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Guido van Rossum462a5491998-04-10 21:36:04 +00001This is Python release 1.5.1
2============================
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +00003
Guido van Rossumd92fb161998-06-11 15:17:53 +00004This version is officially released on Tuesday, April 14, 1998. It is
Guido van Rossum462a5491998-04-10 21:36:04 +00005mostly a bugfix release on Python 1.5.
Guido van Rossum79808261997-12-11 18:01:47 +00006
7
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +00008What's new in this release?
9---------------------------
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +000010
Guido van Rossum462a5491998-04-10 21:36:04 +000011See the Misc/NEWS file. Nothing spectacular this time, only small
12changes (as you would expect from a release called "1.5.1").
Guido van Rossum33fde571997-05-09 02:40:09 +000013
Guido van Rossum462a5491998-04-10 21:36:04 +000014One big organizational change: the documentation sources have been
15unbundled. We will release a version of the Doc subtree separately,
16but probably not simultaneously with the source release.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000017
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000018
19If you don't read instructions
20------------------------------
21
22Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
23
24To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
25current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
26Build Instructions below is still recommended reading. :-)
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +000027
28
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000029What is Python anyway?
30----------------------
31
32Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, and is
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000033often compared to Tcl, Perl, Java or Scheme. To find out more, point
34your browser to http://www.python.org/.
35
36
37A modest plug
38-------------
39
40************************************************************************
41* Without your support, I won't be able to continue to work on Python! *
42************************************************************************
43
44If you use Python, please consider joining the Python Software
45Activity (PSA). See http://www.python.org/psa/.
46
47Organizations that make heavy use of Python are especially encouraged
48to become corporate members!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000049
50
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000051How do I learn Python?
52----------------------
53
54The official tutorial is still a good place to start (in the Doc
55directory as tut.tex; and http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html).
56Aaron Watters wrote a second tutorial, that may be more accessible for
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000057some: http://www.wcmh.com/uworld/archives/95/tutorial/005.html. Both
58tutorials (as well as most other sources) assume that you already know
59how to program -- if you'd like to write "Python for Dummies", I know
60a publisher who would like to talk to you...
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000061
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000062There are now also several books on Python. While these are still
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000063based on Python 1.3 or 1.4, the information in them is still 99%
64correct. The first two books, both first published in October 1996
65and both including a CD-ROM, form excellent companions to each other:
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000066
67 Internet Programming with Python
68 by Aaron Watters, Guido van Rossum, and James Ahlstrom
69 MIS Press/Henry Holt publishers
70 ISBN: 1-55851-484-8
71
72 Programming Python
73 by Mark Lutz
74 O'Reilly & Associates
75 ISBN: 1-56592-197-6
76
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000077If you can read German, try:
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +000078
79 Das Python-Buch
80 by Martin von Loewis and Nils Fischbeck
81 Addison-Wesley-Longman, 1997
82 ISBN: 3-8273-1110-1
83
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +000084
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000085Copyright issues
86----------------
87
88Python is COPYRIGHTED but free to use for all. See the full copyright
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000089notice at the end of this file and in the file Misc/COPYRIGHT.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000090
91The Python distribution is *not* affected by the GNU Public Licence
92(GPL). There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +000093optional and no GNU code is distributed with Python.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000094
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000095
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +000096Build instructions
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +000097==================
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +000098
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +000099Before you can build Python, you must first configure it.
100Fortunately, the configuration and build process has been streamlined
101for most Unix installations, so all you have to do is type a few
102commands, optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some
103platforms where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform
104specific notes below. If you want to build for multiple platforms
105sharing the same source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000106
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000107You start by running the script "./configure", which figures out your
108system configuration and creates several Makefiles. (It takes a
109minute or two -- please be patient!) When it's done, you are ready to
110run make. You may want to pass options to the configure script -- see
111the section below on configuration options and variables.
112
113To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory.
114This will recursively run make in each of the subdirectories Parser,
115Objects, Python and Modules, creating a library file in each one. The
116executable of the interpreter is built in the Modules subdirectory and
117moved up here when it is built. If you want or need to, you can also
118chdir into each subdirectory in turn and run make there manually (do
119the Modules subdirectory last!).
120
121Once you have built an interpreter, see the subsections below on
122testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
123in trouble, see the next section.
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000124
Guido van Rossum0a516c91994-09-12 10:58:40 +0000125
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000126Troubleshooting
127---------------
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000128
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000129See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
130
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000131If recursive makes fail, try invoking make as "make MAKE=make".
132
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000133If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
134(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
135http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
136and how to fix it.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000137
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000138If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
139object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
140not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
141problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
142
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000143If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000144should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
145configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
146
147If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
148longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
149whether this option is needed; all I can do is test whether it is
150accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
151is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
152which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
153warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
154the OPT variable.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000155
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000156
157Platform specific notes
158-----------------------
159
Guido van Rossum0447a321995-10-08 01:22:33 +0000160(Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
161on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here, let
162me know so I can remove them!)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000163
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +000016464-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
165 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
166 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
167 fix, let me know!)
168
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000169Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
170 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
171 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
172 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
173 script).
174
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000175Linux: On Linux version 1.x, once you've built Python, use it to run
176 the regen script in the Lib/linux1 directory. Apparently
177 the files as distributed don't match the system headers on
178 some Linux versions. (The "h2py" command refers to
179 Tools/scripts/h2py.py.) The modules distributed for Linux 2.x
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000180 should be okay. Shared library support now works by default
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000181 on ELF-based x86 Linux systems. (Note: when you change the
182 status of a module from static to shared, you must remove its
183 .o file or do a "make clean".)
184
Fred Drake61280911997-12-08 14:10:40 +0000185 Under RedHat Linux 5.0, if upgraded from a previous version,
186 remove the LinuxThreads packages. This is needed because
187 LinuxThreads conflicts with the new thread support provided by
188 glibc. Before running Python's configure script, use the
189 following commands as root (version numbers may differ; these
190 are from a stock 4.2 install):
191
192 % rpm -qa | grep ^linuxthread
193 linuxthreads-0.5-1
194 linuxthreads-devel-0.5-1
195 % rpm -e linuxthreads linuxthreads-devel
196
197 While Python only needs this to be done to allow thread
198 support to be included, the conflicts these packages create
199 with the new glibc may cause other packages which use threads
200 to fail as well, so their removal is a good idea regardless of
201 how you configure python.
202
203 Also under RedHat Linux 5.0, the crypt module now needs the
204 -lcrypt option. Uncomment this flag in Modules/Setup, or
205 comment out the crypt module in the same file.
206
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000207DEC Unix: When enabling threads, use --with-dec-threads, not
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000208 --with-thread. When using GCC, it is possible to get an
209 internal compiler error if optimization is used. This was
210 reported for GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile
211 the affected file without optimization to solve the problem.
Guido van Rossum8eca2c21996-02-14 18:37:46 +0000212
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000213AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
Guido van Rossumcbfcb171997-10-20 22:57:00 +0000214 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000215 (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases
216 has been worked around by a minimal code change.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000217
Guido van Rossum2094e041998-05-14 15:47:35 +0000218HP-UX: Please read the file Misc/HPUX-NOTES.
219
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000220Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000221
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000222SCO: The following only apply to SCO 3; Python builds out of the box
223 on SCO 5 (or so I've heard).
224
225 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000226 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000227 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000228 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
229
230 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
231 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
232 needed be set to:
233
234 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
235
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000236SunOS 4.x: When using the standard "cc" compiler, certain modules may
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000237 not be compilable because they use non-K&R syntax. You should
238 be able to get a basic Python interpreter by commenting out
239 such modules in the Modules/Setup file, but I really recommend
240 using gcc.
241
242 When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
243 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
244 Sunisms.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000245
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000246NeXT: To build fat binaries, use the --with-next-archs switch
247 described below.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000248
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000249QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
250 configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on
251 ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build,
252 test and install Python 1.5 under QNX:
253
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000254 1) CONFIG_SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc RANLIB=: \
255 ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm=""
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000256
257 2) copy Modules/Setup.in to Modules/Setup; edit Modules/Setup to
258 activate everything that makes sense for your system... tested
259 here at QNX with the following modules:
260
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000261 array, audioop, binascii, cPickle, cStringIO, cmath, crypt, curses,
262 errno, fcntl, gdbm, grp, imageop, _locale, math, md5, new, operator,
263 parser, pcre, posix, pwd, readline, regex, reop, rgbimg, rotor,
264 select, signal, socket, soundex, strop, struct, syslog, termios,
265 time, timing, zlib
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000266
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000267 Newly compiled/tested in 1.5.1:
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000268
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000269 audioop, imageop, rgbimgmodule
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000270
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000271 3) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash
272
273 or, if you feel the need for speed:
274
275 make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash OPT="-5 -Oil+nrt"
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000276
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000277 4) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test
278
279 The socket test might fail in the test harness; going through it by
280 hand shows that they work.
281
282 A good exercise for the reader: make this work "out of the box".
283
284 Using GNU readline 2.2 seems to behave strangely, but I think that's
285 a problem with my readline 2.2 port. :-\
286
287 5) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install
Guido van Rossumb7f454d1997-12-02 19:44:31 +0000288
289 If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but I've
290 only run small programs and the test cases), you're probably running
291 out of stack; the default 32k could be a little tight. To increase
292 the stack size, edit the Makefile in the Modules directory to read:
Guido van Rossum40d63581997-08-14 19:45:30 +0000293 LDFLAGS = -N 48k
294
Guido van Rossumec95c7b1998-08-04 17:59:56 +0000295BeOS: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
296 See BeOS/README for notes about compiling/installing Python on
297 BeOS R3 or later. Note that only the PowerPC platform is supported
298 at this time, but feel free to try building it on x86.
299
Guido van Rossum1bf0bf41997-08-20 23:50:51 +0000300Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
301 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something that
302 the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work fine.
303 2) Uncomment modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will crash
304 the interpreter during the test suite).
305 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and binascii),
306 but these are not the modules you'd expect to need on a Cray.
307
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000308SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
309 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
310 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
311 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000312 smarter "smake " utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
313 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
314 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
Guido van Rossum0078aaf1997-08-21 03:05:11 +0000315
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000316 A bug in the MIPSpro 7.1 compiler's optimizer seems to break
317 Modules/pypcre.c. The short term solution is to compile it
Guido van Rossum0dd010a1998-06-30 16:58:58 +0000318 without optimization. The bug is fixed in version 7.2.1 of
319 the compiler.
Guido van Rossum9ac9a261998-02-16 22:19:21 +0000320
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000321OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
322 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
323 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
324 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
325
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000326
Guido van Rossumdc8a3cb1998-05-12 15:29:18 +0000327Configuring threads
328-------------------
329
330The main switch to configure threads is to run the configure script
331(see below) with the --with-thread switch (on DEC, use
332--with-dec-threads). Unfortunately, on some platforms, additional
333compiler and/or linker options are required. Below is a table of
334those options, collected by Bill Janssen. I would love to automate
335this process more, but the information below is not enough to write a
336patch for the configure.in file, so manual intervention is required.
337If you patch the configure.in file and are confident that the patch
338works, please send me the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure
339script itself -- it is regenerated each the configure.in file
340changes.)
341
342Compiler switches for threads
343.............................
344
345 OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads
346 (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) (1) compile only (2) compile & link
347
348 SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -mt
349 SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT
350 DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
351 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
352 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -threads
353 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
354 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX (1) -D_REENTRANT (2) -pthread
355 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
356 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing)
357 (buhrt@iquest.net)
358 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing)
359 (buhrt@iquest.net)
360 IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing)
361 (robertl@cwi.nl)
362
363
364Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads
365...........................................
366
367 OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads
368
369 SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread
370 SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread
371 DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc
372 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
373 Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
374 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
375 Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
376 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
377 AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing)
378 (buhrt@iquest.net)
379 IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread
380 (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com)
381
382
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000383Configuring additional built-in modules
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000384---------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum19e0c261995-01-17 16:36:34 +0000385
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000386You can configure the interpreter to contain fewer or more built-in
387modules by editing the file Modules/Setup. This file is initially
388copied (when the toplevel Makefile makes Modules/Makefile for the
389first time) from Setup.in; if it does not exist yet, make a copy
390yourself. Never edit Setup.in -- always edit Setup. Read the
391comments in the file for information on what kind of edits you can
392make. When you have edited Setup, Makefile and config.c in Modules
393will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000394toplevel directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use
395"make Makefile; make".)
Guido van Rossum627b2d71993-12-24 10:39:16 +0000396
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000397The default collection of modules should build on any Unix system, but
398many optional modules should work on all modern Unices (e.g. try dbm,
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000399nis, termios, timing, syslog, curses, new, soundex, parser). Often
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000400the quickest way to determine whether a particular module works or not
401is to see if it will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get
402compilation or link errors, disable it -- you're missing support.
403
404On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
405system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware.
406
407For SunOS and Solaris, enable module "sunaudiodev" to support the
408audio device.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000409
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000410In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
411(the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
412convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
413installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
414file.
415
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000416
417Setting the optimization/debugging options
418------------------------------------------
419
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000420If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
421the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
422command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
423on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
424environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
425(likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
426set of libraries to link with).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000427
428
429Testing
430-------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000431
432To test the interpreter that you have just built, type "make test".
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000433This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
434the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
435produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
436skipped tests due to an optional feature that can't be imported (if
437you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them).
438If a messages is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
Guido van Rossum24df6841997-12-30 04:32:30 +0000439dump is produced, something's wrong. On some Linux systems (those
440that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
441non-standard-compliant implementation of strftime() in the C library.
442Please ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000443
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000444IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
445*don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000446test that fails manually, as follows:
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000447
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000448 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000449
450(substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
Guido van Rossum6ae5d3d1997-05-14 21:39:05 +0000451different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000452
453
454Installing
455----------
456
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000457To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
458(see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000459just type
460
461 make install
462
463This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories the
464directory given with the --prefix option to configure or the 'prefix'
465Make variable (default /usr/local), and all binary and other
466platform-specific files in subdirectories if the directory given by
467--exec-prefix or the 'exec_prefix' Make variable (defaults to the
468--prefix directory).
469
470All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
471name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
472"/usr/local/lib/python1.5/" by default. The Python binary is
473installed as "python1.5" and a hard link named "python" is created.
474The only file not installed with a version number in its name is the
475manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1" by default.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000476
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000477If you have a previous installation of a pre-1.5 Python that you don't
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000478want to replace yet, use
479
480 make altinstall
481
482This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
483doesn't create the hard link to "python1.5" named "python" and it
484doesn't install the manual page at all.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000485
486The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
487Emacs. (But then again, more recent versions of Emacs may already
488have it!) This is the file Misc/python-mode.el; follow the
489instructions that came with Emacs for installation of site specific
490files.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000491
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000492
493Configuration options and variables
494-----------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000495
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000496Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
497script.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000498
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000499WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
500must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
501after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000502Modules/getpath.o.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000503
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000504--with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
505 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
506 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
507 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
508 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
509 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
510 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
511 option.
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000512
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000513--prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
514 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
515 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
516 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
517 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
518 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
519 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
520 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
521 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
522 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
523 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
524 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
525 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
526 about the install prefix...
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000527
Guido van Rossumb06df271997-08-05 21:50:20 +0000528--with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
529 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000530
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000531--with-thread: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple threads.
Guido van Rossum4462e931997-01-22 21:00:32 +0000532 To enable this, pass --with-thread. (--with-threads is an
533 alias.) If the library required for threads lives in a
Guido van Rossum8d90f9d1997-05-22 20:13:25 +0000534 peculiar place, you can use --with-thread=DIRECTORY. NOTE:
535 you must also enable the thread module by uncommenting it in
536 the Modules/Setup file. (Threads aren't enabled automatically
537 because there are run-time penalties when support for them is
538 compiled in even if you don't use them.) IMPORTANT: run "make
539 clean" after changing (either enabling or disabling) this
Guido van Rossum0e13da91998-02-22 04:36:34 +0000540 option, or you will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use
541 --with-dec-threads instead.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000542
543--with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
544 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000545 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000546 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
547 library!) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
548 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
549 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
550 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
551
552--with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumoured to be supported
553 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
554 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
555 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000556 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000557 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
558 can be found at
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000559 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000560 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call the
561 configure passing it the option
562 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
563 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
564 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
565 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
566 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
567 deprecated.
568
569--with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
570 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
571 (default the empty string) using the options
572 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. E.g.
573 if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler
574 to use the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s.
575 These libraries are passed after all other libraries, the C
576 library last.
Guido van Rossum3ff96dd1996-07-30 18:05:04 +0000577
578--with-next-archs='arch1 arch2': Under NEXTSTEP, this will build
579 all compiled binaries with the architectures listed. Includes
580 correctly setting the target architecture specific resource
Guido van Rossumcc55c2d1996-10-21 15:14:27 +0000581 directory. (This option is not supported on other platforms.)
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000582
Guido van Rossumd02ba451996-07-31 17:36:01 +0000583--with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python
584 linked against.
585
Guido van Rossum76be6ed1995-01-02 18:33:54 +0000586
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000587Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
588-------------------------------------------------------------
589
590If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
591usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
592architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
593VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
594architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
595appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
596necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
597contain a line VPATH=... which points to directory containing the
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000598actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
599you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000600
601For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
602in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
603directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
604
605 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
606 $ cd /usr/tmp/python
607 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
608 [...]
609 $ make
610 [...]
611 $
612
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000613Note that Modules/Makefile copies the original Setup file to the build
614directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
615edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
616reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
617automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
618of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
619makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
620fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
621doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
622however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
623
624
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000625Building on non-UNIX systems
626----------------------------
627
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000628Building Python for a PC is now a piece of cake!
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000629
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000630Enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt". Most popular
631non-Unix PC platforms and compilers are supported (Unix ports to the
632PC such as Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris-x86 of course use the standard
633Unix build instructions).
634
635For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
636for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
637development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
638(http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
639pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
640
641Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
642platforms -- see http://www.python.org/python/.
643
644To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
645effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
646has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000647config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
648configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
6491 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
650otherwise; however RETSIGTYPE must always be defined, either as int or
651as void, and the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000652int if they need to be defined at all.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000653
654
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000655
656Miscellaneous issues
657====================
658
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000659Documentation
660-------------
661
662All documentation is provided in the subdirectory Doc in the form of
663LaTeX files. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial (tut),
664Library Reference (lib), Language Reference (ref), Extending (ext).
665Especially the Library Reference is of immense value since much of
666Python's power (including the built-in data types and functions!) is
667described here.
668
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000669To print the documentation from the LaTeX files, chdir into the Doc
670subdirectory, type "make" (let's hope you have LaTeX installed!), and
671send the four resulting PostScript files (tut.ps, lib.ps, ref.ps, and
672ext.ps) to the printer. See the README file there. If you don't have
673LaTeX, you can ftp the PostScript files from the ftp archives (see
674below).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000675
Guido van Rossumdfcf35d1996-08-26 17:52:09 +0000676All documentation is also available on-line via the Python web site
677(http://www.python.org/, see below). It can also be downloaded
678separately from the ftp archives (see below) in Emacs INFO, HTML or
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000679PostScript form -- see the web site or the FAQ
680(http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
681http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for more info.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000682
683
684Emacs mode
685----------
686
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000687There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
688Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
689is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw
Barry Warsawfe216b71998-05-29 20:56:34 +0000690<bwarsaw@cnri.reston.va.us>. The latest version, along with various
691other contributed Python-related Emacs goodies, is online at
692<http://www.python.org/emacs/python-mode>. And if you are planning to
693edit the Python C code, please pick up the latest version of CC Mode
694<http://www.python.org/emacs/cc-mode>; it contains a "python" style
695used throughout most of the Python C source files.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000696
697
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000698Web site
699--------
700
701Python's own web site has URL http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000702There are a number of mirrors, and a list of mirrors is accessible
703from the home page -- try a mirror that's close you you.
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000704
705
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000706Ftp site
707--------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000708
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000709Python's own ftp site is ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/. There are
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000710numerous mirrors; the list of mirrors is accessible from
711http://www.python.org/.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000712
713
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000714Newsgroups
715----------
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000716
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000717Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about
718Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup
719for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as
720mailing lists, see the next item.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000721
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000722Archives are accessible via Deja News; the Python website has a
723query form for the archives at http://www.python.org/search/.
724
725
726Mailing lists
727-------------
728
729See http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for an overview of the
730many Python related mailing lists.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000731
732
733Bug reports
734-----------
735
Guido van Rossuma16e2751998-04-13 20:14:05 +0000736Bugs are best reported to the comp.lang.python newsgroup (or the
737Python mailing list) -- see the section "Newsgroups" above. Before
738posting, check the newsgroup archives (see above) to see if your bug
739has already been reported! If you don't want to go public, send them
740to me: <guido@python.org>.
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000741
742
743Questions
744---------
745
Guido van Rossum49523691997-08-15 18:30:14 +0000746For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
747best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
748above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000749mailing list, send questions to <python-help@python.org> (a group of
750volunteers which does *not* include me). Because of my work and email
751volume, I'm often be slow in answering questions sent to me directly;
752I prefer to answer questions posted to the newsgroup.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000753
754
755The Tk interface
756----------------
757
758Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
759also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000760install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default. Python
761supports all Tcl/Tk versions from version 7.5/4.1 through 8.0 (and it
762is expected that it will also work with newer versions). Tcl/Tk
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +00007637.4/4.0 is no longer supported. 8.0 or any later non-alpha non-beta
764release is recommended.
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000765
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000766See http://sunscript.sun.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including the
767on-line manual pages.
768
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000769
770To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000771Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup in your favorite text editor and
772search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
773there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
774will have to edit the first line to fix or add -I and -L options.
775(Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000776
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000777There is little documentation on how to use Tkinter; however most of
778the Tk manual pages apply quite straightforwardly. Begin with
779fetching the "Tk Lifesaver" document,
780e.g. ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python/doc/tkinter-doc.tar.gz (a gzipped
781tar file containing a PostScript file) or the on-line version
782http://www.python.org/doc/life-preserver/index.html. Reading the
783Tkinter.py source will reveal most details on how Tkinter calls are
784translated into Tcl code.
785
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000786A more recent introduction to Tkinter programming, by Fredrik Lundh,
787is at http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/index.htm.
788
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000789There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
790guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
791overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000792
793Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000794lives in Lib/tkinter/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
795(lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
796Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications only import the
797Python Tkinter module -- only the latter uses the C _tkinter module
798directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
799and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
800Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
801sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
802file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
803("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
804the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
805or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
Guido van Rossum84c8c7f1995-08-28 02:44:24 +0000806
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000807
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000808Distribution structure
809----------------------
810
811Most subdirectories have their own README file. Most files have
812comments.
813
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000814Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
815Doc/ Documentation (LaTeX sources)
816Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
817Include/ Public header files
818Lib/ Python library modules
819Makefile.in Source from which config.status creates Makefile
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000820Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000821Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
822Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
Guido van Rossum64773801997-11-26 17:07:02 +0000823PC/ PC porting files (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
824PCbuild/ Directory where you should build for Windows NT/95
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000825Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
826Python/ The "compiler" and interpreter
827README The file you're reading now
828Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
829acconfig.h Additional input for the autoheader program
830config.h.in Source from which config.status creates config.h
831configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
832configure.in Configuration specification (GNU autoconf input)
833install-sh Shell script used to install files
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000834
835The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
836the configuration and build processes:
837
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000838Makefile Build rules
839config.cache cache of configuration variables
840config.h Configuration header
Guido van Rossumc0be2f51997-10-08 05:05:28 +0000841config.log Log from last configure run
842config.status Status from last run of configure script
843libpython1.5.a The library archive
Guido van Rossum6d9cc801996-08-01 17:31:22 +0000844python The executable interpreter
845tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000846
847
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000848Author's address
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000849================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000850
851Guido van Rossum
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000852CNRI
8531895 Preston White Drive
Guido van Rossum8d7d4ed1996-07-30 21:41:07 +0000854Reston, VA 20191
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000855USA
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000856
Guido van Rossumd0fe8451996-08-26 03:02:37 +0000857E-mail: guido@cnri.reston.va.us or guido@python.org
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000858
859
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000860
861Copyright notice
862================
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000863
864The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000865as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice:
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000866
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000867----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossumaf5b83e1995-01-04 19:02:35 +0000868Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam,
869The Netherlands.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000870
871 All Rights Reserved
872
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000873Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
874documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000875provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
Guido van Rossumc561e5d1994-08-23 13:52:46 +0000876both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000877supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000878Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or
879CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
880distribution of the software without specific, written prior
881permission.
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000882
Guido van Rossumf501b4e1996-10-25 14:32:48 +0000883While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version
884is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives
885(CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org.
886
887STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
888REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
889MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH
890CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
891DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
892PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
893TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
894PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
Guido van Rossum91cb9d21995-04-10 11:47:38 +0000895----------------------------------------------------------------------
Guido van Rossum433c8ad1994-08-01 12:07:07 +0000896
897
Guido van Rossumfaf681a1996-06-20 14:32:08 +0000898--Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)