Objects/object.c

/* Generic object operations; and implementation of None */

#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_object.h"
#include "pycore_pystate.h"
#include "pycore_context.h"
#include "frameobject.h"
#include "interpreteridobject.h"

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

/* Defined in tracemalloc.c */
extern void _PyMem_DumpTraceback(int fd, const void *ptr);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(Py_Repr);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(__bytes__);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(__dir__);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(__isabstractmethod__);


int
_PyObject_CheckConsistency(PyObject *op, int check_content)
{
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, op != NULL);
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, !_PyObject_IsFreed(op));
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, Py_REFCNT(op) >= 1);

    PyTypeObject *type = op->ob_type;
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, type != NULL);
    _PyType_CheckConsistency(type);

    if (PyUnicode_Check(op)) {
        _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(op, check_content);
    }
    else if (PyDict_Check(op)) {
        _PyDict_CheckConsistency(op, check_content);
    }
    return 1;
}


#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
Py_ssize_t _Py_RefTotal;

Py_ssize_t
_Py_GetRefTotal(void)
{
    PyObject *o;
    Py_ssize_t total = _Py_RefTotal;
    o = _PySet_Dummy;
    if (o != NULL)
        total -= o->ob_refcnt;
    return total;
}

void
_PyDebug_PrintTotalRefs(void) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "[%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d refs, "
            "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d blocks]\n",
            _Py_GetRefTotal(), _Py_GetAllocatedBlocks());
}
#endif /* Py_REF_DEBUG */

/* Object allocation routines used by NEWOBJ and NEWVAROBJ macros.
   These are used by the individual routines for object creation.
   Do not call them otherwise, they do not initialize the object! */

#ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS
/* Head of circular doubly-linked list of all objects.  These are linked
 * together via the _ob_prev and _ob_next members of a PyObject, which
 * exist only in a Py_TRACE_REFS build.
 */
static PyObject refchain = {&refchain, &refchain};

/* Insert op at the front of the list of all objects.  If force is true,
 * op is added even if _ob_prev and _ob_next are non-NULL already.  If
 * force is false amd _ob_prev or _ob_next are non-NULL, do nothing.
 * force should be true if and only if op points to freshly allocated,
 * uninitialized memory, or you've unlinked op from the list and are
 * relinking it into the front.
 * Note that objects are normally added to the list via _Py_NewReference,
 * which is called by PyObject_Init.  Not all objects are initialized that
 * way, though; exceptions include statically allocated type objects, and
 * statically allocated singletons (like Py_True and Py_None).
 */
void
_Py_AddToAllObjects(PyObject *op, int force)
{
#ifdef  Py_DEBUG
    if (!force) {
        /* If it's initialized memory, op must be in or out of
         * the list unambiguously.
         */
        _PyObject_ASSERT(op, (op->_ob_prev == NULL) == (op->_ob_next == NULL));
    }
#endif
    if (force || op->_ob_prev == NULL) {
        op->_ob_next = refchain._ob_next;
        op->_ob_prev = &refchain;
        refchain._ob_next->_ob_prev = op;
        refchain._ob_next = op;
    }
}
#endif  /* Py_TRACE_REFS */

#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
static PyTypeObject *type_list;
/* All types are added to type_list, at least when
   they get one object created. That makes them
   immortal, which unfortunately contributes to
   garbage itself. If unlist_types_without_objects
   is set, they will be removed from the type_list
   once the last object is deallocated. */
static int unlist_types_without_objects;
extern Py_ssize_t _Py_tuple_zero_allocs, _Py_fast_tuple_allocs;
extern Py_ssize_t _Py_quick_int_allocs, _Py_quick_neg_int_allocs;
extern Py_ssize_t _Py_null_strings, _Py_one_strings;
void
_Py_dump_counts(FILE* f)
{
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_Get();
    if (!interp->core_config.show_alloc_count) {
        return;
    }

    PyTypeObject *tp;
    for (tp = type_list; tp; tp = tp->tp_next)
        fprintf(f, "%s alloc'd: %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d, "
            "freed: %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d, "
            "max in use: %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d\n",
            tp->tp_name, tp->tp_allocs, tp->tp_frees,
            tp->tp_maxalloc);
    fprintf(f, "fast tuple allocs: %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d, "
        "empty: %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d\n",
        _Py_fast_tuple_allocs, _Py_tuple_zero_allocs);
    fprintf(f, "fast int allocs: pos: %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d, "
        "neg: %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d\n",
        _Py_quick_int_allocs, _Py_quick_neg_int_allocs);
    fprintf(f, "null strings: %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d, "
        "1-strings: %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d\n",
        _Py_null_strings, _Py_one_strings);
}

PyObject *
_Py_get_counts(void)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp;
    PyObject *result;
    PyObject *v;

    result = PyList_New(0);
    if (result == NULL)
        return NULL;
    for (tp = type_list; tp; tp = tp->tp_next) {
        v = Py_BuildValue("(snnn)", tp->tp_name, tp->tp_allocs,
                          tp->tp_frees, tp->tp_maxalloc);
        if (v == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(result);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (PyList_Append(result, v) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(v);
            Py_DECREF(result);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }
    return result;
}

void
_Py_inc_count(PyTypeObject *tp)
{
    if (tp->tp_next == NULL && tp->tp_prev == NULL) {
        /* first time; insert in linked list */
        if (tp->tp_next != NULL) /* sanity check */
            Py_FatalError("XXX _Py_inc_count sanity check");
        if (type_list)
            type_list->tp_prev = tp;
        tp->tp_next = type_list;
        /* Note that as of Python 2.2, heap-allocated type objects
         * can go away, but this code requires that they stay alive
         * until program exit.  That's why we're careful with
         * refcounts here.  type_list gets a new reference to tp,
         * while ownership of the reference type_list used to hold
         * (if any) was transferred to tp->tp_next in the line above.
         * tp is thus effectively immortal after this.
         */
        Py_INCREF(tp);
        type_list = tp;
#ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS
        /* Also insert in the doubly-linked list of all objects,
         * if not already there.
         */
        _Py_AddToAllObjects((PyObject *)tp, 0);
#endif
    }
    tp->tp_allocs++;
    if (tp->tp_allocs - tp->tp_frees > tp->tp_maxalloc)
        tp->tp_maxalloc = tp->tp_allocs - tp->tp_frees;
}

void _Py_dec_count(PyTypeObject *tp)
{
    tp->tp_frees++;
    if (unlist_types_without_objects &&
        tp->tp_allocs == tp->tp_frees) {
        /* unlink the type from type_list */
        if (tp->tp_prev)
            tp->tp_prev->tp_next = tp->tp_next;
        else
            type_list = tp->tp_next;
        if (tp->tp_next)
            tp->tp_next->tp_prev = tp->tp_prev;
        tp->tp_next = tp->tp_prev = NULL;
        Py_DECREF(tp);
    }
}

#endif

#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
/* Log a fatal error; doesn't return. */
void
_Py_NegativeRefcount(const char *filename, int lineno, PyObject *op)
{
    _PyObject_AssertFailed(op, NULL, "object has negative ref count",
                           filename, lineno, __func__);
}

#endif /* Py_REF_DEBUG */

void
Py_IncRef(PyObject *o)
{
    Py_XINCREF(o);
}

void
Py_DecRef(PyObject *o)
{
    Py_XDECREF(o);
}

PyObject *
PyObject_Init(PyObject *op, PyTypeObject *tp)
{
    if (op == NULL)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    /* Any changes should be reflected in PyObject_INIT (objimpl.h) */
    Py_TYPE(op) = tp;
    if (PyType_GetFlags(tp) & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) {
        Py_INCREF(tp);
    }
    _Py_NewReference(op);
    return op;
}

