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gerrit-public.fairphone.software / platform / external / python / cpython3 / d6c08db8538d046d783db44fe4e70a60af0fb02e / . / Lib / idlelib / help.html
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Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]23 <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
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Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]25 <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
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Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]50 </head><body>
Tal Einat5bff3c82019-06-17 22:41:00 +0300[diff] [blame]51
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame]52 <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]53 <h3>Navigation</h3>
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Terry Jan Reedy6bf644e2019-11-24 16:29:29 -0500[diff] [blame]74 <a href="../index.html">3.9.0a1 Documentation</a> &#187;
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Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]78 <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="tk.html" accesskey="U">Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a> &#187;</li>
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97 <div class="document">
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Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame]100 <div class="body" role="main">
Terry Jan Reedy963a38b2015-09-20 20:03:01 -0400[diff] [blame]101
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]102 <div class="section" id="idle">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]103<span id="id1"></span><h1>IDLE<a class="headerlink" href="#idle" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]104<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/master/Lib/idlelib/">Lib/idlelib/</a></p>
Terry Jan Reedyfa089b92016-06-11 15:02:54 -0400[diff] [blame]105<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]106<p>IDLE is Python’s Integrated Development and Learning Environment.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]107<p>IDLE has the following features:</p>
108<ul class="simple">
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]109<li><p>coded in 100% pure Python, using the <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> GUI toolkit</p></li>
110<li><p>cross-platform: works mostly the same on Windows, Unix, and macOS</p></li>
111<li><p>Python shell window (interactive interpreter) with colorizing
112of code input, output, and error messages</p></li>
113<li><p>multi-window text editor with multiple undo, Python colorizing,
114smart indent, call tips, auto completion, and other features</p></li>
115<li><p>search within any window, replace within editor windows, and search
116through multiple files (grep)</p></li>
117<li><p>debugger with persistent breakpoints, stepping, and viewing
118of global and local namespaces</p></li>
119<li><p>configuration, browsers, and other dialogs</p></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]120</ul>
121<div class="section" id="menus">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]122<h2>Menus<a class="headerlink" href="#menus" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]123<p>IDLE has two main window types, the Shell window and the Editor window. It is
Terry Jan Reedy50ff02b2018-11-10 23:26:31 -0500[diff] [blame]124possible to have multiple editor windows simultaneously. On Windows and
125Linux, each has its own top menu. Each menu documented below indicates
126which window type it is associated with.</p>
127<p>Output windows, such as used for Edit =&gt; Find in Files, are a subtype of editor
128window. They currently have the same top menu but a different
129default title and context menu.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyb65413b2018-11-15 13:15:13 -0500[diff] [blame]130<p>On macOS, there is one application menu. It dynamically changes according
Terry Jan Reedy50ff02b2018-11-10 23:26:31 -0500[diff] [blame]131to the window currently selected. It has an IDLE menu, and some entries
Terry Jan Reedy8a533ff2019-05-16 01:20:37 -0400[diff] [blame]132described below are moved around to conform to Apple guidelines.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]133<div class="section" id="file-menu-shell-and-editor">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]134<h3>File menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#file-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]135<dl class="simple">
136<dt>New File</dt><dd><p>Create a new file editing window.</p>
137</dd>
138<dt>Open…</dt><dd><p>Open an existing file with an Open dialog.</p>
139</dd>
140<dt>Recent Files</dt><dd><p>Open a list of recent files. Click one to open it.</p>
141</dd>
142<dt>Open Module…</dt><dd><p>Open an existing module (searches sys.path).</p>
143</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]144</dl>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]145<dl class="simple" id="index-1">
146<dt>Class Browser</dt><dd><p>Show functions, classes, and methods in the current Editor file in a
147tree structure. In the shell, open a module first.</p>
148</dd>
149<dt>Path Browser</dt><dd><p>Show sys.path directories, modules, functions, classes and methods in a
150tree structure.</p>
151</dd>
152<dt>Save</dt><dd><p>Save the current window to the associated file, if there is one. Windows
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]153that have been changed since being opened or last saved have a * before
154and after the window title. If there is no associated file,
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]155do Save As instead.</p>
156</dd>
157<dt>Save As…</dt><dd><p>Save the current window with a Save As dialog. The file saved becomes the
158new associated file for the window.</p>
159</dd>
160<dt>Save Copy As…</dt><dd><p>Save the current window to different file without changing the associated
161file.</p>
162</dd>
163<dt>Print Window</dt><dd><p>Print the current window to the default printer.</p>
164</dd>
165<dt>Close</dt><dd><p>Close the current window (ask to save if unsaved).</p>
166</dd>
167<dt>Exit</dt><dd><p>Close all windows and quit IDLE (ask to save unsaved windows).</p>
168</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]169</dl>
170</div>
171<div class="section" id="edit-menu-shell-and-editor">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]172<h3>Edit menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#edit-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]173<dl class="simple">
174<dt>Undo</dt><dd><p>Undo the last change to the current window. A maximum of 1000 changes may
175be undone.</p>
176</dd>
177<dt>Redo</dt><dd><p>Redo the last undone change to the current window.</p>
178</dd>
179<dt>Cut</dt><dd><p>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.</p>
180</dd>
181<dt>Copy</dt><dd><p>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.</p>
182</dd>
183<dt>Paste</dt><dd><p>Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.</p>
184</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]185</dl>
186<p>The clipboard functions are also available in context menus.</p>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]187<dl class="simple">
188<dt>Select All</dt><dd><p>Select the entire contents of the current window.</p>
189</dd>
190<dt>Find…</dt><dd><p>Open a search dialog with many options</p>
191</dd>
192<dt>Find Again</dt><dd><p>Repeat the last search, if there is one.</p>
193</dd>
194<dt>Find Selection</dt><dd><p>Search for the currently selected string, if there is one.</p>
195</dd>
196<dt>Find in Files…</dt><dd><p>Open a file search dialog. Put results in a new output window.</p>
197</dd>
198<dt>Replace…</dt><dd><p>Open a search-and-replace dialog.</p>
199</dd>
200<dt>Go to Line</dt><dd><p>Move cursor to the line number requested and make that line visible.</p>
201</dd>
202<dt>Show Completions</dt><dd><p>Open a scrollable list allowing selection of keywords and attributes. See
203<a class="reference internal" href="#completions"><span class="std std-ref">Completions</span></a> in the Editing and navigation section below.</p>
204</dd>
205<dt>Expand Word</dt><dd><p>Expand a prefix you have typed to match a full word in the same window;
206repeat to get a different expansion.</p>
207</dd>
208<dt>Show call tip</dt><dd><p>After an unclosed parenthesis for a function, open a small window with
Cheryl Sabella01421be2018-12-20 00:38:54 -0500[diff] [blame]209function parameter hints. See <a class="reference internal" href="#calltips"><span class="std std-ref">Calltips</span></a> in the
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]210Editing and navigation section below.</p>
211</dd>
212<dt>Show surrounding parens</dt><dd><p>Highlight the surrounding parenthesis.</p>
213</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]214</dl>
215</div>
216<div class="section" id="format-menu-editor-window-only">
Terry Jan Reedy292cd6e2018-12-20 06:06:29 -0500[diff] [blame]217<span id="format-menu"></span><h3>Format menu (Editor window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#format-menu-editor-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]218<dl class="simple">
219<dt>Indent Region</dt><dd><p>Shift selected lines right by the indent width (default 4 spaces).</p>
220</dd>
221<dt>Dedent Region</dt><dd><p>Shift selected lines left by the indent width (default 4 spaces).</p>
222</dd>
223<dt>Comment Out Region</dt><dd><p>Insert ## in front of selected lines.</p>
224</dd>
225<dt>Uncomment Region</dt><dd><p>Remove leading # or ## from selected lines.</p>
226</dd>
227<dt>Tabify Region</dt><dd><p>Turn <em>leading</em> stretches of spaces into tabs. (Note: We recommend using
2284 space blocks to indent Python code.)</p>
229</dd>
230<dt>Untabify Region</dt><dd><p>Turn <em>all</em> tabs into the correct number of spaces.</p>
231</dd>
232<dt>Toggle Tabs</dt><dd><p>Open a dialog to switch between indenting with spaces and tabs.</p>
233</dd>
234<dt>New Indent Width</dt><dd><p>Open a dialog to change indent width. The accepted default by the Python
235community is 4 spaces.</p>
236</dd>
237<dt>Format Paragraph</dt><dd><p>Reformat the current blank-line-delimited paragraph in comment block or
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]238multiline string or selected line in a string. All lines in the
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]239paragraph will be formatted to less than N columns, where N defaults to 72.</p>
240</dd>
241<dt>Strip trailing whitespace</dt><dd><p>Remove trailing space and other whitespace characters after the last
Terry Jan Reedyff702892017-09-15 13:05:28 -0400[diff] [blame]242non-whitespace character of a line by applying str.rstrip to each line,
Terry Jan Reedy6bf644e2019-11-24 16:29:29 -0500[diff] [blame]243including lines within multiline strings. Except for Shell windows,
244remove extra newlines at the end of the file.</p>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]245</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]246</dl>
247</div>
248<div class="section" id="run-menu-editor-window-only">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]249<span id="index-2"></span><h3>Run menu (Editor window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#run-menu-editor-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]250<dl class="simple" id="run-module">
251<dt>Run Module</dt><dd><p>Do <a class="reference internal" href="#check-module"><span class="std std-ref">Check Module</span></a>. If no error, restart the shell to clean the
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]252environment, then execute the module. Output is displayed in the Shell
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]253window. Note that output requires use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write</span></code>.
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]254When execution is complete, the Shell retains focus and displays a prompt.
255At this point, one may interactively explore the result of execution.
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]256This is similar to executing a file with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-i</span> <span class="pre">file</span></code> at a command
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]257line.</p>
258</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]259</dl>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]260<dl class="simple" id="run-custom">
261<dt>Run… Customized</dt><dd><p>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#run-module"><span class="std std-ref">Run Module</span></a>, but run the module with customized
Cheryl Sabella201bc2d2019-06-17 22:24:10 -0400[diff] [blame]262settings. <em>Command Line Arguments</em> extend <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.argv" title="sys.argv"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code></a> as if passed
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]263on a command line. The module can be run in the Shell without restarting.</p>
264</dd>
Cheryl Sabella201bc2d2019-06-17 22:24:10 -0400[diff] [blame]265</dl>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]266<dl class="simple" id="check-module">
267<dt>Check Module</dt><dd><p>Check the syntax of the module currently open in the Editor window. If the
Terry Jan Reedy14070292019-08-04 16:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]268module has not been saved IDLE will either prompt the user to save or
269autosave, as selected in the General tab of the Idle Settings dialog. If
270there is a syntax error, the approximate location is indicated in the
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]271Editor window.</p>
272</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy14070292019-08-04 16:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]273</dl>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]274<dl class="simple" id="python-shell">
275<dt>Python Shell</dt><dd><p>Open or wake up the Python Shell window.</p>
276</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy14070292019-08-04 16:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]277</dl>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]278</div>
279<div class="section" id="shell-menu-shell-window-only">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]280<h3>Shell menu (Shell window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#shell-menu-shell-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]281<dl class="simple">
282<dt>View Last Restart</dt><dd><p>Scroll the shell window to the last Shell restart.</p>
283</dd>
284<dt>Restart Shell</dt><dd><p>Restart the shell to clean the environment.</p>
285</dd>
286<dt>Previous History</dt><dd><p>Cycle through earlier commands in history which match the current entry.</p>
287</dd>
288<dt>Next History</dt><dd><p>Cycle through later commands in history which match the current entry.</p>
289</dd>
290<dt>Interrupt Execution</dt><dd><p>Stop a running program.</p>
291</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]292</dl>
293</div>
294<div class="section" id="debug-menu-shell-window-only">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]295<h3>Debug menu (Shell window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#debug-menu-shell-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]296<dl class="simple">
297<dt>Go to File/Line</dt><dd><p>Look on the current line. with the cursor, and the line above for a filename
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]298and line number. If found, open the file if not already open, and show the
299line. Use this to view source lines referenced in an exception traceback
300and lines found by Find in Files. Also available in the context menu of
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]301the Shell window and Output windows.</p>
302</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]303</dl>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]304<dl class="simple" id="index-3">
305<dt>Debugger (toggle)</dt><dd><p>When activated, code entered in the Shell or run from an Editor will run
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]306under the debugger. In the Editor, breakpoints can be set with the context
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]307menu. This feature is still incomplete and somewhat experimental.</p>
308</dd>
309<dt>Stack Viewer</dt><dd><p>Show the stack traceback of the last exception in a tree widget, with
310access to locals and globals.</p>
311</dd>
312<dt>Auto-open Stack Viewer</dt><dd><p>Toggle automatically opening the stack viewer on an unhandled exception.</p>
313</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]314</dl>
315</div>
316<div class="section" id="options-menu-shell-and-editor">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]317<h3>Options menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#options-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]318<dl class="simple">
319<dt>Configure IDLE</dt><dd><p>Open a configuration dialog and change preferences for the following:
Terry Jan Reedy93f35422015-10-13 22:03:51 -0400[diff] [blame]320fonts, indentation, keybindings, text color themes, startup windows and
Terry Jan Reedy14070292019-08-04 16:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]321size, additional help sources, and extensions. On macOS, open the
Terry Jan Reedy292cd6e2018-12-20 06:06:29 -0500[diff] [blame]322configuration dialog by selecting Preferences in the application
Terry Jan Reedy14070292019-08-04 16:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]323menu. For more details, see
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]324<a class="reference internal" href="#preferences"><span class="std std-ref">Setting preferences</span></a> under Help and preferences.</p>
325</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy14070292019-08-04 16:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]326</dl>
327<p>Most configuration options apply to all windows or all future windows.
328The option items below only apply to the active window.</p>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]329<dl class="simple">
330<dt>Show/Hide Code Context (Editor Window only)</dt><dd><p>Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block context
Cheryl Sabella01421be2018-12-20 00:38:54 -0500[diff] [blame]331of the code which has scrolled above the top of the window. See
Terry Jan Reedy14070292019-08-04 16:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]332<a class="reference internal" href="#code-context"><span class="std std-ref">Code Context</span></a> in the Editing and Navigation section
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]333below.</p>
334</dd>
335<dt>Show/Hide Line Numbers (Editor Window only)</dt><dd><p>Open a column to the left of the edit window which shows the number
Terry Jan Reedy14070292019-08-04 16:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]336of each line of text. The default is off, which may be changed in the
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]337preferences (see <a class="reference internal" href="#preferences"><span class="std std-ref">Setting preferences</span></a>).</p>
338</dd>
339<dt>Zoom/Restore Height</dt><dd><p>Toggles the window between normal size and maximum height. The initial size
Terry Jan Reedydf9b0322019-05-27 19:16:46 -0400[diff] [blame]340defaults to 40 lines by 80 chars unless changed on the General tab of the
Tal Einat5bff3c82019-06-17 22:41:00 +0300[diff] [blame]341Configure IDLE dialog. The maximum height for a screen is determined by
342momentarily maximizing a window the first time one is zoomed on the screen.
Terry Jan Reedy14070292019-08-04 16:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]343Changing screen settings may invalidate the saved height. This toggle has
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]344no effect when a window is maximized.</p>
345</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]346</dl>
347</div>
348<div class="section" id="window-menu-shell-and-editor">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]349<h3>Window menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#window-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Cheryl Sabellac0381aa2018-12-28 15:11:30 -0500[diff] [blame]350<p>Lists the names of all open windows; select one to bring it to the foreground
351(deiconifying it if necessary).</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]352</div>
353<div class="section" id="help-menu-shell-and-editor">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]354<h3>Help menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#help-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]355<dl class="simple">
356<dt>About IDLE</dt><dd><p>Display version, copyright, license, credits, and more.</p>
357</dd>
358<dt>IDLE Help</dt><dd><p>Display this IDLE document, detailing the menu options, basic editing and
359navigation, and other tips.</p>
360</dd>
361<dt>Python Docs</dt><dd><p>Access local Python documentation, if installed, or start a web browser
362and open docs.python.org showing the latest Python documentation.</p>
363</dd>
364<dt>Turtle Demo</dt><dd><p>Run the turtledemo module with example Python code and turtle drawings.</p>
365</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]366</dl>
367<p>Additional help sources may be added here with the Configure IDLE dialog under
Cheryl Sabella01421be2018-12-20 00:38:54 -0500[diff] [blame]368the General tab. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#help-sources"><span class="std std-ref">Help sources</span></a> subsection below
369for more on Help menu choices.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]370</div>
371<div class="section" id="context-menus">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]372<span id="index-4"></span><h3>Context Menus<a class="headerlink" href="#context-menus" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedyb65413b2018-11-15 13:15:13 -0500[diff] [blame]373<p>Open a context menu by right-clicking in a window (Control-click on macOS).
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]374Context menus have the standard clipboard functions also on the Edit menu.</p>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]375<dl class="simple">
376<dt>Cut</dt><dd><p>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.</p>
377</dd>
378<dt>Copy</dt><dd><p>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.</p>
379</dd>
380<dt>Paste</dt><dd><p>Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.</p>
381</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]382</dl>
383<p>Editor windows also have breakpoint functions. Lines with a breakpoint set are
384specially marked. Breakpoints only have an effect when running under the
Tal Einatd6c08db2020-01-06 01:51:48 +0200[diff] [blame^]385debugger. Breakpoints for a file are saved in the user’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.idlerc</span></code>
386directory.</p>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]387<dl class="simple">
388<dt>Set Breakpoint</dt><dd><p>Set a breakpoint on the current line.</p>
389</dd>
390<dt>Clear Breakpoint</dt><dd><p>Clear the breakpoint on that line.</p>
391</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]392</dl>
Terry Jan Reedy68d6dc02018-10-28 12:44:44 -0400[diff] [blame]393<p>Shell and Output windows also have the following.</p>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]394<dl class="simple">
395<dt>Go to file/line</dt><dd><p>Same as in Debug menu.</p>
396</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]397</dl>
Terry Jan Reedy55d03512019-04-26 23:22:36 -0400[diff] [blame]398<p>The Shell window also has an output squeezing facility explained in the <em>Python
399Shell window</em> subsection below.</p>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]400<dl class="simple">
401<dt>Squeeze</dt><dd><p>If the cursor is over an output line, squeeze all the output between
402the code above and the prompt below down to a ‘Squeezed text’ label.</p>
403</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy68d6dc02018-10-28 12:44:44 -0400[diff] [blame]404</dl>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]405</div>
406</div>
407<div class="section" id="editing-and-navigation">
Cheryl Sabella01421be2018-12-20 00:38:54 -0500[diff] [blame]408<span id="id2"></span><h2>Editing and navigation<a class="headerlink" href="#editing-and-navigation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
Terry Jan Reedyea9c8bd2018-10-28 20:42:18 -0400[diff] [blame]409<div class="section" id="editor-windows">
410<h3>Editor windows<a class="headerlink" href="#editor-windows" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
411<p>IDLE may open editor windows when it starts, depending on settings
412and how you start IDLE. Thereafter, use the File menu. There can be only
413one open editor window for a given file.</p>
414<p>The title bar contains the name of the file, the full path, and the version
415of Python and IDLE running the window. The status bar contains the line
416number (‘Ln’) and column number (‘Col’). Line numbers start with 1;
417column numbers with 0.</p>
418<p>IDLE assumes that files with a known .py* extension contain Python code
419and that other files do not. Run Python code with the Run menu.</p>
420</div>
421<div class="section" id="key-bindings">
422<h3>Key bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#key-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]423<p>In this section, ‘C’ refers to the <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd> key on Windows and Unix and
Terry Jan Reedyb65413b2018-11-15 13:15:13 -0500[diff] [blame]424the <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Command</kbd> key on macOS.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]425<ul>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]426<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Backspace</kbd> deletes to the left; <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Del</kbd> deletes to the right</p></li>
427<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-Backspace</kbd> delete word left; <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-Del</kbd> delete word to the right</p></li>
428<li><p>Arrow keys and <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Page Up</kbd>/<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Page Down</kbd> to move around</p></li>
429<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-LeftArrow</kbd> and <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-RightArrow</kbd> moves by words</p></li>
430<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Home</kbd>/<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">End</kbd> go to begin/end of line</p></li>
431<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-Home</kbd>/<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-End</kbd> go to begin/end of file</p></li>
432<li><p>Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk:</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]433<blockquote>
434<div><ul class="simple">
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]435<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-a</kbd> beginning of line</p></li>
436<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-e</kbd> end of line</p></li>
437<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-k</kbd> kill line (but doesn’t put it in clipboard)</p></li>
438<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-l</kbd> center window around the insertion point</p></li>
439<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-b</kbd> go backward one character without deleting (usually you can
440also use the cursor key for this)</p></li>
441<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-f</kbd> go forward one character without deleting (usually you can
442also use the cursor key for this)</p></li>
443<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-p</kbd> go up one line (usually you can also use the cursor key for
444this)</p></li>
445<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-d</kbd> delete next character</p></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]446</ul>
447</div></blockquote>
448</li>
449</ul>
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]450<p>Standard keybindings (like <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-c</kbd> to copy and <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-v</kbd> to paste)
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]451may work. Keybindings are selected in the Configure IDLE dialog.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyea9c8bd2018-10-28 20:42:18 -0400[diff] [blame]452</div>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]453<div class="section" id="automatic-indentation">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]454<h3>Automatic indentation<a class="headerlink" href="#automatic-indentation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]455<p>After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces (in the
456Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords (break, return etc.)
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]457the next line is dedented. In leading indentation, <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Backspace</kbd> deletes up
458to 4 spaces if they are there. <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Tab</kbd> inserts spaces (in the Python
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]459Shell window one tab), number depends on Indent width. Currently, tabs
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]460are restricted to four spaces due to Tcl/Tk limitations.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy292cd6e2018-12-20 06:06:29 -0500[diff] [blame]461<p>See also the indent/dedent region commands on the
462<a class="reference internal" href="#format-menu"><span class="std std-ref">Format menu</span></a>.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]463</div>
464<div class="section" id="completions">
Cheryl Sabella01421be2018-12-20 00:38:54 -0500[diff] [blame]465<span id="id3"></span><h3>Completions<a class="headerlink" href="#completions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]466<p>Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of classes,
467both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided for
468filenames.</p>
469<p>The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay (default is
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]470two seconds) after a ‘.’ or (in a string) an os.sep is typed. If after one
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]471of those characters (plus zero or more other characters) a tab is typed
472the ACW will open immediately if a possible continuation is found.</p>
473<p>If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, a
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]474<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Tab</kbd> will supply that completion without opening the ACW.</p>
475<p>‘Show Completions’ will force open a completions window, by default the
476<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-space</kbd> will open a completions window. In an empty
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]477string, this will contain the files in the current directory. On a
478blank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions and
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]479classes in the current namespaces, plus any modules imported. If some
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]480characters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific.</p>
481<p>If a string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to the
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]482entry most closely matching those characters. Entering a <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">tab</kbd> will
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]483cause the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Editor window or
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]484Shell. Two <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">tab</kbd> in a row will supply the current ACW selection, as
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]485will return or a double click. Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse selection,
486and the scroll wheel all operate on the ACW.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]487<p>“Hidden” attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hidden
488name after a ‘.’, e.g. ‘_’. This allows access to modules with
489<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__all__</span></code> set, or to class-private attributes.</p>
490<p>Completions and the ‘Expand Word’ facility can save a lot of typing!</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]491<p>Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names in
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]492an Editor window which are not via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> and <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code></a> will
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]493not be found. Run the module once with your imports to correct this situation.
494Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in sys.modules, so
495much can be found by default, e.g. the re module.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]496<p>If you don’t like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delay
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]497longer or disable the extension.</p>
498</div>
499<div class="section" id="calltips">
Cheryl Sabella01421be2018-12-20 00:38:54 -0500[diff] [blame]500<span id="id4"></span><h3>Calltips<a class="headerlink" href="#calltips" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]501<p>A calltip is shown when one types <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">(</kbd> after the name of an <em>accessible</em>
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]502function. A name expression may include dots and subscripts. A calltip
503remains until it is clicked, the cursor is moved out of the argument area,
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]504or <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">)</kbd> is typed. When the cursor is in the argument part of a definition,
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]505the menu or shortcut display a calltip.</p>
506<p>A calltip consists of the function signature and the first line of the
507docstring. For builtins without an accessible signature, the calltip
508consists of all lines up the fifth line or the first blank line. These
509details may change.</p>
510<p>The set of <em>accessible</em> functions depends on what modules have been imported
511into the user process, including those imported by Idle itself,
512and what definitions have been run, all since the last restart.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]513<p>For example, restart the Shell and enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.count(</span></code>. A calltip
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]514appears because Idle imports itertools into the user process for its own use.
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]515(This could change.) Enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.write(</span></code> and nothing appears. Idle does
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]516not import turtle. The menu or shortcut do nothing either. Enter
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]517<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span></code> and then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.write(</span></code> will work.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]518<p>In an editor, import statements have no effect until one runs the file. One
519might want to run a file after writing the import statements at the top,
520or immediately run an existing file before editing.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]521</div>
Cheryl Sabella01421be2018-12-20 00:38:54 -0500[diff] [blame]522<div class="section" id="code-context">
523<span id="id5"></span><h3>Code Context<a class="headerlink" href="#code-context" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
524<p>Within an editor window containing Python code, code context can be toggled
525in order to show or hide a pane at the top of the window. When shown, this
526pane freezes the opening lines for block code, such as those beginning with
527<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">class</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">def</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> keywords, that would have otherwise scrolled
528out of view. The size of the pane will be expanded and contracted as needed
529to show the all current levels of context, up to the maximum number of
530lines defined in the Configure IDLE dialog (which defaults to 15). If there
531are no current context lines and the feature is toggled on, a single blank
532line will display. Clicking on a line in the context pane will move that
533line to the top of the editor.</p>
534<p>The text and background colors for the context pane can be configured under
535the Highlights tab in the Configure IDLE dialog.</p>
536</div>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]537<div class="section" id="python-shell-window">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]538<h3>Python Shell window<a class="headerlink" href="#python-shell-window" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy75d9d592018-11-06 12:37:36 -0500[diff] [blame]539<p>With IDLE’s Shell, one enters, edits, and recalls complete statements.
540Most consoles and terminals only work with a single physical line at a time.</p>
541<p>When one pastes code into Shell, it is not compiled and possibly executed
542until one hits <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Return</kbd>. One may edit pasted code first.
543If one pastes more that one statement into Shell, the result will be a
544<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></code></a> when multiple statements are compiled as if they were one.</p>
545<p>The editing features described in previous subsections work when entering
546code interactively. IDLE’s Shell window also responds to the following keys.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]547<ul>
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]548<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-c</kbd> interrupts executing command</p></li>
549<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-d</kbd> sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></code> prompt</p></li>
550<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Alt-/</kbd> (Expand word) is also useful to reduce typing</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]551<p>Command history</p>
552<ul class="simple">
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]553<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Alt-p</kbd> retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. On
554macOS use <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-p</kbd>.</p></li>
555<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Alt-n</kbd> retrieves next. On macOS use <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C-n</kbd>.</p></li>
556<li><p><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Return</kbd> while on any previous command retrieves that command</p></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]557</ul>
558</li>
559</ul>
560</div>
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]561<div class="section" id="text-colors">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]562<h3>Text colors<a class="headerlink" href="#text-colors" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]563<p>Idle defaults to black on white text, but colors text with special meanings.
564For the shell, these are shell output, shell error, user output, and
565user error. For Python code, at the shell prompt or in an editor, these are
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]566keywords, builtin class and function names, names following <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">class</span></code> and
567<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">def</span></code>, strings, and comments. For any text window, these are the cursor (when
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]568present), found text (when possible), and selected text.</p>
569<p>Text coloring is done in the background, so uncolorized text is occasionally
570visible. To change the color scheme, use the Configure IDLE dialog
571Highlighting tab. The marking of debugger breakpoint lines in the editor and
572text in popups and dialogs is not user-configurable.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]573</div>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]574</div>
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]575<div class="section" id="startup-and-code-execution">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]576<h2>Startup and code execution<a class="headerlink" href="#startup-and-code-execution" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]577<p>Upon startup with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-s</span></code> option, IDLE will execute the file referenced by
578the environment variables <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> or <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSTARTUP"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code></a>.
579IDLE first checks for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code>; if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> is present the file
580referenced is run. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> is not present, IDLE checks for
581<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code>. Files referenced by these environment variables are
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]582convenient places to store functions that are used frequently from the IDLE
583shell, or for executing import statements to import common modules.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]584<p>In addition, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code> also loads a startup file if it is present. Note that the
585Tk file is loaded unconditionally. This additional file is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.Idle.py</span></code> and is
586looked for in the user’s home directory. Statements in this file will be
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]587executed in the Tk namespace, so this file is not useful for importing
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]588functions to be used from IDLE’s Python shell.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]589<div class="section" id="command-line-usage">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]590<h3>Command line usage<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-usage" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]591<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>idle.py [-c command] [-d] [-e] [-h] [-i] [-r file] [-s] [-t title] [-] [arg] ...
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]592
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]593-c command run command in the shell window
594-d enable debugger and open shell window
595-e open editor window
Terry Jan Reedy3399e1e2016-08-30 16:58:01 -0400[diff] [blame]596-h print help message with legal combinations and exit
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]597-i open shell window
598-r file run file in shell window
599-s run $IDLESTARTUP or $PYTHONSTARTUP first, in shell window
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]600-t title set title of shell window
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]601- run stdin in shell (- must be last option before args)
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]602</pre></div>
603</div>
604<p>If there are arguments:</p>
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]605<ul class="simple">
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]606<li><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r</span></code> is used, all arguments are placed in
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]607<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[1:...]</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-c'</span></code>,
608or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-r'</span></code>. No editor window is opened, even if that is the default
Tal Einat580bdb02019-09-03 23:52:58 +0300[diff] [blame]609set in the Options dialog.</p></li>
610<li><p>Otherwise, arguments are files opened for editing and
611<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code> reflects the arguments passed to IDLE itself.</p></li>
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]612</ul>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]613</div>
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]614<div class="section" id="startup-failure">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]615<h3>Startup failure<a class="headerlink" href="#startup-failure" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]616<p>IDLE uses a socket to communicate between the IDLE GUI process and the user
617code execution process. A connection must be established whenever the Shell
618starts or restarts. (The latter is indicated by a divider line that says
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]619‘RESTART’). If the user process fails to connect to the GUI process, it
620displays a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code> error box with a ‘cannot connect’ message that directs the
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]621user here. It then exits.</p>
622<p>A common cause of failure is a user-written file with the same name as a
623standard library module, such as <em>random.py</em> and <em>tkinter.py</em>. When such a
624file is located in the same directory as a file that is about to be run,
625IDLE cannot import the stdlib file. The current fix is to rename the
626user file.</p>
627<p>Though less common than in the past, an antivirus or firewall program may
628stop the connection. If the program cannot be taught to allow the
629connection, then it must be turned off for IDLE to work. It is safe to
630allow this internal connection because no data is visible on external
631ports. A similar problem is a network mis-configuration that blocks
632connections.</p>
633<p>Python installation issues occasionally stop IDLE: multiple versions can
634clash, or a single installation might need admin access. If one undo the
635clash, or cannot or does not want to run as admin, it might be easiest to
636completely remove Python and start over.</p>
637<p>A zombie pythonw.exe process could be a problem. On Windows, use Task
638Manager to detect and stop one. Sometimes a restart initiated by a program
639crash or Keyboard Interrupt (control-C) may fail to connect. Dismissing
640the error box or Restart Shell on the Shell menu may fix a temporary problem.</p>
641<p>When IDLE first starts, it attempts to read user configuration files in
Tal Einatd6c08db2020-01-06 01:51:48 +0200[diff] [blame^]642<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/.idlerc/</span></code> (~ is one’s home directory). If there is a problem, an error
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]643message should be displayed. Leaving aside random disk glitches, this can
644be prevented by never editing the files by hand, using the configuration
645dialog, under Options, instead Options. Once it happens, the solution may
646be to delete one or more of the configuration files.</p>
647<p>If IDLE quits with no message, and it was not started from a console, try
Tal Einatd6c08db2020-01-06 01:51:48 +0200[diff] [blame^]648starting from a console (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">idlelib</span></code>) and see if a message appears.</p>
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]649</div>
Terry Jan Reedyf1d3efc2018-11-05 22:17:57 -0500[diff] [blame]650<div class="section" id="running-user-code">
651<h3>Running user code<a class="headerlink" href="#running-user-code" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy98758bc2017-09-12 09:05:16 -0400[diff] [blame]652<p>With rare exceptions, the result of executing Python code with IDLE is
Terry Jan Reedyf1d3efc2018-11-05 22:17:57 -0500[diff] [blame]653intended to be the same as executing the same code by the default method,
654directly with Python in a text-mode system console or terminal window.
Terry Jan Reedy98758bc2017-09-12 09:05:16 -0400[diff] [blame]655However, the different interface and operation occasionally affect
Terry Jan Reedyf1d3efc2018-11-05 22:17:57 -0500[diff] [blame]656visible results. For instance, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code> starts with more entries,
657and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading.activeCount()</span></code> returns 2 instead of 1.</p>
658<p>By default, IDLE runs user code in a separate OS process rather than in
659the user interface process that runs the shell and editor. In the execution
660process, it replaces <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code>
661with objects that get input from and send output to the Shell window.
662The original values stored in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.__stdin__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.__stdout__</span></code>, and
663<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.__stderr__</span></code> are not touched, but may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
664<p>When Shell has the focus, it controls the keyboard and screen. This is
Terry Jan Reedy98758bc2017-09-12 09:05:16 -0400[diff] [blame]665normally transparent, but functions that directly access the keyboard
Terry Jan Reedyf1d3efc2018-11-05 22:17:57 -0500[diff] [blame]666and screen will not work. These include system-specific functions that
667determine whether a key has been pressed and if so, which.</p>
668<p>IDLE’s standard stream replacements are not inherited by subprocesses
669created in the execution process, whether directly by user code or by modules
670such as multiprocessing. If such subprocess use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input</span></code> from sys.stdin
671or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write</span></code> to sys.stdout or sys.stderr,
672IDLE should be started in a command line window. The secondary subprocess
673will then be attached to that window for input and output.</p>
Tal Einatfcf1d002019-07-06 15:35:24 +0300[diff] [blame]674<p>The IDLE code running in the execution process adds frames to the call stack
675that would not be there otherwise. IDLE wraps <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.getrecursionlimit</span></code> and
Tal Einat7123ea02019-07-23 15:22:11 +0300[diff] [blame]676<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.setrecursionlimit</span></code> to reduce the effect of the additional stack frames.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyf1d3efc2018-11-05 22:17:57 -0500[diff] [blame]677<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> is reset by user code, such as with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.reload(sys)</span></code>,
678IDLE’s changes are lost and input from the keyboard and output to the screen
679will not work correctly.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy6d965b32019-05-19 22:52:22 -0400[diff] [blame]680<p>When user code raises SystemExit either directly or by calling sys.exit, IDLE
681returns to a Shell prompt instead of exiting.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]682</div>
Terry Jan Reedy75d9d592018-11-06 12:37:36 -0500[diff] [blame]683<div class="section" id="user-output-in-shell">
684<h3>User output in Shell<a class="headerlink" href="#user-output-in-shell" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
685<p>When a program outputs text, the result is determined by the
686corresponding output device. When IDLE executes user code, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code>
687and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code> are connected to the display area of IDLE’s Shell. Some of
688its features are inherited from the underlying Tk Text widget. Others
Terry Jan Reedy76cd0c32018-11-06 23:55:06 -0500[diff] [blame]689are programmed additions. Where it matters, Shell is designed for development
690rather than production runs.</p>
691<p>For instance, Shell never throws away output. A program that sends unlimited
692output to Shell will eventually fill memory, resulting in a memory error.
693In contrast, some system text windows only keep the last n lines of output.
694A Windows console, for instance, keeps a user-settable 1 to 9999 lines,
695with 300 the default.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy55d03512019-04-26 23:22:36 -0400[diff] [blame]696<p>A Tk Text widget, and hence IDLE’s Shell, displays characters (codepoints) in
697the BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane) subset of Unicode. Which characters are
698displayed with a proper glyph and which with a replacement box depends on the
699operating system and installed fonts. Tab characters cause the following text
700to begin after the next tab stop. (They occur every 8 ‘characters’). Newline
701characters cause following text to appear on a new line. Other control
702characters are ignored or displayed as a space, box, or something else,
703depending on the operating system and font. (Moving the text cursor through
704such output with arrow keys may exhibit some surprising spacing behavior.)</p>
705<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;a</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s1">b</span><span class="se">\a</span><span class="s1">&lt;</span><span class="se">\x02</span><span class="s1">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="se">\r</span><span class="s1">&gt;</span><span class="se">\b</span><span class="s1">c</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">d&#39;</span> <span class="c1"># Enter 22 chars.</span>
706<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
707<span class="go">14</span>
708<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="c1"># Display repr(s)</span>
709<span class="go">&#39;a\tb\x07&lt;\x02&gt;&lt;\r&gt;\x08c\nd&#39;</span>
710<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Display s as is.</span>
711<span class="go"># Result varies by OS and font. Try it.</span>
Terry Jan Reedy8a03ff22019-02-08 22:51:51 -0500[diff] [blame]712</pre></div>
713</div>
714<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr</span></code> function is used for interactive echo of expression
715values. It returns an altered version of the input string in which
716control codes, some BMP codepoints, and all non-BMP codepoints are
717replaced with escape codes. As demonstrated above, it allows one to
718identify the characters in a string, regardless of how they are displayed.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy75d9d592018-11-06 12:37:36 -0500[diff] [blame]719<p>Normal and error output are generally kept separate (on separate lines)
720from code input and each other. They each get different highlight colors.</p>
721<p>For SyntaxError tracebacks, the normal ‘^’ marking where the error was
722detected is replaced by coloring the text with an error highlight.
723When code run from a file causes other exceptions, one may right click
724on a traceback line to jump to the corresponding line in an IDLE editor.
725The file will be opened if necessary.</p>
726<p>Shell has a special facility for squeezing output lines down to a
727‘Squeezed text’ label. This is done automatically
728for output over N lines (N = 50 by default).
729N can be changed in the PyShell section of the General
730page of the Settings dialog. Output with fewer lines can be squeezed by
731right clicking on the output. This can be useful lines long enough to slow
732down scrolling.</p>
733<p>Squeezed output is expanded in place by double-clicking the label.
734It can also be sent to the clipboard or a separate view window by
735right-clicking the label.</p>
736</div>
Terry Jan Reedy98758bc2017-09-12 09:05:16 -0400[diff] [blame]737<div class="section" id="developing-tkinter-applications">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]738<h3>Developing tkinter applications<a class="headerlink" href="#developing-tkinter-applications" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy98758bc2017-09-12 09:05:16 -0400[diff] [blame]739<p>IDLE is intentionally different from standard Python in order to
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]740facilitate development of tkinter programs. Enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">tkinter</span> <span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">tk;</span>
Terry Jan Reedy98758bc2017-09-12 09:05:16 -0400[diff] [blame]741<span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">tk.Tk()</span></code> in standard Python and nothing appears. Enter the same
742in IDLE and a tk window appears. In standard Python, one must also enter
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]743<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root.update()</span></code> to see the window. IDLE does the equivalent in the
penguindustin96466302019-05-06 14:57:17 -0400[diff] [blame]744background, about 20 times a second, which is about every 50 milliseconds.
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]745Next enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">tk.Button(root,</span> <span class="pre">text='button');</span> <span class="pre">b.pack()</span></code>. Again,
746nothing visibly changes in standard Python until one enters <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root.update()</span></code>.</p>
747<p>Most tkinter programs run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root.mainloop()</span></code>, which usually does not
Terry Jan Reedy98758bc2017-09-12 09:05:16 -0400[diff] [blame]748return until the tk app is destroyed. If the program is run with
Terry Jan Reedyaf4b0132018-06-10 15:48:41 -0400[diff] [blame]749<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-i</span></code> or from an IDLE editor, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></code> shell prompt does not
750appear until <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mainloop()</span></code> returns, at which time there is nothing left
Terry Jan Reedy98758bc2017-09-12 09:05:16 -0400[diff] [blame]751to interact with.</p>
752<p>When running a tkinter program from an IDLE editor, one can comment out
753the mainloop call. One then gets a shell prompt immediately and can
754interact with the live application. One just has to remember to
755re-enable the mainloop call when running in standard Python.</p>
756</div>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]757<div class="section" id="running-without-a-subprocess">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]758<h3>Running without a subprocess<a class="headerlink" href="#running-without-a-subprocess" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]759<p>By default, IDLE executes user code in a separate subprocess via a socket,
Terry Jan Reedy6e10ec52015-09-23 20:00:33 -0400[diff] [blame]760which uses the internal loopback interface. This connection is not
761externally visible and no data is sent to or received from the Internet.
762If firewall software complains anyway, you can ignore it.</p>
763<p>If the attempt to make the socket connection fails, Idle will notify you.
764Such failures are sometimes transient, but if persistent, the problem
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]765may be either a firewall blocking the connection or misconfiguration of
Terry Jan Reedy6e10ec52015-09-23 20:00:33 -0400[diff] [blame]766a particular system. Until the problem is fixed, one can run Idle with
767the -n command line switch.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]768<p>If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a
769single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC
770Python execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot create
771the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However,
772in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, the
773environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. If
774your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and
775re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes
776are to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE
777with the default subprocess if at all possible.</p>
778<div class="deprecated">
Tal Einatfcf1d002019-07-06 15:35:24 +0300[diff] [blame]779<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 3.4.</span></p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]780</div>
781</div>
782</div>
783<div class="section" id="help-and-preferences">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]784<h2>Help and preferences<a class="headerlink" href="#help-and-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
Terry Jan Reedy18032632018-10-28 16:21:18 -0400[diff] [blame]785<div class="section" id="help-sources">
Cheryl Sabella01421be2018-12-20 00:38:54 -0500[diff] [blame]786<span id="id6"></span><h3>Help sources<a class="headerlink" href="#help-sources" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy18032632018-10-28 16:21:18 -0400[diff] [blame]787<p>Help menu entry “IDLE Help” displays a formatted html version of the
788IDLE chapter of the Library Reference. The result, in a read-only
789tkinter text window, is close to what one sees in a web browser.
790Navigate through the text with a mousewheel,
791the scrollbar, or up and down arrow keys held down.
792Or click the TOC (Table of Contents) button and select a section
793header in the opened box.</p>
794<p>Help menu entry “Python Docs” opens the extensive sources of help,
Tal Einatd6c08db2020-01-06 01:51:48 +0200[diff] [blame^]795including tutorials, available at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">docs.python.org/x.y</span></code>, where ‘x.y’
Terry Jan Reedy18032632018-10-28 16:21:18 -0400[diff] [blame]796is the currently running Python version. If your system
797has an off-line copy of the docs (this may be an installation option),
798that will be opened instead.</p>
799<p>Selected URLs can be added or removed from the help menu at any time using the
Tal Einatd6c08db2020-01-06 01:51:48 +0200[diff] [blame^]800General tab of the Configure IDLE dialog.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]801</div>
802<div class="section" id="setting-preferences">
Terry Jan Reedy292cd6e2018-12-20 06:06:29 -0500[diff] [blame]803<span id="preferences"></span><h3>Setting preferences<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]804<p>The font preferences, highlighting, keys, and general preferences can be
Terry Jan Reedy292cd6e2018-12-20 06:06:29 -0500[diff] [blame]805changed via Configure IDLE on the Option menu.
