Doc/library/datetime.rst

:mod:`datetime` --- Basic date and time types
=============================================

.. module:: datetime
   :synopsis: Basic date and time types.

.. moduleauthor:: Tim Peters <tim@zope.com>
.. sectionauthor:: Tim Peters <tim@zope.com>
.. sectionauthor:: A.M. Kuchling <amk@amk.ca>

**Source code:** :source:`Lib/datetime.py`

--------------

.. XXX what order should the types be discussed in?

The :mod:`datetime` module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times in
both simple and complex ways.  While date and time arithmetic is supported, the
focus of the implementation is on efficient attribute extraction for output
formatting and manipulation. For related functionality, see also the
:mod:`time` and :mod:`calendar` modules.

There are two kinds of date and time objects: "naive" and "aware".

An aware object has sufficient knowledge of applicable algorithmic and
political time adjustments, such as time zone and daylight saving time
information, to locate itself relative to other aware objects.  An aware object
is used to represent a specific moment in time that is not open to
interpretation [#]_.

A naive object does not contain enough information to unambiguously locate
itself relative to other date/time objects.  Whether a naive object represents
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), local time, or time in some other timezone is
purely up to the program, just like it is up to the program whether a
particular number represents metres, miles, or mass.  Naive objects are easy to
understand and to work with, at the cost of ignoring some aspects of reality.

For applications requiring aware objects, :class:`.datetime` and :class:`.time`
objects have an optional time zone information attribute, :attr:`!tzinfo`, that
can be set to an instance of a subclass of the abstract :class:`tzinfo` class.
These :class:`tzinfo` objects capture information about the offset from UTC
time, the time zone name, and whether Daylight Saving Time is in effect.  Note
that only one concrete :class:`tzinfo` class, the :class:`timezone` class, is
supplied by the :mod:`datetime` module.  The :class:`timezone` class can
represent simple timezones with fixed offset from UTC, such as UTC itself or
North American EST and EDT timezones.  Supporting timezones at deeper levels of
detail is up to the application.  The rules for time adjustment across the
world are more political than rational, change frequently, and there is no
standard suitable for every application aside from UTC.

The :mod:`datetime` module exports the following constants:

.. data:: MINYEAR

   The smallest year number allowed in a :class:`date` or :class:`.datetime` object.
   :const:`MINYEAR` is ``1``.


.. data:: MAXYEAR

   The largest year number allowed in a :class:`date` or :class:`.datetime` object.
   :const:`MAXYEAR` is ``9999``.


.. seealso::

   Module :mod:`calendar`
      General calendar related functions.

   Module :mod:`time`
      Time access and conversions.


Available Types
---------------

.. class:: date
   :noindex:

   An idealized naive date, assuming the current Gregorian calendar always was, and
   always will be, in effect. Attributes: :attr:`year`, :attr:`month`, and
   :attr:`day`.


.. class:: time
   :noindex:

   An idealized time, independent of any particular day, assuming that every day
   has exactly 24\*60\*60 seconds (there is no notion of "leap seconds" here).
   Attributes: :attr:`hour`, :attr:`minute`, :attr:`second`, :attr:`microsecond`,
   and :attr:`.tzinfo`.


.. class:: datetime
   :noindex:

   A combination of a date and a time. Attributes: :attr:`year`, :attr:`month`,
   :attr:`day`, :attr:`hour`, :attr:`minute`, :attr:`second`, :attr:`microsecond`,
   and :attr:`.tzinfo`.


.. class:: timedelta
   :noindex:

   A duration expressing the difference between two :class:`date`, :class:`.time`,
   or :class:`.datetime` instances to microsecond resolution.


.. class:: tzinfo
   :noindex:

   An abstract base class for time zone information objects.  These are used by the
   :class:`.datetime` and :class:`.time` classes to provide a customizable notion of
   time adjustment (for example, to account for time zone and/or daylight saving
   time).

.. class:: timezone
   :noindex:

   A class that implements the :class:`tzinfo` abstract base class as a
   fixed offset from the UTC.

   .. versionadded:: 3.2


Objects of these types are immutable.

Objects of the :class:`date` type are always naive.

An object of type :class:`.time` or :class:`.datetime` may be naive or aware.
A :class:`.datetime` object *d* is aware if ``d.tzinfo`` is not ``None`` and
``d.tzinfo.utcoffset(d)`` does not return ``None``.  If ``d.tzinfo`` is
``None``, or if ``d.tzinfo`` is not ``None`` but ``d.tzinfo.utcoffset(d)``
returns ``None``, *d* is naive.  A :class:`.time` object *t* is aware
if ``t.tzinfo`` is not ``None`` and ``t.tzinfo.utcoffset(None)`` does not return
``None``.  Otherwise, *t* is naive.

The distinction between naive and aware doesn't apply to :class:`timedelta`
objects.

Subclass relationships::

   object
       timedelta
       tzinfo
           timezone
       time
       date
           datetime


.. _datetime-timedelta:

:class:`timedelta` Objects
--------------------------

A :class:`timedelta` object represents a duration, the difference between two
dates or times.

.. class:: timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)

   All arguments are optional and default to ``0``.  Arguments may be integers
   or floats, and may be positive or negative.

   Only *days*, *seconds* and *microseconds* are stored internally.  Arguments are
   converted to those units:

   * A millisecond is converted to 1000 microseconds.
   * A minute is converted to 60 seconds.
   * An hour is converted to 3600 seconds.
   * A week is converted to 7 days.

   and days, seconds and microseconds are then normalized so that the
   representation is unique, with

   * ``0 <= microseconds < 1000000``
   * ``0 <= seconds < 3600*24`` (the number of seconds in one day)
   * ``-999999999 <= days <= 999999999``

   If any argument is a float and there are fractional microseconds,
   the fractional microseconds left over from all arguments are
   combined and their sum is rounded to the nearest microsecond using
   round-half-to-even tiebreaker.  If no argument is a float, the
   conversion and normalization processes are exact (no information is
   lost).

   If the normalized value of days lies outside the indicated range,
   :exc:`OverflowError` is raised.

   Note that normalization of negative values may be surprising at first. For
   example,

      >>> from datetime import timedelta
      >>> d = timedelta(microseconds=-1)
      >>> (d.days, d.seconds, d.microseconds)
      (-1, 86399, 999999)


Class attributes are:

.. attribute:: timedelta.min

   The most negative :class:`timedelta` object, ``timedelta(-999999999)``.


.. attribute:: timedelta.max

   The most positive :class:`timedelta` object, ``timedelta(days=999999999,
   hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59, microseconds=999999)``.


.. attribute:: timedelta.resolution

   The smallest possible difference between non-equal :class:`timedelta` objects,
   ``timedelta(microseconds=1)``.

Note that, because of normalization, ``timedelta.max`` > ``-timedelta.min``.
``-timedelta.max`` is not representable as a :class:`timedelta` object.

Instance attributes (read-only):

+------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Attribute        | Value                                      |
+==================+============================================+
| ``days``         | Between -999999999 and 999999999 inclusive |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| ``seconds``      | Between 0 and 86399 inclusive              |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| ``microseconds`` | Between 0 and 999999 inclusive             |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------+

Supported operations:

.. XXX this table is too wide!

+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Operation                      | Result                                        |
+================================+===============================================+
| ``t1 = t2 + t3``               | Sum of *t2* and *t3*. Afterwards *t1*-*t2* == |
|                                | *t3* and *t1*-*t3* == *t2* are true. (1)      |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``t1 = t2 - t3``               | Difference of *t2* and *t3*. Afterwards *t1*  |
|                                | == *t2* - *t3* and *t2* == *t1* + *t3* are    |
|                                | true. (1)(6)                                  |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``t1 = t2 * i or t1 = i * t2`` | Delta multiplied by an integer.               |
|                                | Afterwards *t1* // i == *t2* is true,         |
|                                | provided ``i != 0``.                          |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                                | In general, *t1* \* i == *t1* \* (i-1) + *t1* |
|                                | is true. (1)                                  |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``t1 = t2 * f or t1 = f * t2`` | Delta multiplied by a float. The result is    |
|                                | rounded to the nearest multiple of            |
|                                | timedelta.resolution using round-half-to-even.|
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``f = t2 / t3``                | Division (3) of overall duration *t2* by      |
|                                | interval unit *t3*. Returns a :class:`float`  |
|                                | object.                                       |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``t1 = t2 / f or t1 = t2 / i`` | Delta divided by a float or an int. The result|
|                                | is rounded to the nearest multiple of         |
|                                | timedelta.resolution using round-half-to-even.|
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``t1 = t2 // i`` or            | The floor is computed and the remainder (if   |
| ``t1 = t2 // t3``              | any) is thrown away.  In the second case, an  |
|                                | integer is returned. (3)                      |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``t1 = t2 % t3``               | The remainder is computed as a                |
|                                | :class:`timedelta` object. (3)                |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``q, r = divmod(t1, t2)``      | Computes the quotient and the remainder:      |
|                                | ``q = t1 // t2`` (3) and ``r = t1 % t2``.     |
|                                | q is an integer and r is a :class:`timedelta` |
|                                | object.                                       |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``+t1``                        | Returns a :class:`timedelta` object with the  |
|                                | same value. (2)                               |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``-t1``                        | equivalent to                                 |
|                                | :class:`timedelta`\ (-*t1.days*,              |
|                                | -*t1.seconds*, -*t1.microseconds*),           |
|                                | and to *t1*\* -1. (1)(4)                      |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``abs(t)``                     | equivalent to +\ *t* when ``t.days >= 0``, and|
|                                | to -*t* when ``t.days < 0``. (2)              |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``str(t)``                     | Returns a string in the form                  |
|                                | ``[D day[s], ][H]H:MM:SS[.UUUUUU]``, where D  |
|                                | is negative for negative ``t``. (5)           |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| ``repr(t)``                    | Returns a string representation of the        |
|                                | :class:`timedelta` object as a constructor    |
|                                | call with canonical attribute values.         |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+


Notes:

(1)
   This is exact, but may overflow.

(2)
   This is exact, and cannot overflow.

(3)
   Division by 0 raises :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`.

(4)
   -*timedelta.max* is not representable as a :class:`timedelta` object.