PyVarObject *
PyObject_InitVar(PyVarObject *op, PyTypeObject *tp, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    if (op == NULL)
        return (PyVarObject *) PyErr_NoMemory();
    /* Any changes should be reflected in PyObject_INIT_VAR */
    Py_SIZE(op) = size;
    PyObject_Init((PyObject *)op, tp);
    return op;
}

PyObject *
_PyObject_New(PyTypeObject *tp)
{
    PyObject *op;
    op = (PyObject *) PyObject_MALLOC(_PyObject_SIZE(tp));
    if (op == NULL)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    return PyObject_INIT(op, tp);
}

PyVarObject *
_PyObject_NewVar(PyTypeObject *tp, Py_ssize_t nitems)
{
    PyVarObject *op;
    const size_t size = _PyObject_VAR_SIZE(tp, nitems);
    op = (PyVarObject *) PyObject_MALLOC(size);
    if (op == NULL)
        return (PyVarObject *)PyErr_NoMemory();
    return PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, tp, nitems);
}

void
PyObject_CallFinalizer(PyObject *self)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(self);

    /* The former could happen on heaptypes created from the C API, e.g.
       PyType_FromSpec(). */
    if (!PyType_HasFeature(tp, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE) ||
        tp->tp_finalize == NULL)
        return;
    /* tp_finalize should only be called once. */
    if (PyType_IS_GC(tp) && _PyGC_FINALIZED(self))
        return;

    tp->tp_finalize(self);
    if (PyType_IS_GC(tp)) {
        _PyGC_SET_FINALIZED(self);
    }
}

int
PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(PyObject *self)
{
    Py_ssize_t refcnt;

    /* Temporarily resurrect the object. */
    if (self->ob_refcnt != 0) {
        Py_FatalError("PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc called on "
                      "object with a non-zero refcount");
    }
    self->ob_refcnt = 1;

    PyObject_CallFinalizer(self);

    /* Undo the temporary resurrection; can't use DECREF here, it would
     * cause a recursive call.
     */
    _PyObject_ASSERT_WITH_MSG(self,
                              self->ob_refcnt > 0,
                              "refcount is too small");
    if (--self->ob_refcnt == 0)
        return 0;         /* this is the normal path out */

    /* tp_finalize resurrected it!  Make it look like the original Py_DECREF
     * never happened.
     */
    refcnt = self->ob_refcnt;
    _Py_NewReference(self);
    self->ob_refcnt = refcnt;

    _PyObject_ASSERT(self,
                     (!PyType_IS_GC(Py_TYPE(self))
                      || _PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(self)));
    /* If Py_REF_DEBUG, _Py_NewReference bumped _Py_RefTotal, so
     * we need to undo that. */
    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
    /* If Py_TRACE_REFS, _Py_NewReference re-added self to the object
     * chain, so no more to do there.
     * If COUNT_ALLOCS, the original decref bumped tp_frees, and
     * _Py_NewReference bumped tp_allocs:  both of those need to be
     * undone.
     */
#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
    --Py_TYPE(self)->tp_frees;
    --Py_TYPE(self)->tp_allocs;
#endif
    return -1;
}

int
PyObject_Print(PyObject *op, FILE *fp, int flags)
{
    int ret = 0;
    if (PyErr_CheckSignals())
        return -1;
#ifdef USE_STACKCHECK
    if (PyOS_CheckStack()) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "stack overflow");
        return -1;
    }
#endif
    clearerr(fp); /* Clear any previous error condition */
    if (op == NULL) {
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        fprintf(fp, "<nil>");
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    else {
        if (op->ob_refcnt <= 0) {
            /* XXX(twouters) cast refcount to long until %zd is
               universally available */
            Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
            fprintf(fp, "<refcnt %ld at %p>",
                (long)op->ob_refcnt, op);
            Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        }
        else {
            PyObject *s;
            if (flags & Py_PRINT_RAW)
                s = PyObject_Str(op);
            else
                s = PyObject_Repr(op);
            if (s == NULL)
                ret = -1;
            else if (PyBytes_Check(s)) {
                fwrite(PyBytes_AS_STRING(s), 1,
                       PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s), fp);
            }
            else if (PyUnicode_Check(s)) {
                PyObject *t;
                t = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(s, "utf-8", "backslashreplace");
                if (t == NULL) {
                    ret = -1;
                }
                else {
                    fwrite(PyBytes_AS_STRING(t), 1,
                           PyBytes_GET_SIZE(t), fp);
                    Py_DECREF(t);
                }
            }
            else {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                             "str() or repr() returned '%.100s'",
                             s->ob_type->tp_name);
                ret = -1;
            }
            Py_XDECREF(s);
        }
    }
    if (ret == 0) {
        if (ferror(fp)) {
            PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
            clearerr(fp);
            ret = -1;
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

/* For debugging convenience.  Set a breakpoint here and call it from your DLL */
void
_Py_BreakPoint(void)
{
}


/* Heuristic checking if the object memory is uninitialized or deallocated.
   Rely on the debug hooks on Python memory allocators:
   see _PyMem_IsPtrFreed().

   The function can be used to prevent segmentation fault on dereferencing
   pointers like 0xDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. */
int
_PyObject_IsFreed(PyObject *op)
{
    if (_PyMem_IsPtrFreed(op) || _PyMem_IsPtrFreed(op->ob_type)) {
        return 1;
    }
    /* ignore op->ob_ref: its value can have be modified
       by Py_INCREF() and Py_DECREF(). */
#ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS
    if (_PyMem_IsPtrFreed(op->_ob_next) || _PyMem_IsPtrFreed(op->_ob_prev)) {
        return 1;
    }
#endif
    return 0;
}


/* For debugging convenience.  See Misc/gdbinit for some useful gdb hooks */
void
_PyObject_Dump(PyObject* op)
{
    if (op == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "<NULL object>\n");
        fflush(stderr);
        return;
    }

    if (_PyObject_IsFreed(op)) {
        /* It seems like the object memory has been freed:
           don't access it to prevent a segmentation fault. */
        fprintf(stderr, "<Freed object>\n");
        return;
    }

    PyGILState_STATE gil;
    PyObject *error_type, *error_value, *error_traceback;

    fprintf(stderr, "object  : ");
    fflush(stderr);
    gil = PyGILState_Ensure();

    PyErr_Fetch(&error_type, &error_value, &error_traceback);
    (void)PyObject_Print(op, stderr, 0);
    fflush(stderr);
    PyErr_Restore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);

    PyGILState_Release(gil);
    /* XXX(twouters) cast refcount to long until %zd is
       universally available */
    fprintf(stderr, "\n"
        "type    : %s\n"
        "refcount: %ld\n"
        "address : %p\n",
        Py_TYPE(op)==NULL ? "NULL" : Py_TYPE(op)->tp_name,
        (long)op->ob_refcnt,
        op);
    fflush(stderr);
}

PyObject *
PyObject_Repr(PyObject *v)
{
    PyObject *res;
    if (PyErr_CheckSignals())
        return NULL;
#ifdef USE_STACKCHECK
    if (PyOS_CheckStack()) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "stack overflow");
        return NULL;
    }
#endif
    if (v == NULL)
        return PyUnicode_FromString("<NULL>");
    if (Py_TYPE(v)->tp_repr == NULL)
        return PyUnicode_FromFormat("<%s object at %p>",
                                    v->ob_type->tp_name, v);

