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Guido van Rossumd4493421998-12-22 16:37:01 +00001This is Python version 1.5.2b1 -- released Dec 22, 1998
2=======================================================
Guido van Rossum79808261997-12-11 18:01:47 +00003
4
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +00005What's new in this release?
6---------------------------
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +00007
Guido van Rossumde64eaf1998-10-17 19:44:20 +00008Quite a bit! See the Misc/NEWS file.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +00009
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000010
11If you don't read instructions
12------------------------------
13
14Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
15
16To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
17current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
18Build Instructions below is still recommended reading. :-)
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +000019
20
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000021What is Python anyway?
22----------------------
23
24Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, and is
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000025often compared to Tcl, Perl, Java or Scheme. To find out more, point
26your browser to http://www.python.org/.
27
28
29A modest plug
30-------------
31
32************************************************************************
33* Without your support, I won't be able to continue to work on Python! *
34************************************************************************
35
36If you use Python, please consider joining the Python Software
37Activity (PSA). See http://www.python.org/psa/.
38
39Organizations that make heavy use of Python are especially encouraged
Guido van Rossumde64eaf1998-10-17 19:44:20 +000040to become corporate members -- or better still, to join the Python
41Consortium (see http://www.python.org/consortium/).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000042
43
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000044How do I learn Python?
45----------------------
46
47The official tutorial is still a good place to start (in the Doc
48directory as tut.tex; and http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html).
49Aaron Watters wrote a second tutorial, that may be more accessible for
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000050some: http://www.wcmh.com/uworld/archives/95/tutorial/005.html. Both
51tutorials (as well as most other sources) assume that you already know
52how to program -- if you'd like to write "Python for Dummies", I know
53a publisher who would like to talk to you...
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000054
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000055There are now also several books on Python. While these are still
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000056based on Python 1.3 or 1.4, the information in them is still 99%
57correct. The first two books, both first published in October 1996
58and both including a CD-ROM, form excellent companions to each other:
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000059
60 Internet Programming with Python
61 by Aaron Watters, Guido van Rossum, and James Ahlstrom
62 MIS Press/Henry Holt publishers
63 ISBN: 1-55851-484-8
64
65 Programming Python
66 by Mark Lutz
67 O'Reilly & Associates
68 ISBN: 1-56592-197-6
69
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000070If you can read German, try:
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000071
72 Das Python-Buch
73 by Martin von Loewis and Nils Fischbeck
74 Addison-Wesley-Longman, 1997
75 ISBN: 3-8273-1110-1
76
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000077
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000078Copyright issues
79----------------
80
81Python is COPYRIGHTED but free to use for all. See the full copyright
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000082notice at the end of this file and in the file Misc/COPYRIGHT.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000083
84The Python distribution is *not* affected by the GNU Public Licence
85(GPL). There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000086optional and no GNU code is distributed with Python.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000087
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000088
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +000089Build instructions
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000090==================
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000091
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +000092Before you can build Python, you must first configure it.
93Fortunately, the configuration and build process has been streamlined
94for most Unix installations, so all you have to do is type a few
95commands, optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some
96platforms where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform
97specific notes below. If you want to build for multiple platforms
98sharing the same source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000099
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000100You start by running the script "./configure", which figures out your
101system configuration and creates several Makefiles. (It takes a
102minute or two -- please be patient!) When it's done, you are ready to
103run make. You may want to pass options to the configure script -- see
104the section below on configuration options and variables.
105
106To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory.
107This will recursively run make in each of the subdirectories Parser,
108Objects, Python and Modules, creating a library file in each one. The
109executable of the interpreter is built in the Modules subdirectory and
110moved up here when it is built. If you want or need to, you can also
111chdir into each subdirectory in turn and run make there manually (do
112the Modules subdirectory last!).
113
114Once you have built an interpreter, see the subsections below on
115testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
116in trouble, see the next section.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000117
Guido van Rossum0a516c91994-09-12 10:58:40 +0000118
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000119Troubleshooting
120---------------
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000121
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000122See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
123
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000124If recursive makes fail, try invoking make as "make MAKE=make".
