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Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]9 <title>25.5. IDLE &mdash; Python 3.5.1 documentation</title>
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Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]76 <div class="section" id="idle">
77<span id="id1"></span><h1>25.5. IDLE<a class="headerlink" href="#idle" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
Terry Jan Reedyd4705272015-10-02 23:22:59 -0400[diff] [blame]78<p id="index-0">IDLE is Python&#8217;s Integrated Development and Learning Environment.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]79<p>IDLE has the following features:</p>
80<ul class="simple">
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]81<li>coded in 100% pure Python, using the <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> GUI toolkit</li>
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]82<li>cross-platform: works mostly the same on Windows, Unix, and Mac OS X</li>
Terry Jan Reedy6e10ec52015-09-23 20:00:33 -0400[diff] [blame]83<li>Python shell window (interactive interpreter) with colorizing
84of code input, output, and error messages</li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]85<li>multi-window text editor with multiple undo, Python colorizing,
Terry Jan Reedy6e10ec52015-09-23 20:00:33 -0400[diff] [blame]86smart indent, call tips, auto completion, and other features</li>
87<li>search within any window, replace within editor windows, and search
88through multiple files (grep)</li>
89<li>debugger with persistent breakpoints, stepping, and viewing
90of global and local namespaces</li>
91<li>configuration, browsers, and other dialogs</li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]92</ul>
93<div class="section" id="menus">
94<h2>25.5.1. Menus<a class="headerlink" href="#menus" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
95<p>IDLE has two main window types, the Shell window and the Editor window. It is
96possible to have multiple editor windows simultaneously. Output windows, such
97as used for Edit / Find in Files, are a subtype of edit window. They currently
98have the same top menu as Editor windows but a different default title and
99context menu.</p>
100<p>IDLE&#8217;s menus dynamically change based on which window is currently selected.
101Each menu documented below indicates which window type it is associated with.</p>
102<div class="section" id="file-menu-shell-and-editor">
103<h3>25.5.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#file-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
104<dl class="docutils">
105<dt>New File</dt>
106<dd>Create a new file editing window.</dd>
107<dt>Open...</dt>
108<dd>Open an existing file with an Open dialog.</dd>
109<dt>Recent Files</dt>
110<dd>Open a list of recent files. Click one to open it.</dd>
111<dt>Open Module...</dt>
112<dd>Open an existing module (searches sys.path).</dd>
113</dl>
114<dl class="docutils" id="index-1">
115<dt>Class Browser</dt>
116<dd>Show functions, classes, and methods in the current Editor file in a
117tree structure. In the shell, open a module first.</dd>
118<dt>Path Browser</dt>
119<dd>Show sys.path directories, modules, functions, classes and methods in a
120tree structure.</dd>
121<dt>Save</dt>
122<dd>Save the current window to the associated file, if there is one. Windows
123that have been changed since being opened or last saved have a * before
124and after the window title. If there is no associated file,
125do Save As instead.</dd>
126<dt>Save As...</dt>
127<dd>Save the current window with a Save As dialog. The file saved becomes the
128new associated file for the window.</dd>
129<dt>Save Copy As...</dt>
130<dd>Save the current window to different file without changing the associated
131file.</dd>
132<dt>Print Window</dt>
133<dd>Print the current window to the default printer.</dd>
134<dt>Close</dt>
135<dd>Close the current window (ask to save if unsaved).</dd>
136<dt>Exit</dt>
137<dd>Close all windows and quit IDLE (ask to save unsaved windows).</dd>
138</dl>
139</div>
140<div class="section" id="edit-menu-shell-and-editor">
141<h3>25.5.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#edit-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
142<dl class="docutils">
143<dt>Undo</dt>
144<dd>Undo the last change to the current window. A maximum of 1000 changes may