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    /* PyObject_Repr() must not be called with an exception set,
       because it can clear it (directly or indirectly) and so the
       caller loses its exception */
    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
#endif

    /* It is possible for a type to have a tp_repr representation that loops
       infinitely. */
    if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" while getting the repr of an object"))
        return NULL;
    res = (*v->ob_type->tp_repr)(v);
    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
    if (res == NULL)
        return NULL;
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(res)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "__repr__ returned non-string (type %.200s)",
                     res->ob_type->tp_name);
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return NULL;
    }
#ifndef Py_DEBUG
    if (PyUnicode_READY(res) < 0)
        return NULL;
#endif
    return res;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_Str(PyObject *v)
{
    PyObject *res;
    if (PyErr_CheckSignals())
        return NULL;
#ifdef USE_STACKCHECK
    if (PyOS_CheckStack()) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "stack overflow");
        return NULL;
    }
#endif
    if (v == NULL)
        return PyUnicode_FromString("<NULL>");
    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(v)) {
#ifndef Py_DEBUG
        if (PyUnicode_READY(v) < 0)
            return NULL;
#endif
        Py_INCREF(v);
        return v;
    }
    if (Py_TYPE(v)->tp_str == NULL)
        return PyObject_Repr(v);

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    /* PyObject_Str() must not be called with an exception set,
       because it can clear it (directly or indirectly) and so the
       caller loses its exception */
    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
#endif

    /* It is possible for a type to have a tp_str representation that loops
       infinitely. */
    if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" while getting the str of an object"))
        return NULL;
    res = (*Py_TYPE(v)->tp_str)(v);
    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
    if (res == NULL)
        return NULL;
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(res)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "__str__ returned non-string (type %.200s)",
                     Py_TYPE(res)->tp_name);
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return NULL;
    }
#ifndef Py_DEBUG
    if (PyUnicode_READY(res) < 0)
        return NULL;
#endif
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
    return res;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_ASCII(PyObject *v)
{
    PyObject *repr, *ascii, *res;

    repr = PyObject_Repr(v);
    if (repr == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(repr))
        return repr;

    /* repr is guaranteed to be a PyUnicode object by PyObject_Repr */
    ascii = _PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(repr, "backslashreplace");
    Py_DECREF(repr);
    if (ascii == NULL)
        return NULL;

    res = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(
        PyBytes_AS_STRING(ascii),
        PyBytes_GET_SIZE(ascii),
        NULL);

    Py_DECREF(ascii);
    return res;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_Bytes(PyObject *v)
{
    PyObject *result, *func;

    if (v == NULL)
        return PyBytes_FromString("<NULL>");

    if (PyBytes_CheckExact(v)) {
        Py_INCREF(v);
        return v;
    }

    func = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(v, &PyId___bytes__);
    if (func != NULL) {
        result = _PyObject_CallNoArg(func);
        Py_DECREF(func);
        if (result == NULL)
            return NULL;
        if (!PyBytes_Check(result)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "__bytes__ returned non-bytes (type %.200s)",
                         Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(result);
            return NULL;
        }
        return result;
    }
    else if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;
    return PyBytes_FromObject(v);
}

/* For Python 3.0.1 and later, the old three-way comparison has been
   completely removed in favour of rich comparisons.  PyObject_Compare() and
   PyObject_Cmp() are gone, and the builtin cmp function no longer exists.
   The old tp_compare slot has been renamed to tp_reserved, and should no
   longer be used.  Use tp_richcompare instead.

   See (*) below for practical amendments.

   tp_richcompare gets called with a first argument of the appropriate type
   and a second object of an arbitrary type.  We never do any kind of
   coercion.

   The tp_richcompare slot should return an object, as follows:

    NULL if an exception occurred
    NotImplemented if the requested comparison is not implemented
    any other false value if the requested comparison is false
    any other true value if the requested comparison is true

  The PyObject_RichCompare[Bool]() wrappers raise TypeError when they get
  NotImplemented.

  (*) Practical amendments:

  - If rich comparison returns NotImplemented, == and != are decided by
    comparing the object pointer (i.e. falling back to the base object
    implementation).

*/

/* Map rich comparison operators to their swapped version, e.g. LT <--> GT */
int _Py_SwappedOp[] = {Py_GT, Py_GE, Py_EQ, Py_NE, Py_LT, Py_LE};

static const char * const opstrings[] = {"<", "<=", "==", "!=", ">", ">="};

/* Perform a rich comparison, raising TypeError when the requested comparison
   operator is not supported. */
static PyObject *
do_richcompare(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, int op)
{
    richcmpfunc f;
    PyObject *res;
    int checked_reverse_op = 0;

    if (v->ob_type != w->ob_type &&
        PyType_IsSubtype(w->ob_type, v->ob_type) &&
        (f = w->ob_type->tp_richcompare) != NULL) {
        checked_reverse_op = 1;
        res = (*f)(w, v, _Py_SwappedOp[op]);
        if (res != Py_NotImplemented)
            return res;
        Py_DECREF(res);
    }
    if ((f = v->ob_type->tp_richcompare) != NULL) {
        res = (*f)(v, w, op);
        if (res != Py_NotImplemented)
            return res;
        Py_DECREF(res);
    }
    if (!checked_reverse_op && (f = w->ob_type->tp_richcompare) != NULL) {
        res = (*f)(w, v, _Py_SwappedOp[op]);
        if (res != Py_NotImplemented)
            return res;
        Py_DECREF(res);
    }
    /* If neither object implements it, provide a sensible default
       for == and !=, but raise an exception for ordering. */
    switch (op) {
    case Py_EQ:
        res = (v == w) ? Py_True : Py_False;
        break;
    case Py_NE:
        res = (v != w) ? Py_True : Py_False;
        break;
    default:
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "'%s' not supported between instances of '%.100s' and '%.100s'",
                     opstrings[op],
                     v->ob_type->tp_name,
                     w->ob_type->tp_name);
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(res);
    return res;
}

/* Perform a rich comparison with object result.  This wraps do_richcompare()
   with a check for NULL arguments and a recursion check. */

PyObject *
PyObject_RichCompare(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, int op)
{
    PyObject *res;

    assert(Py_LT <= op && op <= Py_GE);
    if (v == NULL || w == NULL) {
        if (!PyErr_Occurred())
            PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" in comparison"))
        return NULL;
    res = do_richcompare(v, w, op);
    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
    return res;
}

/* Perform a rich comparison with integer result.  This wraps
   PyObject_RichCompare(), returning -1 for error, 0 for false, 1 for true. */
int
PyObject_RichCompareBool(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, int op)
{
    PyObject *res;
    int ok;

    /* Quick result when objects are the same.
       Guarantees that identity implies equality. */
    if (v == w) {
        if (op == Py_EQ)
            return 1;
        else if (op == Py_NE)
            return 0;
    }

    res = PyObject_RichCompare(v, w, op);
    if (res == NULL)
        return -1;
    if (PyBool_Check(res))
        ok = (res == Py_True);
    else
        ok = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
    Py_DECREF(res);
    return ok;
}

Py_hash_t
PyObject_HashNotImplemented(PyObject *v)
{
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "unhashable type: '%.200s'",
                 Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
    return -1;
}

