Fred Drake | 295da24 | 1998-08-10 19:42:37 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1 | \section{\module{operator} --- |
| 2 | Standard operators as functions.} |
Fred Drake | b91e934 | 1998-07-23 17:59:49 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 3 | \declaremodule{builtin}{operator} |
Fred Drake | 295da24 | 1998-08-10 19:42:37 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 4 | \sectionauthor{Skip Montanaro}{skip@automatrix.com} |
Fred Drake | b91e934 | 1998-07-23 17:59:49 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 5 | |
| 6 | \modulesynopsis{All Python's standard operators as built-in functions.} |
| 7 | |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 8 | |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 9 | The \module{operator} module exports a set of functions implemented in C |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 10 | corresponding to the intrinsic operators of Python. For example, |
Fred Drake | f3e6df1 | 1997-12-29 17:11:55 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 11 | \code{operator.add(x, y)} is equivalent to the expression \code{x+y}. The |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 12 | function names are those used for special class methods; variants without |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 13 | leading and trailing \samp{__} are also provided for convenience. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 14 | |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 15 | The \module{operator} module defines the following functions: |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 16 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 17 | \begin{funcdesc}{add}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 18 | \funcline{__add__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 19 | Return \var{a} \code{+} \var{b}, for \var{a} and \var{b} numbers. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 20 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 21 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 22 | \begin{funcdesc}{sub}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 23 | \funcline{__sub__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 24 | Return \var{a} \code{-} \var{b}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 25 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 26 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 27 | \begin{funcdesc}{mul}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 28 | \funcline{__mul__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 29 | Return \var{a} \code{*} \var{b}, for \var{a} and \var{b} numbers. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 30 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 31 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 32 | \begin{funcdesc}{div}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 33 | \funcline{__div__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 34 | Return \var{a} \code{/} \var{b}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 35 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 36 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 37 | \begin{funcdesc}{mod}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 38 | \funcline{__mod__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 39 | Return \var{a} \code{\%} \var{b}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 40 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 41 | |
| 42 | \begin{funcdesc}{neg}{o} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 43 | \funcline{__neg__}{o} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 44 | Return \var{o} negated. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 45 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 46 | |
| 47 | \begin{funcdesc}{pos}{o} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 48 | \funcline{__pos__}{o} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 49 | Return \var{o} positive. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 50 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 51 | |
| 52 | \begin{funcdesc}{abs}{o} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 53 | \funcline{__abs__}{o} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 54 | Return the absolute value of \var{o}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 55 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 56 | |
| 57 | \begin{funcdesc}{inv}{o} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 58 | \funcline{__inv__}{o} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 59 | Return the inverse of \var{o}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 60 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 61 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 62 | \begin{funcdesc}{lshift}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 63 | \funcline{__lshift__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 64 | Return \var{a} shifted left by \var{b}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 65 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 66 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 67 | \begin{funcdesc}{rshift}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 68 | \funcline{__rshift__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 69 | Return \var{a} shifted right by \var{b}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 70 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 71 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 72 | \begin{funcdesc}{and_}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 73 | \funcline{__and__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 74 | Return the bitwise and of \var{a} and \var{b}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 75 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 76 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 77 | \begin{funcdesc}{or_}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 78 | \funcline{__or__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 79 | Return the bitwise or of \var{a} and \var{b}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 80 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 81 | |
Guido van Rossum | a58e9ed | 1998-05-22 18:48:37 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 82 | \begin{funcdesc}{xor}{a, b} |
| 83 | \funcline{__xor__}{a, b} |
| 84 | Return the bitwise exclusive or of \var{a} and \var{b}. |
| 85 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 86 | |
| 87 | \begin{funcdesc}{not_}{o} |
| 88 | \funcline{__not__}{o} |
| 89 | Return the outcome of \keyword{not} \var{o}. |
| 90 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 91 | |
| 92 | \begin{funcdesc}{truth}{o} |
Fred Drake | 295da24 | 1998-08-10 19:42:37 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 93 | Return \code{1} if \var{o} is true, and 0 otherwise. |
Guido van Rossum | a58e9ed | 1998-05-22 18:48:37 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 94 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 95 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 96 | \begin{funcdesc}{concat}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 97 | \funcline{__concat__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 98 | Return \var{a} \code{+} \var{b} for \var{a} and \var{b} sequences. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 99 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 100 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 101 | \begin{funcdesc}{repeat}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 102 | \funcline{__repeat__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 103 | Return \var{a} \code{*} \var{b} where \var{a} is a sequence and |
| 104 | \var{b} is an integer. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 105 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 106 | |
Guido van Rossum | a58e9ed | 1998-05-22 18:48:37 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 107 | \begin{funcdesc}{contains}{a, b} |
| 108 | \funcline{sequenceIncludes}{a, b} |
| 109 | Return the outcome of the test \var{b} \code{in} \var{a}. |
| 110 | Note the reversed operands. |
| 111 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 112 | |
| 113 | \begin{funcdesc}{countOf}{a, b} |
| 114 | Return the number of occurrences of \var{b} in \var{a}. |
| 115 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 116 | |
| 117 | \begin{funcdesc}{indexOf}{a, b} |
| 118 | Return the index of the first of occurrence of \var{b} in \var{a}. |
| 119 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 120 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 121 | \begin{funcdesc}{getitem}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 122 | \funcline{__getitem__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 123 | Return the value of \var{a} at index \var{b}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 124 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 125 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 126 | \begin{funcdesc}{setitem}{a, b, c} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 127 | \funcline{__setitem__}{a, b, c} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 128 | Set the value of \var{a} at index \var{b} to \var{c}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 129 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 130 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 131 | \begin{funcdesc}{delitem}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 132 | \funcline{__delitem__}{a, b} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 133 | Remove the value of \var{a} at index \var{b}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 134 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 135 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 136 | \begin{funcdesc}{getslice}{a, b, c} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 137 | \funcline{__getslice__}{a, b, c} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 138 | Return the slice of \var{a} from index \var{b} to index \var{c}\code{-1}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 139 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 140 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 141 | \begin{funcdesc}{setslice}{a, b, c, v} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 142 | \funcline{__setslice__}{a, b, c, v} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 143 | Set the slice of \var{a} from index \var{b} to index \var{c}\code{-1} to the |
| 144 | sequence \var{v}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 145 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 146 | |
Fred Drake | 98b032a | 1997-12-04 14:20:59 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 147 | \begin{funcdesc}{delslice}{a, b, c} |
Fred Drake | c07ae9f | 1998-03-08 05:56:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 148 | \funcline{__delslice__}{a, b, c} |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 149 | Delete the slice of \var{a} from index \var{b} to index \var{c}\code{-1}. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 150 | \end{funcdesc} |
| 151 | |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 152 | |
Fred Drake | 0514ce1 | 1997-12-16 14:29:48 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 153 | Example: Build a dictionary that maps the ordinals from \code{0} to |
| 154 | \code{256} to their character equivalents. |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 155 | |
Fred Drake | 1947991 | 1998-02-13 06:58:54 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 156 | \begin{verbatim} |
Guido van Rossum | 61ed4db | 1996-12-06 21:22:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 157 | >>> import operator |
| 158 | >>> d = {} |
| 159 | >>> keys = range(256) |
| 160 | >>> vals = map(chr, keys) |
| 161 | >>> map(operator.setitem, [d]*len(keys), keys, vals) |
Fred Drake | 1947991 | 1998-02-13 06:58:54 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 162 | \end{verbatim} |