145be undone.</dd>
146<dt>Redo</dt>
147<dd>Redo the last undone change to the current window.</dd>
148<dt>Cut</dt>
149<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.</dd>
150<dt>Copy</dt>
151<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.</dd>
152<dt>Paste</dt>
153<dd>Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.</dd>
154</dl>
155<p>The clipboard functions are also available in context menus.</p>
156<dl class="docutils">
157<dt>Select All</dt>
158<dd>Select the entire contents of the current window.</dd>
159<dt>Find...</dt>
160<dd>Open a search dialog with many options</dd>
161<dt>Find Again</dt>
162<dd>Repeat the last search, if there is one.</dd>
163<dt>Find Selection</dt>
164<dd>Search for the currently selected string, if there is one.</dd>
165<dt>Find in Files...</dt>
166<dd>Open a file search dialog. Put results in an new output window.</dd>
167<dt>Replace...</dt>
168<dd>Open a search-and-replace dialog.</dd>
169<dt>Go to Line</dt>
170<dd>Move cursor to the line number requested and make that line visible.</dd>
171<dt>Show Completions</dt>
172<dd>Open a scrollable list allowing selection of keywords and attributes. See
173Completions in the Tips sections below.</dd>
174<dt>Expand Word</dt>
175<dd>Expand a prefix you have typed to match a full word in the same window;
176repeat to get a different expansion.</dd>
177<dt>Show call tip</dt>
178<dd>After an unclosed parenthesis for a function, open a small window with
179function parameter hints.</dd>
180<dt>Show surrounding parens</dt>
181<dd>Highlight the surrounding parenthesis.</dd>
182</dl>
183</div>
184<div class="section" id="format-menu-editor-window-only">
185<h3>25.5.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#format-menu-editor-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
186<dl class="docutils">
187<dt>Indent Region</dt>
188<dd>Shift selected lines right by the indent width (default 4 spaces).</dd>
189<dt>Dedent Region</dt>
190<dd>Shift selected lines left by the indent width (default 4 spaces).</dd>
191<dt>Comment Out Region</dt>
192<dd>Insert ## in front of selected lines.</dd>
193<dt>Uncomment Region</dt>
194<dd>Remove leading # or ## from selected lines.</dd>
195<dt>Tabify Region</dt>
196<dd>Turn <em>leading</em> stretches of spaces into tabs. (Note: We recommend using
1974 space blocks to indent Python code.)</dd>
198<dt>Untabify Region</dt>
199<dd>Turn <em>all</em> tabs into the correct number of spaces.</dd>
200<dt>Toggle Tabs</dt>
201<dd>Open a dialog to switch between indenting with spaces and tabs.</dd>
202<dt>New Indent Width</dt>
203<dd>Open a dialog to change indent width. The accepted default by the Python
204community is 4 spaces.</dd>
205<dt>Format Paragraph</dt>
206<dd>Reformat the current blank-line-delimited paragraph in comment block or
207multiline string or selected line in a string. All lines in the
208paragraph will be formatted to less than N columns, where N defaults to 72.</dd>
209<dt>Strip trailing whitespace</dt>
210<dd>Remove any space characters after the last non-space character of a line.</dd>
211</dl>
212</div>
213<div class="section" id="run-menu-editor-window-only">
214<span id="index-2"></span><h3>25.5.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#run-menu-editor-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
215<dl class="docutils">
216<dt>Python Shell</dt>
217<dd>Open or wake up the Python Shell window.</dd>
218<dt>Check Module</dt>
219<dd>Check the syntax of the module currently open in the Editor window. If the
220module has not been saved IDLE will either prompt the user to save or
221autosave, as selected in the General tab of the Idle Settings dialog. If
222there is a syntax error, the approximate location is indicated in the
223Editor window.</dd>
224<dt>Run Module</dt>
225<dd>Do Check Module (above). If no error, restart the shell to clean the
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]226environment, then execute the module. Output is displayed in the Shell
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]227window. Note that output requires use of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write</span></code>.
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]228When execution is complete, the Shell retains focus and displays a prompt.
229At this point, one may interactively explore the result of execution.
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]230This is similar to executing a file with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-i</span> <span class="pre">file</span></code> at a command
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]231line.</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]232</dl>
233</div>
234<div class="section" id="shell-menu-shell-window-only">
235<h3>25.5.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#shell-menu-shell-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
236<dl class="docutils">
237<dt>View Last Restart</dt>
238<dd>Scroll the shell window to the last Shell restart.</dd>
239<dt>Restart Shell</dt>
240<dd>Restart the shell to clean the environment.</dd>
241</dl>
242</div>
243<div class="section" id="debug-menu-shell-window-only">
244<h3>25.5.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)<a class="headerlink" href="#debug-menu-shell-window-only" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
245<dl class="docutils">
246<dt>Go to File/Line</dt>
247<dd>Look on the current line. with the cursor, and the line above for a filename
248and line number. If found, open the file if not already open, and show the
249line. Use this to view source lines referenced in an exception traceback
250and lines found by Find in Files. Also available in the context menu of
251the Shell window and Output windows.</dd>
252</dl>
253<dl class="docutils" id="index-3">
254<dt>Debugger (toggle)</dt>
255<dd>When actived, code entered in the Shell or run from an Editor will run
256under the debugger. In the Editor, breakpoints can be set with the context
257menu. This feature is still incomplete and somewhat experimental.</dd>
258<dt>Stack Viewer</dt>
259<dd>Show the stack traceback of the last exception in a tree widget, with
260access to locals and globals.</dd>
261<dt>Auto-open Stack Viewer</dt>
262<dd>Toggle automatically opening the stack viewer on an unhandled exception.</dd>
263</dl>
264</div>
265<div class="section" id="options-menu-shell-and-editor">
266<h3>25.5.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#options-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
267<dl class="docutils">
268<dt>Configure IDLE</dt>
Terry Jan Reedy93f35422015-10-13 22:03:51 -0400[diff] [blame]269<dd><p class="first">Open a configuration dialog and change preferences for the following:
270fonts, indentation, keybindings, text color themes, startup windows and
271size, additional help sources, and extensions (see below). On OS X,
272open the configuration dialog by selecting Preferences in the application
273menu. To use a new built-in color theme (IDLE Dark) with older IDLEs,
274save it as a new custom theme.</p>
275<p class="last">Non-default user settings are saved in a .idlerc directory in the user&#8217;s
276home directory. Problems caused by bad user configuration files are solved
277by editing or deleting one or more of the files in .idlerc.</p>
278</dd>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]279<dt>Code Context (toggle)(Editor Window only)</dt>
280<dd>Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block context
281of the code which has scrolled above the top of the window.</dd>
282</dl>
283</div>
284<div class="section" id="window-menu-shell-and-editor">
285<h3>25.5.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#window-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
286<dl class="docutils">
287<dt>Zoom Height</dt>
288<dd>Toggles the window between normal size and maximum height. The initial size
289defaults to 40 lines by 80 chars unless changed on the General tab of the
290Configure IDLE dialog.</dd>
291</dl>
292<p>The rest of this menu lists the names of all open windows; select one to bring
293it to the foreground (deiconifying it if necessary).</p>
294</div>
295<div class="section" id="help-menu-shell-and-editor">
296<h3>25.5.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)<a class="headerlink" href="#help-menu-shell-and-editor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
297<dl class="docutils">
298<dt>About IDLE</dt>
299<dd>Display version, copyright, license, credits, and more.</dd>
300<dt>IDLE Help</dt>
301<dd>Display a help file for IDLE detailing the menu options, basic editing and
302navigation, and other tips.</dd>
303<dt>Python Docs</dt>
304<dd>Access local Python documentation, if installed, or start a web browser
305and open docs.python.org showing the latest Python documentation.</dd>
306<dt>Turtle Demo</dt>
307<dd>Run the turtledemo module with example python code and turtle drawings.</dd>
308</dl>
309<p>Additional help sources may be added here with the Configure IDLE dialog under
310the General tab.</p>
311</div>
312<div class="section" id="context-menus">
313<span id="index-4"></span><h3>25.5.1.10. Context Menus<a class="headerlink" href="#context-menus" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
314<p>Open a context menu by right-clicking in a window (Control-click on OS X).
315Context menus have the standard clipboard functions also on the Edit menu.</p>
316<dl class="docutils">
317<dt>Cut</dt>
318<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.</dd>
319<dt>Copy</dt>
320<dd>Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.</dd>
321<dt>Paste</dt>
322<dd>Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.</dd>
323</dl>
324<p>Editor windows also have breakpoint functions. Lines with a breakpoint set are
325specially marked. Breakpoints only have an effect when running under the
326debugger. Breakpoints for a file are saved in the user&#8217;s .idlerc directory.</p>
327<dl class="docutils">
328<dt>Set Breakpoint</dt>
329<dd>Set a breakpoint on the current line.</dd>
330<dt>Clear Breakpoint</dt>
331<dd>Clear the breakpoint on that line.</dd>
332</dl>
333<p>Shell and Output windows have the following.</p>
334<dl class="docutils">
335<dt>Go to file/line</dt>
336<dd>Same as in Debug menu.</dd>
337</dl>
338</div>
339</div>
340<div class="section" id="editing-and-navigation">
341<h2>25.5.2. Editing and navigation<a class="headerlink" href="#editing-and-navigation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]342<p>In this section, &#8216;C&#8217; refers to the <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Control</span></code> key on Windows and Unix and
343the <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Command</span></code> key on Mac OSX.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]344<ul>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]345<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Backspace</span></code> deletes to the left; <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Del</span></code> deletes to the right</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]346</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]347<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-Backspace</span></code> delete word left; <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-Del</span></code> delete word to the right</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]348</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]349<li><p class="first">Arrow keys and <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Page</span> <span class="pre">Up</span></code>/<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Page</span> <span class="pre">Down</span></code> to move around</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]350</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]351<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-LeftArrow</span></code> and <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-RightArrow</span></code> moves by words</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]352</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]353<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Home</span></code>/<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">End</span></code> go to begin/end of line</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]354</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]355<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-Home</span></code>/<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-End</span></code> go to begin/end of file</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]356</li>
357<li><p class="first">Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk:</p>
358<blockquote>
359<div><ul class="simple">
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]360<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-a</span></code> beginning of line</li>
361<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-e</span></code> end of line</li>
362<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-k</span></code> kill line (but doesn&#8217;t put it in clipboard)</li>
363<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-l</span></code> center window around the insertion point</li>
364<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-b</span></code> go backwards one character without deleting (usually you can
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]365also use the cursor key for this)</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]366<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-f</span></code> go forward one character without deleting (usually you can
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]367also use the cursor key for this)</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]368<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-p</span></code> go up one line (usually you can also use the cursor key for
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]369this)</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]370<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-d</span></code> delete next character</li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]371</ul>
372</div></blockquote>
373</li>
374</ul>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]375<p>Standard keybindings (like <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-c</span></code> to copy and <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-v</span></code> to paste)
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]376may work. Keybindings are selected in the Configure IDLE dialog.</p>
377<div class="section" id="automatic-indentation">
378<h3>25.5.2.1. Automatic indentation<a class="headerlink" href="#automatic-indentation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
379<p>After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces (in the
380Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords (break, return etc.)
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]381the next line is dedented. In leading indentation, <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Backspace</span></code> deletes up
382to 4 spaces if they are there. <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tab</span></code> inserts spaces (in the Python
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]383Shell window one tab), number depends on Indent width. Currently tabs
384are restricted to four spaces due to Tcl/Tk limitations.</p>
385<p>See also the indent/dedent region commands in the edit menu.</p>
386</div>
387<div class="section" id="completions">
388<h3>25.5.2.2. Completions<a class="headerlink" href="#completions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
389<p>Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of classes,
390both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided for
391filenames.</p>
392<p>The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay (default is
393two seconds) after a &#8216;.&#8217; or (in a string) an os.sep is typed. If after one
394of those characters (plus zero or more other characters) a tab is typed
395the ACW will open immediately if a possible continuation is found.</p>
396<p>If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, a
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]397<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tab</span></code> will supply that completion without opening the ACW.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]398<p>&#8216;Show Completions&#8217; will force open a completions window, by default the
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]399<code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-space</span></code> will open a completions window. In an empty
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]400string, this will contain the files in the current directory. On a
401blank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions and
402classes in the current name spaces, plus any modules imported. If some
403characters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific.</p>
404<p>If a string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to the
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]405entry most closely matching those characters. Entering a <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">tab</span></code> will
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]406cause the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Editor window or
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]407Shell. Two <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">tab</span></code> in a row will supply the current ACW selection, as
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]408will return or a double click. Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse selection,
409and the scroll wheel all operate on the ACW.</p>
410<p>&#8220;Hidden&#8221; attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hidden
411name after a &#8216;.&#8217;, e.g. &#8216;_&#8217;. This allows access to modules with
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]412<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__all__</span></code> set, or to class-private attributes.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]413<p>Completions and the &#8216;Expand Word&#8217; facility can save a lot of typing!</p>
414<p>Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names in
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]415an Editor window which are not via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> and <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code></a> will
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]416not be found. Run the module once with your imports to correct this situation.
417Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in sys.modules, so
418much can be found by default, e.g. the re module.</p>
419<p>If you don&#8217;t like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delay
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]420longer or disable the extension.</p>
421</div>
422<div class="section" id="calltips">
423<h3>25.5.2.3. Calltips<a class="headerlink" href="#calltips" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]424<p>A calltip is shown when one types <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">(</span></code> after the name of an <em>acccessible</em>
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]425function. A name expression may include dots and subscripts. A calltip
426remains until it is clicked, the cursor is moved out of the argument area,
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]427or <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">)</span></code> is typed. When the cursor is in the argument part of a definition,
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]428the menu or shortcut display a calltip.</p>
429<p>A calltip consists of the function signature and the first line of the
430docstring. For builtins without an accessible signature, the calltip
431consists of all lines up the fifth line or the first blank line. These
432details may change.</p>
433<p>The set of <em>accessible</em> functions depends on what modules have been imported
434into the user process, including those imported by Idle itself,
435and what definitions have been run, all since the last restart.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]436<p>For example, restart the Shell and enter <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools.count(</span></code>. A calltip
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]437appears because Idle imports itertools into the user process for its own use.
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]438(This could change.) Enter <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turtle.write(</span></code> and nothing appears. Idle does
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]439not import turtle. The menu or shortcut do nothing either. Enter
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]440<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span></code> and then <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turtle.write(</span></code> will work.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]441<p>In an editor, import statements have no effect until one runs the file. One
442might want to run a file after writing the import statements at the top,
443or immediately run an existing file before editing.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]444</div>
445<div class="section" id="python-shell-window">
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]446<h3>25.5.2.4. Python Shell window<a class="headerlink" href="#python-shell-window" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]447<ul>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]448<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-c</span></code> interrupts executing command</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]449</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]450<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-d</span></code> sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></code> prompt</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]451</li>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]452<li><p class="first"><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Alt-/</span></code> (Expand word) is also useful to reduce typing</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]453<p>Command history</p>
454<ul class="simple">
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]455<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Alt-p</span></code> retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. On
456OS X use <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-p</span></code>.</li>
457<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Alt-n</span></code> retrieves next. On OS X use <code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">C-n</span></code>.</li>
458<li><code class="kbd docutils literal"><span class="pre">Return</span></code> while on any previous command retrieves that command</li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]459</ul>
460</li>
461</ul>
462</div>
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]463<div class="section" id="text-colors">
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]464<h3>25.5.2.5. Text colors<a class="headerlink" href="#text-colors" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]465<p>Idle defaults to black on white text, but colors text with special meanings.
466For the shell, these are shell output, shell error, user output, and
467user error. For Python code, at the shell prompt or in an editor, these are
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]468keywords, builtin class and function names, names following <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">class</span></code> and
469<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">def</span></code>, strings, and comments. For any text window, these are the cursor (when
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]470present), found text (when possible), and selected text.</p>
471<p>Text coloring is done in the background, so uncolorized text is occasionally
472visible. To change the color scheme, use the Configure IDLE dialog
473Highlighting tab. The marking of debugger breakpoint lines in the editor and
474text in popups and dialogs is not user-configurable.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]475</div>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]476</div>
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]477<div class="section" id="startup-and-code-execution">
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]478<h2>25.5.3. Startup and code execution<a class="headerlink" href="#startup-and-code-execution" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]479<p>Upon startup with the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-s</span></code> option, IDLE will execute the file referenced by
480the environment variables <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> or <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSTARTUP"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code></a>.
481IDLE first checks for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code>; if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> is present the file
482referenced is run. If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IDLESTARTUP</span></code> is not present, IDLE checks for
483<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code>. Files referenced by these environment variables are
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]484convenient places to store functions that are used frequently from the IDLE
485shell, or for executing import statements to import common modules.</p>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]486<p>In addition, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code> also loads a startup file if it is present. Note that the
487Tk file is loaded unconditionally. This additional file is <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.Idle.py</span></code> and is
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]488looked for in the user&#8217;s home directory. Statements in this file will be
489executed in the Tk namespace, so this file is not useful for importing
490functions to be used from IDLE&#8217;s Python shell.</p>
491<div class="section" id="command-line-usage">
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]492<h3>25.5.3.1. Command line usage<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-usage" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]493<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre>idle.py [-c command] [-d] [-e] [-h] [-i] [-r file] [-s] [-t title] [-] [arg] ...
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]494
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]495-c command run command in the shell window
496-d enable debugger and open shell window
497-e open editor window
498-h print help message with legal combinatios and exit
499-i open shell window
500-r file run file in shell window
501-s run $IDLESTARTUP or $PYTHONSTARTUP first, in shell window
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]502-t title set title of shell window
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]503- run stdin in shell (- must be last option before args)
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]504</pre></div>
505</div>
506<p>If there are arguments:</p>
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]507<ul class="simple">
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]508<li>If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-c</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">r</span></code> is used, all arguments are placed in
509<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv[1:...]</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">''</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-c'</span></code>,
510or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-r'</span></code>. No editor window is opened, even if that is the default
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]511set in the Options dialog.</li>
512<li>Otherwise, arguments are files opened for editing and
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]513<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code> reflects the arguments passed to IDLE itself.</li>
Terry Jan Reedy968e2852015-09-23 03:52:23 -0400[diff] [blame]514</ul>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]515</div>
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]516<div class="section" id="idle-console-differences">
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]517<h3>25.5.3.2. IDLE-console differences<a class="headerlink" href="#idle-console-differences" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]518<p>As much as possible, the result of executing Python code with IDLE is the
519same as executing the same code in a console window. However, the different
520interface and operation occasionally affects results.</p>
521<p>For instance, IDLE normally executes user code in a separate process from
522the IDLE GUI itself. The IDLE versions of sys.stdin, .stdout, and .stderr in the
523execution process get input from and send output to the GUI process,
524which keeps control of the keyboard and screen. This is normally transparent,
525but code that access these object will see different attribute values.
526Also, functions that directly access the keyboard and screen will not work.</p>
527<p>With IDLE&#8217;s Shell, one enters, edits, and recalls complete statements.
528Some consoles only work with a single physical line at a time.</p>
529</div>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]530<div class="section" id="running-without-a-subprocess">
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]531<h3>25.5.3.3. Running without a subprocess<a class="headerlink" href="#running-without-a-subprocess" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy0053c472015-09-24 03:09:43 -0400[diff] [blame]532<p>By default, IDLE executes user code in a separate subprocess via a socket,
Terry Jan Reedy6e10ec52015-09-23 20:00:33 -0400[diff] [blame]533which uses the internal loopback interface. This connection is not
534externally visible and no data is sent to or received from the Internet.
535If firewall software complains anyway, you can ignore it.</p>
536<p>If the attempt to make the socket connection fails, Idle will notify you.
537Such failures are sometimes transient, but if persistent, the problem
538may be either a firewall blocking the connecton or misconfiguration of
539a particular system. Until the problem is fixed, one can run Idle with
540the -n command line switch.</p>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]541<p>If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a
542single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC
543Python execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot create
544the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However,
545in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, the
546environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. If
547your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and
548re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes
549are to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE
550with the default subprocess if at all possible.</p>
551<div class="deprecated">
552<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.4.</span></p>
553</div>
554</div>
555</div>
556<div class="section" id="help-and-preferences">
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]557<h2>25.5.4. Help and preferences<a class="headerlink" href="#help-and-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]558<div class="section" id="additional-help-sources">
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]559<h3>25.5.4.1. Additional help sources<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-help-sources" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]560<p>IDLE includes a help menu entry called &#8220;Python Docs&#8221; that will open the
561extensive sources of help, including tutorials, available at docs.python.org.
562Selected URLs can be added or removed from the help menu at any time using the
563Configure IDLE dialog. See the IDLE help option in the help menu of IDLE for
564more information.</p>
565</div>
566<div class="section" id="setting-preferences">
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]567<h3>25.5.4.2. Setting preferences<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-preferences" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]568<p>The font preferences, highlighting, keys, and general preferences can be
569changed via Configure IDLE on the Option menu. Keys can be user defined;
570IDLE ships with four built in key sets. In addition a user can create a
571custom key set in the Configure IDLE dialog under the keys tab.</p>
572</div>
573<div class="section" id="extensions">
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]574<h3>25.5.4.3. Extensions<a class="headerlink" href="#extensions" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]575<p>IDLE contains an extension facility. Peferences for extensions can be
576changed with Configure Extensions. See the beginning of config-extensions.def
577in the idlelib directory for further information. The default extensions
578are currently:</p>
579<ul class="simple">
580<li>FormatParagraph</li>
581<li>AutoExpand</li>
582<li>ZoomHeight</li>
583<li>ScriptBinding</li>
584<li>CallTips</li>
585<li>ParenMatch</li>
586<li>AutoComplete</li>
587<li>CodeContext</li>
588<li>RstripExtension</li>
589</ul>
590</div>
591</div>
592</div>
593
594
595 </div>
596 </div>
597 </div>
Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]598 <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]599 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
600 <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
601 <ul>
602<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">25.5. IDLE</a><ul>
603<li><a class="reference internal" href="#menus">25.5.1. Menus</a><ul>
604<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
605<li><a class="reference internal" href="#edit-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
606<li><a class="reference internal" href="#format-menu-editor-window-only">25.5.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)</a></li>
607<li><a class="reference internal" href="#run-menu-editor-window-only">25.5.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)</a></li>
608<li><a class="reference internal" href="#shell-menu-shell-window-only">25.5.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)</a></li>
609<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debug-menu-shell-window-only">25.5.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)</a></li>
610<li><a class="reference internal" href="#options-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
611<li><a class="reference internal" href="#window-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
612<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-menu-shell-and-editor">25.5.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>
613<li><a class="reference internal" href="#context-menus">25.5.1.10. Context Menus</a></li>
614</ul>
615</li>
616<li><a class="reference internal" href="#editing-and-navigation">25.5.2. Editing and navigation</a><ul>
617<li><a class="reference internal" href="#automatic-indentation">25.5.2.1. Automatic indentation</a></li>
618<li><a class="reference internal" href="#completions">25.5.2.2. Completions</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedy37f81352015-09-29 01:55:57 -0400[diff] [blame]619<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calltips">25.5.2.3. Calltips</a></li>
620<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-shell-window">25.5.2.4. Python Shell window</a></li>
621<li><a class="reference internal" href="#text-colors">25.5.2.5. Text colors</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]622</ul>
623</li>
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]624<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startup-and-code-execution">25.5.3. Startup and code execution</a><ul>
625<li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-usage">25.5.3.1. Command line usage</a></li>
626<li><a class="reference internal" href="#idle-console-differences">25.5.3.2. IDLE-console differences</a></li>
627<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-without-a-subprocess">25.5.3.3. Running without a subprocess</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]628</ul>
629</li>
Terry Jan Reedyce021db2015-09-24 23:18:57 -0400[diff] [blame]630<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-and-preferences">25.5.4. Help and preferences</a><ul>
631<li><a class="reference internal" href="#additional-help-sources">25.5.4.1. Additional help sources</a></li>
632<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-preferences">25.5.4.2. Setting preferences</a></li>
633<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extensions">25.5.4.3. Extensions</a></li>
Terry Jan Reedy5d46ab12015-09-20 19:57:13 -0400[diff] [blame]634</ul>
635</li>
636</ul>
637</li>
638</ul>
639
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Terry Jan Reedyf8cd02d2016-03-01 00:29:57 -0500[diff] [blame^]642 title="previous chapter">25.4. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.scrolledtext</span></code> &#8212; Scrolled Text Widget</a></p>
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