Py_hash_t
PyObject_Hash(PyObject *v)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(v);
    if (tp->tp_hash != NULL)
        return (*tp->tp_hash)(v);
    /* To keep to the general practice that inheriting
     * solely from object in C code should work without
     * an explicit call to PyType_Ready, we implicitly call
     * PyType_Ready here and then check the tp_hash slot again
     */
    if (tp->tp_dict == NULL) {
        if (PyType_Ready(tp) < 0)
            return -1;
        if (tp->tp_hash != NULL)
            return (*tp->tp_hash)(v);
    }
    /* Otherwise, the object can't be hashed */
    return PyObject_HashNotImplemented(v);
}

PyObject *
PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject *v, const char *name)
{
    PyObject *w, *res;

    if (Py_TYPE(v)->tp_getattr != NULL)
        return (*Py_TYPE(v)->tp_getattr)(v, (char*)name);
    w = PyUnicode_FromString(name);
    if (w == NULL)
        return NULL;
    res = PyObject_GetAttr(v, w);
    Py_DECREF(w);
    return res;
}

int
PyObject_HasAttrString(PyObject *v, const char *name)
{
    PyObject *res = PyObject_GetAttrString(v, name);
    if (res != NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return 1;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();
    return 0;
}

int
PyObject_SetAttrString(PyObject *v, const char *name, PyObject *w)
{
    PyObject *s;
    int res;

    if (Py_TYPE(v)->tp_setattr != NULL)
        return (*Py_TYPE(v)->tp_setattr)(v, (char*)name, w);
    s = PyUnicode_InternFromString(name);
    if (s == NULL)
        return -1;
    res = PyObject_SetAttr(v, s, w);
    Py_XDECREF(s);
    return res;
}

int
_PyObject_IsAbstract(PyObject *obj)
{
    int res;
    PyObject* isabstract;

    if (obj == NULL)
        return 0;

    res = _PyObject_LookupAttrId(obj, &PyId___isabstractmethod__, &isabstract);
    if (res > 0) {
        res = PyObject_IsTrue(isabstract);
        Py_DECREF(isabstract);
    }
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_PyObject_GetAttrId(PyObject *v, _Py_Identifier *name)
{
    PyObject *result;
    PyObject *oname = _PyUnicode_FromId(name); /* borrowed */
    if (!oname)
        return NULL;
    result = PyObject_GetAttr(v, oname);
    return result;
}

int
_PyObject_HasAttrId(PyObject *v, _Py_Identifier *name)
{
    int result;
    PyObject *oname = _PyUnicode_FromId(name); /* borrowed */
    if (!oname)
        return -1;
    result = PyObject_HasAttr(v, oname);
    return result;
}

int
_PyObject_SetAttrId(PyObject *v, _Py_Identifier *name, PyObject *w)
{
    int result;
    PyObject *oname = _PyUnicode_FromId(name); /* borrowed */
    if (!oname)
        return -1;
    result = PyObject_SetAttr(v, oname, w);
    return result;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_GetAttr(PyObject *v, PyObject *name)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(v);

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "attribute name must be string, not '%.200s'",
                     name->ob_type->tp_name);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (tp->tp_getattro != NULL)
        return (*tp->tp_getattro)(v, name);
    if (tp->tp_getattr != NULL) {
        const char *name_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name);
        if (name_str == NULL)
            return NULL;
        return (*tp->tp_getattr)(v, (char *)name_str);
    }
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                 "'%.50s' object has no attribute '%U'",
                 tp->tp_name, name);
    return NULL;
}

int
_PyObject_LookupAttr(PyObject *v, PyObject *name, PyObject **result)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(v);

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "attribute name must be string, not '%.200s'",
                     name->ob_type->tp_name);
        *result = NULL;
        return -1;
    }

    if (tp->tp_getattro == PyObject_GenericGetAttr) {
        *result = _PyObject_GenericGetAttrWithDict(v, name, NULL, 1);
        if (*result != NULL) {
            return 1;
        }
        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
            return -1;
        }
        return 0;
    }
    if (tp->tp_getattro != NULL) {
        *result = (*tp->tp_getattro)(v, name);
    }
    else if (tp->tp_getattr != NULL) {
        const char *name_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name);
        if (name_str == NULL) {
            *result = NULL;
            return -1;
        }
        *result = (*tp->tp_getattr)(v, (char *)name_str);
    }
    else {
        *result = NULL;
        return 0;
    }

    if (*result != NULL) {
        return 1;
    }
    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
        return -1;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();
    return 0;
}

int
_PyObject_LookupAttrId(PyObject *v, _Py_Identifier *name, PyObject **result)
{
    PyObject *oname = _PyUnicode_FromId(name); /* borrowed */
    if (!oname) {
        *result = NULL;
        return -1;
    }
    return  _PyObject_LookupAttr(v, oname, result);
}

int
PyObject_HasAttr(PyObject *v, PyObject *name)
{
    PyObject *res;
    if (_PyObject_LookupAttr(v, name, &res) < 0) {
        PyErr_Clear();
        return 0;
    }
    if (res == NULL) {
        return 0;
    }
    Py_DECREF(res);
    return 1;
}

int
PyObject_SetAttr(PyObject *v, PyObject *name, PyObject *value)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(v);
    int err;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "attribute name must be string, not '%.200s'",
                     name->ob_type->tp_name);
        return -1;
    }
    Py_INCREF(name);

    PyUnicode_InternInPlace(&name);
    if (tp->tp_setattro != NULL) {
        err = (*tp->tp_setattro)(v, name, value);
        Py_DECREF(name);
        return err;
    }
    if (tp->tp_setattr != NULL) {
        const char *name_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name);
        if (name_str == NULL)
            return -1;
        err = (*tp->tp_setattr)(v, (char *)name_str, value);
        Py_DECREF(name);
        return err;
    }
    Py_DECREF(name);
    _PyObject_ASSERT(name, name->ob_refcnt >= 1);
    if (tp->tp_getattr == NULL && tp->tp_getattro == NULL)
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "'%.100s' object has no attributes "
                     "(%s .%U)",
                     tp->tp_name,
                     value==NULL ? "del" : "assign to",
                     name);
    else
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "'%.100s' object has only read-only attributes "
                     "(%s .%U)",
                     tp->tp_name,
                     value==NULL ? "del" : "assign to",
                     name);
    return -1;
}

/* Helper to get a pointer to an object's __dict__ slot, if any */

PyObject **
_PyObject_GetDictPtr(PyObject *obj)
{
    Py_ssize_t dictoffset;
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj);

    dictoffset = tp->tp_dictoffset;
    if (dictoffset == 0)
        return NULL;
    if (dictoffset < 0) {
        Py_ssize_t tsize;
        size_t size;

        tsize = ((PyVarObject *)obj)->ob_size;
        if (tsize < 0)
            tsize = -tsize;
        size = _PyObject_VAR_SIZE(tp, tsize);

        dictoffset += (long)size;
        _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, dictoffset > 0);
        _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, dictoffset % SIZEOF_VOID_P == 0);
    }
    return (PyObject **) ((char *)obj + dictoffset);
}

PyObject *
PyObject_SelfIter(PyObject *obj)
{
    Py_INCREF(obj);
    return obj;
}

/* Helper used when the __next__ method is removed from a type:
   tp_iternext is never NULL and can be safely called without checking
   on every iteration.
 */

PyObject *
_PyObject_NextNotImplemented(PyObject *self)
{
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                 "'%.200s' object is not iterable",
                 Py_TYPE(self)->tp_name);
    return NULL;
}


/* Specialized version of _PyObject_GenericGetAttrWithDict
   specifically for the LOAD_METHOD opcode.

   Return 1 if a method is found, 0 if it's a regular attribute
   from __dict__ or something returned by using a descriptor
   protocol.

