=False, bar='B', baz=None)),
        ('-f --bar B', NS(f=True, bar='B', baz=None)),
        ('-f -b', NS(f=True, bar=None, baz=42)),
        ('-ba -f', NS(f=True, bar=None, baz=42)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsAlternatePrefixChars(ParserTestCase):
    """Test an Optional with option strings with custom prefixes"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prefix_chars='+:/', add_help=False)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('+f', action='store_true'),
        Sig('::bar'),
        Sig('/baz', action='store_const', const=42),
    ]
    failures = ['--bar', '-fbar', '-b B', 'B', '-f', '--bar B', '-baz', '-h', '--help', '+h', '::help', '/help']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(f=False, bar=None, baz=None)),
        ('+f', NS(f=True, bar=None, baz=None)),
        ('::ba B', NS(f=False, bar='B', baz=None)),
        ('+f ::bar B', NS(f=True, bar='B', baz=None)),
        ('+f /b', NS(f=True, bar=None, baz=42)),
        ('/ba +f', NS(f=True, bar=None, baz=42)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsAlternatePrefixCharsAddedHelp(ParserTestCase):
    """When ``-`` not in prefix_chars, default operators created for help
       should use the prefix_chars in use rather than - or --
       http://bugs.python.org/issue9444"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prefix_chars='+:/', add_help=True)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('+f', action='store_true'),
        Sig('::bar'),
        Sig('/baz', action='store_const', const=42),
    ]
    failures = ['--bar', '-fbar', '-b B', 'B', '-f', '--bar B', '-baz']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(f=False, bar=None, baz=None)),
        ('+f', NS(f=True, bar=None, baz=None)),
        ('::ba B', NS(f=False, bar='B', baz=None)),
        ('+f ::bar B', NS(f=True, bar='B', baz=None)),
        ('+f /b', NS(f=True, bar=None, baz=42)),
        ('/ba +f', NS(f=True, bar=None, baz=42))
    ]


class TestOptionalsAlternatePrefixCharsMultipleShortArgs(ParserTestCase):
    """Verify that Optionals must be called with their defined prefixes"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prefix_chars='+-', add_help=False)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', action='store_true'),
        Sig('+y', action='store_true'),
        Sig('+z', action='store_true'),
    ]
    failures = ['-w',
                '-xyz',
                '+x',
                '-y',
                '+xyz',
    ]
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=False, y=False, z=False)),
        ('-x', NS(x=True, y=False, z=False)),
        ('+y -x', NS(x=True, y=True, z=False)),
        ('+yz -x', NS(x=True, y=True, z=True)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsShortLong(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a combination of single- and double-dash option strings"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-v', '--verbose', '-n', '--noisy', action='store_true'),
    ]
    failures = ['--x --verbose', '-N', 'a', '-v x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(verbose=False)),
        ('-v', NS(verbose=True)),
        ('--verbose', NS(verbose=True)),
        ('-n', NS(verbose=True)),
        ('--noisy', NS(verbose=True)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsDest(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests various means of setting destination"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('--foo-bar'), Sig('--baz', dest='zabbaz')]
    failures = ['a']
    successes = [
        ('--foo-bar f', NS(foo_bar='f', zabbaz=None)),
        ('--baz g', NS(foo_bar=None, zabbaz='g')),
        ('--foo-bar h --baz i', NS(foo_bar='h', zabbaz='i')),
        ('--baz j --foo-bar k', NS(foo_bar='k', zabbaz='j')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsDefault(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests specifying a default for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-x'), Sig('-y', default=42)]
    failures = ['a']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None, y=42)),
        ('-xx', NS(x='x', y=42)),
        ('-yy', NS(x=None, y='y')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsNargsDefault(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests not specifying the number of args for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-x')]
    failures = ['a', '-x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None)),
        ('-x a', NS(x='a')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsNargs1(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests specifying 1 arg for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-x', nargs=1)]
    failures = ['a', '-x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None)),
        ('-x a', NS(x=['a'])),
    ]


class TestOptionalsNargs3(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests specifying 3 args for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-x', nargs=3)]
    failures = ['a', '-x', '-x a', '-x a b', 'a -x', 'a -x b']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None)),
        ('-x a b c', NS(x=['a', 'b', 'c'])),
    ]


class TestOptionalsNargsOptional(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests specifying an Optional arg for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-w', nargs='?'),
        Sig('-x', nargs='?', const=42),
        Sig('-y', nargs='?', default='spam'),
        Sig('-z', nargs='?', type=int, const='42', default='84'),
    ]
    failures = ['2']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(w=None, x=None, y='spam', z=84)),
        ('-w', NS(w=None, x=None, y='spam', z=84)),
        ('-w 2', NS(w='2', x=None, y='spam', z=84)),
        ('-x', NS(w=None, x=42, y='spam', z=84)),
        ('-x 2', NS(w=None, x='2', y='spam', z=84)),
        ('-y', NS(w=None, x=None, y=None, z=84)),
        ('-y 2', NS(w=None, x=None, y='2', z=84)),
        ('-z', NS(w=None, x=None, y='spam', z=42)),
        ('-z 2', NS(w=None, x=None, y='spam', z=2)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsNargsZeroOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests specifying args for an Optional that accepts zero or more"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', nargs='*'),
        Sig('-y', nargs='*', default='spam'),
    ]
    failures = ['a']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None, y='spam')),
        ('-x', NS(x=[], y='spam')),
        ('-x a', NS(x=['a'], y='spam')),
        ('-x a b', NS(x=['a', 'b'], y='spam')),
        ('-y', NS(x=None, y=[])),
        ('-y a', NS(x=None, y=['a'])),
        ('-y a b', NS(x=None, y=['a', 'b'])),
    ]


class TestOptionalsNargsOneOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests specifying args for an Optional that accepts one or more"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', nargs='+'),
        Sig('-y', nargs='+', default='spam'),
    ]
    failures = ['a', '-x', '-y', 'a -x', 'a -y b']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None, y='spam')),
        ('-x a', NS(x=['a'], y='spam')),
        ('-x a b', NS(x=['a', 'b'], y='spam')),
        ('-y a', NS(x=None, y=['a'])),
        ('-y a b', NS(x=None, y=['a', 'b'])),
    ]


class TestOptionalsChoices(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests specifying the choices for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-f', choices='abc'),
        Sig('-g', type=int, choices=range(5))]
    failures = ['a', '-f d', '-fad', '-ga', '-g 6']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(f=None, g=None)),
        ('-f a', NS(f='a', g=None)),
        ('-f c', NS(f='c', g=None)),
        ('-g 0', NS(f=None, g=0)),
        ('-g 03', NS(f=None, g=3)),
        ('-fb -g4', NS(f='b', g=4)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsRequired(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests an optional action that is required"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', type=int, required=True),
    ]
    failures = ['a', '']
    successes = [
        ('-x 1', NS(x=1)),
        ('-x42', NS(x=42)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsActionStore(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests the store action for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-x', action='store')]
    failures = ['a', 'a -x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None)),
        ('-xfoo', NS(x='foo')),
    ]


class TestOptionalsActionStoreConst(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests the store_const action for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-y', action='store_const', const=object)]
    failures = ['a']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(y=None)),
        ('-y', NS(y=object)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsActionStoreFalse(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests the store_false action for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-z', action='store_false')]
    failures = ['a', '-za', '-z a']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(z=True)),
        ('-z', NS(z=False)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsActionStoreTrue(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests the store_true action for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('--apple', action='store_true')]
    failures = ['a', '--apple=b', '--apple b']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(apple=False)),
        ('--apple', NS(apple=True)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsActionAppend(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests the append action for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('--baz', action='append')]
    failures = ['a', '--baz', 'a --baz', '--baz a b']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(baz=None)),
        ('--baz a', NS(baz=['a'])),
        ('--baz a --baz b', NS(baz=['a', 'b'])),
    ]


class TestOptionalsActionAppendWithDefault(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests the append action for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('--baz', action='append', default=['X'])]
    failures = ['a', '--baz', 'a --baz', '--baz a b']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(baz=['X'])),
        ('--baz a', NS(baz=['X', 'a'])),
        ('--baz a --baz b', NS(baz=['X', 'a', 'b'])),
    ]


class TestOptionalsActionAppendConst(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests the append_const action for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-b', action='append_const', const=Exception),
        Sig('-c', action='append', dest='b'),
    ]
    failures = ['a', '-c', 'a -c', '-bx', '-b x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(b=None)),
        ('-b', NS(b=[Exception])),
        ('-b -cx -b -cyz', NS(b=[Exception, 'x', Exception, 'yz'])),
    ]


class TestOptionalsActionAppendConstWithDefault(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests the append_const action for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-b', action='append_const', const=Exception, default=['X']),
        Sig('-c', action='append', dest='b'),
    ]
    failures = ['a', '-c', 'a -c', '-bx', '-b x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(b=['X'])),
        ('-b', NS(b=['X', Exception])),
        ('-b -cx -b -cyz', NS(b=['X', Exception, 'x', Exception, 'yz'])),
    ]


class TestOptionalsActionCount(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests the count action for an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-x', action='count')]
    failures = ['a', '-x a', '-x b', '-x a -x b']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None)),
        ('-x', NS(x=1)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsAllowLongAbbreviation(ParserTestCase):
    """Allow long options to be abbreviated unambiguously"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo'),
        Sig('--foobaz'),
        Sig('--fooble', action='store_true'),
    ]
    failures = ['--foob 5', '--foob']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=None, foobaz=None, fooble=False)),
        ('--foo 7', NS(foo='7', foobaz=None, fooble=False)),
        ('--fooba a', NS(foo=None, foobaz='a', fooble=False)),
        ('--foobl --foo g', NS(foo='g', foobaz=None, fooble=True)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsDisallowLongAbbreviation(ParserTestCase):
    """Do not allow abbreviations of long options at all"""

    parser_signature = Sig(allow_abbrev=False)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo'),
        Sig('--foodle', action='store_true'),
        Sig('--foonly'),
    ]
    failures = ['-foon 3', '--foon 3', '--food', '--food --foo 2']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=None, foodle=False, foonly=None)),
        ('--foo 3', NS(foo='3', foodle=False, foonly=None)),
        ('--foonly 7 --foodle --foo 2', NS(foo='2', foodle=True, foonly='7')),
    ]

# ================
# Positional tests
# ================

class TestPositionalsNargsNone(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional that doesn't specify nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo')]
    failures = ['', '-x', 'a b']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo='a')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargs1(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional that specifies an nargs of 1"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs=1)]
    failures = ['', '-x', 'a b']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo=['a'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargs2(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional that specifies an nargs of 2"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs=2)]
    failures = ['', 'a', '-x', 'a b c']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a', 'b'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsZeroOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional that specifies unlimited nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='*')]
    failures = ['-x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=[])),
        ('a', NS(foo=['a'])),
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a', 'b'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsZeroOrMoreDefault(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional that specifies unlimited nargs and a default"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='*', default='bar')]
    failures = ['-x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo='bar')),
        ('a', NS(foo=['a'])),
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a', 'b'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOneOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional that specifies one or more nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='+')]
    failures = ['', '-x']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo=['a'])),
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a', 'b'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOptional(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests an Optional Positional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='?')]
    failures = ['-x', 'a b']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=None)),
        ('a', NS(foo='a')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOptionalDefault(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests an Optional Positional with a default value"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='?', default=42)]
    failures = ['-x', 'a b']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=42)),
        ('a', NS(foo='a')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOptionalConvertedDefault(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests an Optional Positional with a default value
    that needs to be converted to the appropriate type.
    """

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('foo', nargs='?', type=int, default='42'),
    ]
    failures = ['-x', 'a b', '1 2']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=42)),
        ('1', NS(foo=1)),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsNoneNone(ParserTestCase):
    """Test two Positionals that don't specify nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo'), Sig('bar')]
    failures = ['', '-x', 'a', 'a b c']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar='b')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsNone1(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with no nargs followed by one with 1"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo'), Sig('bar', nargs=1)]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a', 'a b c']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargs2None(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with 2 nargs followed by one with none"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs=2), Sig('bar')]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a', 'a b', 'a b c d']
    successes = [
        ('a b c', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar='c')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsNoneZeroOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with no nargs followed by one with unlimited"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo'), Sig('bar', nargs='*')]
    failures = ['', '--foo']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo='a', bar=[])),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'])),
        ('a b c', NS(foo='a', bar=['b', 'c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsNoneOneOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with no nargs followed by one with one or more"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo'), Sig('bar', nargs='+')]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'])),
        ('a b c', NS(foo='a', bar=['b', 'c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsNoneOptional(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with no nargs followed by one with an Optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo'), Sig('bar', nargs='?')]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a b c']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo='a', bar=None)),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar='b')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsZeroOrMoreNone(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with unlimited nargs followed by one with none"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='*'), Sig('bar')]
    failures = ['', '--foo']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo=[], bar='a')),
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a'], bar='b')),
        ('a b c', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar='c')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOneOrMoreNone(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with one or more nargs followed by one with none"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='+'), Sig('bar')]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a'], bar='b')),
        ('a b c', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar='c')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOptionalNone(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with an Optional nargs followed by one with none"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='?', default=42), Sig('bar')]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a b c']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo=42, bar='a')),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar='b')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargs2ZeroOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with 2 nargs followed by one with unlimited"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs=2), Sig('bar', nargs='*')]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar=[])),
        ('a b c', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar=['c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargs2OneOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with 2 nargs followed by one with one or more"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs=2), Sig('bar', nargs='+')]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a', 'a b']
    successes = [
        ('a b c', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar=['c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargs2Optional(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with 2 nargs followed by one optional"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs=2), Sig('bar', nargs='?')]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a', 'a b c d']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar=None)),
        ('a b c', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar='c')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsZeroOrMore1(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with unlimited nargs followed by one with 1"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='*'), Sig('bar', nargs=1)]
    failures = ['', '--foo', ]
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo=[], bar=['a'])),
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a'], bar=['b'])),
        ('a b c', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar=['c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOneOrMore1(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with one or more nargs followed by one with 1"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='+'), Sig('bar', nargs=1)]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo=['a'], bar=['b'])),
        ('a b c', NS(foo=['a', 'b'], bar=['c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOptional1(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a Positional with an Optional nargs followed by one with 1"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='?'), Sig('bar', nargs=1)]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a b c']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo=None, bar=['a'])),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsNoneZeroOrMore1(ParserTestCase):
    """Test three Positionals: no nargs, unlimited nargs and 1 nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('foo'),
        Sig('bar', nargs='*'),
        Sig('baz', nargs=1),
    ]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=[], baz=['b'])),
        ('a b c', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'], baz=['c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsNoneOneOrMore1(ParserTestCase):
    """Test three Positionals: no nargs, one or more nargs and 1 nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('foo'),
        Sig('bar', nargs='+'),
        Sig('baz', nargs=1),
    ]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a', 'b']
    successes = [
        ('a b c', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'], baz=['c'])),
        ('a b c d', NS(foo='a', bar=['b', 'c'], baz=['d'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsNoneOptional1(ParserTestCase):
    """Test three Positionals: no nargs, optional narg and 1 nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('foo'),
        Sig('bar', nargs='?', default=0.625),
        Sig('baz', nargs=1),
    ]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a']
    successes = [
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=0.625, baz=['b'])),
        ('a b c', NS(foo='a', bar='b', baz=['c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOptionalOptional(ParserTestCase):
    """Test two optional nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('foo', nargs='?'),
        Sig('bar', nargs='?', default=42),
    ]
    failures = ['--foo', 'a b c']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=None, bar=42)),
        ('a', NS(foo='a', bar=42)),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar='b')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOptionalZeroOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Test an Optional narg followed by unlimited nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='?'), Sig('bar', nargs='*')]
    failures = ['--foo']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=None, bar=[])),
        ('a', NS(foo='a', bar=[])),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'])),
        ('a b c', NS(foo='a', bar=['b', 'c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsNargsOptionalOneOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Test an Optional narg followed by one or more nargs"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('foo', nargs='?'), Sig('bar', nargs='+')]
    failures = ['', '--foo']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(foo=None, bar=['a'])),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'])),
        ('a b c', NS(foo='a', bar=['b', 'c'])),
    ]


class TestPositionalsChoicesString(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a set of single-character choices"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('spam', choices=set('abcdefg'))]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'h', '42', 'ef']
    successes = [
        ('a', NS(spam='a')),
        ('g', NS(spam='g')),
    ]


class TestPositionalsChoicesInt(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a set of integer choices"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('spam', type=int, choices=range(20))]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'h', '42', 'ef']
    successes = [
        ('4', NS(spam=4)),
        ('15', NS(spam=15)),
    ]


class TestPositionalsActionAppend(ParserTestCase):
    """Test the 'append' action"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('spam', action='append'),
        Sig('spam', action='append', nargs=2),
    ]
    failures = ['', '--foo', 'a', 'a b', 'a b c d']
    successes = [
        ('a b c', NS(spam=['a', ['b', 'c']])),
    ]