(5)
  String representations of :class:`timedelta` objects are normalized
  similarly to their internal representation.  This leads to somewhat
  unusual results for negative timedeltas.  For example:

  >>> timedelta(hours=-5)
  datetime.timedelta(days=-1, seconds=68400)
  >>> print(_)
  -1 day, 19:00:00

(6)
   The expression ``t2 - t3`` will always be equal to the expression ``t2 + (-t3)`` except
   when t3 is equal to ``timedelta.max``; in that case the former will produce a result
   while the latter will overflow.

In addition to the operations listed above :class:`timedelta` objects support
certain additions and subtractions with :class:`date` and :class:`.datetime`
objects (see below).

.. versionchanged:: 3.2
   Floor division and true division of a :class:`timedelta` object by another
   :class:`timedelta` object are now supported, as are remainder operations and
   the :func:`divmod` function.  True division and multiplication of a
   :class:`timedelta` object by a :class:`float` object are now supported.


Comparisons of :class:`timedelta` objects are supported with the
:class:`timedelta` object representing the smaller duration considered to be the
smaller timedelta. In order to stop mixed-type comparisons from falling back to
the default comparison by object address, when a :class:`timedelta` object is
compared to an object of a different type, :exc:`TypeError` is raised unless the
comparison is ``==`` or ``!=``.  The latter cases return :const:`False` or
:const:`True`, respectively.

:class:`timedelta` objects are :term:`hashable` (usable as dictionary keys), support
efficient pickling, and in Boolean contexts, a :class:`timedelta` object is
considered to be true if and only if it isn't equal to ``timedelta(0)``.

Instance methods:

.. method:: timedelta.total_seconds()

   Return the total number of seconds contained in the duration. Equivalent to
   ``td / timedelta(seconds=1)``. For interval units other than seconds, use the
   division form directly (e.g. ``td / timedelta(microseconds=1)``).

   Note that for very large time intervals (greater than 270 years on
   most platforms) this method will lose microsecond accuracy.

   .. versionadded:: 3.2


Example usage:

    >>> from datetime import timedelta
    >>> year = timedelta(days=365)
    >>> another_year = timedelta(weeks=40, days=84, hours=23,
    ...                          minutes=50, seconds=600)  # adds up to 365 days
    >>> year.total_seconds()
    31536000.0
    >>> year == another_year
    True
    >>> ten_years = 10 * year
    >>> ten_years, ten_years.days // 365
    (datetime.timedelta(days=3650), 10)
    >>> nine_years = ten_years - year
    >>> nine_years, nine_years.days // 365
    (datetime.timedelta(days=3285), 9)
    >>> three_years = nine_years // 3
    >>> three_years, three_years.days // 365
    (datetime.timedelta(days=1095), 3)
    >>> abs(three_years - ten_years) == 2 * three_years + year
    True


.. _datetime-date:

:class:`date` Objects
---------------------

A :class:`date` object represents a date (year, month and day) in an idealized
calendar, the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely extended in both
directions.  January 1 of year 1 is called day number 1, January 2 of year 1 is
called day number 2, and so on.  This matches the definition of the "proleptic
Gregorian" calendar in Dershowitz and Reingold's book Calendrical Calculations,
where it's the base calendar for all computations.  See the book for algorithms
for converting between proleptic Gregorian ordinals and many other calendar
systems.


.. class:: date(year, month, day)

   All arguments are required.  Arguments may be integers, in the following
   ranges:

   * ``MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR``
   * ``1 <= month <= 12``
   * ``1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year``

   If an argument outside those ranges is given, :exc:`ValueError` is raised.


Other constructors, all class methods:

.. classmethod:: date.today()

   Return the current local date.  This is equivalent to
   ``date.fromtimestamp(time.time())``.


.. classmethod:: date.fromtimestamp(timestamp)

   Return the local date corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, such as is returned
   by :func:`time.time`.  This may raise :exc:`OverflowError`, if the timestamp is out
   of the range of values supported by the platform C :c:func:`localtime` function,
   and :exc:`OSError` on :c:func:`localtime` failure.
   It's common for this to be restricted to years from 1970 through 2038.  Note
   that on non-POSIX systems that include leap seconds in their notion of a
   timestamp, leap seconds are ignored by :meth:`fromtimestamp`.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.3
      Raise :exc:`OverflowError` instead of :exc:`ValueError` if the timestamp
      is out of the range of values supported by the platform C
      :c:func:`localtime` function. Raise :exc:`OSError` instead of
      :exc:`ValueError` on :c:func:`localtime` failure.


.. classmethod:: date.fromordinal(ordinal)

   Return the date corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January
   1 of year 1 has ordinal 1.  :exc:`ValueError` is raised unless ``1 <= ordinal <=
   date.max.toordinal()``. For any date *d*, ``date.fromordinal(d.toordinal()) ==
   d``.


.. classmethod:: date.fromisoformat(date_string)

  Return a :class:`date` corresponding to a *date_string* in the format emitted
  by :meth:`date.isoformat`. Specifically, this function supports strings in
  the format(s) ``YYYY-MM-DD``.

  .. caution::

    This does not support parsing arbitrary ISO 8601 strings - it is only intended
    as the inverse operation of :meth:`date.isoformat`.

  .. versionadded:: 3.7



Class attributes:

.. attribute:: date.min

   The earliest representable date, ``date(MINYEAR, 1, 1)``.


.. attribute:: date.max

   The latest representable date, ``date(MAXYEAR, 12, 31)``.


.. attribute:: date.resolution

   The smallest possible difference between non-equal date objects,
   ``timedelta(days=1)``.


Instance attributes (read-only):

.. attribute:: date.year

   Between :const:`MINYEAR` and :const:`MAXYEAR` inclusive.


.. attribute:: date.month

   Between 1 and 12 inclusive.


.. attribute:: date.day

   Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year.


Supported operations:

+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Operation                     | Result                                       |
+===============================+==============================================+
| ``date2 = date1 + timedelta`` | *date2* is ``timedelta.days`` days removed   |
|                               | from *date1*.  (1)                           |
+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| ``date2 = date1 - timedelta`` | Computes *date2* such that ``date2 +         |
|                               | timedelta == date1``. (2)                    |
+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| ``timedelta = date1 - date2`` | \(3)                                         |
+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| ``date1 < date2``             | *date1* is considered less than *date2* when |
|                               | *date1* precedes *date2* in time. (4)        |
+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+

Notes:

(1)
   *date2* is moved forward in time if ``timedelta.days > 0``, or backward if
   ``timedelta.days < 0``.  Afterward ``date2 - date1 == timedelta.days``.
   ``timedelta.seconds`` and ``timedelta.microseconds`` are ignored.
   :exc:`OverflowError` is raised if ``date2.year`` would be smaller than
   :const:`MINYEAR` or larger than :const:`MAXYEAR`.

(2)
   ``timedelta.seconds`` and ``timedelta.microseconds`` are ignored.

(3)
   This is exact, and cannot overflow.  timedelta.seconds and
   timedelta.microseconds are 0, and date2 + timedelta == date1 after.

(4)
   In other words, ``date1 < date2`` if and only if ``date1.toordinal() <
   date2.toordinal()``. Date comparison raises :exc:`TypeError` if
   the other comparand isn't also a :class:`date` object. However,
   ``NotImplemented`` is returned instead if the other comparand has a
   :meth:`timetuple` attribute.  This hook gives other kinds of date objects a
   chance at implementing mixed-type comparison. If not, when a :class:`date`
   object is compared to an object of a different type, :exc:`TypeError` is raised
   unless the comparison is ``==`` or ``!=``.  The latter cases return
   :const:`False` or :const:`True`, respectively.

Dates can be used as dictionary keys. In Boolean contexts, all :class:`date`
objects are considered to be true.

Instance methods:

.. method:: date.replace(year=self.year, month=self.month, day=self.day)

   Return a date with the same value, except for those parameters given new
   values by whichever keyword arguments are specified.  For example, if ``d ==
   date(2002, 12, 31)``, then ``d.replace(day=26) == date(2002, 12, 26)``.


.. method:: date.timetuple()

   Return a :class:`time.struct_time` such as returned by :func:`time.localtime`.
   The hours, minutes and seconds are 0, and the DST flag is -1. ``d.timetuple()``
   is equivalent to ``time.struct_time((d.year, d.month, d.day, 0, 0, 0,
   d.weekday(), yday, -1))``, where ``yday = d.toordinal() - date(d.year, 1,
   1).toordinal() + 1`` is the day number within the current year starting with
   ``1`` for January 1st.


.. method:: date.toordinal()

   Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date, where January 1 of year 1
   has ordinal 1.  For any :class:`date` object *d*,
   ``date.fromordinal(d.toordinal()) == d``.


.. method:: date.weekday()

   Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6.
   For example, ``date(2002, 12, 4).weekday() == 2``, a Wednesday. See also
   :meth:`isoweekday`.


.. method:: date.isoweekday()

   Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7.
   For example, ``date(2002, 12, 4).isoweekday() == 3``, a Wednesday. See also
   :meth:`weekday`, :meth:`isocalendar`.


.. method:: date.isocalendar()

   Return a 3-tuple, (ISO year, ISO week number, ISO weekday).

   The ISO calendar is a widely used variant of the Gregorian calendar. See
   https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/calendar/isocalendar.htm for a good
   explanation.

   The ISO year consists of 52 or 53 full weeks, and where a week starts on a
   Monday and ends on a Sunday.  The first week of an ISO year is the first
   (Gregorian) calendar week of a year containing a Thursday. This is called week
   number 1, and the ISO year of that Thursday is the same as its Gregorian year.

   For example, 2004 begins on a Thursday, so the first week of ISO year 2004
   begins on Monday, 29 Dec 2003 and ends on Sunday, 4 Jan 2004, so that
   ``date(2003, 12, 29).isocalendar() == (2004, 1, 1)`` and ``date(2004, 1,
   4).isocalendar() == (2004, 1, 7)``.


.. method:: date.isoformat()

   Return a string representing the date in ISO 8601 format, 'YYYY-MM-DD'.  For
   example, ``date(2002, 12, 4).isoformat() == '2002-12-04'``.


.. method:: date.__str__()

   For a date *d*, ``str(d)`` is equivalent to ``d.isoformat()``.


.. method:: date.ctime()

   Return a string representing the date, for example ``date(2002, 12,
   4).ctime() == 'Wed Dec 4 00:00:00 2002'``. ``d.ctime()`` is equivalent to
   ``time.ctime(time.mktime(d.timetuple()))`` on platforms where the native C
   :c:func:`ctime` function (which :func:`time.ctime` invokes, but which
   :meth:`date.ctime` does not invoke) conforms to the C standard.


.. method:: date.strftime(format)

   Return a string representing the date, controlled by an explicit format string.
   Format codes referring to hours, minutes or seconds will see 0 values. For a
   complete list of formatting directives, see
   :ref:`strftime-strptime-behavior`.


.. method:: date.__format__(format)

   Same as :meth:`.date.strftime`. This makes it possible to specify a format
   string for a :class:`.date` object in :ref:`formatted string
   literals <f-strings>` and when using :meth:`str.format`. For a
   complete list of formatting directives, see
   :ref:`strftime-strptime-behavior`.


Example of counting days to an event::

    >>> import time
    >>> from datetime import date
    >>> today = date.today()
    >>> today
    datetime.date(2007, 12, 5)
    >>> today == date.fromtimestamp(time.time())
    True
    >>> my_birthday = date(today.year, 6, 24)
    >>> if my_birthday < today:
    ...     my_birthday = my_birthday.replace(year=today.year + 1)
    >>> my_birthday
    datetime.date(2008, 6, 24)
    >>> time_to_birthday = abs(my_birthday - today)
    >>> time_to_birthday.days
    202

Example of working with :class:`date`:

.. doctest::

    >>> from datetime import date
    >>> d = date.fromordinal(730920) # 730920th day after 1. 1. 0001
    >>> d
    datetime.date(2002, 3, 11)
    >>> t = d.timetuple()
    >>> for i in t:     # doctest: +SKIP
    ...     print(i)
    2002                # year
    3                   # month
    11                  # day
    0
    0
    0
    0                   # weekday (0 = Monday)
    70                  # 70th day in the year
    -1
    >>> ic = d.isocalendar()
    >>> for i in ic:    # doctest: +SKIP
    ...     print(i)
    2002                # ISO year
    11                  # ISO week number
    1                   # ISO day number ( 1 = Monday )
    >>> d.isoformat()
    '2002-03-11'
    >>> d.strftime("%d/%m/%y")
    '11/03/02'
    >>> d.strftime("%A %d. %B %Y")
    'Monday 11. March 2002'
    >>> 'The {1} is {0:%d}, the {2} is {0:%B}.'.format(d, "day", "month")
    'The day is 11, the month is March.'


.. _datetime-datetime:

:class:`.datetime` Objects
--------------------------

A :class:`.datetime` object is a single object containing all the information
from a :class:`date` object and a :class:`.time` object.  Like a :class:`date`
object, :class:`.datetime` assumes the current Gregorian calendar extended in
both directions; like a time object, :class:`.datetime` assumes there are exactly
3600\*24 seconds in every day.

Constructor:

.. class:: datetime(year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0)

   The year, month and day arguments are required.  *tzinfo* may be ``None``, or an
   instance of a :class:`tzinfo` subclass.  The remaining arguments may be integers,
   in the following ranges:

   * ``MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR``,
   * ``1 <= month <= 12``,
   * ``1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year``,
   * ``0 <= hour < 24``,
   * ``0 <= minute < 60``,
   * ``0 <= second < 60``,
   * ``0 <= microsecond < 1000000``,
   * ``fold in [0, 1]``.

   If an argument outside those ranges is given, :exc:`ValueError` is raised.

   .. versionadded:: 3.6
      Added the ``fold`` argument.

Other constructors, all class methods:

.. classmethod:: datetime.today()

   Return the current local datetime, with :attr:`.tzinfo` ``None``. This is
   equivalent to ``datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())``. See also :meth:`now`,
   :meth:`fromtimestamp`.


.. classmethod:: datetime.now(tz=None)

   Return the current local date and time.  If optional argument *tz* is ``None``
   or not specified, this is like :meth:`today`, but, if possible, supplies more
   precision than can be gotten from going through a :func:`time.time` timestamp
   (for example, this may be possible on platforms supplying the C
   :c:func:`gettimeofday` function).

   If *tz* is not ``None``, it must be an instance of a :class:`tzinfo` subclass, and the
   current date and time are converted to *tz*’s time zone.  In this case the
   result is equivalent to ``tz.fromutc(datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=tz))``.
   See also :meth:`today`, :meth:`utcnow`.


.. classmethod:: datetime.utcnow()

   Return the current UTC date and time, with :attr:`.tzinfo` ``None``. This is like
   :meth:`now`, but returns the current UTC date and time, as a naive
   :class:`.datetime` object.  An aware current UTC datetime can be obtained by
   calling ``datetime.now(timezone.utc)``.  See also :meth:`now`.

.. classmethod:: datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=None)

   Return the local date and time corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, such as is
   returned by :func:`time.time`. If optional argument *tz* is ``None`` or not
   specified, the timestamp is converted to the platform's local date and time, and
   the returned :class:`.datetime` object is naive.

   If *tz* is not ``None``, it must be an instance of a :class:`tzinfo` subclass, and the
   timestamp is converted to *tz*’s time zone.  In this case the result is
   equivalent to
   ``tz.fromutc(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp).replace(tzinfo=tz))``.

   :meth:`fromtimestamp` may raise :exc:`OverflowError`, if the timestamp is out of
   the range of values supported by the platform C :c:func:`localtime` or
   :c:func:`gmtime` functions, and :exc:`OSError` on :c:func:`localtime` or
   :c:func:`gmtime` failure.
   It's common for this to be restricted to years in
   1970 through 2038. Note that on non-POSIX systems that include leap seconds in
   their notion of a timestamp, leap seconds are ignored by :meth:`fromtimestamp`,
   and then it's possible to have two timestamps differing by a second that yield
   identical :class:`.datetime` objects. See also :meth:`utcfromtimestamp`.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.3
      Raise :exc:`OverflowError` instead of :exc:`ValueError` if the timestamp
      is out of the range of values supported by the platform C
      :c:func:`localtime` or :c:func:`gmtime` functions. Raise :exc:`OSError`
      instead of :exc:`ValueError` on :c:func:`localtime` or :c:func:`gmtime`
      failure.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.6
      :meth:`fromtimestamp` may return instances with :attr:`.fold` set to 1.

.. classmethod:: datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)

   Return the UTC :class:`.datetime` corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, with
   :attr:`.tzinfo` ``None``. This may raise :exc:`OverflowError`, if the timestamp is
   out of the range of values supported by the platform C :c:func:`gmtime` function,
   and :exc:`OSError` on :c:func:`gmtime` failure.
   It's common for this to be restricted to years in 1970 through 2038.

   To get an aware :class:`.datetime` object, call :meth:`fromtimestamp`::

     datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, timezone.utc)

   On the POSIX compliant platforms, it is equivalent to the following
   expression::

     datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=timestamp)

   except the latter formula always supports the full years range: between
   :const:`MINYEAR` and :const:`MAXYEAR` inclusive.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.3
      Raise :exc:`OverflowError` instead of :exc:`ValueError` if the timestamp
      is out of the range of values supported by the platform C
      :c:func:`gmtime` function. Raise :exc:`OSError` instead of
      :exc:`ValueError` on :c:func:`gmtime` failure.


.. classmethod:: datetime.fromordinal(ordinal)

   Return the :class:`.datetime` corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal,
   where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. :exc:`ValueError` is raised unless ``1
   <= ordinal <= datetime.max.toordinal()``.  The hour, minute, second and
   microsecond of the result are all 0, and :attr:`.tzinfo` is ``None``.


.. classmethod:: datetime.combine(date, time, tzinfo=self.tzinfo)

   Return a new :class:`.datetime` object whose date components are equal to the
   given :class:`date` object's, and whose time components
   are equal to the given :class:`.time` object's.  If the *tzinfo*
   argument is provided, its value is used to set the :attr:`.tzinfo` attribute
   of the result, otherwise the :attr:`~.time.tzinfo` attribute of the *time* argument
   is used.

   For any :class:`.datetime` object *d*,
   ``d == datetime.combine(d.date(), d.time(), d.tzinfo)``.  If date is a
   :class:`.datetime` object, its time components and :attr:`.tzinfo` attributes
   are ignored.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.6
      Added the *tzinfo* argument.


.. classmethod:: datetime.fromisoformat(date_string)

  Return a :class:`datetime` corresponding to a *date_string* in one of the
  formats emitted by :meth:`date.isoformat` and :meth:`datetime.isoformat`.
  Specifically, this function supports strings in the format(s)
  ``YYYY-MM-DD[*HH[:MM[:SS[.fff[fff]]]][+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]]]]``,
  where ``*`` can match any single character.

  .. caution::

    This does not support parsing arbitrary ISO 8601 strings - it is only intended
    as the inverse operation of :meth:`datetime.isoformat`.

  .. versionadded:: 3.7

.. classmethod:: datetime.strptime(date_string, format)

   Return a :class:`.datetime` corresponding to *date_string*, parsed according to
   *format*.  This is equivalent to ``datetime(*(time.strptime(date_string,
   format)[0:6]))``. :exc:`ValueError` is raised if the date_string and format
   can't be parsed by :func:`time.strptime` or if it returns a value which isn't a
   time tuple. For a complete list of formatting directives, see
   :ref:`strftime-strptime-behavior`.



Class attributes:

.. attribute:: datetime.min

   The earliest representable :class:`.datetime`, ``datetime(MINYEAR, 1, 1,
   tzinfo=None)``.


.. attribute:: datetime.max

   The latest representable :class:`.datetime`, ``datetime(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59,
   59, 999999, tzinfo=None)``.


.. attribute:: datetime.resolution

   The smallest possible difference between non-equal :class:`.datetime` objects,
   ``timedelta(microseconds=1)``.


Instance attributes (read-only):

.. attribute:: datetime.year

   Between :const:`MINYEAR` and :const:`MAXYEAR` inclusive.


.. attribute:: datetime.month

   Between 1 and 12 inclusive.


.. attribute:: datetime.day

   Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year.


.. attribute:: datetime.hour

   In ``range(24)``.


.. attribute:: datetime.minute

   In ``range(60)``.


.. attribute:: datetime.second

   In ``range(60)``.


.. attribute:: datetime.microsecond

   In ``range(1000000)``.


.. attribute:: datetime.tzinfo

   The object passed as the *tzinfo* argument to the :class:`.datetime` constructor,
   or ``None`` if none was passed.


.. attribute:: datetime.fold

   In ``[0, 1]``.  Used to disambiguate wall times during a repeated interval.  (A
   repeated interval occurs when clocks are rolled back at the end of daylight saving
   time or when the UTC offset for the current zone is decreased for political reasons.)
   The value 0 (1) represents the earlier (later) of the two moments with the same wall
   time representation.

   .. versionadded:: 3.6

Supported operations:

+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Operation                             | Result                         |
+=======================================+================================+
| ``datetime2 = datetime1 + timedelta`` | \(1)                           |
+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| ``datetime2 = datetime1 - timedelta`` | \(2)                           |
+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| ``timedelta = datetime1 - datetime2`` | \(3)                           |
+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| ``datetime1 < datetime2``             | Compares :class:`.datetime` to |
|                                       | :class:`.datetime`. (4)        |
+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+

(1)
   datetime2 is a duration of timedelta removed from datetime1, moving forward in
   time if ``timedelta.days`` > 0, or backward if ``timedelta.days`` < 0.  The
   result has the same :attr:`~.datetime.tzinfo` attribute as the input datetime, and
   datetime2 - datetime1 == timedelta after. :exc:`OverflowError` is raised if
   datetime2.year would be smaller than :const:`MINYEAR` or larger than
   :const:`MAXYEAR`. Note that no time zone adjustments are done even if the
   input is an aware object.

(2)
   Computes the datetime2 such that datetime2 + timedelta == datetime1. As for
   addition, the result has the same :attr:`~.datetime.tzinfo` attribute as the input
   datetime, and no time zone adjustments are done even if the input is aware.

(3)
   Subtraction of a :class:`.datetime` from a :class:`.datetime` is defined only if
   both operands are naive, or if both are aware.  If one is aware and the other is
   naive, :exc:`TypeError` is raised.

   If both are naive, or both are aware and have the same :attr:`~.datetime.tzinfo` attribute,
   the :attr:`~.datetime.tzinfo` attributes are ignored, and the result is a :class:`timedelta`
   object *t* such that ``datetime2 + t == datetime1``.  No time zone adjustments
   are done in this case.

   If both are aware and have different :attr:`~.datetime.tzinfo` attributes, ``a-b`` acts
   as if *a* and *b* were first converted to naive UTC datetimes first.  The
   result is ``(a.replace(tzinfo=None) - a.utcoffset()) - (b.replace(tzinfo=None)
   - b.utcoffset())`` except that the implementation never overflows.

(4)
   *datetime1* is considered less than *datetime2* when *datetime1* precedes
   *datetime2* in time.

   If one comparand is naive and the other is aware, :exc:`TypeError`
   is raised if an order comparison is attempted.  For equality
   comparisons, naive instances are never equal to aware instances.

   If both comparands are aware, and have the same :attr:`~.datetime.tzinfo` attribute, the
   common :attr:`~.datetime.tzinfo` attribute is ignored and the base datetimes are
   compared.  If both comparands are aware and have different :attr:`~.datetime.tzinfo`
   attributes, the comparands are first adjusted by subtracting their UTC
   offsets (obtained from ``self.utcoffset()``).

   .. versionchanged:: 3.3
      Equality comparisons between naive and aware :class:`.datetime`
      instances don't raise :exc:`TypeError`.

   .. note::

      In order to stop comparison from falling back to the default scheme of comparing
      object addresses, datetime comparison normally raises :exc:`TypeError` if the
      other comparand isn't also a :class:`.datetime` object.  However,
      ``NotImplemented`` is returned instead if the other comparand has a
      :meth:`timetuple` attribute.  This hook gives other kinds of date objects a
      chance at implementing mixed-type comparison.  If not, when a :class:`.datetime`
      object is compared to an object of a different type, :exc:`TypeError` is raised
      unless the comparison is ``==`` or ``!=``.  The latter cases return
      :const:`False` or :const:`True`, respectively.

:class:`.datetime` objects can be used as dictionary keys. In Boolean contexts,
all :class:`.datetime` objects are considered to be true.

Instance methods:

.. method:: datetime.date()

   Return :class:`date` object with same year, month and day.


.. method:: datetime.time()

   Return :class:`.time` object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond and fold.
   :attr:`.tzinfo` is ``None``.  See also method :meth:`timetz`.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.6
      The fold value is copied to the returned :class:`.time` object.


.. method:: datetime.timetz()

   Return :class:`.time` object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold, and
   tzinfo attributes.  See also method :meth:`time`.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.6
      The fold value is copied to the returned :class:`.time` object.


.. method:: datetime.replace(year=self.year, month=self.month, day=self.day, \
   hour=self.hour, minute=self.minute, second=self.second, microsecond=self.microsecond, \
   tzinfo=self.tzinfo, * fold=0)

   Return a datetime with the same attributes, except for those attributes given
   new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified.  Note that
   ``tzinfo=None`` can be specified to create a naive datetime from an aware
   datetime with no conversion of date and time data.

   .. versionadded:: 3.6
      Added the ``fold`` argument.


.. method:: datetime.astimezone(tz=None)

   Return a :class:`.datetime` object with new :attr:`.tzinfo` attribute *tz*,
   adjusting the date and time data so the result is the same UTC time as
   *self*, but in *tz*'s local time.

   If provided, *tz* must be an instance of a :class:`tzinfo` subclass, and its
   :meth:`utcoffset` and :meth:`dst` methods must not return ``None``.  If *self*
   is naive, it is presumed to represent time in the system timezone.

   If called without arguments (or with ``tz=None``) the system local
   timezone is assumed for the target timezone.  The ``.tzinfo`` attribute of the converted
   datetime instance will be set to an instance of :class:`timezone`
   with the zone name and offset obtained from the OS.

   If ``self.tzinfo`` is *tz*, ``self.astimezone(tz)`` is equal to *self*:  no
   adjustment of date or time data is performed. Else the result is local
   time in the timezone *tz*, representing the same UTC time as *self*:  after
   ``astz = dt.astimezone(tz)``, ``astz - astz.utcoffset()`` will have
   the same date and time data as ``dt - dt.utcoffset()``.

   If you merely want to attach a time zone object *tz* to a datetime *dt* without
   adjustment of date and time data, use ``dt.replace(tzinfo=tz)``.  If you
   merely want to remove the time zone object from an aware datetime *dt* without
   conversion of date and time data, use ``dt.replace(tzinfo=None)``.

   Note that the default :meth:`tzinfo.fromutc` method can be overridden in a
   :class:`tzinfo` subclass to affect the result returned by :meth:`astimezone`.
   Ignoring error cases, :meth:`astimezone` acts like::

      def astimezone(self, tz):
          if self.tzinfo is tz:
              return self
          # Convert self to UTC, and attach the new time zone object.
          utc = (self - self.utcoffset()).replace(tzinfo=tz)
          # Convert from UTC to tz's local time.
          return tz.fromutc(utc)

   .. versionchanged:: 3.3
      *tz* now can be omitted.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.6
      The :meth:`astimezone` method can now be called on naive instances that
      are presumed to represent system local time.


.. method:: datetime.utcoffset()

   If :attr:`.tzinfo` is ``None``, returns ``None``, else returns
   ``self.tzinfo.utcoffset(self)``, and raises an exception if the latter doesn't
   return ``None`` or a :class:`timedelta` object with magnitude less than one day.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.


.. method:: datetime.dst()

   If :attr:`.tzinfo` is ``None``, returns ``None``, else returns
   ``self.tzinfo.dst(self)``, and raises an exception if the latter doesn't return
   ``None`` or a :class:`timedelta` object with magnitude less than one day.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.


.. method:: datetime.tzname()

   If :attr:`.tzinfo` is ``None``, returns ``None``, else returns
   ``self.tzinfo.tzname(self)``, raises an exception if the latter doesn't return
   ``None`` or a string object,


.. method:: datetime.timetuple()

   Return a :class:`time.struct_time` such as returned by :func:`time.localtime`.
   ``d.timetuple()`` is equivalent to ``time.struct_time((d.year, d.month, d.day,
   d.hour, d.minute, d.second, d.weekday(), yday, dst))``, where ``yday =
   d.toordinal() - date(d.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1`` is the day number within
   the current year starting with ``1`` for January 1st. The :attr:`tm_isdst` flag
   of the result is set according to the :meth:`dst` method: :attr:`.tzinfo` is
   ``None`` or :meth:`dst` returns ``None``, :attr:`tm_isdst` is set to ``-1``;
   else if :meth:`dst` returns a non-zero value, :attr:`tm_isdst` is set to ``1``;
   else :attr:`tm_isdst` is set to ``0``.


.. method:: datetime.utctimetuple()

   If :class:`.datetime` instance *d* is naive, this is the same as
   ``d.timetuple()`` except that :attr:`tm_isdst` is forced to 0 regardless of what
   ``d.dst()`` returns.  DST is never in effect for a UTC time.

   If *d* is aware, *d* is normalized to UTC time, by subtracting
   ``d.utcoffset()``, and a :class:`time.struct_time` for the
   normalized time is returned.  :attr:`tm_isdst` is forced to 0. Note
   that an :exc:`OverflowError` may be raised if *d*.year was
   ``MINYEAR`` or ``MAXYEAR`` and UTC adjustment spills over a year
   boundary.


.. method:: datetime.toordinal()

   Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date.  The same as
   ``self.date().toordinal()``.

.. method:: datetime.timestamp()

   Return POSIX timestamp corresponding to the :class:`.datetime`
   instance.  The return value is a :class:`float` similar to that
   returned by :func:`time.time`.

   Naive :class:`.datetime` instances are assumed to represent local
   time and this method relies on the platform C :c:func:`mktime`
   function to perform the conversion.  Since :class:`.datetime`
   supports wider range of values than :c:func:`mktime` on many
   platforms, this method may raise :exc:`OverflowError` for times far
   in the past or far in the future.

   For aware :class:`.datetime` instances, the return value is computed
   as::

      (dt - datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)).total_seconds()

   .. versionadded:: 3.3

   .. versionchanged:: 3.6
      The :meth:`timestamp` method uses the :attr:`.fold` attribute to
      disambiguate the times during a repeated interval.

   .. note::

      There is no method to obtain the POSIX timestamp directly from a
      naive :class:`.datetime` instance representing UTC time.  If your
      application uses this convention and your system timezone is not
      set to UTC, you can obtain the POSIX timestamp by supplying
      ``tzinfo=timezone.utc``::

         timestamp = dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc).timestamp()

      or by calculating the timestamp directly::

         timestamp = (dt - datetime(1970, 1, 1)) / timedelta(seconds=1)

.. method:: datetime.weekday()

   Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6.
   The same as ``self.date().weekday()``. See also :meth:`isoweekday`.


.. method:: datetime.isoweekday()

   Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7.
   The same as ``self.date().isoweekday()``. See also :meth:`weekday`,
   :meth:`isocalendar`.


.. method:: datetime.isocalendar()

   Return a 3-tuple, (ISO year, ISO week number, ISO weekday).  The same as
   ``self.date().isocalendar()``.


.. method:: datetime.isoformat(sep='T', timespec='auto')

   Return a string representing the date and time in ISO 8601 format,
   YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.ffffff or, if :attr:`microsecond` is 0,
   YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS

   If :meth:`utcoffset` does not return ``None``, a string is
   appended, giving the UTC offset:
   YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.ffffff+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]] or, if :attr:`microsecond`
   is 0 YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]].

   The optional argument *sep* (default ``'T'``) is a one-character separator,
   placed between the date and time portions of the result.  For example,

      >>> from datetime import tzinfo, timedelta, datetime
      >>> class TZ(tzinfo):
      ...     def utcoffset(self, dt): return timedelta(minutes=-399)
      ...
      >>> datetime(2002, 12, 25, tzinfo=TZ()).isoformat(' ')
      '2002-12-25 00:00:00-06:39'

   The optional argument *timespec* specifies the number of additional
   components of the time to include (the default is ``'auto'``).
   It can be one of the following:

   - ``'auto'``: Same as ``'seconds'`` if :attr:`microsecond` is 0,
     same as ``'microseconds'`` otherwise.
   - ``'hours'``: Include the :attr:`hour` in the two-digit HH format.
   - ``'minutes'``: Include :attr:`hour` and :attr:`minute` in HH:MM format.
   - ``'seconds'``: Include :attr:`hour`, :attr:`minute`, and :attr:`second`
     in HH:MM:SS format.
   - ``'milliseconds'``: Include full time, but truncate fractional second
     part to milliseconds. HH:MM:SS.sss format.
   - ``'microseconds'``: Include full time in HH:MM:SS.ffffff format.

   .. note::

      Excluded time components are truncated, not rounded.

   :exc:`ValueError` will be raised on an invalid *timespec* argument.


      >>> from datetime import datetime
      >>> datetime.now().isoformat(timespec='minutes')   # doctest: +SKIP
      '2002-12-25T00:00'
      >>> dt = datetime(2015, 1, 1, 12, 30, 59, 0)
      >>> dt.isoformat(timespec='microseconds')
      '2015-01-01T12:30:59.000000'

   .. versionadded:: 3.6
      Added the *timespec* argument.


.. method:: datetime.__str__()

   For a :class:`.datetime` instance *d*, ``str(d)`` is equivalent to
   ``d.isoformat(' ')``.


.. method:: datetime.ctime()

   Return a string representing the date and time, for example ``datetime(2002, 12,
   4, 20, 30, 40).ctime() == 'Wed Dec  4 20:30:40 2002'``. ``d.ctime()`` is
   equivalent to ``time.ctime(time.mktime(d.timetuple()))`` on platforms where the
   native C :c:func:`ctime` function (which :func:`time.ctime` invokes, but which
   :meth:`datetime.ctime` does not invoke) conforms to the C standard.


.. method:: datetime.strftime(format)

   Return a string representing the date and time, controlled by an explicit format
   string.  For a complete list of formatting directives, see
   :ref:`strftime-strptime-behavior`.


.. method:: datetime.__format__(format)

   Same as :meth:`.datetime.strftime`.  This makes it possible to specify a format
   string for a :class:`.datetime` object in :ref:`formatted string
   literals <f-strings>` and when using :meth:`str.format`.  For a
   complete list of formatting directives, see
   :ref:`strftime-strptime-behavior`.


Examples of working with datetime objects:

.. doctest::

    >>> from datetime import datetime, date, time
    >>> # Using datetime.combine()
    >>> d = date(2005, 7, 14)
    >>> t = time(12, 30)
    >>> datetime.combine(d, t)
    datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 14, 12, 30)
    >>> # Using datetime.now() or datetime.utcnow()
    >>> datetime.now()   # doctest: +SKIP
    datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 6, 16, 29, 43, 79043)   # GMT +1
    >>> datetime.utcnow()   # doctest: +SKIP
    datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 6, 15, 29, 43, 79060)
    >>> # Using datetime.strptime()
    >>> dt = datetime.strptime("21/11/06 16:30", "%d/%m/%y %H:%M")
    >>> dt
    datetime.datetime(2006, 11, 21, 16, 30)
    >>> # Using datetime.timetuple() to get tuple of all attributes
    >>> tt = dt.timetuple()
    >>> for it in tt:   # doctest: +SKIP
    ...     print(it)
    ...
    2006    # year
    11      # month
    21      # day
    16      # hour
    30      # minute
    0       # second
    1       # weekday (0 = Monday)
    325     # number of days since 1st January
    -1      # dst - method tzinfo.dst() returned None
    >>> # Date in ISO format
    >>> ic = dt.isocalendar()
    >>> for it in ic:   # doctest: +SKIP
    ...     print(it)
    ...
    2006    # ISO year
    47      # ISO week
    2       # ISO weekday
    >>> # Formatting datetime
    >>> dt.strftime("%A, %d. %B %Y %I:%M%p")
    'Tuesday, 21. November 2006 04:30PM'
    >>> 'The {1} is {0:%d}, the {2} is {0:%B}, the {3} is {0:%I:%M%p}.'.format(dt, "day", "month", "time")
    'The day is 21, the month is November, the time is 04:30PM.'

Using datetime with tzinfo:

    >>> from datetime import timedelta, datetime, tzinfo
    >>> class GMT1(tzinfo):
    ...     def utcoffset(self, dt):
    ...         return timedelta(hours=1) + self.dst(dt)
    ...     def dst(self, dt):
    ...         # DST starts last Sunday in March
    ...         d = datetime(dt.year, 4, 1)   # ends last Sunday in October
    ...         self.dston = d - timedelta(days=d.weekday() + 1)
    ...         d = datetime(dt.year, 11, 1)
    ...         self.dstoff = d - timedelta(days=d.weekday() + 1)
    ...         if self.dston <=  dt.replace(tzinfo=None) < self.dstoff:
    ...             return timedelta(hours=1)
    ...         else:
    ...             return timedelta(0)
    ...     def tzname(self,dt):
    ...          return "GMT +1"
    ...
    >>> class GMT2(tzinfo):
    ...     def utcoffset(self, dt):
    ...         return timedelta(hours=2) + self.dst(dt)
    ...     def dst(self, dt):
    ...         d = datetime(dt.year, 4, 1)
    ...         self.dston = d - timedelta(days=d.weekday() + 1)
    ...         d = datetime(dt.year, 11, 1)
    ...         self.dstoff = d - timedelta(days=d.weekday() + 1)
    ...         if self.dston <=  dt.replace(tzinfo=None) < self.dstoff:
    ...             return timedelta(hours=1)
    ...         else:
    ...             return timedelta(0)
    ...     def tzname(self,dt):
    ...         return "GMT +2"
    ...
    >>> gmt1 = GMT1()
    >>> # Daylight Saving Time
    >>> dt1 = datetime(2006, 11, 21, 16, 30, tzinfo=gmt1)
    >>> dt1.dst()
    datetime.timedelta(0)
    >>> dt1.utcoffset()
    datetime.timedelta(seconds=3600)
    >>> dt2 = datetime(2006, 6, 14, 13, 0, tzinfo=gmt1)
    >>> dt2.dst()
    datetime.timedelta(seconds=3600)
    >>> dt2.utcoffset()
    datetime.timedelta(seconds=7200)
    >>> # Convert datetime to another time zone
    >>> dt3 = dt2.astimezone(GMT2())
    >>> dt3     # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    datetime.datetime(2006, 6, 14, 14, 0, tzinfo=<GMT2 object at 0x...>)
    >>> dt2     # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    datetime.datetime(2006, 6, 14, 13, 0, tzinfo=<GMT1 object at 0x...>)
    >>> dt2.utctimetuple() == dt3.utctimetuple()
    True



.. _datetime-time:

:class:`.time` Objects
----------------------

A time object represents a (local) time of day, independent of any particular
day, and subject to adjustment via a :class:`tzinfo` object.

.. class:: time(hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0)

   All arguments are optional.  *tzinfo* may be ``None``, or an instance of a
   :class:`tzinfo` subclass.  The remaining arguments may be integers, in the
   following ranges:

   * ``0 <= hour < 24``,
   * ``0 <= minute < 60``,
   * ``0 <= second < 60``,
   * ``0 <= microsecond < 1000000``,
   * ``fold in [0, 1]``.

   If an argument outside those ranges is given, :exc:`ValueError` is raised.  All
   default to ``0`` except *tzinfo*, which defaults to :const:`None`.

Class attributes:


.. attribute:: time.min

   The earliest representable :class:`.time`, ``time(0, 0, 0, 0)``.


.. attribute:: time.max

   The latest representable :class:`.time`, ``time(23, 59, 59, 999999)``.


.. attribute:: time.resolution

   The smallest possible difference between non-equal :class:`.time` objects,
   ``timedelta(microseconds=1)``, although note that arithmetic on
   :class:`.time` objects is not supported.


Instance attributes (read-only):

.. attribute:: time.hour

   In ``range(24)``.


.. attribute:: time.minute

   In ``range(60)``.


.. attribute:: time.second

   In ``range(60)``.


.. attribute:: time.microsecond

   In ``range(1000000)``.


.. attribute:: time.tzinfo

   The object passed as the tzinfo argument to the :class:`.time` constructor, or
   ``None`` if none was passed.


.. attribute:: time.fold

   In ``[0, 1]``.  Used to disambiguate wall times during a repeated interval.  (A
   repeated interval occurs when clocks are rolled back at the end of daylight saving
   time or when the UTC offset for the current zone is decreased for political reasons.)
   The value 0 (1) represents the earlier (later) of the two moments with the same wall
   time representation.

   .. versionadded:: 3.6


Supported operations:

* comparison of :class:`.time` to :class:`.time`, where *a* is considered less
  than *b* when *a* precedes *b* in time.  If one comparand is naive and the other
  is aware, :exc:`TypeError` is raised if an order comparison is attempted. For equality
  comparisons, naive instances are never equal to aware instances.