   `method` will point to the resolved attribute or NULL.  In the
   latter case, an error will be set.
*/
int
_PyObject_GetMethod(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name, PyObject **method)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
    PyObject *descr;
    descrgetfunc f = NULL;
    PyObject **dictptr, *dict;
    PyObject *attr;
    int meth_found = 0;

    assert(*method == NULL);

    if (Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_getattro != PyObject_GenericGetAttr
            || !PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
        *method = PyObject_GetAttr(obj, name);
        return 0;
    }

    if (tp->tp_dict == NULL && PyType_Ready(tp) < 0)
        return 0;

    descr = _PyType_Lookup(tp, name);
    if (descr != NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(descr);
        if (PyFunction_Check(descr) ||
                (Py_TYPE(descr) == &PyMethodDescr_Type)) {
            meth_found = 1;
        } else {
            f = descr->ob_type->tp_descr_get;
            if (f != NULL && PyDescr_IsData(descr)) {
                *method = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)obj->ob_type);
                Py_DECREF(descr);
                return 0;
            }
        }
    }

    dictptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj);
    if (dictptr != NULL && (dict = *dictptr) != NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(dict);
        attr = PyDict_GetItemWithError(dict, name);
        if (attr != NULL) {
            Py_INCREF(attr);
            *method = attr;
            Py_DECREF(dict);
            Py_XDECREF(descr);
            return 0;
        }
        else {
            Py_DECREF(dict);
            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                Py_XDECREF(descr);
                return 0;
            }
        }
    }

    if (meth_found) {
        *method = descr;
        return 1;
    }

    if (f != NULL) {
        *method = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(obj));
        Py_DECREF(descr);
        return 0;
    }

    if (descr != NULL) {
        *method = descr;
        return 0;
    }

    PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                 "'%.50s' object has no attribute '%U'",
                 tp->tp_name, name);
    return 0;
}

/* Generic GetAttr functions - put these in your tp_[gs]etattro slot. */

PyObject *
_PyObject_GenericGetAttrWithDict(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name,
                                 PyObject *dict, int suppress)
{
    /* Make sure the logic of _PyObject_GetMethod is in sync with
       this method.

       When suppress=1, this function suppress AttributeError.
    */

    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
    PyObject *descr = NULL;
    PyObject *res = NULL;
    descrgetfunc f;
    Py_ssize_t dictoffset;
    PyObject **dictptr;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(name)){
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "attribute name must be string, not '%.200s'",
                     name->ob_type->tp_name);
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(name);

    if (tp->tp_dict == NULL) {
        if (PyType_Ready(tp) < 0)
            goto done;
    }

    descr = _PyType_Lookup(tp, name);

    f = NULL;
    if (descr != NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(descr);
        f = descr->ob_type->tp_descr_get;
        if (f != NULL && PyDescr_IsData(descr)) {
            res = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)obj->ob_type);
            if (res == NULL && suppress &&
                    PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
                PyErr_Clear();
            }
            goto done;
        }
    }

    if (dict == NULL) {
        /* Inline _PyObject_GetDictPtr */
        dictoffset = tp->tp_dictoffset;
        if (dictoffset != 0) {
            if (dictoffset < 0) {
                Py_ssize_t tsize;
                size_t size;

                tsize = ((PyVarObject *)obj)->ob_size;
                if (tsize < 0)
                    tsize = -tsize;
                size = _PyObject_VAR_SIZE(tp, tsize);
                _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, size <= PY_SSIZE_T_MAX);

                dictoffset += (Py_ssize_t)size;
                _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, dictoffset > 0);
                _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, dictoffset % SIZEOF_VOID_P == 0);
            }
            dictptr = (PyObject **) ((char *)obj + dictoffset);
            dict = *dictptr;
        }
    }
    if (dict != NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(dict);
        res = PyDict_GetItemWithError(dict, name);
        if (res != NULL) {
            Py_INCREF(res);
            Py_DECREF(dict);
            goto done;
        }
        else {
            Py_DECREF(dict);
            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                if (suppress && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
                    PyErr_Clear();
                }
                else {
                    goto done;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (f != NULL) {
        res = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(obj));
        if (res == NULL && suppress &&
                PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
            PyErr_Clear();
        }
        goto done;
    }

    if (descr != NULL) {
        res = descr;
        descr = NULL;
        goto done;
    }

    if (!suppress) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                     "'%.50s' object has no attribute '%U'",
                     tp->tp_name, name);
    }
  done:
    Py_XDECREF(descr);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    return res;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name)
{
    return _PyObject_GenericGetAttrWithDict(obj, name, NULL, 0);
}

int
_PyObject_GenericSetAttrWithDict(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name,
                                 PyObject *value, PyObject *dict)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
    PyObject *descr;
    descrsetfunc f;
    PyObject **dictptr;
    int res = -1;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(name)){
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "attribute name must be string, not '%.200s'",
                     name->ob_type->tp_name);
        return -1;
    }

    if (tp->tp_dict == NULL && PyType_Ready(tp) < 0)
        return -1;

    Py_INCREF(name);

    descr = _PyType_Lookup(tp, name);

    if (descr != NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(descr);
        f = descr->ob_type->tp_descr_set;
        if (f != NULL) {
            res = f(descr, obj, value);
            goto done;
        }
    }

    if (dict == NULL) {
        dictptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj);
        if (dictptr == NULL) {
            if (descr == NULL) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                             "'%.100s' object has no attribute '%U'",
                             tp->tp_name, name);
            }
            else {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
                             "'%.50s' object attribute '%U' is read-only",
                             tp->tp_name, name);
            }
            goto done;
        }
        res = _PyObjectDict_SetItem(tp, dictptr, name, value);
    }
    else {
        Py_INCREF(dict);
        if (value == NULL)
            res = PyDict_DelItem(dict, name);
        else
            res = PyDict_SetItem(dict, name, value);
        Py_DECREF(dict);
    }
    if (res < 0 && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_KeyError))
        PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_AttributeError, name);

  done:
    Py_XDECREF(descr);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    return res;
}

int
PyObject_GenericSetAttr(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name, PyObject *value)
{
    return _PyObject_GenericSetAttrWithDict(obj, name, value, NULL);
}

int
PyObject_GenericSetDict(PyObject *obj, PyObject *value, void *context)
{
    PyObject **dictptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(obj);
    if (dictptr == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError,
                        "This object has no __dict__");
        return -1;
    }
    if (value == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "cannot delete __dict__");
        return -1;
    }
    if (!PyDict_Check(value)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "__dict__ must be set to a dictionary, "
                     "not a '%.200s'", Py_TYPE(value)->tp_name);
        return -1;
    }
    Py_INCREF(value);
    Py_XSETREF(*dictptr, value);
    return 0;
}


/* Test a value used as condition, e.g., in a for or if statement.
   Return -1 if an error occurred */

int
PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject *v)
{
    Py_ssize_t res;
    if (v == Py_True)
        return 1;
    if (v == Py_False)
        return 0;
    if (v == Py_None)
        return 0;
    else if (v->ob_type->tp_as_number != NULL &&
             v->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_bool != NULL)
        res = (*v->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_bool)(v);
    else if (v->ob_type->tp_as_mapping != NULL &&
             v->ob_type->tp_as_mapping->mp_length != NULL)
        res = (*v->ob_type->tp_as_mapping->mp_length)(v);
    else if (v->ob_type->tp_as_sequence != NULL &&
             v->ob_type->tp_as_sequence->sq_length != NULL)
        res = (*v->ob_type->tp_as_sequence->sq_length)(v);
    else
        return 1;
    /* if it is negative, it should be either -1 or -2 */
    return (res > 0) ? 1 : Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(res, Py_ssize_t, int);
}