# ========================================
# Combined optionals and positionals tests
# ========================================

class TestOptionalsNumericAndPositionals(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests negative number args when numeric options are present"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('x', nargs='?'),
        Sig('-4', dest='y', action='store_true'),
    ]
    failures = ['-2', '-315']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None, y=False)),
        ('a', NS(x='a', y=False)),
        ('-4', NS(x=None, y=True)),
        ('-4 a', NS(x='a', y=True)),
    ]


class TestOptionalsAlmostNumericAndPositionals(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests negative number args when almost numeric options are present"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('x', nargs='?'),
        Sig('-k4', dest='y', action='store_true'),
    ]
    failures = ['-k3']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None, y=False)),
        ('-2', NS(x='-2', y=False)),
        ('a', NS(x='a', y=False)),
        ('-k4', NS(x=None, y=True)),
        ('-k4 a', NS(x='a', y=True)),
    ]


class TestEmptyAndSpaceContainingArguments(ParserTestCase):

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('x', nargs='?'),
        Sig('-y', '--yyy', dest='y'),
    ]
    failures = ['-y']
    successes = [
        ([''], NS(x='', y=None)),
        (['a badger'], NS(x='a badger', y=None)),
        (['-a badger'], NS(x='-a badger', y=None)),
        (['-y', ''], NS(x=None, y='')),
        (['-y', 'a badger'], NS(x=None, y='a badger')),
        (['-y', '-a badger'], NS(x=None, y='-a badger')),
        (['--yyy=a badger'], NS(x=None, y='a badger')),
        (['--yyy=-a badger'], NS(x=None, y='-a badger')),
    ]


class TestPrefixCharacterOnlyArguments(ParserTestCase):

    parser_signature = Sig(prefix_chars='-+')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-', dest='x', nargs='?', const='badger'),
        Sig('+', dest='y', type=int, default=42),
        Sig('-+-', dest='z', action='store_true'),
    ]
    failures = ['-y', '+ -']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None, y=42, z=False)),
        ('-', NS(x='badger', y=42, z=False)),
        ('- X', NS(x='X', y=42, z=False)),
        ('+ -3', NS(x=None, y=-3, z=False)),
        ('-+-', NS(x=None, y=42, z=True)),
        ('- ===', NS(x='===', y=42, z=False)),
    ]


class TestNargsZeroOrMore(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests specifying args for an Optional that accepts zero or more"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('-x', nargs='*'), Sig('y', nargs='*')]
    failures = []
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None, y=[])),
        ('-x', NS(x=[], y=[])),
        ('-x a', NS(x=['a'], y=[])),
        ('-x a -- b', NS(x=['a'], y=['b'])),
        ('a', NS(x=None, y=['a'])),
        ('a -x', NS(x=[], y=['a'])),
        ('a -x b', NS(x=['b'], y=['a'])),
    ]


class TestNargsRemainder(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests specifying a positional with nargs=REMAINDER"""

    argument_signatures = [Sig('x'), Sig('y', nargs='...'), Sig('-z')]
    failures = ['', '-z', '-z Z']
    successes = [
        ('X', NS(x='X', y=[], z=None)),
        ('-z Z X', NS(x='X', y=[], z='Z')),
        ('X A B -z Z', NS(x='X', y=['A', 'B', '-z', 'Z'], z=None)),
        ('X Y --foo', NS(x='X', y=['Y', '--foo'], z=None)),
    ]


class TestOptionLike(ParserTestCase):
    """Tests options that may or may not be arguments"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', type=float),
        Sig('-3', type=float, dest='y'),
        Sig('z', nargs='*'),
    ]
    failures = ['-x', '-y2.5', '-xa', '-x -a',
                '-x -3', '-x -3.5', '-3 -3.5',
                '-x -2.5', '-x -2.5 a', '-3 -.5',
                'a x -1', '-x -1 a', '-3 -1 a']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(x=None, y=None, z=[])),
        ('-x 2.5', NS(x=2.5, y=None, z=[])),
        ('-x 2.5 a', NS(x=2.5, y=None, z=['a'])),
        ('-3.5', NS(x=None, y=0.5, z=[])),
        ('-3-.5', NS(x=None, y=-0.5, z=[])),
        ('-3 .5', NS(x=None, y=0.5, z=[])),
        ('a -3.5', NS(x=None, y=0.5, z=['a'])),
        ('a', NS(x=None, y=None, z=['a'])),
        ('a -x 1', NS(x=1.0, y=None, z=['a'])),
        ('-x 1 a', NS(x=1.0, y=None, z=['a'])),
        ('-3 1 a', NS(x=None, y=1.0, z=['a'])),
    ]


class TestDefaultSuppress(ParserTestCase):
    """Test actions with suppressed defaults"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('foo', nargs='?', default=argparse.SUPPRESS),
        Sig('bar', nargs='*', default=argparse.SUPPRESS),
        Sig('--baz', action='store_true', default=argparse.SUPPRESS),
    ]
    failures = ['-x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS()),
        ('a', NS(foo='a')),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'])),
        ('--baz', NS(baz=True)),
        ('a --baz', NS(foo='a', baz=True)),
        ('--baz a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'], baz=True)),
    ]


class TestParserDefaultSuppress(ParserTestCase):
    """Test actions with a parser-level default of SUPPRESS"""

    parser_signature = Sig(argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('foo', nargs='?'),
        Sig('bar', nargs='*'),
        Sig('--baz', action='store_true'),
    ]
    failures = ['-x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS()),
        ('a', NS(foo='a')),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'])),
        ('--baz', NS(baz=True)),
        ('a --baz', NS(foo='a', baz=True)),
        ('--baz a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'], baz=True)),
    ]


class TestParserDefault42(ParserTestCase):
    """Test actions with a parser-level default of 42"""

    parser_signature = Sig(argument_default=42)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--version', action='version', version='1.0'),
        Sig('foo', nargs='?'),
        Sig('bar', nargs='*'),
        Sig('--baz', action='store_true'),
    ]
    failures = ['-x']
    successes = [
        ('', NS(foo=42, bar=42, baz=42, version=42)),
        ('a', NS(foo='a', bar=42, baz=42, version=42)),
        ('a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'], baz=42, version=42)),
        ('--baz', NS(foo=42, bar=42, baz=True, version=42)),
        ('a --baz', NS(foo='a', bar=42, baz=True, version=42)),
        ('--baz a b', NS(foo='a', bar=['b'], baz=True, version=42)),
    ]


class TestArgumentsFromFile(TempDirMixin, ParserTestCase):
    """Test reading arguments from a file"""

    def setUp(self):
        super(TestArgumentsFromFile, self).setUp()
        file_texts = [
            ('hello', 'hello world!\n'),
            ('recursive', '-a\n'
                          'A\n'
                          '@hello'),
            ('invalid', '@no-such-path\n'),
        ]
        for path, text in file_texts:
            file = open(path, 'w')
            file.write(text)
            file.close()

    parser_signature = Sig(fromfile_prefix_chars='@')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-a'),
        Sig('x'),
        Sig('y', nargs='+'),
    ]
    failures = ['', '-b', 'X', '@invalid', '@missing']
    successes = [
        ('X Y', NS(a=None, x='X', y=['Y'])),
        ('X -a A Y Z', NS(a='A', x='X', y=['Y', 'Z'])),
        ('@hello X', NS(a=None, x='hello world!', y=['X'])),
        ('X @hello', NS(a=None, x='X', y=['hello world!'])),
        ('-a B @recursive Y Z', NS(a='A', x='hello world!', y=['Y', 'Z'])),
        ('X @recursive Z -a B', NS(a='B', x='X', y=['hello world!', 'Z'])),
        (["-a", "", "X", "Y"], NS(a='', x='X', y=['Y'])),
    ]


class TestArgumentsFromFileConverter(TempDirMixin, ParserTestCase):
    """Test reading arguments from a file"""

    def setUp(self):
        super(TestArgumentsFromFileConverter, self).setUp()
        file_texts = [
            ('hello', 'hello world!\n'),
        ]
        for path, text in file_texts:
            file = open(path, 'w')
            file.write(text)
            file.close()

    class FromFileConverterArgumentParser(ErrorRaisingArgumentParser):

        def convert_arg_line_to_args(self, arg_line):
            for arg in arg_line.split():
                if not arg.strip():
                    continue
                yield arg
    parser_class = FromFileConverterArgumentParser
    parser_signature = Sig(fromfile_prefix_chars='@')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('y', nargs='+'),
    ]
    failures = []
    successes = [
        ('@hello X', NS(y=['hello', 'world!', 'X'])),
    ]


# =====================
# Type conversion tests
# =====================

class TestFileTypeRepr(TestCase):

    def test_r(self):
        type = argparse.FileType('r')
        self.assertEqual("FileType('r')", repr(type))

    def test_wb_1(self):
        type = argparse.FileType('wb', 1)
        self.assertEqual("FileType('wb', 1)", repr(type))

    def test_r_latin(self):
        type = argparse.FileType('r', encoding='latin_1')
        self.assertEqual("FileType('r', encoding='latin_1')", repr(type))

    def test_w_big5_ignore(self):
        type = argparse.FileType('w', encoding='big5', errors='ignore')
        self.assertEqual("FileType('w', encoding='big5', errors='ignore')",
                         repr(type))

    def test_r_1_replace(self):
        type = argparse.FileType('r', 1, errors='replace')
        self.assertEqual("FileType('r', 1, errors='replace')", repr(type))


class RFile(object):
    seen = {}

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if other in self.seen:
            text = self.seen[other]
        else:
            text = self.seen[other] = other.read()
            other.close()
        if not isinstance(text, str):
            text = text.decode('ascii')
        return self.name == other.name == text


class TestFileTypeR(TempDirMixin, ParserTestCase):
    """Test the FileType option/argument type for reading files"""

    def setUp(self):
        super(TestFileTypeR, self).setUp()
        for file_name in ['foo', 'bar']:
            file = open(os.path.join(self.temp_dir, file_name), 'w')
            file.write(file_name)
            file.close()
        self.create_readonly_file('readonly')

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', type=argparse.FileType()),
        Sig('spam', type=argparse.FileType('r')),
    ]
    failures = ['-x', '', 'non-existent-file.txt']
    successes = [
        ('foo', NS(x=None, spam=RFile('foo'))),
        ('-x foo bar', NS(x=RFile('foo'), spam=RFile('bar'))),
        ('bar -x foo', NS(x=RFile('foo'), spam=RFile('bar'))),
        ('-x - -', NS(x=sys.stdin, spam=sys.stdin)),
        ('readonly', NS(x=None, spam=RFile('readonly'))),
    ]

class TestFileTypeDefaults(TempDirMixin, ParserTestCase):
    """Test that a file is not created unless the default is needed"""
    def setUp(self):
        super(TestFileTypeDefaults, self).setUp()
        file = open(os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'good'), 'w')
        file.write('good')
        file.close()

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-c', type=argparse.FileType('r'), default='no-file.txt'),
    ]
    # should provoke no such file error
    failures = ['']
    # should not provoke error because default file is created
    successes = [('-c good', NS(c=RFile('good')))]


class TestFileTypeRB(TempDirMixin, ParserTestCase):
    """Test the FileType option/argument type for reading files"""

    def setUp(self):
        super(TestFileTypeRB, self).setUp()
        for file_name in ['foo', 'bar']:
            file = open(os.path.join(self.temp_dir, file_name), 'w')
            file.write(file_name)
            file.close()

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', type=argparse.FileType('rb')),
        Sig('spam', type=argparse.FileType('rb')),
    ]
    failures = ['-x', '']
    successes = [
        ('foo', NS(x=None, spam=RFile('foo'))),
        ('-x foo bar', NS(x=RFile('foo'), spam=RFile('bar'))),
        ('bar -x foo', NS(x=RFile('foo'), spam=RFile('bar'))),
        ('-x - -', NS(x=sys.stdin, spam=sys.stdin)),
    ]


class WFile(object):
    seen = set()

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if other not in self.seen:
            text = 'Check that file is writable.'
            if 'b' in other.mode:
                text = text.encode('ascii')
            other.write(text)
            other.close()
            self.seen.add(other)
        return self.name == other.name


@unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'geteuid') and os.geteuid() == 0,
                 "non-root user required")
class TestFileTypeW(TempDirMixin, ParserTestCase):
    """Test the FileType option/argument type for writing files"""

    def setUp(self):
        super(TestFileTypeW, self).setUp()
        self.create_readonly_file('readonly')

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', type=argparse.FileType('w')),
        Sig('spam', type=argparse.FileType('w')),
    ]
    failures = ['-x', '', 'readonly']
    successes = [
        ('foo', NS(x=None, spam=WFile('foo'))),
        ('-x foo bar', NS(x=WFile('foo'), spam=WFile('bar'))),
        ('bar -x foo', NS(x=WFile('foo'), spam=WFile('bar'))),
        ('-x - -', NS(x=sys.stdout, spam=sys.stdout)),
    ]


class TestFileTypeWB(TempDirMixin, ParserTestCase):