Tal Einatd6c08db2020-01-06 01:51:48 +0200[diff] [blame^]806Non-default user settings are saved in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.idlerc</span></code> directory in the user’s
Terry Jan Reedy292cd6e2018-12-20 06:06:29 -0500[diff] [blame]807home directory. Problems caused by bad user configuration files are solved
Tal Einatd6c08db2020-01-06 01:51:48 +0200[diff] [blame^]808by editing or deleting one or more of the files in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.idlerc</span></code>.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyd6101162019-02-23 23:04:53 -0500[diff] [blame]809<p>On the Font tab, see the text sample for the effect of font face and size
810on multiple characters in multiple languages. Edit the sample to add
811other characters of personal interest. Use the sample to select
812monospaced fonts. If particular characters have problems in Shell or an
813editor, add them to the top of the sample and try changing first size
814and then font.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy292cd6e2018-12-20 06:06:29 -0500[diff] [blame]815<p>On the Highlights and Keys tab, select a built-in or custom color theme
816and key set. To use a newer built-in color theme or key set with older
817IDLEs, save it as a new custom theme or key set and it well be accessible
818to older IDLEs.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]819</div>
Terry Jan Reedy50ff02b2018-11-10 23:26:31 -0500[diff] [blame]820<div class="section" id="idle-on-macos">
Terry Jan Reedyb65413b2018-11-15 13:15:13 -0500[diff] [blame]821<h3>IDLE on macOS<a class="headerlink" href="#idle-on-macos" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy50ff02b2018-11-10 23:26:31 -0500[diff] [blame]822<p>Under System Preferences: Dock, one can set “Prefer tabs when opening
823documents” to “Always”. This setting is not compatible with the tk/tkinter
824GUI framework used by IDLE, and it breaks a few IDLE features.</p>
825</div>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]826<div class="section" id="extensions">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]827<h3>Extensions<a class="headerlink" href="#extensions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
terryjreedy188aedf2017-06-13 21:32:16 -0400[diff] [blame]828<p>IDLE contains an extension facility. Preferences for extensions can be
Terry Jan Reedyadb4cd22017-09-12 07:45:15 -0400[diff] [blame]829changed with the Extensions tab of the preferences dialog. See the
830beginning of config-extensions.def in the idlelib directory for further
831information. The only current default extension is zzdummy, an example
Terry Jan Reedy98758bc2017-09-12 09:05:16 -0400[diff] [blame]832also used for testing.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]833</div>
834</div>
835</div>
836
837
838 </div>
839 </div>
840 </div>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame]841 <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]842 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]843 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]844 <ul>
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]845<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">IDLE</a><ul>
846<li><a class="reference internal" href="#menus">Menus</a><ul>
847<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-menu-shell-and-editor">File menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
848<li><a class="reference internal" href="#edit-menu-shell-and-editor">Edit menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
849<li><a class="reference internal" href="#format-menu-editor-window-only">Format menu (Editor window only)</a></li>
850<li><a class="reference internal" href="#run-menu-editor-window-only">Run menu (Editor window only)</a></li>
851<li><a class="reference internal" href="#shell-menu-shell-window-only">Shell menu (Shell window only)</a></li>
852<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debug-menu-shell-window-only">Debug menu (Shell window only)</a></li>
853<li><a class="reference internal" href="#options-menu-shell-and-editor">Options menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
854<li><a class="reference internal" href="#window-menu-shell-and-editor">Window menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
855<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-menu-shell-and-editor">Help menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
856<li><a class="reference internal" href="#context-menus">Context Menus</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]857</ul>
858</li>
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]859<li><a class="reference internal" href="#editing-and-navigation">Editing and navigation</a><ul>
Terry Jan Reedyea9c8bd2018-10-28 20:42:18 -0400[diff] [blame]860<li><a class="reference internal" href="#editor-windows">Editor windows</a></li>
861<li><a class="reference internal" href="#key-bindings">Key bindings</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]862<li><a class="reference internal" href="#automatic-indentation">Automatic indentation</a></li>
863<li><a class="reference internal" href="#completions">Completions</a></li>
864<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calltips">Calltips</a></li>
Cheryl Sabella01421be2018-12-20 00:38:54 -0500[diff] [blame]865<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-context">Code Context</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]866<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-shell-window">Python Shell window</a></li>
867<li><a class="reference internal" href="#text-colors">Text colors</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]868</ul>
869</li>
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]870<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startup-and-code-execution">Startup and code execution</a><ul>
871<li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-usage">Command line usage</a></li>
872<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startup-failure">Startup failure</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedyf1d3efc2018-11-05 22:17:57 -0500[diff] [blame]873<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-user-code">Running user code</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedy75d9d592018-11-06 12:37:36 -0500[diff] [blame]874<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-output-in-shell">User output in Shell</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]875<li><a class="reference internal" href="#developing-tkinter-applications">Developing tkinter applications</a></li>
876<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-without-a-subprocess">Running without a subprocess</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]877</ul>
878</li>
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]879<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-and-preferences">Help and preferences</a><ul>
Terry Jan Reedy18032632018-10-28 16:21:18 -0400[diff] [blame]880<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-sources">Help sources</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]881<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-preferences">Setting preferences</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedyb65413b2018-11-15 13:15:13 -0500[diff] [blame]882<li><a class="reference internal" href="#idle-on-macos">IDLE on macOS</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]883<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extensions">Extensions</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]884</ul>
885</li>
886</ul>
887</li>
888</ul>
889
890 <h4>Previous topic</h4>
Terry Jan Reedy6bf644e2019-11-24 16:29:29 -0500[diff] [blame]891 <p class="topless"><a href="tkinter.tix.html"
892 title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.tix</span></code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a></p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]893 <h4>Next topic</h4>
894 <p class="topless"><a href="othergui.html"
Terry Jan Reedydb40cb52018-10-28 01:21:36 -0400[diff] [blame]895 title="next chapter">Other Graphical User Interface Packages</a></p>
Terry Jan Reedy4b736762016-09-12 01:50:03 -0400[diff] [blame]896 <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
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Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]912 <h3>Navigation</h3>
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Terry Jan Reedy6bf644e2019-11-24 16:29:29 -0500[diff] [blame]933 <a href="../index.html">3.9.0a1 Documentation</a> &#187;
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