/* equivalent of 'not v'
   Return -1 if an error occurred */

int
PyObject_Not(PyObject *v)
{
    int res;
    res = PyObject_IsTrue(v);
    if (res < 0)
        return res;
    return res == 0;
}

/* Test whether an object can be called */

int
PyCallable_Check(PyObject *x)
{
    if (x == NULL)
        return 0;
    return x->ob_type->tp_call != NULL;
}


/* Helper for PyObject_Dir without arguments: returns the local scope. */
static PyObject *
_dir_locals(void)
{
    PyObject *names;
    PyObject *locals;

    locals = PyEval_GetLocals();
    if (locals == NULL)
        return NULL;

    names = PyMapping_Keys(locals);
    if (!names)
        return NULL;
    if (!PyList_Check(names)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
            "dir(): expected keys() of locals to be a list, "
            "not '%.200s'", Py_TYPE(names)->tp_name);
        Py_DECREF(names);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyList_Sort(names)) {
        Py_DECREF(names);
        return NULL;
    }
    /* the locals don't need to be DECREF'd */
    return names;
}

/* Helper for PyObject_Dir: object introspection. */
static PyObject *
_dir_object(PyObject *obj)
{
    PyObject *result, *sorted;
    PyObject *dirfunc = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(obj, &PyId___dir__);

    assert(obj != NULL);
    if (dirfunc == NULL) {
        if (!PyErr_Occurred())
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "object does not provide __dir__");
        return NULL;
    }
    /* use __dir__ */
    result = _PyObject_CallNoArg(dirfunc);
    Py_DECREF(dirfunc);
    if (result == NULL)
        return NULL;
    /* return sorted(result) */
    sorted = PySequence_List(result);
    Py_DECREF(result);
    if (sorted == NULL)
        return NULL;
    if (PyList_Sort(sorted)) {
        Py_DECREF(sorted);
        return NULL;
    }
    return sorted;
}

/* Implementation of dir() -- if obj is NULL, returns the names in the current
   (local) scope.  Otherwise, performs introspection of the object: returns a
   sorted list of attribute names (supposedly) accessible from the object
*/
PyObject *
PyObject_Dir(PyObject *obj)
{
    return (obj == NULL) ? _dir_locals() : _dir_object(obj);
}

/*
None is a non-NULL undefined value.
There is (and should be!) no way to create other objects of this type,
so there is exactly one (which is indestructible, by the way).
*/

/* ARGSUSED */
static PyObject *
none_repr(PyObject *op)
{
    return PyUnicode_FromString("None");
}

/* ARGUSED */
static void
none_dealloc(PyObject* ignore)
{
    /* This should never get called, but we also don't want to SEGV if
     * we accidentally decref None out of existence.
     */
    Py_FatalError("deallocating None");
}

static PyObject *
none_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) || (kwargs && PyDict_GET_SIZE(kwargs))) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "NoneType takes no arguments");
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static int
none_bool(PyObject *v)
{
    return 0;
}

static PyNumberMethods none_as_number = {
    0,                          /* nb_add */
    0,                          /* nb_subtract */
    0,                          /* nb_multiply */
    0,                          /* nb_remainder */
    0,                          /* nb_divmod */
    0,                          /* nb_power */
    0,                          /* nb_negative */
    0,                          /* nb_positive */
    0,                          /* nb_absolute */
    (inquiry)none_bool,         /* nb_bool */
    0,                          /* nb_invert */
    0,                          /* nb_lshift */
    0,                          /* nb_rshift */
    0,                          /* nb_and */
    0,                          /* nb_xor */
    0,                          /* nb_or */
    0,                          /* nb_int */
    0,                          /* nb_reserved */
    0,                          /* nb_float */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_add */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_subtract */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_multiply */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_remainder */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_power */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_lshift */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_rshift */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_and */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_xor */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_or */
    0,                          /* nb_floor_divide */
    0,                          /* nb_true_divide */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_floor_divide */
    0,                          /* nb_inplace_true_divide */
    0,                          /* nb_index */
};

PyTypeObject _PyNone_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "NoneType",
    0,
    0,
    none_dealloc,       /*tp_dealloc*/ /*never called*/
    0,                  /*tp_print*/
    0,                  /*tp_getattr*/
    0,                  /*tp_setattr*/
    0,                  /*tp_reserved*/
    none_repr,          /*tp_repr*/
    &none_as_number,    /*tp_as_number*/
    0,                  /*tp_as_sequence*/
    0,                  /*tp_as_mapping*/
    0,                  /*tp_hash */
    0,                  /*tp_call */
    0,                  /*tp_str */
    0,                  /*tp_getattro */
    0,                  /*tp_setattro */
    0,                  /*tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT, /*tp_flags */
    0,                  /*tp_doc */
    0,                  /*tp_traverse */
    0,                  /*tp_clear */
    0,                  /*tp_richcompare */
    0,                  /*tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                  /*tp_iter */
    0,                  /*tp_iternext */
    0,                  /*tp_methods */
    0,                  /*tp_members */
    0,                  /*tp_getset */
    0,                  /*tp_base */
    0,                  /*tp_dict */
    0,                  /*tp_descr_get */
    0,                  /*tp_descr_set */
    0,                  /*tp_dictoffset */
    0,                  /*tp_init */
    0,                  /*tp_alloc */
    none_new,           /*tp_new */
};

PyObject _Py_NoneStruct = {
  _PyObject_EXTRA_INIT
  1, &_PyNone_Type
};

/* NotImplemented is an object that can be used to signal that an
   operation is not implemented for the given type combination. */

static PyObject *
NotImplemented_repr(PyObject *op)
{
    return PyUnicode_FromString("NotImplemented");
}

static PyObject *
NotImplemented_reduce(PyObject *op, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
    return PyUnicode_FromString("NotImplemented");
}

static PyMethodDef notimplemented_methods[] = {
    {"__reduce__", NotImplemented_reduce, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
    {NULL, NULL}
};

static PyObject *
notimplemented_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) || (kwargs && PyDict_GET_SIZE(kwargs))) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "NotImplementedType takes no arguments");
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;
}

static void
notimplemented_dealloc(PyObject* ignore)
{
    /* This should never get called, but we also don't want to SEGV if
     * we accidentally decref NotImplemented out of existence.
     */
    Py_FatalError("deallocating NotImplemented");
}

PyTypeObject _PyNotImplemented_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "NotImplementedType",
    0,
    0,
    notimplemented_dealloc,       /*tp_dealloc*/ /*never called*/
    0,                  /*tp_print*/
    0,                  /*tp_getattr*/
    0,                  /*tp_setattr*/
    0,                  /*tp_reserved*/
    NotImplemented_repr, /*tp_repr*/
    0,                  /*tp_as_number*/
    0,                  /*tp_as_sequence*/
    0,                  /*tp_as_mapping*/
    0,                  /*tp_hash */
    0,                  /*tp_call */
    0,                  /*tp_str */
    0,                  /*tp_getattro */
    0,                  /*tp_setattro */
    0,                  /*tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT, /*tp_flags */
    0,                  /*tp_doc */
    0,                  /*tp_traverse */
    0,                  /*tp_clear */
    0,                  /*tp_richcompare */
    0,                  /*tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                  /*tp_iter */
    0,                  /*tp_iternext */
    notimplemented_methods, /*tp_methods */
    0,                  /*tp_members */
    0,                  /*tp_getset */
    0,                  /*tp_base */
    0,                  /*tp_dict */
    0,                  /*tp_descr_get */
    0,                  /*tp_descr_set */
    0,                  /*tp_dictoffset */
    0,                  /*tp_init */
    0,                  /*tp_alloc */
    notimplemented_new, /*tp_new */
};