125
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000126If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
127(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
128http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
129and how to fix it.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000130
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000131If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
132object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
133not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
134problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
135
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000136If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000137should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
138configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
139
140If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
141longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
142whether this option is needed; all I can do is test whether it is
143accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
144is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
145which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
146warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
147the OPT variable.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000148
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000149
150Platform specific notes
151-----------------------
152
Guido van Rossum0447a321995-10-08 01:22:33 +0000153(Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
154on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here, let
155me know so I can remove them!)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000156
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000015764-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
158 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
159 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
160 fix, let me know!)
161
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000162Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
163 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
164 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
165 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
166 script).
167
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000168Linux: On Linux version 1.x, once you've built Python, use it to run
169 the regen script in the Lib/linux1 directory. Apparently
170 the files as distributed don't match the system headers on
171 some Linux versions. (The "h2py" command refers to
172 Tools/scripts/h2py.py.) The modules distributed for Linux 2.x
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000173 should be okay. Shared library support now works by default
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000174 on ELF-based x86 Linux systems. (Note: when you change the
175 status of a module from static to shared, you must remove its
176 .o file or do a "make clean".)
177
Fred Drake61280911997-12-08 14:10:40 +0000178 Under RedHat Linux 5.0, if upgraded from a previous version,
179 remove the LinuxThreads packages. This is needed because
180 LinuxThreads conflicts with the new thread support provided by
181 glibc. Before running Python's configure script, use the
182 following commands as root (version numbers may differ; these
183 are from a stock 4.2 install):
184
185 % rpm -qa | grep ^linuxthread
186 linuxthreads-0.5-1
187 linuxthreads-devel-0.5-1
188 % rpm -e linuxthreads linuxthreads-devel
189
190 While Python only needs this to be done to allow thread
191 support to be included, the conflicts these packages create
192 with the new glibc may cause other packages which use threads
193 to fail as well, so their removal is a good idea regardless of
194 how you configure python.
195
196 Also under RedHat Linux 5.0, the crypt module now needs the
197 -lcrypt option. Uncomment this flag in Modules/Setup, or
198 comment out the crypt module in the same file.
199
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000200DEC Unix: When enabling threads, use --with-dec-threads, not
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000201 --with-thread. When using GCC, it is possible to get an
202 internal compiler error if optimization is used. This was
203 reported for GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile
204 the affected file without optimization to solve the problem.
Guido van Rossum8eca2c21996-02-14 18:37:46 +0000205
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000206AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
Guido van Rossumcbfcb171997-10-20 22:57:00 +0000207 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000208 (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases
209 has been worked around by a minimal code change.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000210
Guido van Rossum2094e041998-05-14 15:47:35 +0000211HP-UX: Please read the file Misc/HPUX-NOTES.
212
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000213Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000214
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000215SCO: The following only apply to SCO 3; Python builds out of the box
216 on SCO 5 (or so I've heard).
217
218 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000219 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000220 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000221 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
222
223 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
224 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
225 needed be set to:
226
227 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
228
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000229SunOS 4.x: When using the standard "cc" compiler, certain modules may
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000230 not be compilable because they use non-K&R syntax. You should
231 be able to get a basic Python interpreter by commenting out
232 such modules in the Modules/Setup file, but I really recommend
233 using gcc.
234
235 When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
236 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
237 Sunisms.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000238
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000239NeXT: To build fat binaries, use the --with-next-archs switch
240 described below.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000241
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000242QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
243 configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on
244 ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build,
Guido van Rossumd4493421998-12-22 16:37:01 +0000245 test and install Python 1.5.x under QNX:
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000246
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000247 1) CONFIG_SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc RANLIB=: \
248 ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm=""
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000249
250 2) copy Modules/Setup.in to Modules/Setup; edit Modules/Setup to
251 activate everything that makes sense for your system... tested
252 here at QNX with the following modules:
253
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000254 array, audioop, binascii, cPickle, cStringIO, cmath,
255 crypt, curses, errno, fcntl, gdbm, grp, imageop,
256 _locale, math, md5, new, operator, parser, pcre,
257 posix, pwd, readline, regex, reop, rgbimg, rotor,
258 select, signal, socket, soundex, strop, struct,
Guido van Rossumd4493421998-12-22 16:37:01 +0000259 syslog, termios, time, timing, zlib, audioop, imageop, rgbimg
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000260
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000261 3) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash
262
263 or, if you feel the need for speed:
264
265 make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash OPT="-5 -Oil+nrt"
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000266
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000267 4) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test
268
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000269 Using GNU readline 2.2 seems to behave strangely, but I
270 think that's a problem with my readline 2.2 port. :-\
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000271
272 5) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000273
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000274 If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but
275 I've only run small programs and the test cases), you're
276 probably running out of stack; the default 32k could be a
277 little tight. To increase the stack size, edit the Makefile
278 in the Modules directory to read: LDFLAGS = -N 48k
Guido van Rossum40d63581997-08-14 19:45:30 +0000279
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000280BeOS: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
281 See BeOS/README for notes about compiling/installing Python on
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000282 BeOS R3 or later. Note that only the PowerPC platform is
Guido van Rossumd4493421998-12-22 16:37:01 +0000283 supported for R3; both PowerPC and x86 are supported for R4.
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000284
Guido van Rossum1bf0bf41997-08-20 23:50:51 +0000285Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
Guido van Rossum6fa49e21998-08-11 17:31:39 +0000286 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something
287 that the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work
288 fine.
289 2) Uncomment modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will
290 crash the interpreter during the test suite).
291 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and
292 binascii), but these are not the modules you'd expect to need
293 on a Cray.
Guido van Rossum1bf0bf41997-08-20 23:50:51 +0000294
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000295SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
296 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
297 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
298 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000299 smarter "smake " utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
300 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
301 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000302
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000303 A bug in the MIPSpro 7.1 compiler's optimizer seems to break
304 Modules/pypcre.c. The short term solution is to compile it
Guido van Rossum0dd010a1998-06-30 16:58:58 +0000305 without optimization. The bug is fixed in version 7.2.1 of
306 the compiler.
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000307
Guido van Rossumf5ade401999-01-11 16:45:44 +0000308 A bug in gcc-2.8.1 sets sys.maxint to -1 which *also* seems to
309 break Modules/pypcre.c. The egcs versions of gcc fix this
Guido van Rossum583b0191999-01-11 16:47:30 +0000310 problem. Or use configure --without-gcc to compile with SGI's
311 compiler, if you have it. (Raj Srinivasan, Kelvin Chu)
Guido van Rossumf5ade401999-01-11 16:45:44 +0000312
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000313OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
314 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
315 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
316 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
317
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000318
Guido van Rossumdc8a3cb1998-05-12 15:29:18 +0000319Configuring threads
320-------------------
321
322The main switch to configure threads is to run the configure script
323(see below) with the --with-thread switch (on DEC, use
324--with-dec-threads). Unfortunately, on some platforms, additional
325compiler and/or linker options are required. Below is a table of
326those options, collected by Bill Janssen. I would love to automate
327this process more, but the information below is not enough to write a
328patch for the configure.in file, so manual intervention is required.
329If you patch the configure.in file and are confident that the patch
330works, please send me the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure
331script itself -- it is regenerated each the configure.in file
332changes.)
333
334Compiler switches for threads
335.............................
336
337 OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads
338 (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) (1) compile only (2) compile & link
339
340 SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -mt
341 SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT
342 DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
343 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
344 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
345 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
346 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -pthread
347 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
348 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing)
349 (buhrt@iquest.net)
350 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing)
351 (buhrt@iquest.net)
352 IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing)
353 (robertl@cwi.nl)
354
355
356Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads
357...........................................
358
359 OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads
360
361 SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread
362 SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread
363 DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc
364 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
365 Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
366 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
367 Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
368 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
369 AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing)
370 (buhrt@iquest.net)
371 IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread
372 (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com)
373
374
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000375Configuring additional built-in modules
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000376---------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum19e0c261995-01-17 16:36:34 +0000377
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000378You can configure the interpreter to contain fewer or more built-in
379modules by editing the file Modules/Setup. This file is initially
380copied (when the toplevel Makefile makes Modules/Makefile for the
381first time) from Setup.in; if it does not exist yet, make a copy
382yourself. Never edit Setup.in -- always edit Setup. Read the
383comments in the file for information on what kind of edits you can
384make. When you have edited Setup, Makefile and config.c in Modules
385will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000386toplevel directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use
387"make Makefile; make".)
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000388
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000389The default collection of modules should build on any Unix system, but
390many optional modules should work on all modern Unices (e.g. try dbm,
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000391nis, termios, timing, syslog, curses, new, soundex, parser). Often
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000392the quickest way to determine whether a particular module works or not
393is to see if it will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get
394compilation or link errors, disable it -- you're missing support.
395
396On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
397system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware.
398
399For SunOS and Solaris, enable module "sunaudiodev" to support the
400audio device.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000401
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000402In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
403(the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
404convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
405installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
406file.
407
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000408
409Setting the optimization/debugging options
410------------------------------------------
411
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000412If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
413the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
414command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
415on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
416environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
417(likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
418set of libraries to link with).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000419
420
421Testing
422-------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000423
424To test the interpreter that you have just built, type "make test".
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000425This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
426the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
427produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
428skipped tests due to an optional feature that can't be imported (if
429you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them).
430If a messages is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
Guido van Rossum24df6841997-12-30 04:32:30 +0000431dump is produced, something's wrong. On some Linux systems (those
432that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
433non-standard-compliant implementation of strftime() in the C library.
434Please ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000435
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000436IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
437*don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000438test that fails manually, as follows:
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000439
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000440 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000441
442(substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000443different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000444
445
446Installing
447----------
448
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000449To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
450(see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000451just type
452
453 make install
454
455This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories the
456directory given with the --prefix option to configure or the 'prefix'
457Make variable (default /usr/local), and all binary and other
458platform-specific files in subdirectories if the directory given by
459--exec-prefix or the 'exec_prefix' Make variable (defaults to the
460--prefix directory).
461
462All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
463name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
464"/usr/local/lib/python1.5/" by default. The Python binary is
465installed as "python1.5" and a hard link named "python" is created.
466The only file not installed with a version number in its name is the
467manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1" by default.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000468
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000469If you have a previous installation of a pre-1.5 Python that you don't
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000470want to replace yet, use
471
472 make altinstall
473
474This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
475doesn't create the hard link to "python1.5" named "python" and it
476doesn't install the manual page at all.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000477
478The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
479Emacs. (But then again, more recent versions of Emacs may already
480have it!) This is the file Misc/python-mode.el; follow the
481instructions that came with Emacs for installation of site specific
482files.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000483
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000484
485Configuration options and variables
486-----------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000487
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000488Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
489script.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000490
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000491WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
492must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
493after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000494Modules/getpath.o.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000495
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000496--with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
497 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
498 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
499 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
500 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
501 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
502 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
503 option.
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000504
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000505--prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
506 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
507 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
508 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
509 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
510 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
511 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
512 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
513 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
514 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
515 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
516 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
517 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
518 about the install prefix...
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000519
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000520--with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
521 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000522
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000523--with-thread: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple threads.
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000524 To enable this, pass --with-thread. (--with-threads is an
525 alias.) If the library required for threads lives in a
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +0000526 peculiar place, you can use --with-thread=DIRECTORY. NOTE:
527 you must also enable the thread module by uncommenting it in
528 the Modules/Setup file. (Threads aren't enabled automatically
529 because there are run-time penalties when support for them is
530 compiled in even if you don't use them.) IMPORTANT: run "make
531 clean" after changing (either enabling or disabling) this
Guido van Rossum0e13da91998-02-22 04:36:34 +0000532 option, or you will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use
533 --with-dec-threads instead.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000534
535--with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
536 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000537 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000538 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
539 library!) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
540 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
541 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
542 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
543
544--with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumoured to be supported
545 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
546 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
547 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000548 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000549 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
550 can be found at
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000551 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000552 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call the
553 configure passing it the option
554 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
555 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
556 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
557 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
558 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
559 deprecated.
560
561--with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
562 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
563 (default the empty string) using the options
564 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. E.g.
565 if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler
566 to use the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s.
567 These libraries are passed after all other libraries, the C
568 library last.
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +0000569
570--with-next-archs='arch1 arch2': Under NEXTSTEP, this will build
571 all compiled binaries with the architectures listed. Includes
572 correctly setting the target architecture specific resource
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000573 directory. (This option is not supported on other platforms.)
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000574
Guido van Rossumd02ba451996-07-31 17:36:01 +0000575--with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python
576 linked against.
577
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000578
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000579Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
580-------------------------------------------------------------
581
582If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
583usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
584architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
585VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
586architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
587appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
588necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
589contain a line VPATH=... which points to directory containing the
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000590actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
591you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000592
593For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
594in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
595directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
596
597 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
598 $ cd /usr/tmp/python
599 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
600 [...]
601 $ make
602 [...]
603 $
604
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000605Note that Modules/Makefile copies the original Setup file to the build
606directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
607edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
608reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
609automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
610of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
611makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
612fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
613doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
614however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
615
616
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000617Building on non-UNIX systems
618----------------------------
619
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000620Building Python for a PC is now a piece of cake!
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000621
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000622Enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt". Most popular
623non-Unix PC platforms and compilers are supported (Unix ports to the
624PC such as Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris-x86 of course use the standard
625Unix build instructions).
626
627For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
628for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
629development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
630(http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
631pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
632
633Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
634platforms -- see http://www.python.org/python/.
635
636To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
637effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
638has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000639config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
640configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
6411 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
642otherwise; however RETSIGTYPE must always be defined, either as int or
643as void, and the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000644int if they need to be defined at all.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000645
646
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000647
648Miscellaneous issues
649====================
650
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000651Documentation
652-------------
653
654All documentation is provided in the subdirectory Doc in the form of
655LaTeX files. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial (tut),
656Library Reference (lib), Language Reference (ref), Extending (ext).
657Especially the Library Reference is of immense value since much of
658Python's power (including the built-in data types and functions!) is
659described here.
660
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000661To print the documentation from the LaTeX files, chdir into the Doc
662subdirectory, type "make" (let's hope you have LaTeX installed!), and
663send the four resulting PostScript files (tut.ps, lib.ps, ref.ps, and
664ext.ps) to the printer. See the README file there. If you don't have
665LaTeX, you can ftp the PostScript files from the ftp archives (see
666below).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000667
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000668All documentation is also available on-line via the Python web site
669(http://www.python.org/, see below). It can also be downloaded
670separately from the ftp archives (see below) in Emacs INFO, HTML or
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000671PostScript form -- see the web site or the FAQ
672(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
673http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for more info.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000674
675
676Emacs mode
677----------
678
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000679There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
680Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
681is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw
Barry Warsawfe216b71998-05-29 20:56:34 +0000682<bwarsaw@cnri.reston.va.us>. The latest version, along with various
683other contributed Python-related Emacs goodies, is online at
684<http://www.python.org/emacs/python-mode>. And if you are planning to
685edit the Python C code, please pick up the latest version of CC Mode
686<http://www.python.org/emacs/cc-mode>; it contains a "python" style
687used throughout most of the Python C source files.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000688
689
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000690Web site
691--------
692
693Python's own web site has URL http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000694There are a number of mirrors, and a list of mirrors is accessible
695from the home page -- try a mirror that's close you you.
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000696
697
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000698Ftp site
699--------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000700
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000701Python's own ftp site is ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/. There are
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000702numerous mirrors; the list of mirrors is accessible from
703http://www.python.org/.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000704
705
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000706Newsgroups
707----------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000708
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000709Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about
710Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup
711for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as
712mailing lists, see the next item.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000713
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000714Archives are accessible via Deja News; the Python website has a
715query form for the archives at http://www.python.org/search/.
716
717
718Mailing lists
719-------------
720
721See http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for an overview of the
722many Python related mailing lists.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000723
724
725Bug reports
726-----------
727
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000728Bugs are best reported to the comp.lang.python newsgroup (or the
729Python mailing list) -- see the section "Newsgroups" above. Before
730posting, check the newsgroup archives (see above) to see if your bug
731has already been reported! If you don't want to go public, send them
732to me: <guido@python.org>.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000733
734
735Questions
736---------
737
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000738For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
739best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
740above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000741mailing list, send questions to <python-help@python.org> (a group of
742volunteers which does *not* include me). Because of my work and email
743volume, I'm often be slow in answering questions sent to me directly;
744I prefer to answer questions posted to the newsgroup.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000745
746
747The Tk interface
748----------------
749
750Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
751also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000752install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default. Python
753supports all Tcl/Tk versions from version 7.5/4.1 through 8.0 (and it
754is expected that it will also work with newer versions). Tcl/Tk
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +00007557.4/4.0 is no longer supported. 8.0 or any later non-alpha non-beta
756release is recommended.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000757
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000758See http://sunscript.sun.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including the
759on-line manual pages.
760
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000761
762To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000763Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup in your favorite text editor and
764search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
765there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
766will have to edit the first line to fix or add -I and -L options.
767(Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000768
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000769There is little documentation on how to use Tkinter; however most of
770the Tk manual pages apply quite straightforwardly. Begin with
771fetching the "Tk Lifesaver" document,
772e.g. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc/tkinter-doc.tar.gz (a gzipped
773tar file containing a PostScript file) or the on-line version
774http://www.python.org/doc/life-preserver/index.html. Reading the
775Tkinter.py source will reveal most details on how Tkinter calls are
776translated into Tcl code.
777
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000778A more recent introduction to Tkinter programming, by Fredrik Lundh,
779is at http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/index.htm.
780
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000781There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
782guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
783overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000784
785Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000786lives in Lib/tkinter/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
787(lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
788Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications only import the
789Python Tkinter module -- only the latter uses the C _tkinter module
790directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
791and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
792Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
793sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
794file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
795("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
796the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
797or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
Guido van Rossum84c8c7f1995-08-28 02:44:24 +0000798
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000799
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000800Distribution structure
801----------------------
802
803Most subdirectories have their own README file. Most files have
804comments.
805
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000806Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
807Doc/ Documentation (LaTeX sources)
808Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
809Include/ Public header files
810Lib/ Python library modules
811Makefile.in Source from which config.status creates Makefile
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000812Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000813Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
814Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000815PC/ PC porting files (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
816PCbuild/ Directory where you should build for Windows NT/95
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000817Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
818Python/ The "compiler" and interpreter
819README The file you're reading now
820Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
821acconfig.h Additional input for the autoheader program
822config.h.in Source from which config.status creates config.h
823configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
824configure.in Configuration specification (GNU autoconf input)
825install-sh Shell script used to install files
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000826
827The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
828the configuration and build processes:
829
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000830Makefile Build rules
831config.cache cache of configuration variables
832config.h Configuration header
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000833config.log Log from last configure run
834config.status Status from last run of configure script
835libpython1.5.a The library archive
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000836python The executable interpreter
837tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000838
839
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000840Author's address
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000841================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000842
843Guido van Rossum
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000844CNRI
8451895 Preston White Drive
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000846Reston, VA 20191
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000847USA
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000848
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000849E-mail: guido@cnri.reston.va.us or guido@python.org
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000850
851
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000852
853Copyright notice
854================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000855
856The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000857as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice:
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000858
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000859----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossumaf5b83e1995-01-04 19:02:35 +0000860Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam,
861The Netherlands.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000862
863 All Rights Reserved
864
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000865Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
866documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000867provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000868both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000869supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000870Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or
871CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
872distribution of the software without specific, written prior
873permission.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000874
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000875While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version
876is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives
877(CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org.
878
879STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
880REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
881MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH
882CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
883DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
884PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
885TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
886PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000887----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000888
889
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000890--Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)