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', type=argparse.FileType('wb')),
        Sig('spam', type=argparse.FileType('wb')),
    ]
    failures = ['-x', '']
    successes = [
        ('foo', NS(x=None, spam=WFile('foo'))),
        ('-x foo bar', NS(x=WFile('foo'), spam=WFile('bar'))),
        ('bar -x foo', NS(x=WFile('foo'), spam=WFile('bar'))),
        ('-x - -', NS(x=sys.stdout, spam=sys.stdout)),
    ]


class TestFileTypeOpenArgs(TestCase):
    """Test that open (the builtin) is correctly called"""

    def test_open_args(self):
        FT = argparse.FileType
        cases = [
            (FT('rb'), ('rb', -1, None, None)),
            (FT('w', 1), ('w', 1, None, None)),
            (FT('w', errors='replace'), ('w', -1, None, 'replace')),
            (FT('wb', encoding='big5'), ('wb', -1, 'big5', None)),
            (FT('w', 0, 'l1', 'strict'), ('w', 0, 'l1', 'strict')),
        ]
        with mock.patch('builtins.open') as m:
            for type, args in cases:
                type('foo')
                m.assert_called_with('foo', *args)


class TestTypeCallable(ParserTestCase):
    """Test some callables as option/argument types"""

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--eggs', type=complex),
        Sig('spam', type=float),
    ]
    failures = ['a', '42j', '--eggs a', '--eggs 2i']
    successes = [
        ('--eggs=42 42', NS(eggs=42, spam=42.0)),
        ('--eggs 2j -- -1.5', NS(eggs=2j, spam=-1.5)),
        ('1024.675', NS(eggs=None, spam=1024.675)),
    ]


class TestTypeUserDefined(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a user-defined option/argument type"""

    class MyType(TestCase):

        def __init__(self, value):
            self.value = value

        def __eq__(self, other):
            return (type(self), self.value) == (type(other), other.value)

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', type=MyType),
        Sig('spam', type=MyType),
    ]
    failures = []
    successes = [
        ('a -x b', NS(x=MyType('b'), spam=MyType('a'))),
        ('-xf g', NS(x=MyType('f'), spam=MyType('g'))),
    ]


class TestTypeClassicClass(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a classic class type"""

    class C:

        def __init__(self, value):
            self.value = value

        def __eq__(self, other):
            return (type(self), self.value) == (type(other), other.value)

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', type=C),
        Sig('spam', type=C),
    ]
    failures = []
    successes = [
        ('a -x b', NS(x=C('b'), spam=C('a'))),
        ('-xf g', NS(x=C('f'), spam=C('g'))),
    ]


class TestTypeRegistration(TestCase):
    """Test a user-defined type by registering it"""

    def test(self):

        def get_my_type(string):
            return 'my_type{%s}' % string

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.register('type', 'my_type', get_my_type)
        parser.add_argument('-x', type='my_type')
        parser.add_argument('y', type='my_type')

        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args('1'.split()),
                         NS(x=None, y='my_type{1}'))
        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args('-x 1 42'.split()),
                         NS(x='my_type{1}', y='my_type{42}'))


# ============
# Action tests
# ============

class TestActionUserDefined(ParserTestCase):
    """Test a user-defined option/argument action"""

    class OptionalAction(argparse.Action):

        def __call__(self, parser, namespace, value, option_string=None):
            try:
                # check destination and option string
                assert self.dest == 'spam', 'dest: %s' % self.dest
                assert option_string == '-s', 'flag: %s' % option_string
                # when option is before argument, badger=2, and when
                # option is after argument, badger=<whatever was set>
                expected_ns = NS(spam=0.25)
                if value in [0.125, 0.625]:
                    expected_ns.badger = 2
                elif value in [2.0]:
                    expected_ns.badger = 84
                else:
                    raise AssertionError('value: %s' % value)
                assert expected_ns == namespace, ('expected %s, got %s' %
                                                  (expected_ns, namespace))
            except AssertionError:
                e = sys.exc_info()[1]
                raise ArgumentParserError('opt_action failed: %s' % e)
            setattr(namespace, 'spam', value)

    class PositionalAction(argparse.Action):

        def __call__(self, parser, namespace, value, option_string=None):
            try:
                assert option_string is None, ('option_string: %s' %
                                               option_string)
                # check destination
                assert self.dest == 'badger', 'dest: %s' % self.dest
                # when argument is before option, spam=0.25, and when
                # option is after argument, spam=<whatever was set>
                expected_ns = NS(badger=2)
                if value in [42, 84]:
                    expected_ns.spam = 0.25
                elif value in [1]:
                    expected_ns.spam = 0.625
                elif value in [2]:
                    expected_ns.spam = 0.125
                else:
                    raise AssertionError('value: %s' % value)
                assert expected_ns == namespace, ('expected %s, got %s' %
                                                  (expected_ns, namespace))
            except AssertionError:
                e = sys.exc_info()[1]
                raise ArgumentParserError('arg_action failed: %s' % e)
            setattr(namespace, 'badger', value)

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-s', dest='spam', action=OptionalAction,
            type=float, default=0.25),
        Sig('badger', action=PositionalAction,
            type=int, nargs='?', default=2),
    ]
    failures = []
    successes = [
        ('-s0.125', NS(spam=0.125, badger=2)),
        ('42', NS(spam=0.25, badger=42)),
        ('-s 0.625 1', NS(spam=0.625, badger=1)),
        ('84 -s2', NS(spam=2.0, badger=84)),
    ]


class TestActionRegistration(TestCase):
    """Test a user-defined action supplied by registering it"""

    class MyAction(argparse.Action):

        def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
            setattr(namespace, self.dest, 'foo[%s]' % values)

    def test(self):

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.register('action', 'my_action', self.MyAction)
        parser.add_argument('badger', action='my_action')

        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args(['1']), NS(badger='foo[1]'))
        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args(['42']), NS(badger='foo[42]'))


# ================
# Subparsers tests
# ================

class TestAddSubparsers(TestCase):
    """Test the add_subparsers method"""

    def assertArgumentParserError(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError, *args, **kwargs)

    def _get_parser(self, subparser_help=False, prefix_chars=None,
                    aliases=False):
        # create a parser with a subparsers argument
        if prefix_chars:
            parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(
                prog='PROG', description='main description', prefix_chars=prefix_chars)
            parser.add_argument(
                prefix_chars[0] * 2 + 'foo', action='store_true', help='foo help')
        else:
            parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(
                prog='PROG', description='main description')
            parser.add_argument(
                '--foo', action='store_true', help='foo help')
        parser.add_argument(
            'bar', type=float, help='bar help')

        # check that only one subparsers argument can be added
        subparsers_kwargs = {'required': False}
        if aliases:
            subparsers_kwargs['metavar'] = 'COMMAND'
            subparsers_kwargs['title'] = 'commands'
        else:
            subparsers_kwargs['help'] = 'command help'
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(**subparsers_kwargs)
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser.add_subparsers)

        # add first sub-parser
        parser1_kwargs = dict(description='1 description')
        if subparser_help:
            parser1_kwargs['help'] = '1 help'
        if aliases:
            parser1_kwargs['aliases'] = ['1alias1', '1alias2']
        parser1 = subparsers.add_parser('1', **parser1_kwargs)
        parser1.add_argument('-w', type=int, help='w help')
        parser1.add_argument('x', choices='abc', help='x help')

        # add second sub-parser
        parser2_kwargs = dict(description='2 description')
        if subparser_help:
            parser2_kwargs['help'] = '2 help'
        parser2 = subparsers.add_parser('2', **parser2_kwargs)
        parser2.add_argument('-y', choices='123', help='y help')
        parser2.add_argument('z', type=complex, nargs='*', help='z help')

        # add third sub-parser
        parser3_kwargs = dict(description='3 description')
        if subparser_help:
            parser3_kwargs['help'] = '3 help'
        parser3 = subparsers.add_parser('3', **parser3_kwargs)
        parser3.add_argument('t', type=int, help='t help')
        parser3.add_argument('u', nargs='...', help='u help')

        # return the main parser
        return parser

    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.parser = self._get_parser()
        self.command_help_parser = self._get_parser(subparser_help=True)

    def test_parse_args_failures(self):
        # check some failure cases:
        for args_str in ['', 'a', 'a a', '0.5 a', '0.5 1',
                         '0.5 1 -y', '0.5 2 -w']:
            args = args_str.split()
            self.assertArgumentParserError(self.parser.parse_args, args)

    def test_parse_args(self):
        # check some non-failure cases:
        self.assertEqual(
            self.parser.parse_args('0.5 1 b -w 7'.split()),
            NS(foo=False, bar=0.5, w=7, x='b'),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.parser.parse_args('0.25 --foo 2 -y 2 3j -- -1j'.split()),
            NS(foo=True, bar=0.25, y='2', z=[3j, -1j]),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.parser.parse_args('--foo 0.125 1 c'.split()),
            NS(foo=True, bar=0.125, w=None, x='c'),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.parser.parse_args('-1.5 3 11 -- a --foo 7 -- b'.split()),
            NS(foo=False, bar=-1.5, t=11, u=['a', '--foo', '7', '--', 'b']),
        )

    def test_parse_known_args(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            self.parser.parse_known_args('0.5 1 b -w 7'.split()),
            (NS(foo=False, bar=0.5, w=7, x='b'), []),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.parser.parse_known_args('0.5 -p 1 b -w 7'.split()),
            (NS(foo=False, bar=0.5, w=7, x='b'), ['-p']),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.parser.parse_known_args('0.5 1 b -w 7 -p'.split()),
            (NS(foo=False, bar=0.5, w=7, x='b'), ['-p']),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.parser.parse_known_args('0.5 1 b -q -rs -w 7'.split()),
            (NS(foo=False, bar=0.5, w=7, x='b'), ['-q', '-rs']),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.parser.parse_known_args('0.5 -W 1 b -X Y -w 7 Z'.split()),
            (NS(foo=False, bar=0.5, w=7, x='b'), ['-W', '-X', 'Y', 'Z']),
        )

    def test_dest(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true')
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest='bar')
        parser1 = subparsers.add_parser('1')
        parser1.add_argument('baz')
        self.assertEqual(NS(foo=False, bar='1', baz='2'),
                         parser.parse_args('1 2'.split()))

    def _test_required_subparsers(self, parser):
        # Should parse the sub command
        ret = parser.parse_args(['run'])
        self.assertEqual(ret.command, 'run')

        # Error when the command is missing
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser.parse_args, ())

    def test_required_subparsers_via_attribute(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command')
        subparsers.required = True
        subparsers.add_parser('run')
        self._test_required_subparsers(parser)

    def test_required_subparsers_via_kwarg(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=True)
        subparsers.add_parser('run')
        self._test_required_subparsers(parser)

    def test_required_subparsers_default(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command')
        subparsers.add_parser('run')
        # No error here
        ret = parser.parse_args(())
        self.assertIsNone(ret.command)

    def test_optional_subparsers(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', required=False)
        subparsers.add_parser('run')
        # No error here
        ret = parser.parse_args(())
        self.assertIsNone(ret.command)

    def test_help(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.parser.format_usage(),
                         'usage: PROG [-h] [--foo] bar {1,2,3} ...\n')
        self.assertEqual(self.parser.format_help(), textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG [-h] [--foo] bar {1,2,3} ...

            main description

            positional arguments:
              bar         bar help
              {1,2,3}     command help

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              --foo       foo help
            '''))

    def test_help_extra_prefix_chars(self):
        # Make sure - is still used for help if it is a non-first prefix char
        parser = self._get_parser(prefix_chars='+:-')
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_usage(),
                         'usage: PROG [-h] [++foo] bar {1,2,3} ...\n')
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_help(), textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG [-h] [++foo] bar {1,2,3} ...

            main description

            positional arguments:
              bar         bar help
              {1,2,3}     command help

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              ++foo       foo help
            '''))

    def test_help_non_breaking_spaces(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(
            prog='PROG', description='main description')
        parser.add_argument(
            "--non-breaking", action='store_false',
            help='help message containing non-breaking spaces shall not '
            'wrap\N{NO-BREAK SPACE}at non-breaking spaces')
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_help(), textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG [-h] [--non-breaking]

            main description

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help      show this help message and exit
              --non-breaking  help message containing non-breaking spaces shall not
                              wrap\N{NO-BREAK SPACE}at non-breaking spaces
        '''))

    def test_help_alternate_prefix_chars(self):
        parser = self._get_parser(prefix_chars='+:/')
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_usage(),
                         'usage: PROG [+h] [++foo] bar {1,2,3} ...\n')
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_help(), textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG [+h] [++foo] bar {1,2,3} ...

            main description

            positional arguments:
              bar         bar help
              {1,2,3}     command help

            optional arguments:
              +h, ++help  show this help message and exit
              ++foo       foo help
            '''))

    def test_parser_command_help(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.command_help_parser.format_usage(),
                         'usage: PROG [-h] [--foo] bar {1,2,3} ...\n')
        self.assertEqual(self.command_help_parser.format_help(),
                         textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG [-h] [--foo] bar {1,2,3} ...

            main description

            positional arguments:
              bar         bar help
              {1,2,3}     command help
                1         1 help
                2         2 help
                3         3 help

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              --foo       foo help
            '''))

    def test_subparser_title_help(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG',
                                            description='main description')
        parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true', help='foo help')
        parser.add_argument('bar', help='bar help')
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title='subcommands',
                                           description='command help',
                                           help='additional text')
        parser1 = subparsers.add_parser('1')
        parser2 = subparsers.add_parser('2')
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_usage(),
                         'usage: PROG [-h] [--foo] bar {1,2} ...\n')
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_help(), textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG [-h] [--foo] bar {1,2} ...

            main description

            positional arguments:
              bar         bar help

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              --foo       foo help

            subcommands:
              command help

              {1,2}       additional text
            '''))

    def _test_subparser_help(self, args_str, expected_help):
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            self.parser.parse_args(args_str.split())
        self.assertEqual(expected_help, cm.exception.stdout)

    def test_subparser1_help(self):
        self._test_subparser_help('5.0 1 -h', textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG bar 1 [-h] [-w W] {a,b,c}

            1 description

            positional arguments:
              {a,b,c}     x help

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              -w W        w help
            '''))

    def test_subparser2_help(self):
        self._test_subparser_help('5.0 2 -h', textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG bar 2 [-h] [-y {1,2,3}] [z [z ...]]

            2 description

            positional arguments:
              z           z help

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              -y {1,2,3}  y help
            '''))

    def test_alias_invocation(self):
        parser = self._get_parser(aliases=True)
        self.assertEqual(
            parser.parse_known_args('0.5 1alias1 b'.split()),
            (NS(foo=False, bar=0.5, w=None, x='b'), []),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            parser.parse_known_args('0.5 1alias2 b'.split()),
            (NS(foo=False, bar=0.5, w=None, x='b'), []),
        )

    def test_error_alias_invocation(self):
        parser = self._get_parser(aliases=True)
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser.parse_args,
                                       '0.5 1alias3 b'.split())

    def test_alias_help(self):
        parser = self._get_parser(aliases=True, subparser_help=True)
        self.maxDiff = None
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_help(), textwrap.dedent("""\
            usage: PROG [-h] [--foo] bar COMMAND ...

            main description

            positional arguments:
              bar                   bar help

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help            show this help message and exit
              --foo                 foo help

            commands:
              COMMAND
                1 (1alias1, 1alias2)
                                    1 help
                2                   2 help
                3                   3 help
            """))

# ============
# Groups tests
# ============

class TestPositionalsGroups(TestCase):
    """Tests that order of group positionals matches construction order"""

    def test_nongroup_first(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('foo')
        group = parser.add_argument_group('g')
        group.add_argument('bar')
        parser.add_argument('baz')
        expected = NS(foo='1', bar='2', baz='3')
        result = parser.parse_args('1 2 3'.split())
        self.assertEqual(expected, result)

    def test_group_first(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        group = parser.add_argument_group('xxx')
        group.add_argument('foo')
        parser.add_argument('bar')
        parser.add_argument('baz')
        expected = NS(foo='1', bar='2', baz='3')
        result = parser.parse_args('1 2 3'.split())
        self.assertEqual(expected, result)

    def test_interleaved_groups(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        group = parser.add_argument_group('xxx')
        parser.add_argument('foo')
        group.add_argument('bar')
        parser.add_argument('baz')
        group = parser.add_argument_group('yyy')
        group.add_argument('frell')
        expected = NS(foo='1', bar='2', baz='3', frell='4')
        result = parser.parse_args('1 2 3 4'.split())
        self.assertEqual(expected, result)

# ===================
# Parent parser tests
# ===================

class TestParentParsers(TestCase):
    """Tests that parsers can be created with parent parsers"""

    def assertArgumentParserError(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError, *args, **kwargs)

    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.wxyz_parent = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        self.wxyz_parent.add_argument('--w')
        x_group = self.wxyz_parent.add_argument_group('x')
        x_group.add_argument('-y')
        self.wxyz_parent.add_argument('z')

        self.abcd_parent = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        self.abcd_parent.add_argument('a')
        self.abcd_parent.add_argument('-b')
        c_group = self.abcd_parent.add_argument_group('c')
        c_group.add_argument('--d')

        self.w_parent = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        self.w_parent.add_argument('--w')

        self.z_parent = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        self.z_parent.add_argument('z')

        # parents with mutually exclusive groups
        self.ab_mutex_parent = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        group = self.ab_mutex_parent.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
        group.add_argument('-a', action='store_true')
        group.add_argument('-b', action='store_true')

        self.main_program = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])

    def test_single_parent(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(parents=[self.wxyz_parent])
        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args('-y 1 2 --w 3'.split()),
                         NS(w='3', y='1', z='2'))

    def test_single_parent_mutex(self):
        self._test_mutex_ab(self.ab_mutex_parent.parse_args)
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(parents=[self.ab_mutex_parent])
        self._test_mutex_ab(parser.parse_args)

    def test_single_granparent_mutex(self):
        parents = [self.ab_mutex_parent]
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False, parents=parents)
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(parents=[parser])
        self._test_mutex_ab(parser.parse_args)

    def _test_mutex_ab(self, parse_args):
        self.assertEqual(parse_args([]), NS(a=False, b=False))
        self.assertEqual(parse_args(['-a']), NS(a=True, b=False))
        self.assertEqual(parse_args(['-b']), NS(a=False, b=True))
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parse_args, ['-a', '-b'])
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parse_args, ['-b', '-a'])
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parse_args, ['-c'])
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parse_args, ['-a', '-c'])
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parse_args, ['-b', '-c'])

    def test_multiple_parents(self):
        parents = [self.abcd_parent, self.wxyz_parent]
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(parents=parents)
        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args('--d 1 --w 2 3 4'.split()),
                         NS(a='3', b=None, d='1', w='2', y=None, z='4'))

    def test_multiple_parents_mutex(self):
        parents = [self.ab_mutex_parent, self.wxyz_parent]
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(parents=parents)
        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args('-a --w 2 3'.split()),
                         NS(a=True, b=False, w='2', y=None, z='3'))
        self.assertArgumentParserError(
            parser.parse_args, '-a --w 2 3 -b'.split())
        self.assertArgumentParserError(
            parser.parse_args, '-a -b --w 2 3'.split())

    def test_conflicting_parents(self):
        self.assertRaises(
            argparse.ArgumentError,
            argparse.ArgumentParser,
            parents=[self.w_parent, self.wxyz_parent])

    def test_conflicting_parents_mutex(self):
        self.assertRaises(
            argparse.ArgumentError,
            argparse.ArgumentParser,
            parents=[self.abcd_parent, self.ab_mutex_parent])

    def test_same_argument_name_parents(self):
        parents = [self.wxyz_parent, self.z_parent]
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(parents=parents)
        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args('1 2'.split()),
                         NS(w=None, y=None, z='2'))

    def test_subparser_parents(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers()
        abcde_parser = subparsers.add_parser('bar', parents=[self.abcd_parent])
        abcde_parser.add_argument('e')
        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args('bar -b 1 --d 2 3 4'.split()),
                         NS(a='3', b='1', d='2', e='4'))

    def test_subparser_parents_mutex(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers()
        parents = [self.ab_mutex_parent]
        abc_parser = subparsers.add_parser('foo', parents=parents)
        c_group = abc_parser.add_argument_group('c_group')
        c_group.add_argument('c')
        parents = [self.wxyz_parent, self.ab_mutex_parent]
        wxyzabe_parser = subparsers.add_parser('bar', parents=parents)
        wxyzabe_parser.add_argument('e')
        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args('foo -a 4'.split()),
                         NS(a=True, b=False, c='4'))
        self.assertEqual(parser.parse_args('bar -b  --w 2 3 4'.split()),
                         NS(a=False, b=True, w='2', y=None, z='3', e='4'))
        self.assertArgumentParserError(
            parser.parse_args, 'foo -a -b 4'.split())
        self.assertArgumentParserError(
            parser.parse_args, 'bar -b -a 4'.split())

    def test_parent_help(self):
        parents = [self.abcd_parent, self.wxyz_parent]
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(parents=parents)
        parser_help = parser.format_help()
        progname = self.main_program
        self.assertEqual(parser_help, textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: {}{}[-h] [-b B] [--d D] [--w W] [-y Y] a z

            positional arguments:
              a
              z

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              -b B
              --w W

            c:
              --d D

            x:
              -y Y
        '''.format(progname, ' ' if progname else '' )))

    def test_groups_parents(self):
        parent = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        g = parent.add_argument_group(title='g', description='gd')
        g.add_argument('-w')
        g.add_argument('-x')
        m = parent.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
        m.add_argument('-y')
        m.add_argument('-z')
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(parents=[parent])

        self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError, parser.parse_args,
            ['-y', 'Y', '-z', 'Z'])

        parser_help = parser.format_help()
        progname = self.main_program
        self.assertEqual(parser_help, textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: {}{}[-h] [-w W] [-x X] [-y Y | -z Z]

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              -y Y
              -z Z

            g:
              gd

              -w W
              -x X
        '''.format(progname, ' ' if progname else '' )))

# ==============================
# Mutually exclusive group tests
# ==============================

class TestMutuallyExclusiveGroupErrors(TestCase):

    def test_invalid_add_argument_group(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        raises = self.assertRaises
        raises(TypeError, parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group, title='foo')

    def test_invalid_add_argument(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
        add_argument = group.add_argument
        raises = self.assertRaises
        raises(ValueError, add_argument, '--foo', required=True)
        raises(ValueError, add_argument, 'bar')
        raises(ValueError, add_argument, 'bar', nargs='+')
        raises(ValueError, add_argument, 'bar', nargs=1)
        raises(ValueError, add_argument, 'bar', nargs=argparse.PARSER)

    def test_help(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        group1 = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
        group1.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true')
        group1.add_argument('--bar', action='store_false')
        group2 = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
        group2.add_argument('--soup', action='store_true')
        group2.add_argument('--nuts', action='store_false')
        expected = '''\
            usage: PROG [-h] [--foo | --bar] [--soup | --nuts]

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              --foo
              --bar
              --soup
              --nuts
              '''
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_help(), textwrap.dedent(expected))

class MEMixin(object):

    def test_failures_when_not_required(self):
        parse_args = self.get_parser(required=False).parse_args
        error = ArgumentParserError
        for args_string in self.failures:
            self.assertRaises(error, parse_args, args_string.split())

    def test_failures_when_required(self):
        parse_args = self.get_parser(required=True).parse_args
        error = ArgumentParserError
        for args_string in self.failures + ['']:
            self.assertRaises(error, parse_args, args_string.split())

    def test_successes_when_not_required(self):
        parse_args = self.get_parser(required=False).parse_args
        successes = self.successes + self.successes_when_not_required
        for args_string, expected_ns in successes:
            actual_ns = parse_args(args_string.split())
            self.assertEqual(actual_ns, expected_ns)

    def test_successes_when_required(self):
        parse_args = self.get_parser(required=True).parse_args
        for args_string, expected_ns in self.successes:
            actual_ns = parse_args(args_string.split())
            self.assertEqual(actual_ns, expected_ns)

    def test_usage_when_not_required(self):
        format_usage = self.get_parser(required=False).format_usage
        expected_usage = self.usage_when_not_required
        self.assertEqual(format_usage(), textwrap.dedent(expected_usage))

    def test_usage_when_required(self):
        format_usage = self.get_parser(required=True).format_usage
        expected_usage = self.usage_when_required
        self.assertEqual(format_usage(), textwrap.dedent(expected_usage))

    def test_help_when_not_required(self):
        format_help = self.get_parser(required=False).format_help
        help = self.usage_when_not_required + self.help
        self.assertEqual(format_help(), textwrap.dedent(help))

    def test_help_when_required(self):
        format_help = self.get_parser(required=True).format_help
        help = self.usage_when_required + self.help
        self.assertEqual(format_help(), textwrap.dedent(help))


class TestMutuallyExclusiveSimple(MEMixin, TestCase):

    def get_parser(self, required=None):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=required)
        group.add_argument('--bar', help='bar help')
        group.add_argument('--baz', nargs='?', const='Z', help='baz help')
        return parser

    failures = ['--bar X --baz Y', '--bar X --baz']
    successes = [
        ('--bar X', NS(bar='X', baz=None)),
        ('--bar X --bar Z', NS(bar='Z', baz=None)),
        ('--baz Y', NS(bar=None, baz='Y')),
        ('--baz', NS(bar=None, baz='Z')),
    ]
    successes_when_not_required = [
        ('', NS(bar=None, baz=None)),
    ]

    usage_when_not_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--bar BAR | --baz [BAZ]]
        '''
    usage_when_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] (--bar BAR | --baz [BAZ])
        '''
    help = '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help   show this help message and exit
          --bar BAR    bar help
          --baz [BAZ]  baz help
        '''


class TestMutuallyExclusiveLong(MEMixin, TestCase):

    def get_parser(self, required=None):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        parser.add_argument('--abcde', help='abcde help')
        parser.add_argument('--fghij', help='fghij help')
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=required)
        group.add_argument('--klmno', help='klmno help')
        group.add_argument('--pqrst', help='pqrst help')
        return parser

    failures = ['--klmno X --pqrst Y']
    successes = [
        ('--klmno X', NS(abcde=None, fghij=None, klmno='X', pqrst=None)),
        ('--abcde Y --klmno X',
            NS(abcde='Y', fghij=None, klmno='X', pqrst=None)),
        ('--pqrst X', NS(abcde=None, fghij=None, klmno=None, pqrst='X')),
        ('--pqrst X --fghij Y',
            NS(abcde=None, fghij='Y', klmno=None, pqrst='X')),
    ]
    successes_when_not_required = [
        ('', NS(abcde=None, fghij=None, klmno=None, pqrst=None)),
    ]

    usage_when_not_required = '''\
    usage: PROG [-h] [--abcde ABCDE] [--fghij FGHIJ]
                [--klmno KLMNO | --pqrst PQRST]
    '''
    usage_when_required = '''\
    usage: PROG [-h] [--abcde ABCDE] [--fghij FGHIJ]
                (--klmno KLMNO | --pqrst PQRST)
    '''
    help = '''\

    optional arguments:
      -h, --help     show this help message and exit
      --abcde ABCDE  abcde help
      --fghij FGHIJ  fghij help
      --klmno KLMNO  klmno help
      --pqrst PQRST  pqrst help
    '''


class TestMutuallyExclusiveFirstSuppressed(MEMixin, TestCase):

    def get_parser(self, required):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=required)
        group.add_argument('-x', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
        group.add_argument('-y', action='store_false', help='y help')
        return parser

    failures = ['-x X -y']
    successes = [
        ('-x X', NS(x='X', y=True)),
        ('-x X -x Y', NS(x='Y', y=True)),
        ('-y', NS(x=None, y=False)),
    ]
    successes_when_not_required = [
        ('', NS(x=None, y=True)),
    ]

    usage_when_not_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-y]
        '''
    usage_when_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] -y
        '''
    help = '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          -y          y help
        '''


class TestMutuallyExclusiveManySuppressed(MEMixin, TestCase):

    def get_parser(self, required):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=required)
        add = group.add_argument
        add('--spam', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
        add('--badger', action='store_false', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
        add('--bladder', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
        return parser

    failures = [
        '--spam --badger',
        '--badger --bladder B',
        '--bladder B --spam',
    ]
    successes = [
        ('--spam', NS(spam=True, badger=True, bladder=None)),
        ('--badger', NS(spam=False, badger=False, bladder=None)),
        ('--bladder B', NS(spam=False, badger=True, bladder='B')),
        ('--spam --spam', NS(spam=True, badger=True, bladder=None)),
    ]
    successes_when_not_required = [
        ('', NS(spam=False, badger=True, bladder=None)),
    ]

    usage_when_required = usage_when_not_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h]
        '''
    help = '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
        '''


class TestMutuallyExclusiveOptionalAndPositional(MEMixin, TestCase):

    def get_parser(self, required):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=required)
        group.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true', help='FOO')
        group.add_argument('--spam', help='SPAM')
        group.add_argument('badger', nargs='*', default='X', help='BADGER')
        return parser

    failures = [
        '--foo --spam S',
        '--spam S X',
        'X --foo',
        'X Y Z --spam S',
        '--foo X Y',
    ]
    successes = [
        ('--foo', NS(foo=True, spam=None, badger='X')),
        ('--spam S', NS(foo=False, spam='S', badger='X')),
        ('X', NS(foo=False, spam=None, badger=['X'])),
        ('X Y Z', NS(foo=False, spam=None, badger=['X', 'Y', 'Z'])),
    ]
    successes_when_not_required = [
        ('', NS(foo=False, spam=None, badger='X')),
    ]

    usage_when_not_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--foo | --spam SPAM | badger [badger ...]]
        '''
    usage_when_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] (--foo | --spam SPAM | badger [badger ...])
        '''
    help = '''\

        positional arguments:
          badger       BADGER

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help   show this help message and exit
          --foo        FOO
          --spam SPAM  SPAM
        '''


class TestMutuallyExclusiveOptionalsMixed(MEMixin, TestCase):

    def get_parser(self, required):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        parser.add_argument('-x', action='store_true', help='x help')
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=required)
        group.add_argument('-a', action='store_true', help='a help')
        group.add_argument('-b', action='store_true', help='b help')
        parser.add_argument('-y', action='store_true', help='y help')
        group.add_argument('-c', action='store_true', help='c help')
        return parser

    failures = ['-a -b', '-b -c', '-a -c', '-a -b -c']
    successes = [
        ('-a', NS(a=True, b=False, c=False, x=False, y=False)),
        ('-b', NS(a=False, b=True, c=False, x=False, y=False)),
        ('-c', NS(a=False, b=False, c=True, x=False, y=False)),
        ('-a -x', NS(a=True, b=False, c=False, x=True, y=False)),
        ('-y -b', NS(a=False, b=True, c=False, x=False, y=True)),
        ('-x -y -c', NS(a=False, b=False, c=True, x=True, y=True)),
    ]
    successes_when_not_required = [
        ('', NS(a=False, b=False, c=False, x=False, y=False)),
        ('-x', NS(a=False, b=False, c=False, x=True, y=False)),
        ('-y', NS(a=False, b=False, c=False, x=False, y=True)),
    ]

    usage_when_required = usage_when_not_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-x] [-a] [-b] [-y] [-c]
        '''
    help = '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          -x          x help
          -a          a help
          -b          b help
          -y          y help
          -c          c help
        '''


class TestMutuallyExclusiveInGroup(MEMixin, TestCase):

    def get_parser(self, required=None):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        titled_group = parser.add_argument_group(
            title='Titled group', description='Group description')
        mutex_group = \
            titled_group.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=required)
        mutex_group.add_argument('--bar', help='bar help')
        mutex_group.add_argument('--baz', help='baz help')
        return parser

    failures = ['--bar X --baz Y', '--baz X --bar Y']
    successes = [
        ('--bar X', NS(bar='X', baz=None)),
        ('--baz Y', NS(bar=None, baz='Y')),
    ]
    successes_when_not_required = [
        ('', NS(bar=None, baz=None)),
    ]

    usage_when_not_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--bar BAR | --baz BAZ]
        '''
    usage_when_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] (--bar BAR | --baz BAZ)
        '''
    help = '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit

        Titled group:
          Group description

          --bar BAR   bar help
          --baz BAZ   baz help
        '''


class TestMutuallyExclusiveOptionalsAndPositionalsMixed(MEMixin, TestCase):

    def get_parser(self, required):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        parser.add_argument('x', help='x help')
        parser.add_argument('-y', action='store_true', help='y help')
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=required)
        group.add_argument('a', nargs='?', help='a help')
        group.add_argument('-b', action='store_true', help='b help')
        group.add_argument('-c', action='store_true', help='c help')
        return parser

    failures = ['X A -b', '-b -c', '-c X A']
    successes = [
        ('X A', NS(a='A', b=False, c=False, x='X', y=False)),
        ('X -b', NS(a=None, b=True, c=False, x='X', y=False)),
        ('X -c', NS(a=None, b=False, c=True, x='X', y=False)),
        ('X A -y', NS(a='A', b=False, c=False, x='X', y=True)),
        ('X -y -b', NS(a=None, b=True, c=False, x='X', y=True)),
    ]
    successes_when_not_required = [
        ('X', NS(a=None, b=False, c=False, x='X', y=False)),
        ('X -y', NS(a=None, b=False, c=False, x='X', y=True)),
    ]

    usage_when_required = usage_when_not_required = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-y] [-b] [-c] x [a]
        '''
    help = '''\

        positional arguments:
          x           x help
          a           a help

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          -y          y help
          -b          b help
          -c          c help
        '''

# =================================================
# Mutually exclusive group in parent parser tests
# =================================================

class MEPBase(object):

    def get_parser(self, required=None):
        parent = super(MEPBase, self).get_parser(required=required)
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(
            prog=parent.prog, add_help=False, parents=[parent])
        return parser


class TestMutuallyExclusiveGroupErrorsParent(
    MEPBase, TestMutuallyExclusiveGroupErrors):
    pass


class TestMutuallyExclusiveSimpleParent(
    MEPBase, TestMutuallyExclusiveSimple):
    pass


class TestMutuallyExclusiveLongParent(
    MEPBase, TestMutuallyExclusiveLong):
    pass


class TestMutuallyExclusiveFirstSuppressedParent(
    MEPBase, TestMutuallyExclusiveFirstSuppressed):
    pass


class TestMutuallyExclusiveManySuppressedParent(
    MEPBase, TestMutuallyExclusiveManySuppressed):
    pass


class TestMutuallyExclusiveOptionalAndPositionalParent(
    MEPBase, TestMutuallyExclusiveOptionalAndPositional):
    pass


class TestMutuallyExclusiveOptionalsMixedParent(
    MEPBase, TestMutuallyExclusiveOptionalsMixed):
    pass


class TestMutuallyExclusiveOptionalsAndPositionalsMixedParent(
    MEPBase, TestMutuallyExclusiveOptionalsAndPositionalsMixed):
    pass

# =================
# Set default tests
# =================

class TestSetDefaults(TestCase):

    def test_set_defaults_no_args(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.set_defaults(x='foo')
        parser.set_defaults(y='bar', z=1)
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='foo', y='bar', z=1),
                         parser.parse_args([]))
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='foo', y='bar', z=1),
                         parser.parse_args([], NS()))
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='baz', y='bar', z=1),
                         parser.parse_args([], NS(x='baz')))
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='baz', y='bar', z=2),
                         parser.parse_args([], NS(x='baz', z=2)))

    def test_set_defaults_with_args(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.set_defaults(x='foo', y='bar')
        parser.add_argument('-x', default='xfoox')
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='xfoox', y='bar'),
                         parser.parse_args([]))
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='xfoox', y='bar'),
                         parser.parse_args([], NS()))
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='baz', y='bar'),
                         parser.parse_args([], NS(x='baz')))
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='1', y='bar'),
                         parser.parse_args('-x 1'.split()))
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='1', y='bar'),
                         parser.parse_args('-x 1'.split(), NS()))
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='1', y='bar'),
                         parser.parse_args('-x 1'.split(), NS(x='baz')))

    def test_set_defaults_subparsers(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.set_defaults(x='foo')
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers()
        parser_a = subparsers.add_parser('a')
        parser_a.set_defaults(y='bar')
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='foo', y='bar'),
                         parser.parse_args('a'.split()))

    def test_set_defaults_parents(self):
        parent = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        parent.set_defaults(x='foo')
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(parents=[parent])
        self.assertEqual(NS(x='foo'), parser.parse_args([]))

    def test_set_defaults_on_parent_and_subparser(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        xparser = parser.add_subparsers().add_parser('X')
        parser.set_defaults(foo=1)
        xparser.set_defaults(foo=2)
        self.assertEqual(NS(foo=2), parser.parse_args(['X']))

    def test_set_defaults_same_as_add_argument(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.set_defaults(w='W', x='X', y='Y', z='Z')
        parser.add_argument('-w')
        parser.add_argument('-x', default='XX')
        parser.add_argument('y', nargs='?')
        parser.add_argument('z', nargs='?', default='ZZ')

        # defaults set previously
        self.assertEqual(NS(w='W', x='XX', y='Y', z='ZZ'),
                         parser.parse_args([]))

        # reset defaults
        parser.set_defaults(w='WW', x='X', y='YY', z='Z')
        self.assertEqual(NS(w='WW', x='X', y='YY', z='Z'),
                         parser.parse_args([]))

    def test_set_defaults_same_as_add_argument_group(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.set_defaults(w='W', x='X', y='Y', z='Z')
        group = parser.add_argument_group('foo')
        group.add_argument('-w')
        group.add_argument('-x', default='XX')
        group.add_argument('y', nargs='?')
        group.add_argument('z', nargs='?', default='ZZ')


        # defaults set previously
        self.assertEqual(NS(w='W', x='XX', y='Y', z='ZZ'),
                         parser.parse_args([]))

        # reset defaults
        parser.set_defaults(w='WW', x='X', y='YY', z='Z')
        self.assertEqual(NS(w='WW', x='X', y='YY', z='Z'),
                         parser.parse_args([]))

# =================
# Get default tests
# =================

class TestGetDefault(TestCase):

    def test_get_default(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        self.assertIsNone(parser.get_default("foo"))
        self.assertIsNone(parser.get_default("bar"))

        parser.add_argument("--foo")
        self.assertIsNone(parser.get_default("foo"))
        self.assertIsNone(parser.get_default("bar"))

        parser.add_argument("--bar", type=int, default=42)
        self.assertIsNone(parser.get_default("foo"))
        self.assertEqual(42, parser.get_default("bar"))

        parser.set_defaults(foo="badger")
        self.assertEqual("badger", parser.get_default("foo"))
        self.assertEqual(42, parser.get_default("bar"))

# ==========================
# Namespace 'contains' tests
# ==========================

class TestNamespaceContainsSimple(TestCase):

    def test_empty(self):
        ns = argparse.Namespace()
        self.assertNotIn('', ns)
        self.assertNotIn('x', ns)

    def test_non_empty(self):
        ns = argparse.Namespace(x=1, y=2)
        self.assertNotIn('', ns)
        self.assertIn('x', ns)
        self.assertIn('y', ns)
        self.assertNotIn('xx', ns)
        self.assertNotIn('z', ns)

# =====================
# Help formatting tests
# =====================

class TestHelpFormattingMetaclass(type):

    def __init__(cls, name, bases, bodydict):
        if name == 'HelpTestCase':
            return

        class AddTests(object):

            def __init__(self, test_class, func_suffix, std_name):
                self.func_suffix = func_suffix
                self.std_name = std_name

                for test_func in [self.test_format,
                                  self.test_print,
                                  self.test_print_file]:
                    test_name = '%s_%s' % (test_func.__name__, func_suffix)

                    def test_wrapper(self, test_func=test_func):
                        test_func(self)
                    try:
                        test_wrapper.__name__ = test_name
                    except TypeError:
                        pass
                    setattr(test_class, test_name, test_wrapper)

            def _get_parser(self, tester):
                parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
                    *tester.parser_signature.args,
                    **tester.parser_signature.kwargs)
                for argument_sig in getattr(tester, 'argument_signatures', []):
                    parser.add_argument(*argument_sig.args,
                                        **argument_sig.kwargs)
                group_sigs = getattr(tester, 'argument_group_signatures', [])
                for group_sig, argument_sigs in group_sigs:
                    group = parser.add_argument_group(*group_sig.args,
                                                      **group_sig.kwargs)
                    for argument_sig in argument_sigs:
                        group.add_argument(*argument_sig.args,
                                           **argument_sig.kwargs)
                subparsers_sigs = getattr(tester, 'subparsers_signatures', [])
                if subparsers_sigs:
                    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers()
                    for subparser_sig in subparsers_sigs:
                        subparsers.add_parser(*subparser_sig.args,
                                               **subparser_sig.kwargs)
                return parser

            def _test(self, tester, parser_text):
                expected_text = getattr(tester, self.func_suffix)
                expected_text = textwrap.dedent(expected_text)
                tester.assertEqual(expected_text, parser_text)

            def test_format(self, tester):
                parser = self._get_parser(tester)
                format = getattr(parser, 'format_%s' % self.func_suffix)
                self._test(tester, format())

            def test_print(self, tester):
                parser = self._get_parser(tester)
                print_ = getattr(parser, 'print_%s' % self.func_suffix)
                old_stream = getattr(sys, self.std_name)
                setattr(sys, self.std_name, StdIOBuffer())
                try:
                    print_()
                    parser_text = getattr(sys, self.std_name).getvalue()
                finally:
                    setattr(sys, self.std_name, old_stream)
                self._test(tester, parser_text)

            def test_print_file(self, tester):
                parser = self._get_parser(tester)
                print_ = getattr(parser, 'print_%s' % self.func_suffix)
                sfile = StdIOBuffer()
                print_(sfile)
                parser_text = sfile.getvalue()
                self._test(tester, parser_text)

        # add tests for {format,print}_{usage,help}
        for func_suffix, std_name in [('usage', 'stdout'),
                                      ('help', 'stdout')]:
            AddTests(cls, func_suffix, std_name)

bases = TestCase,
HelpTestCase = TestHelpFormattingMetaclass('HelpTestCase', bases, {})


class TestHelpBiggerOptionals(HelpTestCase):
    """Make sure that argument help aligns when options are longer"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', description='DESCRIPTION',
                           epilog='EPILOG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-v', '--version', action='version', version='0.1'),
        Sig('-x', action='store_true', help='X HELP'),
        Sig('--y', help='Y HELP'),
        Sig('foo', help='FOO HELP'),
        Sig('bar', help='BAR HELP'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-v] [-x] [--y Y] foo bar
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        DESCRIPTION

        positional arguments:
          foo            FOO HELP
          bar            BAR HELP

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help     show this help message and exit
          -v, --version  show program's version number and exit
          -x             X HELP
          --y Y          Y HELP

        EPILOG
    '''
    version = '''\
        0.1
        '''

class TestShortColumns(HelpTestCase):
    '''Test extremely small number of columns.

    TestCase prevents "COLUMNS" from being too small in the tests themselves,
    but we don't want any exceptions thrown in such cases. Only ugly representation.
    '''
    def setUp(self):
        env = support.EnvironmentVarGuard()
        env.set("COLUMNS", '15')
        self.addCleanup(env.__exit__)

    parser_signature            = TestHelpBiggerOptionals.parser_signature
    argument_signatures         = TestHelpBiggerOptionals.argument_signatures
    argument_group_signatures   = TestHelpBiggerOptionals.argument_group_signatures
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG
               [-h]
               [-v]
               [-x]
               [--y Y]
               foo
               bar
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        DESCRIPTION

        positional arguments:
          foo
            FOO HELP
          bar
            BAR HELP

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help
            show this
            help
            message and
            exit
          -v, --version
            show
            program's
            version
            number and
            exit
          -x
            X HELP
          --y Y
            Y HELP

        EPILOG
    '''
    version                     = TestHelpBiggerOptionals.version


class TestHelpBiggerOptionalGroups(HelpTestCase):
    """Make sure that argument help aligns when options are longer"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', description='DESCRIPTION',
                           epilog='EPILOG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-v', '--version', action='version', version='0.1'),
        Sig('-x', action='store_true', help='X HELP'),
        Sig('--y', help='Y HELP'),
        Sig('foo', help='FOO HELP'),
        Sig('bar', help='BAR HELP'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('GROUP TITLE', description='GROUP DESCRIPTION'), [
            Sig('baz', help='BAZ HELP'),
            Sig('-z', nargs='+', help='Z HELP')]),
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-v] [-x] [--y Y] [-z Z [Z ...]] foo bar baz
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        DESCRIPTION

        positional arguments:
          foo            FOO HELP
          bar            BAR HELP

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help     show this help message and exit
          -v, --version  show program's version number and exit
          -x             X HELP
          --y Y          Y HELP

        GROUP TITLE:
          GROUP DESCRIPTION

          baz            BAZ HELP
          -z Z [Z ...]   Z HELP

        EPILOG
    '''
    version = '''\
        0.1
        '''


class TestHelpBiggerPositionals(HelpTestCase):
    """Make sure that help aligns when arguments are longer"""

    parser_signature = Sig(usage='USAGE', description='DESCRIPTION')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', action='store_true', help='X HELP'),
        Sig('--y', help='Y HELP'),
        Sig('ekiekiekifekang', help='EKI HELP'),
        Sig('bar', help='BAR HELP'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: USAGE
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        DESCRIPTION

        positional arguments:
          ekiekiekifekang  EKI HELP
          bar              BAR HELP

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help       show this help message and exit
          -x               X HELP
          --y Y            Y HELP
        '''

    version = ''


class TestHelpReformatting(HelpTestCase):
    """Make sure that text after short names starts on the first line"""

    parser_signature = Sig(
        prog='PROG',
        description='   oddly    formatted\n'
                    'description\n'
                    '\n'
                    'that is so long that it should go onto multiple '
                    'lines when wrapped')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', metavar='XX', help='oddly\n'
                                     '    formatted -x help'),
        Sig('y', metavar='yyy', help='normal y help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('title', description='\n'
                                  '    oddly formatted group\n'
                                  '\n'
                                  'description'),
         [Sig('-a', action='store_true',
              help=' oddly \n'
                   'formatted    -a  help  \n'
                   '    again, so long that it should be wrapped over '
                   'multiple lines')]),
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-x XX] [-a] yyy
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        oddly formatted description that is so long that it should go onto \
multiple
        lines when wrapped

        positional arguments:
          yyy         normal y help

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          -x XX       oddly formatted -x help

        title:
          oddly formatted group description

          -a          oddly formatted -a help again, so long that it should \
be wrapped
                      over multiple lines
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpWrappingShortNames(HelpTestCase):
    """Make sure that text after short names starts on the first line"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', description= 'D\nD' * 30)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', metavar='XX', help='XHH HX' * 20),
        Sig('y', metavar='yyy', help='YH YH' * 20),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('ALPHAS'), [
            Sig('-a', action='store_true', help='AHHH HHA' * 10)]),
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-x XX] [-a] yyy
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        D DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD \
DD DD DD
        DD DD DD DD D

        positional arguments:
          yyy         YH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH \
YHYH YHYH
                      YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YH

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          -x XX       XHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH \
HXXHH HXXHH
                      HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HXXHH HX

        ALPHAS:
          -a          AHHH HHAAHHH HHAAHHH HHAAHHH HHAAHHH HHAAHHH HHAAHHH \
HHAAHHH
                      HHAAHHH HHAAHHH HHA
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpWrappingLongNames(HelpTestCase):
    """Make sure that text after long names starts on the next line"""

    parser_signature = Sig(usage='USAGE', description= 'D D' * 30)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-v', '--version', action='version', version='V V' * 30),
        Sig('-x', metavar='X' * 25, help='XH XH' * 20),
        Sig('y', metavar='y' * 25, help='YH YH' * 20),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('ALPHAS'), [
            Sig('-a', metavar='A' * 25, help='AH AH' * 20),
            Sig('z', metavar='z' * 25, help='ZH ZH' * 20)]),
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: USAGE
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        D DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD \
DD DD DD
        DD DD DD DD D

        positional arguments:
          yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
                                YH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH \
YHYH YHYH
                                YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YHYH YH

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help            show this help message and exit
          -v, --version         show program's version number and exit
          -x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
                                XH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH \
XHXH XHXH
                                XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XHXH XH

        ALPHAS:
          -a AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
                                AH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH \
AHAH AHAH
                                AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AHAH AH
          zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
                                ZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH \
ZHZH ZHZH
                                ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZHZH ZH
        '''
    version = '''\
        V VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV \
VV VV VV
        VV VV VV VV V
        '''


class TestHelpUsage(HelpTestCase):
    """Test basic usage messages"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-w', nargs='+', help='w'),
        Sig('-x', nargs='*', help='x'),
        Sig('a', help='a'),
        Sig('b', help='b', nargs=2),
        Sig('c', help='c', nargs='?'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('group'), [
            Sig('-y', nargs='?', help='y'),
            Sig('-z', nargs=3, help='z'),
            Sig('d', help='d', nargs='*'),
            Sig('e', help='e', nargs='+'),
        ])
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-w W [W ...]] [-x [X [X ...]]] [-y [Y]] [-z Z Z Z]
                    a b b [c] [d [d ...]] e [e ...]
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          a               a
          b               b
          c               c

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help      show this help message and exit
          -w W [W ...]    w
          -x [X [X ...]]  x

        group:
          -y [Y]          y
          -z Z Z Z        z
          d               d
          e               e
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpOnlyUserGroups(HelpTestCase):
    """Test basic usage messages"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', add_help=False)
    argument_signatures = []
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('xxxx'), [
            Sig('-x', help='x'),
            Sig('a', help='a'),
        ]),
        (Sig('yyyy'), [
            Sig('b', help='b'),
            Sig('-y', help='y'),
        ]),
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-x X] [-y Y] a b
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        xxxx:
          -x X  x
          a     a

        yyyy:
          b     b
          -y Y  y
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpUsageLongProg(HelpTestCase):
    """Test usage messages where the prog is long"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='P' * 60)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-w', metavar='W'),
        Sig('-x', metavar='X'),
        Sig('a'),
        Sig('b'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
               [-h] [-w W] [-x X] a b
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          a
          b

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          -w W
          -x X
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpUsageLongProgOptionsWrap(HelpTestCase):
    """Test usage messages where the prog is long and the optionals wrap"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='P' * 60)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-w', metavar='W' * 25),
        Sig('-x', metavar='X' * 25),
        Sig('-y', metavar='Y' * 25),
        Sig('-z', metavar='Z' * 25),
        Sig('a'),
        Sig('b'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
               [-h] [-w WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW] \
[-x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX]
               [-y YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY] [-z ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ]
               a b
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          a
          b

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help            show this help message and exit
          -w WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
          -x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
          -y YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
          -z ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpUsageLongProgPositionalsWrap(HelpTestCase):
    """Test usage messages where the prog is long and the positionals wrap"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='P' * 60, add_help=False)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('a' * 25),
        Sig('b' * 25),
        Sig('c' * 25),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
               aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
               ccccccccccccccccccccccccc
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
          bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
          ccccccccccccccccccccccccc
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpUsageOptionalsWrap(HelpTestCase):
    """Test usage messages where the optionals wrap"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-w', metavar='W' * 25),
        Sig('-x', metavar='X' * 25),
        Sig('-y', metavar='Y' * 25),
        Sig('-z', metavar='Z' * 25),
        Sig('a'),
        Sig('b'),
        Sig('c'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-w WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW] \
[-x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX]
                    [-y YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY] \
[-z ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ]
                    a b c
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          a
          b
          c

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help            show this help message and exit
          -w WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
          -x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
          -y YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
          -z ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpUsagePositionalsWrap(HelpTestCase):
    """Test usage messages where the positionals wrap"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x'),
        Sig('-y'),
        Sig('-z'),
        Sig('a' * 25),
        Sig('b' * 25),
        Sig('c' * 25),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-x X] [-y Y] [-z Z]
                    aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
                    ccccccccccccccccccccccccc
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
          bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
          ccccccccccccccccccccccccc

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help            show this help message and exit
          -x X
          -y Y
          -z Z
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpUsageOptionalsPositionalsWrap(HelpTestCase):
    """Test usage messages where the optionals and positionals wrap"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', metavar='X' * 25),
        Sig('-y', metavar='Y' * 25),
        Sig('-z', metavar='Z' * 25),
        Sig('a' * 25),
        Sig('b' * 25),
        Sig('c' * 25),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX] \
[-y YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY]
                    [-z ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ]
                    aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
                    ccccccccccccccccccccccccc
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
          bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
          ccccccccccccccccccccccccc

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help            show this help message and exit
          -x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
          -y YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
          -z ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpUsageOptionalsOnlyWrap(HelpTestCase):
    """Test usage messages where there are only optionals and they wrap"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', metavar='X' * 25),
        Sig('-y', metavar='Y' * 25),
        Sig('-z', metavar='Z' * 25),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX] \
[-y YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY]
                    [-z ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ]
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help            show this help message and exit
          -x XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
          -y YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
          -z ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpUsagePositionalsOnlyWrap(HelpTestCase):
    """Test usage messages where there are only positionals and they wrap"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', add_help=False)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('a' * 25),
        Sig('b' * 25),
        Sig('c' * 25),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
                    ccccccccccccccccccccccccc
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
          bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
          ccccccccccccccccccccccccc
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpVariableExpansion(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that variables are expanded properly in help messages"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-x', type=int,
            help='x %(prog)s %(default)s %(type)s %%'),
        Sig('-y', action='store_const', default=42, const='XXX',
            help='y %(prog)s %(default)s %(const)s'),
        Sig('--foo', choices='abc',
            help='foo %(prog)s %(default)s %(choices)s'),
        Sig('--bar', default='baz', choices=[1, 2], metavar='BBB',
            help='bar %(prog)s %(default)s %(dest)s'),
        Sig('spam', help='spam %(prog)s %(default)s'),
        Sig('badger', default=0.5, help='badger %(prog)s %(default)s'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('group'), [
            Sig('-a', help='a %(prog)s %(default)s'),
            Sig('-b', default=-1, help='b %(prog)s %(default)s'),
        ])
    ]
    usage = ('''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-x X] [-y] [--foo {a,b,c}] [--bar BBB] [-a A] [-b B]
                    spam badger
        ''')
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          spam           spam PROG None
          badger         badger PROG 0.5

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help     show this help message and exit
          -x X           x PROG None int %
          -y             y PROG 42 XXX
          --foo {a,b,c}  foo PROG None a, b, c
          --bar BBB      bar PROG baz bar

        group:
          -a A           a PROG None
          -b B           b PROG -1
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpVariableExpansionUsageSupplied(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that variables are expanded properly when usage= is present"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', usage='%(prog)s FOO')
    argument_signatures = []
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = ('''\
        usage: PROG FOO
        ''')
    help = usage + '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpVariableExpansionNoArguments(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that variables are expanded properly with no arguments"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', add_help=False)
    argument_signatures = []
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = ('''\
        usage: PROG
        ''')
    help = usage
    version = ''


class TestHelpSuppressUsage(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that items can be suppressed in usage messages"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', usage=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo', help='foo help'),
        Sig('spam', help='spam help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    help = '''\
        positional arguments:
          spam        spam help

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          --foo FOO   foo help
        '''
    usage = ''
    version = ''


class TestHelpSuppressOptional(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that optional arguments can be suppressed in help messages"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', add_help=False)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo', help=argparse.SUPPRESS),
        Sig('spam', help='spam help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG spam
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          spam  spam help
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpSuppressOptionalGroup(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that optional groups can be suppressed in help messages"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo', help='foo help'),
        Sig('spam', help='spam help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('group'), [Sig('--bar', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)]),
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] spam
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          spam        spam help

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          --foo FOO   foo help
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpSuppressPositional(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that positional arguments can be suppressed in help messages"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo', help='foo help'),
        Sig('spam', help=argparse.SUPPRESS),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO]
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          --foo FOO   foo help
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpRequiredOptional(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that required options don't look optional"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo', required=True, help='foo help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] --foo FOO
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          --foo FOO   foo help
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpAlternatePrefixChars(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that options display with different prefix characters"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', prefix_chars='^;', add_help=False)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('^^foo', action='store_true', help='foo help'),
        Sig(';b', ';;bar', help='bar help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [^^foo] [;b BAR]
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        optional arguments:
          ^^foo              foo help
          ;b BAR, ;;bar BAR  bar help
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpNoHelpOptional(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that the --help argument can be suppressed help messages"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', add_help=False)
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo', help='foo help'),
        Sig('spam', help='spam help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [--foo FOO] spam
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          spam       spam help

        optional arguments:
          --foo FOO  foo help
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpNone(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that no errors occur if no help is specified"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo'),
        Sig('spam'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] spam
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          spam

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          --foo FOO
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpTupleMetavar(HelpTestCase):
    """Test specifying metavar as a tuple"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-w', help='w', nargs='+', metavar=('W1', 'W2')),
        Sig('-x', help='x', nargs='*', metavar=('X1', 'X2')),
        Sig('-y', help='y', nargs=3, metavar=('Y1', 'Y2', 'Y3')),
        Sig('-z', help='z', nargs='?', metavar=('Z1', )),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-w W1 [W2 ...]] [-x [X1 [X2 ...]]] [-y Y1 Y2 Y3] \
[-z [Z1]]
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help        show this help message and exit
          -w W1 [W2 ...]    w
          -x [X1 [X2 ...]]  x
          -y Y1 Y2 Y3       y
          -z [Z1]           z
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpRawText(HelpTestCase):
    """Test the RawTextHelpFormatter"""

    parser_signature = Sig(
        prog='PROG', formatter_class=argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter,
        description='Keep the formatting\n'
                    '    exactly as it is written\n'
                    '\n'
                    'here\n')

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo', help='    foo help should also\n'
                          'appear as given here'),
        Sig('spam', help='spam help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('title', description='    This text\n'
                                  '  should be indented\n'
                                  '    exactly like it is here\n'),
         [Sig('--bar', help='bar help')]),
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] [--bar BAR] spam
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        Keep the formatting
            exactly as it is written

        here

        positional arguments:
          spam        spam help

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          --foo FOO       foo help should also
                      appear as given here

        title:
              This text
            should be indented
              exactly like it is here

          --bar BAR   bar help
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpRawDescription(HelpTestCase):
    """Test the RawTextHelpFormatter"""

    parser_signature = Sig(
        prog='PROG', formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
        description='Keep the formatting\n'
                    '    exactly as it is written\n'
                    '\n'
                    'here\n')

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo', help='  foo help should not\n'
                          '    retain this odd formatting'),
        Sig('spam', help='spam help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('title', description='    This text\n'
                                  '  should be indented\n'
                                  '    exactly like it is here\n'),
         [Sig('--bar', help='bar help')]),
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] [--bar BAR] spam
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        Keep the formatting
            exactly as it is written

        here

        positional arguments:
          spam        spam help

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          --foo FOO   foo help should not retain this odd formatting

        title:
              This text
            should be indented
              exactly like it is here

          --bar BAR   bar help
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpArgumentDefaults(HelpTestCase):
    """Test the ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter"""

    parser_signature = Sig(
        prog='PROG', formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter,
        description='description')

    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('--foo', help='foo help - oh and by the way, %(default)s'),
        Sig('--bar', action='store_true', help='bar help'),
        Sig('spam', help='spam help'),
        Sig('badger', nargs='?', default='wooden', help='badger help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = [
        (Sig('title', description='description'),
         [Sig('--baz', type=int, default=42, help='baz help')]),
    ]
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] [--bar] [--baz BAZ] spam [badger]
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        description

        positional arguments:
          spam        spam help
          badger      badger help (default: wooden)

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          --foo FOO   foo help - oh and by the way, None
          --bar       bar help (default: False)

        title:
          description

          --baz BAZ   baz help (default: 42)
        '''
    version = ''

class TestHelpVersionAction(HelpTestCase):
    """Test the default help for the version action"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', description='description')
    argument_signatures = [Sig('-V', '--version', action='version', version='3.6')]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-V]
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        description

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help     show this help message and exit
          -V, --version  show program's version number and exit
        '''
    version = ''


class TestHelpVersionActionSuppress(HelpTestCase):
    """Test that the --version argument can be suppressed in help messages"""

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG')
    argument_signatures = [
        Sig('-v', '--version', action='version', version='1.0',
            help=argparse.SUPPRESS),
        Sig('--foo', help='foo help'),
        Sig('spam', help='spam help'),
    ]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] spam
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        positional arguments:
          spam        spam help

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help  show this help message and exit
          --foo FOO   foo help
        '''


class TestHelpSubparsersOrdering(HelpTestCase):
    """Test ordering of subcommands in help matches the code"""
    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG',
                           description='display some subcommands')
    argument_signatures = [Sig('-v', '--version', action='version', version='0.1')]

    subparsers_signatures = [Sig(name=name)
                             for name in ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')]

    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-v] {a,b,c,d,e} ...
        '''

    help = usage + '''\

        display some subcommands

        positional arguments:
          {a,b,c,d,e}

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help     show this help message and exit
          -v, --version  show program's version number and exit
        '''

    version = '''\
        0.1
        '''

class TestHelpSubparsersWithHelpOrdering(HelpTestCase):
    """Test ordering of subcommands in help matches the code"""
    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG',
                           description='display some subcommands')
    argument_signatures = [Sig('-v', '--version', action='version', version='0.1')]

    subcommand_data = (('a', 'a subcommand help'),
                       ('b', 'b subcommand help'),
                       ('c', 'c subcommand help'),
                       ('d', 'd subcommand help'),
                       ('e', 'e subcommand help'),
                       )

    subparsers_signatures = [Sig(name=name, help=help)
                             for name, help in subcommand_data]

    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-v] {a,b,c,d,e} ...
        '''

    help = usage + '''\

        display some subcommands

        positional arguments:
          {a,b,c,d,e}
            a            a subcommand help
            b            b subcommand help
            c            c subcommand help
            d            d subcommand help
            e            e subcommand help

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help     show this help message and exit
          -v, --version  show program's version number and exit
        '''

    version = '''\
        0.1
        '''



class TestHelpMetavarTypeFormatter(HelpTestCase):
    """"""

    def custom_type(string):
        return string

    parser_signature = Sig(prog='PROG', description='description',
                           formatter_class=argparse.MetavarTypeHelpFormatter)
    argument_signatures = [Sig('a', type=int),
                           Sig('-b', type=custom_type),
                           Sig('-c', type=float, metavar='SOME FLOAT')]
    argument_group_signatures = []
    usage = '''\
        usage: PROG [-h] [-b custom_type] [-c SOME FLOAT] int
        '''
    help = usage + '''\

        description

        positional arguments:
          int

        optional arguments:
          -h, --help      show this help message and exit
          -b custom_type
          -c SOME FLOAT
        '''
    version = ''


# =====================================
# Optional/Positional constructor tests
# =====================================

class TestInvalidArgumentConstructors(TestCase):
    """Test a bunch of invalid Argument constructors"""

    def assertTypeError(self, *args, **kwargs):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, parser.add_argument,
                          *args, **kwargs)

    def assertValueError(self, *args, **kwargs):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, parser.add_argument,
                          *args, **kwargs)

    def test_invalid_keyword_arguments(self):
        self.assertTypeError('-x', bar=None)
        self.assertTypeError('-y', callback='foo')
        self.assertTypeError('-y', callback_args=())
        self.assertTypeError('-y', callback_kwargs={})

    def test_missing_destination(self):
        self.assertTypeError()
        for action in ['append', 'store']:
            self.assertTypeError(action=action)

    def test_invalid_option_strings(self):
        self.assertValueError('--')
        self.assertValueError('---')

    def test_invalid_type(self):
        self.assertValueError('--foo', type='int')
        self.assertValueError('--foo', type=(int, float))

    def test_invalid_action(self):
        self.assertValueError('-x', action='foo')
        self.assertValueError('foo', action='baz')
        self.assertValueError('--foo', action=('store', 'append'))
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
            parser.add_argument("--foo", action="store-true")
        self.assertIn('unknown action', str(cm.exception))

    def test_multiple_dest(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument(dest='foo')
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
            parser.add_argument('bar', dest='baz')
        self.assertIn('dest supplied twice for positional argument',
                      str(cm.exception))

    def test_no_argument_actions(self):
        for action in ['store_const', 'store_true', 'store_false',
                       'append_const', 'count']:
            for attrs in [dict(type=int), dict(nargs='+'),
                          dict(choices='ab')]:
                self.assertTypeError('-x', action=action, **attrs)

    def test_no_argument_no_const_actions(self):
        # options with zero arguments
        for action in ['store_true', 'store_false', 'count']:

            # const is always disallowed
            self.assertTypeError('-x', const='foo', action=action)

            # nargs is always disallowed
            self.assertTypeError('-x', nargs='*', action=action)

    def test_more_than_one_argument_actions(self):
        for action in ['store', 'append']:

            # nargs=0 is disallowed
            self.assertValueError('-x', nargs=0, action=action)
            self.assertValueError('spam', nargs=0, action=action)

            # const is disallowed with non-optional arguments
            for nargs in [1, '*', '+']:
                self.assertValueError('-x', const='foo',
                                      nargs=nargs, action=action)
                self.assertValueError('spam', const='foo',
                                      nargs=nargs, action=action)

    def test_required_const_actions(self):
        for action in ['store_const', 'append_const']:

            # nargs is always disallowed
            self.assertTypeError('-x', nargs='+', action=action)

    def test_parsers_action_missing_params(self):
        self.assertTypeError('command', action='parsers')
        self.assertTypeError('command', action='parsers', prog='PROG')
        self.assertTypeError('command', action='parsers',
                             parser_class=argparse.ArgumentParser)

    def test_required_positional(self):
        self.assertTypeError('foo', required=True)

    def test_user_defined_action(self):

        class Success(Exception):
            pass

        class Action(object):

            def __init__(self,
                         option_strings,
                         dest,
                         const,
                         default,
                         required=False):
                if dest == 'spam':
                    if const is Success:
                        if default is Success:
                            raise Success()

            def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                pass

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        self.assertRaises(Success, parser.add_argument, '--spam',
                          action=Action, default=Success, const=Success)
        self.assertRaises(Success, parser.add_argument, 'spam',
                          action=Action, default=Success, const=Success)

# ================================
# Actions returned by add_argument
# ================================

class TestActionsReturned(TestCase):

    def test_dest(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        action = parser.add_argument('--foo')
        self.assertEqual(action.dest, 'foo')
        action = parser.add_argument('-b', '--bar')
        self.assertEqual(action.dest, 'bar')
        action = parser.add_argument('-x', '-y')
        self.assertEqual(action.dest, 'x')

    def test_misc(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        action = parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', const=42,
                                     default=84, type=int, choices=[1, 2],
                                     help='FOO', metavar='BAR', dest='baz')
        self.assertEqual(action.nargs, '?')
        self.assertEqual(action.const, 42)
        self.assertEqual(action.default, 84)
        self.assertEqual(action.type, int)
        self.assertEqual(action.choices, [1, 2])
        self.assertEqual(action.help, 'FOO')
        self.assertEqual(action.metavar, 'BAR')
        self.assertEqual(action.dest, 'baz')


# ================================
# Argument conflict handling tests
# ================================

class TestConflictHandling(TestCase):

    def test_bad_type(self):
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, argparse.ArgumentParser,
                          conflict_handler='foo')

    def test_conflict_error(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('-x')
        self.assertRaises(argparse.ArgumentError,
                          parser.add_argument, '-x')
        parser.add_argument('--spam')
        self.assertRaises(argparse.ArgumentError,
                          parser.add_argument, '--spam')

    def test_resolve_error(self):
        get_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser
        parser = get_parser(prog='PROG', conflict_handler='resolve')

        parser.add_argument('-x', help='OLD X')
        parser.add_argument('-x', help='NEW X')
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_help(), textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG [-h] [-x X]

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help  show this help message and exit
              -x X        NEW X
            '''))

        parser.add_argument('--spam', metavar='OLD_SPAM')
        parser.add_argument('--spam', metavar='NEW_SPAM')
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_help(), textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: PROG [-h] [-x X] [--spam NEW_SPAM]

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help       show this help message and exit
              -x X             NEW X
              --spam NEW_SPAM
            '''))


# =============================
# Help and Version option tests
# =============================

class TestOptionalsHelpVersionActions(TestCase):
    """Test the help and version actions"""

    def assertPrintHelpExit(self, parser, args_str):
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args(args_str.split())
        self.assertEqual(parser.format_help(), cm.exception.stdout)

    def assertArgumentParserError(self, parser, *args):
        self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError, parser.parse_args, args)

    def test_version(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('-v', '--version', action='version', version='1.0')
        self.assertPrintHelpExit(parser, '-h')
        self.assertPrintHelpExit(parser, '--help')
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, parser, 'format_version')

    def test_version_format(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PPP')
        parser.add_argument('-v', '--version', action='version', version='%(prog)s 3.5')
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args(['-v'])
        self.assertEqual('PPP 3.5\n', cm.exception.stdout)

    def test_version_no_help(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        parser.add_argument('-v', '--version', action='version', version='1.0')
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser, '-h')
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser, '--help')
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, parser, 'format_version')

    def test_version_action(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='XXX')
        parser.add_argument('-V', action='version', version='%(prog)s 3.7')
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args(['-V'])
        self.assertEqual('XXX 3.7\n', cm.exception.stdout)

    def test_no_help(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(add_help=False)
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser, '-h')
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser, '--help')
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser, '-v')
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser, '--version')

    def test_alternate_help_version(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('-x', action='help')
        parser.add_argument('-y', action='version')
        self.assertPrintHelpExit(parser, '-x')
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser, '-v')
        self.assertArgumentParserError(parser, '--version')
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, parser, 'format_version')

    def test_help_version_extra_arguments(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version='1.0')
        parser.add_argument('-x', action='store_true')
        parser.add_argument('y')

        # try all combinations of valid prefixes and suffixes
        valid_prefixes = ['', '-x', 'foo', '-x bar', 'baz -x']
        valid_suffixes = valid_prefixes + ['--bad-option', 'foo bar baz']
        for prefix in valid_prefixes:
            for suffix in valid_suffixes:
                format = '%s %%s %s' % (prefix, suffix)
            self.assertPrintHelpExit(parser, format % '-h')
            self.assertPrintHelpExit(parser, format % '--help')
            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, parser, 'format_version')


# ======================
# str() and repr() tests
# ======================

class TestStrings(TestCase):
    """Test str()  and repr() on Optionals and Positionals"""

    def assertStringEqual(self, obj, result_string):
        for func in [str, repr]:
            self.assertEqual(func(obj), result_string)

    def test_optional(self):
        option = argparse.Action(
            option_strings=['--foo', '-a', '-b'],
            dest='b',
            type='int',
            nargs='+',
            default=42,
            choices=[1, 2, 3],
            help='HELP',
            metavar='METAVAR')
        string = (
            "Action(option_strings=['--foo', '-a', '-b'], dest='b', "
            "nargs='+', const=None, default=42, type='int', "
            "choices=[1, 2, 3], help='HELP', metavar='METAVAR')")
        self.assertStringEqual(option, string)

    def test_argument(self):
        argument = argparse.Action(
            option_strings=[],
            dest='x',
            type=float,
            nargs='?',
            default=2.5,
            choices=[0.5, 1.5, 2.5],
            help='H HH H',
            metavar='MV MV MV')
        string = (
            "Action(option_strings=[], dest='x', nargs='?', "
            "const=None, default=2.5, type=%r, choices=[0.5, 1.5, 2.5], "
            "help='H HH H', metavar='MV MV MV')" % float)
        self.assertStringEqual(argument, string)

    def test_namespace(self):
        ns = argparse.Namespace(foo=42, bar='spam')
        string = "Namespace(bar='spam', foo=42)"
        self.assertStringEqual(ns, string)

    def test_namespace_starkwargs_notidentifier(self):
        ns = argparse.Namespace(**{'"': 'quote'})
        string = """Namespace(**{'"': 'quote'})"""
        self.assertStringEqual(ns, string)

    def test_namespace_kwargs_and_starkwargs_notidentifier(self):
        ns = argparse.Namespace(a=1, **{'"': 'quote'})
        string = """Namespace(a=1, **{'"': 'quote'})"""
        self.assertStringEqual(ns, string)

    def test_namespace_starkwargs_identifier(self):
        ns = argparse.Namespace(**{'valid': True})
        string = "Namespace(valid=True)"
        self.assertStringEqual(ns, string)

    def test_parser(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        string = (
            "ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', usage=None, description=None, "
            "formatter_class=%r, conflict_handler='error', "
            "add_help=True)" % argparse.HelpFormatter)
        self.assertStringEqual(parser, string)

# ===============
# Namespace tests
# ===============

class TestNamespace(TestCase):

    def test_constructor(self):
        ns = argparse.Namespace()
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, ns, 'x')

        ns = argparse.Namespace(a=42, b='spam')
        self.assertEqual(ns.a, 42)
        self.assertEqual(ns.b, 'spam')

    def test_equality(self):
        ns1 = argparse.Namespace(a=1, b=2)
        ns2 = argparse.Namespace(b=2, a=1)
        ns3 = argparse.Namespace(a=1)
        ns4 = argparse.Namespace(b=2)

        self.assertEqual(ns1, ns2)
        self.assertNotEqual(ns1, ns3)
        self.assertNotEqual(ns1, ns4)
        self.assertNotEqual(ns2, ns3)
        self.assertNotEqual(ns2, ns4)
        self.assertTrue(ns1 != ns3)
        self.assertTrue(ns1 != ns4)
        self.assertTrue(ns2 != ns3)
        self.assertTrue(ns2 != ns4)

    def test_equality_returns_notimplemented(self):
        # See issue 21481
        ns = argparse.Namespace(a=1, b=2)
        self.assertIs(ns.__eq__(None), NotImplemented)
        self.assertIs(ns.__ne__(None), NotImplemented)


# ===================
# File encoding tests
# ===================

class TestEncoding(TestCase):

    def _test_module_encoding(self, path):
        path, _ = os.path.splitext(path)
        path += ".py"
        with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            f.read()

    def test_argparse_module_encoding(self):
        self._test_module_encoding(argparse.__file__)

    def test_test_argparse_module_encoding(self):
        self._test_module_encoding(__file__)

# ===================
# ArgumentError tests
# ===================

class TestArgumentError(TestCase):

    def test_argument_error(self):
        msg = "my error here"
        error = argparse.ArgumentError(None, msg)
        self.assertEqual(str(error), msg)

# =======================
# ArgumentTypeError tests
# =======================

class TestArgumentTypeError(TestCase):

    def test_argument_type_error(self):

        def spam(string):
            raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError('spam!')

        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG', add_help=False)
        parser.add_argument('x', type=spam)
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args(['XXX'])
        self.assertEqual('usage: PROG x\nPROG: error: argument x: spam!\n',
                         cm.exception.stderr)

# =========================
# MessageContentError tests
# =========================

class TestMessageContentError(TestCase):

    def test_missing_argument_name_in_message(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG', usage='')
        parser.add_argument('req_pos', type=str)
        parser.add_argument('-req_opt', type=int, required=True)
        parser.add_argument('need_one', type=str, nargs='+')

        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args([])
        msg = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_pos')
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_opt')
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'need_one')
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args(['myXargument'])
        msg = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertNotIn(msg, 'req_pos')
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_opt')
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'need_one')
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args(['myXargument', '-req_opt=1'])
        msg = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertNotIn(msg, 'req_pos')
        self.assertNotIn(msg, 'req_opt')
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'need_one')

    def test_optional_optional_not_in_message(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG', usage='')
        parser.add_argument('req_pos', type=str)
        parser.add_argument('--req_opt', type=int, required=True)
        parser.add_argument('--opt_opt', type=bool, nargs='?',
                            default=True)
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args([])
        msg = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_pos')
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_opt')
        self.assertNotIn(msg, 'opt_opt')
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args(['--req_opt=1'])
        msg = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_pos')
        self.assertNotIn(msg, 'req_opt')
        self.assertNotIn(msg, 'opt_opt')

    def test_optional_positional_not_in_message(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG', usage='')
        parser.add_argument('req_pos')
        parser.add_argument('optional_positional', nargs='?', default='eggs')
        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args([])
        msg = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_pos')
        self.assertNotIn(msg, 'optional_positional')


# ================================================
# Check that the type function is called only once
# ================================================

class TestTypeFunctionCallOnlyOnce(TestCase):

    def test_type_function_call_only_once(self):
        def spam(string_to_convert):
            self.assertEqual(string_to_convert, 'spam!')
            return 'foo_converted'

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('--foo', type=spam, default='bar')
        args = parser.parse_args('--foo spam!'.split())
        self.assertEqual(NS(foo='foo_converted'), args)

# ==================================================================
# Check semantics regarding the default argument and type conversion
# ==================================================================

class TestTypeFunctionCalledOnDefault(TestCase):

    def test_type_function_call_with_non_string_default(self):
        def spam(int_to_convert):
            self.assertEqual(int_to_convert, 0)
            return 'foo_converted'

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('--foo', type=spam, default=0)
        args = parser.parse_args([])
        # foo should *not* be converted because its default is not a string.
        self.assertEqual(NS(foo=0), args)

    def test_type_function_call_with_string_default(self):
        def spam(int_to_convert):
            return 'foo_converted'

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('--foo', type=spam, default='0')
        args = parser.parse_args([])
        # foo is converted because its default is a string.
        self.assertEqual(NS(foo='foo_converted'), args)

    def test_no_double_type_conversion_of_default(self):
        def extend(str_to_convert):
            return str_to_convert + '*'

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('--test', type=extend, default='*')
        args = parser.parse_args([])
        # The test argument will be two stars, one coming from the default
        # value and one coming from the type conversion being called exactly
        # once.
        self.assertEqual(NS(test='**'), args)

    def test_issue_15906(self):
        # Issue #15906: When action='append', type=str, default=[] are
        # providing, the dest value was the string representation "[]" when it
        # should have been an empty list.
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('--test', dest='test', type=str,
                            default=[], action='append')
        args = parser.parse_args([])
        self.assertEqual(args.test, [])

# ======================
# parse_known_args tests
# ======================

class TestParseKnownArgs(TestCase):

    def test_arguments_tuple(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args(())

    def test_arguments_list(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.parse_args([])

    def test_arguments_tuple_positional(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('x')
        parser.parse_args(('x',))

    def test_arguments_list_positional(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('x')
        parser.parse_args(['x'])

    def test_optionals(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('--foo')
        args, extras = parser.parse_known_args('--foo F --bar --baz'.split())
        self.assertEqual(NS(foo='F'), args)
        self.assertEqual(['--bar', '--baz'], extras)

    def test_mixed(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument('-v', nargs='?', const=1, type=int)
        parser.add_argument('--spam', action='store_false')
        parser.add_argument('badger')

        argv = ["B", "C", "--foo", "-v", "3", "4"]
        args, extras = parser.parse_known_args(argv)
        self.assertEqual(NS(v=3, spam=True, badger="B"), args)
        self.assertEqual(["C", "--foo", "4"], extras)

# ===========================
# parse_intermixed_args tests
# ===========================

class TestIntermixedArgs(TestCase):
    def test_basic(self):
        # test parsing intermixed optionals and positionals
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        parser.add_argument('--foo', dest='foo')
        bar = parser.add_argument('--bar', dest='bar', required=True)
        parser.add_argument('cmd')
        parser.add_argument('rest', nargs='*', type=int)
        argv = 'cmd --foo x 1 --bar y 2 3'.split()
        args = parser.parse_intermixed_args(argv)
        # rest gets [1,2,3] despite the foo and bar strings
        self.assertEqual(NS(bar='y', cmd='cmd', foo='x', rest=[1, 2, 3]), args)

        args, extras = parser.parse_known_args(argv)
        # cannot parse the '1,2,3'
        self.assertEqual(NS(bar='y', cmd='cmd', foo='x', rest=[]), args)
        self.assertEqual(["1", "2", "3"], extras)

        argv = 'cmd --foo x 1 --error 2 --bar y 3'.split()
        args, extras = parser.parse_known_intermixed_args(argv)
        # unknown optionals go into extras
        self.assertEqual(NS(bar='y', cmd='cmd', foo='x', rest=[1]), args)
        self.assertEqual(['--error', '2', '3'], extras)

        # restores attributes that were temporarily changed
        self.assertIsNone(parser.usage)
        self.assertEqual(bar.required, True)

    def test_remainder(self):
        # Intermixed and remainder are incompatible
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        parser.add_argument('-z')
        parser.add_argument('x')
        parser.add_argument('y', nargs='...')
        argv = 'X A B -z Z'.split()
        # intermixed fails with '...' (also 'A...')
        # self.assertRaises(TypeError, parser.parse_intermixed_args, argv)
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
            parser.parse_intermixed_args(argv)
        self.assertRegex(str(cm.exception), r'\.\.\.')

    def test_exclusive(self):
        # mutually exclusive group; intermixed works fine
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
        group.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true', help='FOO')
        group.add_argument('--spam', help='SPAM')
        parser.add_argument('badger', nargs='*', default='X', help='BADGER')
        args = parser.parse_intermixed_args('1 --foo 2'.split())
        self.assertEqual(NS(badger=['1', '2'], foo=True, spam=None), args)
        self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError, parser.parse_intermixed_args, '1 2'.split())
        self.assertEqual(group.required, True)

    def test_exclusive_incompatible(self):
        # mutually exclusive group including positional - fail
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
        group.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true', help='FOO')
        group.add_argument('--spam', help='SPAM')
        group.add_argument('badger', nargs='*', default='X', help='BADGER')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, parser.parse_intermixed_args, [])
        self.assertEqual(group.required, True)

class TestIntermixedMessageContentError(TestCase):
    # case where Intermixed gives different error message
    # error is raised by 1st parsing step
    def test_missing_argument_name_in_message(self):
        parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(prog='PROG', usage='')
        parser.add_argument('req_pos', type=str)
        parser.add_argument('-req_opt', type=int, required=True)

        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_args([])
        msg = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_pos')
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_opt')

        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentParserError) as cm:
            parser.parse_intermixed_args([])
        msg = str(cm.exception)
        self.assertNotRegex(msg, 'req_pos')
        self.assertRegex(msg, 'req_opt')

# ==========================
# add_argument metavar tests
# ==========================

class TestAddArgumentMetavar(TestCase):

    EXPECTED_MESSAGE = "length of metavar tuple does not match nargs"

    def do_test_no_exception(self, nargs, metavar):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        parser.add_argument("--foo", nargs=nargs, metavar=metavar)

    def do_test_exception(self, nargs, metavar):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
            parser.add_argument("--foo", nargs=nargs, metavar=metavar)
        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.args[0], self.EXPECTED_MESSAGE)

    # Unit tests for different values of metavar when nargs=None

    def test_nargs_None_metavar_string(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs=None, metavar="1")

    def test_nargs_None_metavar_length0(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=None, metavar=tuple())

    def test_nargs_None_metavar_length1(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs=None, metavar=("1",))

    def test_nargs_None_metavar_length2(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=None, metavar=("1", "2"))

    def test_nargs_None_metavar_length3(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=None, metavar=("1", "2", "3"))

    # Unit tests for different values of metavar when nargs=?

    def test_nargs_optional_metavar_string(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="?", metavar="1")

    def test_nargs_optional_metavar_length0(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="?", metavar=tuple())

    def test_nargs_optional_metavar_length1(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="?", metavar=("1",))

    def test_nargs_optional_metavar_length2(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="?", metavar=("1", "2"))

    def test_nargs_optional_metavar_length3(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="?", metavar=("1", "2", "3"))

    # Unit tests for different values of metavar when nargs=*

    def test_nargs_zeroormore_metavar_string(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="*", metavar="1")

    def test_nargs_zeroormore_metavar_length0(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="*", metavar=tuple())

    def test_nargs_zeroormore_metavar_length1(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="*", metavar=("1",))

    def test_nargs_zeroormore_metavar_length2(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="*", metavar=("1", "2"))

    def test_nargs_zeroormore_metavar_length3(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="*", metavar=("1", "2", "3"))

    # Unit tests for different values of metavar when nargs=+

    def test_nargs_oneormore_metavar_string(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="+", metavar="1")

    def test_nargs_oneormore_metavar_length0(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="+", metavar=tuple())

    def test_nargs_oneormore_metavar_length1(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="+", metavar=("1",))

    def test_nargs_oneormore_metavar_length2(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="+", metavar=("1", "2"))

    def test_nargs_oneormore_metavar_length3(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="+", metavar=("1", "2", "3"))

    # Unit tests for different values of metavar when nargs=...

    def test_nargs_remainder_metavar_string(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="...", metavar="1")

    def test_nargs_remainder_metavar_length0(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="...", metavar=tuple())

    def test_nargs_remainder_metavar_length1(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="...", metavar=("1",))

    def test_nargs_remainder_metavar_length2(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="...", metavar=("1", "2"))

    def test_nargs_remainder_metavar_length3(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="...", metavar=("1", "2", "3"))

    # Unit tests for different values of metavar when nargs=A...

    def test_nargs_parser_metavar_string(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="A...", metavar="1")

    def test_nargs_parser_metavar_length0(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="A...", metavar=tuple())

    def test_nargs_parser_metavar_length1(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs="A...", metavar=("1",))

    def test_nargs_parser_metavar_length2(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="A...", metavar=("1", "2"))

    def test_nargs_parser_metavar_length3(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs="A...", metavar=("1", "2", "3"))

    # Unit tests for different values of metavar when nargs=1

    def test_nargs_1_metavar_string(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs=1, metavar="1")

    def test_nargs_1_metavar_length0(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=1, metavar=tuple())

    def test_nargs_1_metavar_length1(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs=1, metavar=("1",))

    def test_nargs_1_metavar_length2(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=1, metavar=("1", "2"))

    def test_nargs_1_metavar_length3(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=1, metavar=("1", "2", "3"))

    # Unit tests for different values of metavar when nargs=2

    def test_nargs_2_metavar_string(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs=2, metavar="1")

    def test_nargs_2_metavar_length0(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=2, metavar=tuple())

    def test_nargs_2_metavar_length1(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=2, metavar=("1",))

    def test_nargs_2_metavar_length2(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs=2, metavar=("1", "2"))

    def test_nargs_2_metavar_length3(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=2, metavar=("1", "2", "3"))

    # Unit tests for different values of metavar when nargs=3

    def test_nargs_3_metavar_string(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs=3, metavar="1")

    def test_nargs_3_metavar_length0(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=3, metavar=tuple())

    def test_nargs_3_metavar_length1(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=3, metavar=("1",))

    def test_nargs_3_metavar_length2(self):
        self.do_test_exception(nargs=3, metavar=("1", "2"))

    def test_nargs_3_metavar_length3(self):
        self.do_test_no_exception(nargs=3, metavar=("1", "2", "3"))

# ============================
# from argparse import * tests
# ============================

class TestImportStar(TestCase):

    def test(self):
        for name in argparse.__all__:
            self.assertTrue(hasattr(argparse, name))

    def test_all_exports_everything_but_modules(self):
        items = [
            name
            for name, value in vars(argparse).items()
            if not (name.startswith("_") or name == 'ngettext')
            if not inspect.ismodule(value)
        ]
        self.assertEqual(sorted(items), sorted(argparse.__all__))


class TestWrappingMetavar(TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.parser = ErrorRaisingArgumentParser(
            'this_is_spammy_prog_with_a_long_name_sorry_about_the_name'
        )
        # this metavar was triggering library assertion errors due to usage
        # message formatting incorrectly splitting on the ] chars within
        metavar = '<http[s]://example:1234>'
        self.parser.add_argument('--proxy', metavar=metavar)

    def test_help_with_metavar(self):
        help_text = self.parser.format_help()
        self.assertEqual(help_text, textwrap.dedent('''\
            usage: this_is_spammy_prog_with_a_long_name_sorry_about_the_name
                   [-h] [--proxy <http[s]://example:1234>]

            optional arguments:
              -h, --help            show this help message and exit
              --proxy <http[s]://example:1234>
            '''))


def test_main():
    support.run_unittest(__name__)
    # Remove global references to avoid looking like we have refleaks.
    RFile.seen = {}
    WFile.seen = set()



if __name__ == '__main__':
    test_main()