PyObject _Py_NotImplementedStruct = {
    _PyObject_EXTRA_INIT
    1, &_PyNotImplemented_Type
};

_PyInitError
_PyTypes_Init(void)
{
#define INIT_TYPE(TYPE, NAME) \
    do { \
        if (PyType_Ready(TYPE) < 0) { \
            return _Py_INIT_ERR("Can't initialize " NAME " type"); \
        } \
    } while (0)

    INIT_TYPE(&PyBaseObject_Type, "object");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyType_Type, "type");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyWeakref_RefType, "weakref");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyWeakref_CallableProxyType, "callable weakref proxy");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyWeakref_ProxyType, "weakref proxy");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyLong_Type, "int");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyBool_Type, "bool");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyByteArray_Type, "bytearray");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyBytes_Type, "str");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyList_Type, "list");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyNone_Type, "None");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyNotImplemented_Type, "NotImplemented");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyTraceBack_Type, "traceback");
    INIT_TYPE(&PySuper_Type, "super");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyRange_Type, "range");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyDict_Type, "dict");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyDictKeys_Type, "dict keys");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyDictValues_Type, "dict values");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyDictItems_Type, "dict items");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyDictRevIterKey_Type, "reversed dict keys");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyDictRevIterValue_Type, "reversed dict values");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyDictRevIterItem_Type, "reversed dict items");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyODict_Type, "OrderedDict");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyODictKeys_Type, "odict_keys");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyODictItems_Type, "odict_items");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyODictValues_Type, "odict_values");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyODictIter_Type, "odict_keyiterator");
    INIT_TYPE(&PySet_Type, "set");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyUnicode_Type, "str");
    INIT_TYPE(&PySlice_Type, "slice");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyStaticMethod_Type, "static method");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyComplex_Type, "complex");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyFloat_Type, "float");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyFrozenSet_Type, "frozenset");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyProperty_Type, "property");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyManagedBuffer_Type, "managed buffer");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyMemoryView_Type, "memoryview");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyTuple_Type, "tuple");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyEnum_Type, "enumerate");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyReversed_Type, "reversed");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyStdPrinter_Type, "StdPrinter");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyCode_Type, "code");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyFrame_Type, "frame");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyCFunction_Type, "builtin function");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyMethod_Type, "method");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyFunction_Type, "function");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyDictProxy_Type, "dict proxy");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyGen_Type, "generator");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyGetSetDescr_Type, "get-set descriptor");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyWrapperDescr_Type, "wrapper");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyMethodWrapper_Type, "method wrapper");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyEllipsis_Type, "ellipsis");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyMemberDescr_Type, "member descriptor");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyNamespace_Type, "namespace");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyCapsule_Type, "capsule");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyLongRangeIter_Type, "long range iterator");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyCell_Type, "cell");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyInstanceMethod_Type, "instance method");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyClassMethodDescr_Type, "class method descr");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyMethodDescr_Type, "method descr");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyCallIter_Type, "call iter");
    INIT_TYPE(&PySeqIter_Type, "sequence iterator");
    INIT_TYPE(&PyCoro_Type, "coroutine");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyCoroWrapper_Type, "coroutine wrapper");
    INIT_TYPE(&_PyInterpreterID_Type, "interpreter ID");
    return _Py_INIT_OK();

#undef INIT_TYPE
}


#ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS

void
_Py_NewReference(PyObject *op)
{
    if (_Py_tracemalloc_config.tracing) {
        _PyTraceMalloc_NewReference(op);
    }
    _Py_INC_REFTOTAL;
    op->ob_refcnt = 1;
    _Py_AddToAllObjects(op, 1);
    _Py_INC_TPALLOCS(op);
}

void
_Py_ForgetReference(PyObject *op)
{
#ifdef SLOW_UNREF_CHECK
    PyObject *p;
#endif
    if (op->ob_refcnt < 0)
        Py_FatalError("UNREF negative refcnt");
    if (op == &refchain ||
        op->_ob_prev->_ob_next != op || op->_ob_next->_ob_prev != op) {
        fprintf(stderr, "* ob\n");
        _PyObject_Dump(op);
        fprintf(stderr, "* op->_ob_prev->_ob_next\n");
        _PyObject_Dump(op->_ob_prev->_ob_next);
        fprintf(stderr, "* op->_ob_next->_ob_prev\n");
        _PyObject_Dump(op->_ob_next->_ob_prev);
        Py_FatalError("UNREF invalid object");
    }
#ifdef SLOW_UNREF_CHECK
    for (p = refchain._ob_next; p != &refchain; p = p->_ob_next) {
        if (p == op)
            break;
    }
    if (p == &refchain) /* Not found */
        Py_FatalError("UNREF unknown object");
#endif
    op->_ob_next->_ob_prev = op->_ob_prev;
    op->_ob_prev->_ob_next = op->_ob_next;
    op->_ob_next = op->_ob_prev = NULL;
    _Py_INC_TPFREES(op);
}

/* Print all live objects.  Because PyObject_Print is called, the
 * interpreter must be in a healthy state.
 */
void
_Py_PrintReferences(FILE *fp)
{
    PyObject *op;
    fprintf(fp, "Remaining objects:\n");
    for (op = refchain._ob_next; op != &refchain; op = op->_ob_next) {
        fprintf(fp, "%p [%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d] ", op, op->ob_refcnt);
        if (PyObject_Print(op, fp, 0) != 0)
            PyErr_Clear();
        putc('\n', fp);
    }
}

/* Print the addresses of all live objects.  Unlike _Py_PrintReferences, this
 * doesn't make any calls to the Python C API, so is always safe to call.
 */
void
_Py_PrintReferenceAddresses(FILE *fp)
{
    PyObject *op;
    fprintf(fp, "Remaining object addresses:\n");
    for (op = refchain._ob_next; op != &refchain; op = op->_ob_next)
        fprintf(fp, "%p [%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d] %s\n", op,
            op->ob_refcnt, Py_TYPE(op)->tp_name);
}

PyObject *
_Py_GetObjects(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int i, n;
    PyObject *t = NULL;
    PyObject *res, *op;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i|O", &n, &t))
        return NULL;
    op = refchain._ob_next;
    res = PyList_New(0);
    if (res == NULL)
        return NULL;
    for (i = 0; (n == 0 || i < n) && op != &refchain; i++) {
        while (op == self || op == args || op == res || op == t ||
               (t != NULL && Py_TYPE(op) != (PyTypeObject *) t)) {
            op = op->_ob_next;
            if (op == &refchain)
                return res;
        }
        if (PyList_Append(res, op) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(res);
            return NULL;
        }
        op = op->_ob_next;
    }
    return res;
}

#endif


/* Hack to force loading of abstract.o */
Py_ssize_t (*_Py_abstract_hack)(PyObject *) = PyObject_Size;


void
_PyObject_DebugTypeStats(FILE *out)
{
    _PyCFunction_DebugMallocStats(out);
    _PyDict_DebugMallocStats(out);
    _PyFloat_DebugMallocStats(out);
    _PyFrame_DebugMallocStats(out);
    _PyList_DebugMallocStats(out);
    _PyMethod_DebugMallocStats(out);
    _PyTuple_DebugMallocStats(out);
}

/* These methods are used to control infinite recursion in repr, str, print,
   etc.  Container objects that may recursively contain themselves,
   e.g. builtin dictionaries and lists, should use Py_ReprEnter() and
   Py_ReprLeave() to avoid infinite recursion.