  If both comparands are aware, and have
  the same :attr:`~time.tzinfo` attribute, the common :attr:`~time.tzinfo` attribute is
  ignored and the base times are compared.  If both comparands are aware and
  have different :attr:`~time.tzinfo` attributes, the comparands are first adjusted by
  subtracting their UTC offsets (obtained from ``self.utcoffset()``). In order
  to stop mixed-type comparisons from falling back to the default comparison by
  object address, when a :class:`.time` object is compared to an object of a
  different type, :exc:`TypeError` is raised unless the comparison is ``==`` or
  ``!=``.  The latter cases return :const:`False` or :const:`True`, respectively.

  .. versionchanged:: 3.3
     Equality comparisons between naive and aware :class:`~datetime.time` instances
     don't raise :exc:`TypeError`.

* hash, use as dict key

* efficient pickling

In boolean contexts, a :class:`.time` object is always considered to be true.

.. versionchanged:: 3.5
   Before Python 3.5, a :class:`.time` object was considered to be false if it
   represented midnight in UTC.  This behavior was considered obscure and
   error-prone and has been removed in Python 3.5.  See :issue:`13936` for full
   details.


Other constructor:

.. classmethod:: time.fromisoformat(time_string)

  Return a :class:`time` corresponding to a *time_string* in one of the
  formats emitted by :meth:`time.isoformat`. Specifically, this function supports
  strings in the format(s) ``HH[:MM[:SS[.fff[fff]]]][+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]]]``.

  .. caution::

    This does not support parsing arbitrary ISO 8601 strings - it is only intended
    as the inverse operation of :meth:`time.isoformat`.

  .. versionadded:: 3.7


Instance methods:

.. method:: time.replace(hour=self.hour, minute=self.minute, second=self.second, \
   microsecond=self.microsecond, tzinfo=self.tzinfo, * fold=0)

   Return a :class:`.time` with the same value, except for those attributes given
   new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified.  Note that
   ``tzinfo=None`` can be specified to create a naive :class:`.time` from an
   aware :class:`.time`, without conversion of the time data.

   .. versionadded:: 3.6
      Added the ``fold`` argument.


.. method:: time.isoformat(timespec='auto')

   Return a string representing the time in ISO 8601 format, HH:MM:SS.ffffff or, if
   :attr:`microsecond` is 0, HH:MM:SS If :meth:`utcoffset` does not return ``None``, a
   string is appended, giving the UTC offset: HH:MM:SS.ffffff+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]]
   or, if self.microsecond is 0, HH:MM:SS+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]].

   The optional argument *timespec* specifies the number of additional
   components of the time to include (the default is ``'auto'``).
   It can be one of the following:

   - ``'auto'``: Same as ``'seconds'`` if :attr:`microsecond` is 0,
     same as ``'microseconds'`` otherwise.
   - ``'hours'``: Include the :attr:`hour` in the two-digit HH format.
   - ``'minutes'``: Include :attr:`hour` and :attr:`minute` in HH:MM format.
   - ``'seconds'``: Include :attr:`hour`, :attr:`minute`, and :attr:`second`
     in HH:MM:SS format.
   - ``'milliseconds'``: Include full time, but truncate fractional second
     part to milliseconds. HH:MM:SS.sss format.
   - ``'microseconds'``: Include full time in HH:MM:SS.ffffff format.

   .. note::

      Excluded time components are truncated, not rounded.

   :exc:`ValueError` will be raised on an invalid *timespec* argument.


      >>> from datetime import time
      >>> time(hour=12, minute=34, second=56, microsecond=123456).isoformat(timespec='minutes')
      '12:34'
      >>> dt = time(hour=12, minute=34, second=56, microsecond=0)
      >>> dt.isoformat(timespec='microseconds')
      '12:34:56.000000'
      >>> dt.isoformat(timespec='auto')
      '12:34:56'

   .. versionadded:: 3.6
      Added the *timespec* argument.


.. method:: time.__str__()

   For a time *t*, ``str(t)`` is equivalent to ``t.isoformat()``.


.. method:: time.strftime(format)

   Return a string representing the time, controlled by an explicit format
   string.  For a complete list of formatting directives, see
   :ref:`strftime-strptime-behavior`.


.. method:: time.__format__(format)

   Same as :meth:`.time.strftime`. This makes it possible to specify a format string
   for a :class:`.time` object in :ref:`formatted string
   literals <f-strings>` and when using :meth:`str.format`.  For a
   complete list of formatting directives, see
   :ref:`strftime-strptime-behavior`.


.. method:: time.utcoffset()

   If :attr:`.tzinfo` is ``None``, returns ``None``, else returns
   ``self.tzinfo.utcoffset(None)``, and raises an exception if the latter doesn't
   return ``None`` or a :class:`timedelta` object with magnitude less than one day.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.


.. method:: time.dst()

   If :attr:`.tzinfo` is ``None``, returns ``None``, else returns
   ``self.tzinfo.dst(None)``, and raises an exception if the latter doesn't return
   ``None``, or a :class:`timedelta` object with magnitude less than one day.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

.. method:: time.tzname()

   If :attr:`.tzinfo` is ``None``, returns ``None``, else returns
   ``self.tzinfo.tzname(None)``, or raises an exception if the latter doesn't
   return ``None`` or a string object.

Example:

    >>> from datetime import time, tzinfo, timedelta
    >>> class GMT1(tzinfo):
    ...     def utcoffset(self, dt):
    ...         return timedelta(hours=1)
    ...     def dst(self, dt):
    ...         return timedelta(0)
    ...     def tzname(self,dt):
    ...         return "Europe/Prague"
    ...
    >>> t = time(12, 10, 30, tzinfo=GMT1())
    >>> t                               # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    datetime.time(12, 10, 30, tzinfo=<GMT1 object at 0x...>)
    >>> gmt = GMT1()
    >>> t.isoformat()
    '12:10:30+01:00'
    >>> t.dst()
    datetime.timedelta(0)
    >>> t.tzname()
    'Europe/Prague'
    >>> t.strftime("%H:%M:%S %Z")
    '12:10:30 Europe/Prague'
    >>> 'The {} is {:%H:%M}.'.format("time", t)
    'The time is 12:10.'


.. _datetime-tzinfo:

:class:`tzinfo` Objects
-----------------------

.. class:: tzinfo()

   This is an abstract base class, meaning that this class should not be
   instantiated directly.  You need to derive a concrete subclass, and (at least)
   supply implementations of the standard :class:`tzinfo` methods needed by the
   :class:`.datetime` methods you use.  The :mod:`datetime` module supplies
   a simple concrete subclass of :class:`tzinfo`, :class:`timezone`, which can represent
   timezones with fixed offset from UTC such as UTC itself or North American EST and
   EDT.

   An instance of (a concrete subclass of) :class:`tzinfo` can be passed to the
   constructors for :class:`.datetime` and :class:`.time` objects. The latter objects
   view their attributes as being in local time, and the :class:`tzinfo` object
   supports methods revealing offset of local time from UTC, the name of the time
   zone, and DST offset, all relative to a date or time object passed to them.

   Special requirement for pickling:  A :class:`tzinfo` subclass must have an
   :meth:`__init__` method that can be called with no arguments, else it can be
   pickled but possibly not unpickled again.  This is a technical requirement that
   may be relaxed in the future.

   A concrete subclass of :class:`tzinfo` may need to implement the following
   methods.  Exactly which methods are needed depends on the uses made of aware
   :mod:`datetime` objects.  If in doubt, simply implement all of them.


.. method:: tzinfo.utcoffset(dt)

   Return offset of local time from UTC, as a :class:`timedelta` object that is
   positive east of UTC.  If local time is
   west of UTC, this should be negative.  Note that this is intended to be the
   total offset from UTC; for example, if a :class:`tzinfo` object represents both
   time zone and DST adjustments, :meth:`utcoffset` should return their sum.  If
   the UTC offset isn't known, return ``None``.  Else the value returned must be a
   :class:`timedelta` object strictly between ``-timedelta(hours=24)`` and
   ``timedelta(hours=24)`` (the magnitude of the offset must be less
   than one day).  Most implementations of :meth:`utcoffset` will probably look
   like one of these two::

      return CONSTANT                 # fixed-offset class
      return CONSTANT + self.dst(dt)  # daylight-aware class

   If :meth:`utcoffset` does not return ``None``, :meth:`dst` should not return
   ``None`` either.

   The default implementation of :meth:`utcoffset` raises
   :exc:`NotImplementedError`.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.


.. method:: tzinfo.dst(dt)

   Return the daylight saving time (DST) adjustment, as a :class:`timedelta`
   object or
   ``None`` if DST information isn't known.  Return ``timedelta(0)`` if DST is not
   in effect. If DST is in effect, return the offset as a :class:`timedelta` object
   (see :meth:`utcoffset` for details). Note that DST offset, if applicable, has
   already been added to the UTC offset returned by :meth:`utcoffset`, so there's
   no need to consult :meth:`dst` unless you're interested in obtaining DST info
   separately.  For example, :meth:`datetime.timetuple` calls its :attr:`~.datetime.tzinfo`
   attribute's :meth:`dst` method to determine how the :attr:`tm_isdst` flag
   should be set, and :meth:`tzinfo.fromutc` calls :meth:`dst` to account for
   DST changes when crossing time zones.

   An instance *tz* of a :class:`tzinfo` subclass that models both standard and
   daylight times must be consistent in this sense:

   ``tz.utcoffset(dt) - tz.dst(dt)``

   must return the same result for every :class:`.datetime` *dt* with ``dt.tzinfo ==
   tz``  For sane :class:`tzinfo` subclasses, this expression yields the time
   zone's "standard offset", which should not depend on the date or the time, but
   only on geographic location.  The implementation of :meth:`datetime.astimezone`
   relies on this, but cannot detect violations; it's the programmer's
   responsibility to ensure it.  If a :class:`tzinfo` subclass cannot guarantee
   this, it may be able to override the default implementation of
   :meth:`tzinfo.fromutc` to work correctly with :meth:`astimezone` regardless.

   Most implementations of :meth:`dst` will probably look like one of these two::

      def dst(self, dt):
          # a fixed-offset class:  doesn't account for DST
          return timedelta(0)

   or ::

      def dst(self, dt):
          # Code to set dston and dstoff to the time zone's DST
          # transition times based on the input dt.year, and expressed
          # in standard local time.  Then

          if dston <= dt.replace(tzinfo=None) < dstoff:
              return timedelta(hours=1)
          else:
              return timedelta(0)

   The default implementation of :meth:`dst` raises :exc:`NotImplementedError`.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.


.. method:: tzinfo.tzname(dt)

   Return the time zone name corresponding to the :class:`.datetime` object *dt*, as
   a string. Nothing about string names is defined by the :mod:`datetime` module,
   and there's no requirement that it mean anything in particular.  For example,
   "GMT", "UTC", "-500", "-5:00", "EDT", "US/Eastern", "America/New York" are all
   valid replies.  Return ``None`` if a string name isn't known.  Note that this is
   a method rather than a fixed string primarily because some :class:`tzinfo`
   subclasses will wish to return different names depending on the specific value
   of *dt* passed, especially if the :class:`tzinfo` class is accounting for
   daylight time.

   The default implementation of :meth:`tzname` raises :exc:`NotImplementedError`.


These methods are called by a :class:`.datetime` or :class:`.time` object, in
response to their methods of the same names.  A :class:`.datetime` object passes
itself as the argument, and a :class:`.time` object passes ``None`` as the
argument.  A :class:`tzinfo` subclass's methods should therefore be prepared to
accept a *dt* argument of ``None``, or of class :class:`.datetime`.

When ``None`` is passed, it's up to the class designer to decide the best
response.  For example, returning ``None`` is appropriate if the class wishes to
say that time objects don't participate in the :class:`tzinfo` protocols.  It
may be more useful for ``utcoffset(None)`` to return the standard UTC offset, as
there is no other convention for discovering the standard offset.

When a :class:`.datetime` object is passed in response to a :class:`.datetime`
method, ``dt.tzinfo`` is the same object as *self*.  :class:`tzinfo` methods can
rely on this, unless user code calls :class:`tzinfo` methods directly.  The
intent is that the :class:`tzinfo` methods interpret *dt* as being in local
time, and not need worry about objects in other timezones.

There is one more :class:`tzinfo` method that a subclass may wish to override:


.. method:: tzinfo.fromutc(dt)

   This is called from the default :class:`datetime.astimezone()`
   implementation.  When called from that, ``dt.tzinfo`` is *self*, and *dt*'s
   date and time data are to be viewed as expressing a UTC time.  The purpose
   of :meth:`fromutc` is to adjust the date and time data, returning an
   equivalent datetime in *self*'s local time.

   Most :class:`tzinfo` subclasses should be able to inherit the default
   :meth:`fromutc` implementation without problems.  It's strong enough to handle
   fixed-offset time zones, and time zones accounting for both standard and
   daylight time, and the latter even if the DST transition times differ in
   different years.  An example of a time zone the default :meth:`fromutc`
   implementation may not handle correctly in all cases is one where the standard
   offset (from UTC) depends on the specific date and time passed, which can happen
   for political reasons. The default implementations of :meth:`astimezone` and
   :meth:`fromutc` may not produce the result you want if the result is one of the
   hours straddling the moment the standard offset changes.

   Skipping code for error cases, the default :meth:`fromutc` implementation acts
   like::

      def fromutc(self, dt):
          # raise ValueError error if dt.tzinfo is not self
          dtoff = dt.utcoffset()
          dtdst = dt.dst()
          # raise ValueError if dtoff is None or dtdst is None
          delta = dtoff - dtdst  # this is self's standard offset
          if delta:
              dt += delta   # convert to standard local time
              dtdst = dt.dst()
              # raise ValueError if dtdst is None
          if dtdst:
              return dt + dtdst
          else:
              return dt

In the following :download:`tzinfo_examples.py
<../includes/tzinfo_examples.py>` file there are some examples of
:class:`tzinfo` classes:

.. literalinclude:: ../includes/tzinfo_examples.py

Note that there are unavoidable subtleties twice per year in a :class:`tzinfo`
subclass accounting for both standard and daylight time, at the DST transition
points.  For concreteness, consider US Eastern (UTC -0500), where EDT begins the
minute after 1:59 (EST) on the second Sunday in March, and ends the minute after
1:59 (EDT) on the first Sunday in November::

     UTC   3:MM  4:MM  5:MM  6:MM  7:MM  8:MM
     EST  22:MM 23:MM  0:MM  1:MM  2:MM  3:MM
     EDT  23:MM  0:MM  1:MM  2:MM  3:MM  4:MM

   start  22:MM 23:MM  0:MM  1:MM  3:MM  4:MM

     end  23:MM  0:MM  1:MM  1:MM  2:MM  3:MM

When DST starts (the "start" line), the local wall clock leaps from 1:59 to
3:00.  A wall time of the form 2:MM doesn't really make sense on that day, so
``astimezone(Eastern)`` won't deliver a result with ``hour == 2`` on the day DST
begins.  For example, at the Spring forward transition of 2016, we get

    >>> from datetime import datetime, timezone
    >>> from tzinfo_examples import HOUR, Eastern
    >>> u0 = datetime(2016, 3, 13, 5, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
    >>> for i in range(4):
    ...     u = u0 + i*HOUR
    ...     t = u.astimezone(Eastern)
    ...     print(u.time(), 'UTC =', t.time(), t.tzname())
    ...
    05:00:00 UTC = 00:00:00 EST
    06:00:00 UTC = 01:00:00 EST
    07:00:00 UTC = 03:00:00 EDT
    08:00:00 UTC = 04:00:00 EDT


When DST ends (the "end" line), there's a potentially worse problem: there's an
hour that can't be spelled unambiguously in local wall time: the last hour of
daylight time.  In Eastern, that's times of the form 5:MM UTC on the day
daylight time ends.  The local wall clock leaps from 1:59 (daylight time) back
to 1:00 (standard time) again. Local times of the form 1:MM are ambiguous.
:meth:`astimezone` mimics the local clock's behavior by mapping two adjacent UTC
hours into the same local hour then.  In the Eastern example, UTC times of the
form 5:MM and 6:MM both map to 1:MM when converted to Eastern, but earlier times
have the :attr:`~datetime.fold` attribute set to 0 and the later times have it set to 1.
For example, at the Fall back transition of 2016, we get

    >>> u0 = datetime(2016, 11, 6, 4, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
    >>> for i in range(4):
    ...     u = u0 + i*HOUR
    ...     t = u.astimezone(Eastern)
    ...     print(u.time(), 'UTC =', t.time(), t.tzname(), t.fold)
    ...
    04:00:00 UTC = 00:00:00 EDT 0
    05:00:00 UTC = 01:00:00 EDT 0
    06:00:00 UTC = 01:00:00 EST 1
    07:00:00 UTC = 02:00:00 EST 0

Note that the :class:`datetime` instances that differ only by the value of the
:attr:`~datetime.fold` attribute are considered equal in comparisons.

Applications that can't bear wall-time ambiguities should explicitly check the
value of the :attr:`~datetime.fold` attribute or avoid using hybrid
:class:`tzinfo` subclasses; there are no ambiguities when using :class:`timezone`,
or any other fixed-offset :class:`tzinfo` subclass (such as a class representing
only EST (fixed offset -5 hours), or only EDT (fixed offset -4 hours)).

.. seealso::

   `dateutil.tz <https://dateutil.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tz.html>`_
      The standard library has :class:`timezone` class for handling arbitrary
      fixed offsets from UTC and :attr:`timezone.utc` as UTC timezone instance.

      *dateutil.tz* library brings the *IANA timezone database* (also known as the
      Olson database) to Python and its usage is recommended.

   `IANA timezone database <https://www.iana.org/time-zones>`_
      The Time Zone Database (often called tz, tzdata or zoneinfo) contains code and
      data that represent the history of local time for many representative
      locations around the globe. It is updated periodically to reflect changes
      made by political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets, and
      daylight-saving rules.


.. _datetime-timezone:

:class:`timezone` Objects
--------------------------

The :class:`timezone` class is a subclass of :class:`tzinfo`, each
instance of which represents a timezone defined by a fixed offset from
UTC.  Note that objects of this class cannot be used to represent
timezone information in the locations where different offsets are used
in different days of the year or where historical changes have been
made to civil time.


.. class:: timezone(offset, name=None)

  The *offset* argument must be specified as a :class:`timedelta`
  object representing the difference between the local time and UTC.  It must
  be strictly between ``-timedelta(hours=24)`` and
  ``timedelta(hours=24)``, otherwise :exc:`ValueError` is raised.

  The *name* argument is optional.  If specified it must be a string that
  will be used as the value returned by the :meth:`datetime.tzname` method.

  .. versionadded:: 3.2

  .. versionchanged:: 3.7
     The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.


.. method:: timezone.utcoffset(dt)

  Return the fixed value specified when the :class:`timezone` instance is
  constructed.  The *dt* argument is ignored.  The return value is a
  :class:`timedelta` instance equal to the difference between the
  local time and UTC.

  .. versionchanged:: 3.7
     The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

.. method:: timezone.tzname(dt)

  Return the fixed value specified when the :class:`timezone` instance
  is constructed.  If *name* is not provided in the constructor, the
  name returned by ``tzname(dt)`` is generated from the value of the
  ``offset`` as follows.  If *offset* is ``timedelta(0)``, the name
  is "UTC", otherwise it is a string 'UTC±HH:MM', where ± is the sign
  of ``offset``, HH and MM are two digits of ``offset.hours`` and
  ``offset.minutes`` respectively.

  .. versionchanged:: 3.6
     Name generated from ``offset=timedelta(0)`` is now plain 'UTC', not
     'UTC+00:00'.


.. method:: timezone.dst(dt)

  Always returns ``None``.

.. method:: timezone.fromutc(dt)

  Return ``dt + offset``.  The *dt* argument must be an aware
  :class:`.datetime` instance, with ``tzinfo`` set to ``self``.

Class attributes:

.. attribute:: timezone.utc

   The UTC timezone, ``timezone(timedelta(0))``.


.. index::
   single: % (percent); datetime format

.. _strftime-strptime-behavior:

:meth:`strftime` and :meth:`strptime` Behavior
----------------------------------------------

:class:`date`, :class:`.datetime`, and :class:`.time` objects all support a
``strftime(format)`` method, to create a string representing the time under the
control of an explicit format string.  Broadly speaking, ``d.strftime(fmt)``
acts like the :mod:`time` module's ``time.strftime(fmt, d.timetuple())``
although not all objects support a :meth:`timetuple` method.

Conversely, the :meth:`datetime.strptime` class method creates a
:class:`.datetime` object from a string representing a date and time and a
corresponding format string. ``datetime.strptime(date_string, format)`` is
equivalent to ``datetime(*(time.strptime(date_string, format)[0:6]))``, except
when the format includes sub-second components or timezone offset information,
which are supported in ``datetime.strptime`` but are discarded by ``time.strptime``.

For :class:`.time` objects, the format codes for year, month, and day should not
be used, as time objects have no such values.  If they're used anyway, ``1900``
is substituted for the year, and ``1`` for the month and day.

For :class:`date` objects, the format codes for hours, minutes, seconds, and
microseconds should not be used, as :class:`date` objects have no such
values.  If they're used anyway, ``0`` is substituted for them.

The full set of format codes supported varies across platforms, because Python
calls the platform C library's :func:`strftime` function, and platform
variations are common.  To see the full set of format codes supported on your
platform, consult the :manpage:`strftime(3)` documentation.

For the same reason, handling of format strings containing Unicode code points
that can't be represented in the charset of the current locale is also
platform-dependent. On some platforms such code points are preserved intact in
the output, while on others ``strftime`` may raise :exc:`UnicodeError` or return
an empty string instead.

The following is a list of all the format codes that the C standard (1989
version) requires, and these work on all platforms with a standard C
implementation.  Note that the 1999 version of the C standard added additional
format codes.

+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| Directive | Meaning                        | Example                | Notes |
+===========+================================+========================+=======+
| ``%a``    | Weekday as locale's            || Sun, Mon, ..., Sat    | \(1)  |
|           | abbreviated name.              |  (en_US);              |       |
|           |                                || So, Mo, ..., Sa       |       |
|           |                                |  (de_DE)               |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%A``    | Weekday as locale's full name. || Sunday, Monday, ...,  | \(1)  |
|           |                                |  Saturday (en_US);     |       |
|           |                                || Sonntag, Montag, ..., |       |
|           |                                |  Samstag (de_DE)       |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%w``    | Weekday as a decimal number,   | 0, 1, ..., 6           |       |
|           | where 0 is Sunday and 6 is     |                        |       |
|           | Saturday.                      |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%d``    | Day of the month as a          | 01, 02, ..., 31        |       |
|           | zero-padded decimal number.    |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%b``    | Month as locale's abbreviated  || Jan, Feb, ..., Dec    | \(1)  |
|           | name.                          |  (en_US);              |       |
|           |                                || Jan, Feb, ..., Dez    |       |
|           |                                |  (de_DE)               |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%B``    | Month as locale's full name.   || January, February,    | \(1)  |
|           |                                |  ..., December (en_US);|       |
|           |                                || Januar, Februar, ..., |       |
|           |                                |  Dezember (de_DE)      |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%m``    | Month as a zero-padded         | 01, 02, ..., 12        |       |
|           | decimal number.                |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%y``    | Year without century as a      | 00, 01, ..., 99        |       |
|           | zero-padded decimal number.    |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%Y``    | Year with century as a decimal | 0001, 0002, ..., 2013, | \(2)  |
|           | number.                        | 2014, ..., 9998, 9999  |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%H``    | Hour (24-hour clock) as a      | 00, 01, ..., 23        |       |
|           | zero-padded decimal number.    |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%I``    | Hour (12-hour clock) as a      | 01, 02, ..., 12        |       |
|           | zero-padded decimal number.    |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%p``    | Locale's equivalent of either  || AM, PM (en_US);       | \(1), |
|           | AM or PM.                      || am, pm (de_DE)        | \(3)  |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%M``    | Minute as a zero-padded        | 00, 01, ..., 59        |       |
|           | decimal number.                |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%S``    | Second as a zero-padded        | 00, 01, ..., 59        | \(4)  |
|           | decimal number.                |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%f``    | Microsecond as a decimal       | 000000, 000001, ...,   | \(5)  |
|           | number, zero-padded on the     | 999999                 |       |
|           | left.                          |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%z``    | UTC offset in the form         | (empty), +0000,        | \(6)  |
|           | ±HHMM[SS[.ffffff]] (empty      | -0400, +1030,          |       |
|           | string if the object is        | +063415,               |       |
|           | naive).                        | -030712.345216         |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%Z``    | Time zone name (empty string   | (empty), UTC, EST, CST |       |
|           | if the object is naive).       |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%j``    | Day of the year as a           | 001, 002, ..., 366     |       |
|           | zero-padded decimal number.    |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%U``    | Week number of the year        | 00, 01, ..., 53        | \(7)  |
|           | (Sunday as the first day of    |                        |       |
|           | the week) as a zero padded     |                        |       |
|           | decimal number. All days in a  |                        |       |
|           | new year preceding the first   |                        |       |
|           | Sunday are considered to be in |                        |       |
|           | week 0.                        |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%W``    | Week number of the year        | 00, 01, ..., 53        | \(7)  |
|           | (Monday as the first day of    |                        |       |
|           | the week) as a decimal number. |                        |       |
|           | All days in a new year         |                        |       |
|           | preceding the first Monday     |                        |       |
|           | are considered to be in        |                        |       |
|           | week 0.                        |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%c``    | Locale's appropriate date and  || Tue Aug 16 21:30:00   | \(1)  |
|           | time representation.           |  1988 (en_US);         |       |
|           |                                || Di 16 Aug 21:30:00    |       |
|           |                                |  1988 (de_DE)          |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%x``    | Locale's appropriate date      || 08/16/88 (None);      | \(1)  |
|           | representation.                || 08/16/1988 (en_US);   |       |
|           |                                || 16.08.1988 (de_DE)    |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%X``    | Locale's appropriate time      || 21:30:00 (en_US);     | \(1)  |
|           | representation.                || 21:30:00 (de_DE)      |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%%``    | A literal ``'%'`` character.   | %                      |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+

Several additional directives not required by the C89 standard are included for
convenience. These parameters all correspond to ISO 8601 date values. These
may not be available on all platforms when used with the :meth:`strftime`
method. The ISO 8601 year and ISO 8601 week directives are not interchangeable
with the year and week number directives above. Calling :meth:`strptime` with
incomplete or ambiguous ISO 8601 directives will raise a :exc:`ValueError`.

+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| Directive | Meaning                        | Example                | Notes |
+===========+================================+========================+=======+
| ``%G``    | ISO 8601 year with century     | 0001, 0002, ..., 2013, | \(8)  |
|           | representing the year that     | 2014, ..., 9998, 9999  |       |
|           | contains the greater part of   |                        |       |
|           | the ISO week (``%V``).         |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%u``    | ISO 8601 weekday as a decimal  | 1, 2, ..., 7           |       |
|           | number where 1 is Monday.      |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+
| ``%V``    | ISO 8601 week as a decimal     | 01, 02, ..., 53        | \(8)  |
|           | number with Monday as          |                        |       |
|           | the first day of the week.     |                        |       |
|           | Week 01 is the week containing |                        |       |
|           | Jan 4.                         |                        |       |
+-----------+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------+

.. versionadded:: 3.6
   ``%G``, ``%u`` and ``%V`` were added.

Notes:

(1)
   Because the format depends on the current locale, care should be taken when
   making assumptions about the output value. Field orderings will vary (for
   example, "month/day/year" versus "day/month/year"), and the output may
   contain Unicode characters encoded using the locale's default encoding (for
   example, if the current locale is ``ja_JP``, the default encoding could be
   any one of ``eucJP``, ``SJIS``, or ``utf-8``; use :meth:`locale.getlocale`
   to determine the current locale's encoding).

(2)
   The :meth:`strptime` method can parse years in the full [1, 9999] range, but
   years < 1000 must be zero-filled to 4-digit width.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.2
      In previous versions, :meth:`strftime` method was restricted to
      years >= 1900.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.3
      In version 3.2, :meth:`strftime` method was restricted to
      years >= 1000.

(3)
   When used with the :meth:`strptime` method, the ``%p`` directive only affects
   the output hour field if the ``%I`` directive is used to parse the hour.

(4)
   Unlike the :mod:`time` module, the :mod:`datetime` module does not support
   leap seconds.

(5)
   When used with the :meth:`strptime` method, the ``%f`` directive
   accepts from one to six digits and zero pads on the right.  ``%f`` is
   an extension to the set of format characters in the C standard (but
   implemented separately in datetime objects, and therefore always
   available).

(6)
   For a naive object, the ``%z`` and ``%Z`` format codes are replaced by empty
   strings.

   For an aware object:

   ``%z``
      :meth:`utcoffset` is transformed into a string of the form
      ±HHMM[SS[.ffffff]], where HH is a 2-digit string giving the number of UTC
      offset hours, MM is a 2-digit string giving the number of UTC offset
      minutes, SS is a 2-digit string giving the number of UTC offset
      seconds and ffffff is a 6-digit string giving the number of UTC
      offset microseconds.  The ffffff part is omitted when the offset is a
      whole number of seconds and both the ffffff and the SS part is omitted
      when the offset is a whole number of minutes.  For example, if
      :meth:`utcoffset` returns ``timedelta(hours=-3, minutes=-30)``, ``%z`` is
      replaced with the string ``'-0330'``.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.7
      When the ``%z`` directive is provided to the  :meth:`strptime` method,
      the UTC offsets can have a colon as a separator between hours, minutes
      and seconds.
      For example, ``'+01:00:00'`` will be parsed as an offset of one hour.
      In addition, providing ``'Z'`` is identical to ``'+00:00'``.

   ``%Z``
      If :meth:`tzname` returns ``None``, ``%Z`` is replaced by an empty
      string.  Otherwise ``%Z`` is replaced by the returned value, which must
      be a string.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.2
      When the ``%z`` directive is provided to the :meth:`strptime` method, an
      aware :class:`.datetime` object will be produced.  The ``tzinfo`` of the
      result will be set to a :class:`timezone` instance.

(7)
   When used with the :meth:`strptime` method, ``%U`` and ``%W`` are only used
   in calculations when the day of the week and the calendar year (``%Y``)
   are specified.

(8)
   Similar to ``%U`` and ``%W``, ``%V`` is only used in calculations when the
   day of the week and the ISO year (``%G``) are specified in a
   :meth:`strptime` format string. Also note that ``%G`` and ``%Y`` are not
   interchangeable.

.. rubric:: Footnotes

.. [#] If, that is, we ignore the effects of Relativity