Lib/threading.py

"""Thread module emulating a subset of Java's threading model."""

import sys as _sys
import _thread

from time import time as _time, sleep as _sleep
from traceback import format_exc as _format_exc
from collections import deque

# Note regarding PEP 8 compliant names
#  This threading model was originally inspired by Java, and inherited
# the convention of camelCase function and method names from that
# language. Those originaly names are not in any imminent danger of
# being deprecated (even for Py3k),so this module provides them as an
# alias for the PEP 8 compliant names
# Note that using the new PEP 8 compliant names facilitates substitution
# with the multiprocessing module, which doesn't provide the old
# Java inspired names.


# Rename some stuff so "from threading import *" is safe
__all__ = ['active_count', 'Condition', 'current_thread', 'enumerate', 'Event',
           'Lock', 'RLock', 'Semaphore', 'BoundedSemaphore', 'Thread',
           'Timer', 'setprofile', 'settrace', 'local', 'stack_size']

_start_new_thread = _thread.start_new_thread
_allocate_lock = _thread.allocate_lock
_get_ident = _thread.get_ident
ThreadError = _thread.error
del _thread


# Debug support (adapted from ihooks.py).
# All the major classes here derive from _Verbose.  We force that to
# be a new-style class so that all the major classes here are new-style.
# This helps debugging (type(instance) is more revealing for instances
# of new-style classes).

_VERBOSE = False

if __debug__:

    class _Verbose(object):

        def __init__(self, verbose=None):
            if verbose is None:
                verbose = _VERBOSE
            self._verbose = verbose

        def _note(self, format, *args):
            if self._verbose:
                format = format % args
                format = "%s: %s\n" % (
                    current_thread().name, format)
                _sys.stderr.write(format)

else:
    # Disable this when using "python -O"
    class _Verbose(object):
        def __init__(self, verbose=None):
            pass
        def _note(self, *args):
            pass

# Support for profile and trace hooks

_profile_hook = None
_trace_hook = None

def setprofile(func):
    global _profile_hook
    _profile_hook = func

def settrace(func):
    global _trace_hook
    _trace_hook = func

# Synchronization classes

Lock = _allocate_lock

def RLock(*args, **kwargs):
    return _RLock(*args, **kwargs)

class _RLock(_Verbose):

    def __init__(self, verbose=None):
        _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose)
        self._block = _allocate_lock()
        self._owner = None
        self._count = 0

    def __repr__(self):
        owner = self._owner
        try:
            owner = _active[owner].name
        except KeyError:
            pass
        return "<%s owner=%r count=%d>" % (
                self.__class__.__name__, owner, self._count)

    def acquire(self, blocking=True):
        me = _get_ident()
        if self._owner == me:
            self._count = self._count + 1
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s.acquire(%s): recursive success", self, blocking)
            return 1
        rc = self._block.acquire(blocking)
        if rc:
            self._owner = me
            self._count = 1
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s.acquire(%s): initial success", self, blocking)
        else:
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s.acquire(%s): failure", self, blocking)
        return rc

    __enter__ = acquire

    def release(self):
        if self._owner != _get_ident():
            raise RuntimeError("cannot release un-acquired lock")
        self._count = count = self._count - 1
        if not count:
            self._owner = None
            self._block.release()
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s.release(): final release", self)
        else:
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s.release(): non-final release", self)

    def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
        self.release()

    # Internal methods used by condition variables

    def _acquire_restore(self, state):
        self._block.acquire()
        self._count, self._owner = state
        if __debug__:
            self._note("%s._acquire_restore()", self)

    def _release_save(self):
        if __debug__:
            self._note("%s._release_save()", self)
        count = self._count
        self._count = 0
        owner = self._owner
        self._owner = None
        self._block.release()
        return (count, owner)

    def _is_owned(self):
        return self._owner == _get_ident()


def Condition(*args, **kwargs):
    return _Condition(*args, **kwargs)

class _Condition(_Verbose):

    def __init__(self, lock=None, verbose=None):
        _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose)
        if lock is None:
            lock = RLock()
        self._lock = lock
        # Export the lock's acquire() and release() methods
        self.acquire = lock.acquire
        self.release = lock.release
        # If the lock defines _release_save() and/or _acquire_restore(),
        # these override the default implementations (which just call
        # release() and acquire() on the lock).  Ditto for _is_owned().
        try:
            self._release_save = lock._release_save
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        try:
            self._acquire_restore = lock._acquire_restore
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        try:
            self._is_owned = lock._is_owned
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        self._waiters = []

    def __enter__(self):
        return self._lock.__enter__()

    def __exit__(self, *args):
        return self._lock.__exit__(*args)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<Condition(%s, %d)>" % (self._lock, len(self._waiters))

    def _release_save(self):
        self._lock.release()           # No state to save

    def _acquire_restore(self, x):
        self._lock.acquire()           # Ignore saved state

    def _is_owned(self):
        # Return True if lock is owned by current_thread.
        # This method is called only if __lock doesn't have _is_owned().
        if self._lock.acquire(0):
            self._lock.release()
            return False
        else:
            return True

    def wait(self, timeout=None):
        if not self._is_owned():
            raise RuntimeError("cannot wait on un-acquired lock")
        waiter = _allocate_lock()
        waiter.acquire()
        self._waiters.append(waiter)
        saved_state = self._release_save()
        try:    # restore state no matter what (e.g., KeyboardInterrupt)
            if timeout is None:
                waiter.acquire()
                if __debug__:
                    self._note("%s.wait(): got it", self)
            else:
                # Balancing act:  We can't afford a pure busy loop, so we
                # have to sleep; but if we sleep the whole timeout time,
                # we'll be unresponsive.  The scheme here sleeps very
                # little at first, longer as time goes on, but never longer
                # than 20 times per second (or the timeout time remaining).
                endtime = _time() + timeout
                delay = 0.0005 # 500 us -> initial delay of 1 ms
                while True:
                    gotit = waiter.acquire(0)
                    if gotit:
                        break
                    remaining = endtime - _time()
                    if remaining <= 0:
                        break
                    delay = min(delay * 2, remaining, .05)
                    _sleep(delay)
                if not gotit:
                    if __debug__:
                        self._note("%s.wait(%s): timed out", self, timeout)
                    try:
                        self._waiters.remove(waiter)
                    except ValueError:
                        pass
                else:
                    if __debug__:
                        self._note("%s.wait(%s): got it", self, timeout)
        finally:
            self._acquire_restore(saved_state)

    def notify(self, n=1):
        if not self._is_owned():
            raise RuntimeError("cannot notify on un-acquired lock")
        __waiters = self._waiters
        waiters = __waiters[:n]
        if not waiters:
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s.notify(): no waiters", self)
            return
        self._note("%s.notify(): notifying %d waiter%s", self, n,
                   n!=1 and "s" or "")
        for waiter in waiters:
            waiter.release()
            try:
                __waiters.remove(waiter)
            except ValueError:
                pass

    def notify_all(self):
        self.notify(len(self._waiters))

    notifyAll = notify_all


def Semaphore(*args, **kwargs):
    return _Semaphore(*args, **kwargs)

class _Semaphore(_Verbose):

    # After Tim Peters' semaphore class, but not quite the same (no maximum)

    def __init__(self, value=1, verbose=None):
        if value < 0:
            raise ValueError("semaphore initial value must be >= 0")
        _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose)
        self._cond = Condition(Lock())
        self._value = value

    def acquire(self, blocking=True):
        rc = False
        self._cond.acquire()
        while self._value == 0:
            if not blocking:
                break
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s.acquire(%s): blocked waiting, value=%s",
                           self, blocking, self._value)
            self._cond.wait()
        else:
            self._value = self._value - 1
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s.acquire: success, value=%s",
                           self, self._value)
            rc = True
        self._cond.release()
        return rc

    __enter__ = acquire

    def release(self):
        self._cond.acquire()
        self._value = self._value + 1
        if __debug__:
            self._note("%s.release: success, value=%s",
                       self, self._value)
        self._cond.notify()
        self._cond.release()

    def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
        self.release()


def BoundedSemaphore(*args, **kwargs):
    return _BoundedSemaphore(*args, **kwargs)

class _BoundedSemaphore(_Semaphore):
    """Semaphore that checks that # releases is <= # acquires"""
    def __init__(self, value=1, verbose=None):
        _Semaphore.__init__(self, value, verbose)
        self._initial_value = value

    def release(self):
        if self._value >= self._initial_value:
            raise ValueError("Semaphore released too many times")
        return _Semaphore.release(self)


def Event(*args, **kwargs):
    return _Event(*args, **kwargs)

class _Event(_Verbose):

    # After Tim Peters' event class (without is_posted())

    def __init__(self, verbose=None):
        _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose)
        self._cond = Condition(Lock())
        self._flag = False

    def is_set(self):
        return self._flag

    isSet = is_set

    def set(self):
        self._cond.acquire()
        try:
            self._flag = True
            self._cond.notify_all()
        finally:
            self._cond.release()

    def clear(self):
        self._cond.acquire()
        try:
            self._flag = False
        finally:
            self._cond.release()

    def wait(self, timeout=None):
        self._cond.acquire()
        try:
            if not self._flag:
                self._cond.wait(timeout)
            return self._flag
        finally:
            self._cond.release()

# Helper to generate new thread names
_counter = 0
def _newname(template="Thread-%d"):
    global _counter
    _counter = _counter + 1
    return template % _counter

# Active thread administration
_active_limbo_lock = _allocate_lock()
_active = {}    # maps thread id to Thread object
_limbo = {}


# Main class for threads

class Thread(_Verbose):

    __initialized = False
    # Need to store a reference to sys.exc_info for printing
    # out exceptions when a thread tries to use a global var. during interp.
    # shutdown and thus raises an exception about trying to perform some
    # operation on/with a NoneType
    __exc_info = _sys.exc_info
    # Keep sys.exc_clear too to clear the exception just before
    # allowing .join() to return.
    #XXX __exc_clear = _sys.exc_clear

    def __init__(self, group=None, target=None, name=None,
                 args=(), kwargs=None, verbose=None):
        assert group is None, "group argument must be None for now"
        _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose)
        if kwargs is None:
            kwargs = {}
        self._target = target
        self._name = str(name or _newname())
        self._args = args
        self._kwargs = kwargs
        self._daemonic = self._set_daemon()
        self._ident = None
        self._started = Event()
        self._stopped = False
        self._block = Condition(Lock())
        self._initialized = True
        # sys.stderr is not stored in the class like
        # sys.exc_info since it can be changed between instances
        self._stderr = _sys.stderr

    def _set_daemon(self):
        # Overridden in _MainThread and _DummyThread
        return current_thread().daemon

    def __repr__(self):
        assert self._initialized, "Thread.__init__() was not called"
        status = "initial"
        if self._started.is_set():
            status = "started"
        if self._stopped:
            status = "stopped"
        if self._daemonic:
            status += " daemon"
        if self._ident is not None:
            status += " %s" % self._ident
        return "<%s(%s, %s)>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._name, status)

    def start(self):
        if not self._initialized:
            raise RuntimeError("thread.__init__() not called")

        if self._started.is_set():
            raise RuntimeError("thread already started")
        if __debug__:
            self._note("%s.start(): starting thread", self)
        with _active_limbo_lock:
            _limbo[self] = self
        _start_new_thread(self._bootstrap, ())
        self._started.wait()

    def run(self):
        try:
            if self._target:
                self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs)
        finally:
            # Avoid a refcycle if the thread is running a function with
            # an argument that has a member that points to the thread.
            del self._target, self._args, self._kwargs

    def _bootstrap(self):
        # Wrapper around the real bootstrap code that ignores
        # exceptions during interpreter cleanup.  Those typically
        # happen when a daemon thread wakes up at an unfortunate
        # moment, finds the world around it destroyed, and raises some
        # random exception *** while trying to report the exception in
        # _bootstrap_inner() below ***.  Those random exceptions
        # don't help anybody, and they confuse users, so we suppress
        # them.  We suppress them only when it appears that the world
        # indeed has already been destroyed, so that exceptions in
        # _bootstrap_inner() during normal business hours are properly
        # reported.  Also, we only suppress them for daemonic threads;
        # if a non-daemonic encounters this, something else is wrong.
        try:
            self._bootstrap_inner()
        except:
            if self._daemonic and _sys is None:
                return
            raise

    def _set_ident(self):
        self._ident = _get_ident()

    def _bootstrap_inner(self):
        try:
            self._set_ident()
            self._started.set()
            with _active_limbo_lock:
                _active[self._ident] = self
                del _limbo[self]
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s._bootstrap(): thread started", self)

            if _trace_hook:
                self._note("%s._bootstrap(): registering trace hook", self)
                _sys.settrace(_trace_hook)
            if _profile_hook:
                self._note("%s._bootstrap(): registering profile hook", self)
                _sys.setprofile(_profile_hook)

            try:
                self.run()
            except SystemExit:
                if __debug__:
                    self._note("%s._bootstrap(): raised SystemExit", self)
            except:
                if __debug__:
                    self._note("%s._bootstrap(): unhandled exception", self)
                # If sys.stderr is no more (most likely from interpreter
                # shutdown) use self._stderr.  Otherwise still use sys (as in
                # _sys) in case sys.stderr was redefined since the creation of
                # self.
                if _sys:
                    _sys.stderr.write("Exception in thread %s:\n%s\n" %
                                      (self.name, _format_exc()))
                else:
                    # Do the best job possible w/o a huge amt. of code to
                    # approximate a traceback (code ideas from
                    # Lib/traceback.py)
                    exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = self._exc_info()
                    try:
                        print((
                            "Exception in thread " + self.name +
                            " (most likely raised during interpreter shutdown):"), file=self._stderr)
                        print((
                            "Traceback (most recent call last):"), file=self._stderr)
                        while exc_tb:
                            print((
                                '  File "%s", line %s, in %s' %
                                (exc_tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename,
                                    exc_tb.tb_lineno,
                                    exc_tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_name)), file=self._stderr)
                            exc_tb = exc_tb.tb_next
                        print(("%s: %s" % (exc_type, exc_value)), file=self._stderr)
                    # Make sure that exc_tb gets deleted since it is a memory
                    # hog; deleting everything else is just for thoroughness
                    finally:
                        del exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb
            else:
                if __debug__:
                    self._note("%s._bootstrap(): normal return", self)
            finally:
                # Prevent a race in
                # test_threading.test_no_refcycle_through_target when
                # the exception keeps the target alive past when we
                # assert that it's dead.
                #XXX self.__exc_clear()
                pass
        finally:
            with _active_limbo_lock:
                self._stop()
                try:
                    # We don't call self._delete() because it also
                    # grabs _active_limbo_lock.
                    del _active[_get_ident()]
                except:
                    pass

    def _stop(self):
        self._block.acquire()
        self._stopped = True
        self._block.notify_all()
        self._block.release()

    def _delete(self):
        "Remove current thread from the dict of currently running threads."

        # Notes about running with _dummy_thread:
        #
        # Must take care to not raise an exception if _dummy_thread is being
        # used (and thus this module is being used as an instance of
        # dummy_threading).  _dummy_thread.get_ident() always returns -1 since
        # there is only one thread if _dummy_thread is being used.  Thus
        # len(_active) is always <= 1 here, and any Thread instance created
        # overwrites the (if any) thread currently registered in _active.
        #
        # An instance of _MainThread is always created by 'threading'.  This
        # gets overwritten the instant an instance of Thread is created; both
        # threads return -1 from _dummy_thread.get_ident() and thus have the
        # same key in the dict.  So when the _MainThread instance created by
        # 'threading' tries to clean itself up when atexit calls this method
        # it gets a KeyError if another Thread instance was created.
        #
        # This all means that KeyError from trying to delete something from
        # _active if dummy_threading is being used is a red herring.  But
        # since it isn't if dummy_threading is *not* being used then don't
        # hide the exception.

        try:
            with _active_limbo_lock:
                del _active[_get_ident()]
                # There must not be any python code between the previous line
                # and after the lock is released.  Otherwise a tracing function
                # could try to acquire the lock again in the same thread, (in
                # current_thread()), and would block.
        except KeyError:
            if 'dummy_threading' not in _sys.modules:
                raise

    def join(self, timeout=None):
        if not self._initialized:
            raise RuntimeError("Thread.__init__() not called")
        if not self._started.is_set():
            raise RuntimeError("cannot join thread before it is started")
        if self is current_thread():
            raise RuntimeError("cannot join current thread")

        if __debug__:
            if not self._stopped:
                self._note("%s.join(): waiting until thread stops", self)

        self._block.acquire()
        try:
            if timeout is None:
                while not self._stopped:
                    self._block.wait()
                if __debug__:
                    self._note("%s.join(): thread stopped", self)
            else:
                deadline = _time() + timeout
                while not self._stopped:
                    delay = deadline - _time()
                    if delay <= 0:
                        if __debug__:
                            self._note("%s.join(): timed out", self)
                        break
                    self._block.wait(delay)
                else:
                    if __debug__:
                        self._note("%s.join(): thread stopped", self)
        finally:
            self._block.release()

    @property
    def name(self):
        assert self._initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called"
        return self._name

    @name.setter
    def name(self, name):
        assert self._initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called"
        self._name = str(name)

    @property
    def ident(self):
        assert self._initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called"
        return self._ident

    def is_alive(self):
        assert self._initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called"
        return self._started.is_set() and not self._stopped

    isAlive = is_alive

    @property
    def daemon(self):
        assert self._initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called"
        return self._daemonic

    @daemon.setter
    def daemon(self, daemonic):
        if not self._initialized:
            raise RuntimeError("Thread.__init__() not called")
        if self._started.is_set():
            raise RuntimeError("cannot set daemon status of active thread");
        self._daemonic = daemonic

    def isDaemon(self):
        return self.daemon

    def setDaemon(self, daemonic):
        self.daemon = daemonic

    def getName(self):
        return self.name

    def setName(self, name):
        self.name = name

# The timer class was contributed by Itamar Shtull-Trauring

def Timer(*args, **kwargs):
    return _Timer(*args, **kwargs)

class _Timer(Thread):
    """Call a function after a specified number of seconds:

    t = Timer(30.0, f, args=[], kwargs={})
    t.start()
    t.cancel() # stop the timer's action if it's still waiting
    """

    def __init__(self, interval, function, args=[], kwargs={}):
        Thread.__init__(self)
        self.interval = interval
        self.function = function
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        self.finished = Event()

    def cancel(self):
        """Stop the timer if it hasn't finished yet"""
        self.finished.set()

    def run(self):
        self.finished.wait(self.interval)
        if not self.finished.is_set():
            self.function(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
        self.finished.set()

# Special thread class to represent the main thread
# This is garbage collected through an exit handler

class _MainThread(Thread):

    def __init__(self):
        Thread.__init__(self, name="MainThread")
        self._started.set()
        self._set_ident()
        with _active_limbo_lock:
            _active[self._ident] = self

    def _set_daemon(self):
        return False

    def _exitfunc(self):
        self._stop()
        t = _pickSomeNonDaemonThread()
        if t:
            if __debug__:
                self._note("%s: waiting for other threads", self)
        while t:
            t.join()
            t = _pickSomeNonDaemonThread()
        if __debug__:
            self._note("%s: exiting", self)
        self._delete()

def _pickSomeNonDaemonThread():
    for t in enumerate():
        if not t.daemon and t.is_alive():
            return t
    return None


# Dummy thread class to represent threads not started here.
# These aren't garbage collected when they die, nor can they be waited for.
# If they invoke anything in threading.py that calls current_thread(), they
# leave an entry in the _active dict forever after.
# Their purpose is to return *something* from current_thread().
# They are marked as daemon threads so we won't wait for them
# when we exit (conform previous semantics).

class _DummyThread(Thread):

    def __init__(self):
        Thread.__init__(self, name=_newname("Dummy-%d"))

        # Thread.__block consumes an OS-level locking primitive, which
        # can never be used by a _DummyThread.  Since a _DummyThread
        # instance is immortal, that's bad, so release this resource.
        del self._block


        self._started.set()
        self._set_ident()
        with _active_limbo_lock:
            _active[self._ident] = self

    def _set_daemon(self):
        return True

    def join(self, timeout=None):
        assert False, "cannot join a dummy thread"


# Global API functions

def current_thread():
    try:
        return _active[_get_ident()]
    except KeyError:
        ##print "current_thread(): no current thread for", _get_ident()
        return _DummyThread()

currentThread = current_thread

def active_count():
    with _active_limbo_lock:
        return len(_active) + len(_limbo)

activeCount = active_count

def _enumerate():
    # Same as enumerate(), but without the lock. Internal use only.
    return list(_active.values()) + list(_limbo.values())

def enumerate():
    with _active_limbo_lock:
        return list(_active.values()) + list(_limbo.values())

from _thread import stack_size

# Create the main thread object,
# and make it available for the interpreter
# (Py_Main) as threading._shutdown.

_shutdown = _MainThread()._exitfunc

# get thread-local implementation, either from the thread
# module, or from the python fallback

try:
    from _thread import _local as local
except ImportError:
    from _threading_local import local


def _after_fork():
    # This function is called by Python/ceval.c:PyEval_ReInitThreads which
    # is called from PyOS_AfterFork.  Here we cleanup threading module state
    # that should not exist after a fork.

    # Reset _active_limbo_lock, in case we forked while the lock was held
    # by another (non-forked) thread.  http://bugs.python.org/issue874900
    global _active_limbo_lock
    _active_limbo_lock = _allocate_lock()

    # fork() only copied the current thread; clear references to others.
    new_active = {}
    current = current_thread()
    with _active_limbo_lock:
        for thread in _active.values():
            if thread is current:
                # There is only one active thread. We reset the ident to
                # its new value since it can have changed.
                ident = _get_ident()
                thread._ident = ident
                new_active[ident] = thread
            else:
                # All the others are already stopped.
                # We don't call _Thread__stop() because it tries to acquire
                # thread._Thread__block which could also have been held while
                # we forked.
                thread._stopped = True

        _limbo.clear()
        _active.clear()
        _active.update(new_active)
        assert len(_active) == 1


# Self-test code

def _test():

    class BoundedQueue(_Verbose):

        def __init__(self, limit):
            _Verbose.__init__(self)
            self.mon = RLock()
            self.rc = Condition(self.mon)
            self.wc = Condition(self.mon)
            self.limit = limit
            self.queue = deque()

        def put(self, item):
            self.mon.acquire()
            while len(self.queue) >= self.limit:
                self._note("put(%s): queue full", item)
                self.wc.wait()
            self.queue.append(item)
            self._note("put(%s): appended, length now %d",
                       item, len(self.queue))
            self.rc.notify()
            self.mon.release()

        def get(self):
            self.mon.acquire()
            while not self.queue:
                self._note("get(): queue empty")
                self.rc.wait()
            item = self.queue.popleft()
            self._note("get(): got %s, %d left", item, len(self.queue))
            self.wc.notify()
            self.mon.release()
            return item

    class ProducerThread(Thread):

        def __init__(self, queue, quota):
            Thread.__init__(self, name="Producer")
            self.queue = queue
            self.quota = quota

        def run(self):
            from random import random
            counter = 0
            while counter < self.quota:
                counter = counter + 1
                self.queue.put("%s.%d" % (self.name, counter))
                _sleep(random() * 0.00001)


    class ConsumerThread(Thread):

        def __init__(self, queue, count):
            Thread.__init__(self, name="Consumer")
            self.queue = queue
            self.count = count

        def run(self):
            while self.count > 0:
                item = self.queue.get()
                print(item)
                self.count = self.count - 1

    NP = 3
    QL = 4
    NI = 5

    Q = BoundedQueue(QL)
    P = []
    for i in range(NP):
        t = ProducerThread(Q, NI)
        t.name = "Producer-%d" % (i+1)
        P.append(t)
    C = ConsumerThread(Q, NI*NP)
    for t in P:
        t.start()
        _sleep(0.000001)
    C.start()
    for t in P:
        t.join()
    C.join()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    _test()