   Py_ReprEnter() returns 0 the first time it is called for a particular
   object and 1 every time thereafter.  It returns -1 if an exception
   occurred.  Py_ReprLeave() has no return value.

   See dictobject.c and listobject.c for examples of use.
*/

int
Py_ReprEnter(PyObject *obj)
{
    PyObject *dict;
    PyObject *list;
    Py_ssize_t i;

    dict = PyThreadState_GetDict();
    /* Ignore a missing thread-state, so that this function can be called
       early on startup. */
    if (dict == NULL)
        return 0;
    list = _PyDict_GetItemIdWithError(dict, &PyId_Py_Repr);
    if (list == NULL) {
        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
            return -1;
        }
        list = PyList_New(0);
        if (list == NULL)
            return -1;
        if (_PyDict_SetItemId(dict, &PyId_Py_Repr, list) < 0)
            return -1;
        Py_DECREF(list);
    }
    i = PyList_GET_SIZE(list);
    while (--i >= 0) {
        if (PyList_GET_ITEM(list, i) == obj)
            return 1;
    }
    if (PyList_Append(list, obj) < 0)
        return -1;
    return 0;
}

void
Py_ReprLeave(PyObject *obj)
{
    PyObject *dict;
    PyObject *list;
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject *error_type, *error_value, *error_traceback;

    PyErr_Fetch(&error_type, &error_value, &error_traceback);

    dict = PyThreadState_GetDict();
    if (dict == NULL)
        goto finally;

    list = _PyDict_GetItemIdWithError(dict, &PyId_Py_Repr);
    if (list == NULL || !PyList_Check(list))
        goto finally;

    i = PyList_GET_SIZE(list);
    /* Count backwards because we always expect obj to be list[-1] */
    while (--i >= 0) {
        if (PyList_GET_ITEM(list, i) == obj) {
            PyList_SetSlice(list, i, i + 1, NULL);
            break;
        }
    }

finally:
    /* ignore exceptions because there is no way to report them. */
    PyErr_Restore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);
}

/* Trashcan support. */

/* Add op to the _PyTrash_delete_later list.  Called when the current
 * call-stack depth gets large.  op must be a currently untracked gc'ed
 * object, with refcount 0.  Py_DECREF must already have been called on it.
 */
void
_PyTrash_deposit_object(PyObject *op)
{
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, PyObject_IS_GC(op));
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, !_PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(op));
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, op->ob_refcnt == 0);
    _PyGCHead_SET_PREV(_Py_AS_GC(op), _PyRuntime.gc.trash_delete_later);
    _PyRuntime.gc.trash_delete_later = op;
}

/* The equivalent API, using per-thread state recursion info */
void
_PyTrash_thread_deposit_object(PyObject *op)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, PyObject_IS_GC(op));
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, !_PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(op));
    _PyObject_ASSERT(op, op->ob_refcnt == 0);
    _PyGCHead_SET_PREV(_Py_AS_GC(op), tstate->trash_delete_later);
    tstate->trash_delete_later = op;
}

/* Dealloccate all the objects in the _PyTrash_delete_later list.  Called when
 * the call-stack unwinds again.
 */
void
_PyTrash_destroy_chain(void)
{
    while (_PyRuntime.gc.trash_delete_later) {
        PyObject *op = _PyRuntime.gc.trash_delete_later;
        destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc;

        _PyRuntime.gc.trash_delete_later =
            (PyObject*) _PyGCHead_PREV(_Py_AS_GC(op));

        /* Call the deallocator directly.  This used to try to
         * fool Py_DECREF into calling it indirectly, but
         * Py_DECREF was already called on this object, and in
         * assorted non-release builds calling Py_DECREF again ends
         * up distorting allocation statistics.
         */
        _PyObject_ASSERT(op, op->ob_refcnt == 0);
        ++_PyRuntime.gc.trash_delete_nesting;
        (*dealloc)(op);
        --_PyRuntime.gc.trash_delete_nesting;
    }
}

/* The equivalent API, using per-thread state recursion info */
void
_PyTrash_thread_destroy_chain(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    /* We need to increase trash_delete_nesting here, otherwise,
       _PyTrash_thread_destroy_chain will be called recursively
       and then possibly crash.  An example that may crash without
       increase:
           N = 500000  # need to be large enough
           ob = object()
           tups = [(ob,) for i in range(N)]
           for i in range(49):
               tups = [(tup,) for tup in tups]
           del tups
    */
    assert(tstate->trash_delete_nesting == 0);
    ++tstate->trash_delete_nesting;
    while (tstate->trash_delete_later) {
        PyObject *op = tstate->trash_delete_later;
        destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc;

        tstate->trash_delete_later =
            (PyObject*) _PyGCHead_PREV(_Py_AS_GC(op));

        /* Call the deallocator directly.  This used to try to
         * fool Py_DECREF into calling it indirectly, but
         * Py_DECREF was already called on this object, and in
         * assorted non-release builds calling Py_DECREF again ends
         * up distorting allocation statistics.
         */
        _PyObject_ASSERT(op, op->ob_refcnt == 0);
        (*dealloc)(op);
        assert(tstate->trash_delete_nesting == 1);
    }
    --tstate->trash_delete_nesting;
}


void
_PyObject_AssertFailed(PyObject *obj, const char *expr, const char *msg,
                       const char *file, int line, const char *function)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: ", file, line);
    if (function) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", function);
    }
    fflush(stderr);
    if (expr) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Assertion \"%s\" failed", expr);
    }
    else {
        fprintf(stderr, "Assertion failed");
    }
    fflush(stderr);
    if (msg) {
        fprintf(stderr, ": %s", msg);
    }
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    fflush(stderr);

    if (obj == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "<NULL object>\n");
    }
    else if (_PyObject_IsFreed(obj)) {
        /* It seems like the object memory has been freed:
           don't access it to prevent a segmentation fault. */
        fprintf(stderr, "<object: freed>\n");
    }
    else if (Py_TYPE(obj) == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "<object: ob_type=NULL>\n");
    }
    else if (_PyObject_IsFreed((PyObject *)Py_TYPE(obj))) {
        fprintf(stderr, "<object: freed type %p>\n", Py_TYPE(obj));
    }
    else {
        /* Diplay the traceback where the object has been allocated.
           Do it before dumping repr(obj), since repr() is more likely
           to crash than dumping the traceback. */
        void *ptr;
        PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(obj);
        if (PyType_IS_GC(type)) {
            ptr = (void *)((char *)obj - sizeof(PyGC_Head));
        }
        else {
            ptr = (void *)obj;
        }
        _PyMem_DumpTraceback(fileno(stderr), ptr);

        /* This might succeed or fail, but we're about to abort, so at least
           try to provide any extra info we can: */
        _PyObject_Dump(obj);
    }
    fflush(stderr);

    Py_FatalError("_PyObject_AssertFailed");
}


#undef _Py_Dealloc

void
_Py_Dealloc(PyObject *op)
{
    destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc;
#ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS
    _Py_ForgetReference(op);
#else
    _Py_INC_TPFREES(op);
#endif
    (*dealloc)(op);
}

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif