Python/ceval.c

/* Execute compiled code */

/* XXX TO DO:
   XXX speed up searching for keywords by using a dictionary
   XXX document it!
   */

/* enable more aggressive intra-module optimizations, where available */
#define PY_LOCAL_AGGRESSIVE

#include "Python.h"

#include "code.h"
#include "frameobject.h"
#include "eval.h"
#include "opcode.h"
#include "structmember.h"

#include <ctype.h>

#ifndef WITH_TSC

#define READ_TIMESTAMP(var)

#else

typedef unsigned long long uint64;

#if defined(__ppc__) /* <- Don't know if this is the correct symbol; this
			   section should work for GCC on any PowerPC
			   platform, irrespective of OS.
			   POWER?  Who knows :-) */

#define READ_TIMESTAMP(var) ppc_getcounter(&var)

static void
ppc_getcounter(uint64 *v)
{
	register unsigned long tbu, tb, tbu2;

  loop:
	asm volatile ("mftbu %0" : "=r" (tbu) );
	asm volatile ("mftb  %0" : "=r" (tb)  );
	asm volatile ("mftbu %0" : "=r" (tbu2));
	if (__builtin_expect(tbu != tbu2, 0)) goto loop;

	/* The slightly peculiar way of writing the next lines is
	   compiled better by GCC than any other way I tried. */
	((long*)(v))[0] = tbu;
	((long*)(v))[1] = tb;
}

#else /* this is for linux/x86 (and probably any other GCC/x86 combo) */

#define READ_TIMESTAMP(val) \
     __asm__ __volatile__("rdtsc" : "=A" (val))

#endif

void dump_tsc(int opcode, int ticked, uint64 inst0, uint64 inst1,
	      uint64 loop0, uint64 loop1, uint64 intr0, uint64 intr1)
{
	uint64 intr, inst, loop;
	PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_Get();
	if (!tstate->interp->tscdump)
		return;
	intr = intr1 - intr0;
	inst = inst1 - inst0 - intr;
	loop = loop1 - loop0 - intr;
	fprintf(stderr, "opcode=%03d t=%d inst=%06lld loop=%06lld\n",
		opcode, ticked, inst, loop);
}

#endif

/* Turn this on if your compiler chokes on the big switch: */
/* #define CASE_TOO_BIG 1 */

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
/* For debugging the interpreter: */
#define LLTRACE  1	/* Low-level trace feature */
#define CHECKEXC 1	/* Double-check exception checking */
#endif

typedef PyObject *(*callproc)(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

/* Forward declarations */
#ifdef WITH_TSC
static PyObject * call_function(PyObject ***, int, uint64*, uint64*);
#else
static PyObject * call_function(PyObject ***, int);
#endif
static PyObject * fast_function(PyObject *, PyObject ***, int, int, int);
static PyObject * do_call(PyObject *, PyObject ***, int, int);
static PyObject * ext_do_call(PyObject *, PyObject ***, int, int, int);
static PyObject * update_keyword_args(PyObject *, int, PyObject ***,
				      PyObject *);
static PyObject * update_star_args(int, int, PyObject *, PyObject ***);
static PyObject * load_args(PyObject ***, int);
#define CALL_FLAG_VAR 1
#define CALL_FLAG_KW 2

#ifdef LLTRACE
static int lltrace;
static int prtrace(PyObject *, char *);
#endif
static int call_trace(Py_tracefunc, PyObject *, PyFrameObject *,
		      int, PyObject *);
static int call_trace_protected(Py_tracefunc, PyObject *,
				 PyFrameObject *, int, PyObject *);
static void call_exc_trace(Py_tracefunc, PyObject *, PyFrameObject *);
static int maybe_call_line_trace(Py_tracefunc, PyObject *,
				  PyFrameObject *, int *, int *, int *);

static PyObject * cmp_outcome(int, PyObject *, PyObject *);
static PyObject * import_from(PyObject *, PyObject *);
static int import_all_from(PyObject *, PyObject *);
static void set_exc_info(PyThreadState *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
static void reset_exc_info(PyThreadState *);
static void format_exc_check_arg(PyObject *, const char *, PyObject *);
static PyObject * unicode_concatenate(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                      PyFrameObject *, unsigned char *);

#define NAME_ERROR_MSG \
	"name '%.200s' is not defined"
#define GLOBAL_NAME_ERROR_MSG \
	"global name '%.200s' is not defined"
#define UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG \
	"local variable '%.200s' referenced before assignment"
#define UNBOUNDFREE_ERROR_MSG \
	"free variable '%.200s' referenced before assignment" \
        " in enclosing scope"

/* Dynamic execution profile */
#ifdef DYNAMIC_EXECUTION_PROFILE
#ifdef DXPAIRS
static long dxpairs[257][256];
#define dxp dxpairs[256]
#else
static long dxp[256];
#endif
#endif

/* Function call profile */
#ifdef CALL_PROFILE
#define PCALL_NUM 11
static int pcall[PCALL_NUM];

#define PCALL_ALL 0
#define PCALL_FUNCTION 1
#define PCALL_FAST_FUNCTION 2
#define PCALL_FASTER_FUNCTION 3
#define PCALL_METHOD 4
#define PCALL_BOUND_METHOD 5
#define PCALL_CFUNCTION 6
#define PCALL_TYPE 7
#define PCALL_GENERATOR 8
#define PCALL_OTHER 9
#define PCALL_POP 10

/* Notes about the statistics

   PCALL_FAST stats

   FAST_FUNCTION means no argument tuple needs to be created.
   FASTER_FUNCTION means that the fast-path frame setup code is used.

   If there is a method call where the call can be optimized by changing
   the argument tuple and calling the function directly, it gets recorded
   twice.

   As a result, the relationship among the statistics appears to be
   PCALL_ALL == PCALL_FUNCTION + PCALL_METHOD - PCALL_BOUND_METHOD +
                PCALL_CFUNCTION + PCALL_TYPE + PCALL_GENERATOR + PCALL_OTHER
   PCALL_FUNCTION > PCALL_FAST_FUNCTION > PCALL_FASTER_FUNCTION
   PCALL_METHOD > PCALL_BOUND_METHOD
*/

#define PCALL(POS) pcall[POS]++

PyObject *
PyEval_GetCallStats(PyObject *self)
{
	return Py_BuildValue("iiiiiiiiiii",
			     pcall[0], pcall[1], pcall[2], pcall[3],
			     pcall[4], pcall[5], pcall[6], pcall[7],
			     pcall[8], pcall[9], pcall[10]);
}
#else
#define PCALL(O)

PyObject *
PyEval_GetCallStats(PyObject *self)
{
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif


#ifdef WITH_THREAD

#ifdef HAVE_ERRNO_H
#include <errno.h>
#endif
#include "pythread.h"

static PyThread_type_lock interpreter_lock = 0; /* This is the GIL */
static long main_thread = 0;

int
PyEval_ThreadsInitialized(void)
{
	return interpreter_lock != 0;
}

void
PyEval_InitThreads(void)
{
	if (interpreter_lock)
		return;
	interpreter_lock = PyThread_allocate_lock();
	PyThread_acquire_lock(interpreter_lock, 1);
	main_thread = PyThread_get_thread_ident();
}

void
PyEval_AcquireLock(void)
{
	PyThread_acquire_lock(interpreter_lock, 1);
}

void
PyEval_ReleaseLock(void)
{
	PyThread_release_lock(interpreter_lock);
}

void
PyEval_AcquireThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
	if (tstate == NULL)
		Py_FatalError("PyEval_AcquireThread: NULL new thread state");
	/* Check someone has called PyEval_InitThreads() to create the lock */
	assert(interpreter_lock);
	PyThread_acquire_lock(interpreter_lock, 1);
	if (PyThreadState_Swap(tstate) != NULL)
		Py_FatalError(
			"PyEval_AcquireThread: non-NULL old thread state");
}

void
PyEval_ReleaseThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
	if (tstate == NULL)
		Py_FatalError("PyEval_ReleaseThread: NULL thread state");
	if (PyThreadState_Swap(NULL) != tstate)
		Py_FatalError("PyEval_ReleaseThread: wrong thread state");
	PyThread_release_lock(interpreter_lock);
}

/* This function is called from PyOS_AfterFork to ensure that newly
   created child processes don't hold locks referring to threads which
   are not running in the child process.  (This could also be done using
   pthread_atfork mechanism, at least for the pthreads implementation.) */

void
PyEval_ReInitThreads(void)
{
	if (!interpreter_lock)
		return;
	/*XXX Can't use PyThread_free_lock here because it does too
	  much error-checking.  Doing this cleanly would require
	  adding a new function to each thread_*.h.  Instead, just
	  create a new lock and waste a little bit of memory */
	interpreter_lock = PyThread_allocate_lock();
	PyThread_acquire_lock(interpreter_lock, 1);
	main_thread = PyThread_get_thread_ident();
}
#endif

/* Functions save_thread and restore_thread are always defined so
   dynamically loaded modules needn't be compiled separately for use
   with and without threads: */

PyThreadState *
PyEval_SaveThread(void)
{
	PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_Swap(NULL);
	if (tstate == NULL)
		Py_FatalError("PyEval_SaveThread: NULL tstate");
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
	if (interpreter_lock)
		PyThread_release_lock(interpreter_lock);
#endif
	return tstate;
}

void
PyEval_RestoreThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
	if (tstate == NULL)
		Py_FatalError("PyEval_RestoreThread: NULL tstate");
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
	if (interpreter_lock) {
		int err = errno;
		PyThread_acquire_lock(interpreter_lock, 1);
		errno = err;
	}
#endif
	PyThreadState_Swap(tstate);
}


/* Mechanism whereby asynchronously executing callbacks (e.g. UNIX
   signal handlers or Mac I/O completion routines) can schedule calls
   to a function to be called synchronously.
   The synchronous function is called with one void* argument.
   It should return 0 for success or -1 for failure -- failure should
   be accompanied by an exception.

   If registry succeeds, the registry function returns 0; if it fails
   (e.g. due to too many pending calls) it returns -1 (without setting
   an exception condition).

   Note that because registry may occur from within signal handlers,
   or other asynchronous events, calling malloc() is unsafe!

#ifdef WITH_THREAD
   Any thread can schedule pending calls, but only the main thread
   will execute them.
#endif

   XXX WARNING!  ASYNCHRONOUSLY EXECUTING CODE!
   There are two possible race conditions:
   (1) nested asynchronous registry calls;
   (2) registry calls made while pending calls are being processed.
   While (1) is very unlikely, (2) is a real possibility.
   The current code is safe against (2), but not against (1).
   The safety against (2) is derived from the fact that only one
   thread (the main thread) ever takes things out of the queue.

   XXX Darn!  With the advent of thread state, we should have an array
   of pending calls per thread in the thread state!  Later...
*/

#define NPENDINGCALLS 32
static struct {
	int (*func)(void *);
	void *arg;
} pendingcalls[NPENDINGCALLS];
static volatile int pendingfirst = 0;
static volatile int pendinglast = 0;
static volatile int things_to_do = 0;

int
Py_AddPendingCall(int (*func)(void *), void *arg)
{
	static volatile int busy = 0;
	int i, j;
	/* XXX Begin critical section */
	/* XXX If you want this to be safe against nested
	   XXX asynchronous calls, you'll have to work harder! */
	if (busy)
		return -1;
	busy = 1;
	i = pendinglast;
	j = (i + 1) % NPENDINGCALLS;
	if (j == pendingfirst) {
		busy = 0;
		return -1; /* Queue full */
	}
	pendingcalls[i].func = func;
	pendingcalls[i].arg = arg;
	pendinglast = j;

	_Py_Ticker = 0;
	things_to_do = 1; /* Signal main loop */
	busy = 0;
	/* XXX End critical section */
	return 0;
}

int
Py_MakePendingCalls(void)
{
	static int busy = 0;
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
	if (main_thread && PyThread_get_thread_ident() != main_thread)
		return 0;
#endif
	if (busy)
		return 0;
	busy = 1;
	things_to_do = 0;
	for (;;) {
		int i;
		int (*func)(void *);
		void *arg;
		i = pendingfirst;
		if (i == pendinglast)
			break; /* Queue empty */
		func = pendingcalls[i].func;
		arg = pendingcalls[i].arg;
		pendingfirst = (i + 1) % NPENDINGCALLS;
		if (func(arg) < 0) {
			busy = 0;
			things_to_do = 1; /* We're not done yet */
			return -1;
		}
	}
	busy = 0;
	return 0;
}


/* The interpreter's recursion limit */

#ifndef Py_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT
#define Py_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT 1000
#endif
static int recursion_limit = Py_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT;
int _Py_CheckRecursionLimit = Py_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT;

int
Py_GetRecursionLimit(void)
{
	return recursion_limit;
}

void
Py_SetRecursionLimit(int new_limit)
{
	recursion_limit = new_limit;
	_Py_CheckRecursionLimit = recursion_limit;
}

/* the macro Py_EnterRecursiveCall() only calls _Py_CheckRecursiveCall()
   if the recursion_depth reaches _Py_CheckRecursionLimit.
   If USE_STACKCHECK, the macro decrements _Py_CheckRecursionLimit
   to guarantee that _Py_CheckRecursiveCall() is regularly called.
   Without USE_STACKCHECK, there is no need for this. */
int
_Py_CheckRecursiveCall(char *where)
{
	PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();

#ifdef USE_STACKCHECK
	if (PyOS_CheckStack()) {
		--tstate->recursion_depth;
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "Stack overflow");
		return -1;
	}
#endif
	if (tstate->recursion_critical)
		/* Somebody asked that we don't check for recursion. */
		return 0;
	if (tstate->overflowed) {
		if (tstate->recursion_depth > recursion_limit + 50) {
			/* Overflowing while handling an overflow. Give up. */
			Py_FatalError("Cannot recover from stack overflow.");
		}
		return 0;
	}
	if (tstate->recursion_depth > recursion_limit) {
		--tstate->recursion_depth;
		tstate->overflowed = 1;
		PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
			     "maximum recursion depth exceeded%s",
			     where);
		return -1;
	}
	_Py_CheckRecursionLimit = recursion_limit;
	return 0;
}

/* Status code for main loop (reason for stack unwind) */
enum why_code {
		WHY_NOT =	0x0001,	/* No error */
		WHY_EXCEPTION = 0x0002,	/* Exception occurred */
		WHY_RERAISE =	0x0004,	/* Exception re-raised by 'finally' */
		WHY_RETURN =	0x0008,	/* 'return' statement */
		WHY_BREAK =	0x0010,	/* 'break' statement */
		WHY_CONTINUE =	0x0020,	/* 'continue' statement */
		WHY_YIELD =	0x0040	/* 'yield' operator */
};

static enum why_code do_raise(PyObject *, PyObject *);
static int unpack_iterable(PyObject *, int, int, PyObject **);

/* for manipulating the thread switch and periodic "stuff" - used to be
   per thread, now just a pair o' globals */
int _Py_CheckInterval = 100;
volatile int _Py_Ticker = 100;

PyObject *
PyEval_EvalCode(PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
{
	return PyEval_EvalCodeEx(co,
			  globals, locals,
			  (PyObject **)NULL, 0,
			  (PyObject **)NULL, 0,
			  (PyObject **)NULL, 0,
			  NULL, NULL);
}


/* Interpreter main loop */

PyObject *
PyEval_EvalFrame(PyFrameObject *f) {
	/* This is for backward compatibility with extension modules that
           used this API; core interpreter code should call
           PyEval_EvalFrameEx() */
	return PyEval_EvalFrameEx(f, 0);
}

PyObject *
PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int throwflag)
{
#ifdef DXPAIRS
	int lastopcode = 0;
#endif
	register PyObject **stack_pointer;  /* Next free slot in value stack */
	register unsigned char *next_instr;
	register int opcode;	/* Current opcode */
	register int oparg;	/* Current opcode argument, if any */
	register enum why_code why; /* Reason for block stack unwind */
	register int err;	/* Error status -- nonzero if error */
	register PyObject *x;	/* Result object -- NULL if error */
	register PyObject *v;	/* Temporary objects popped off stack */
	register PyObject *w;
	register PyObject *u;
	register PyObject *t;
	register PyObject **fastlocals, **freevars;
	PyObject *retval = NULL;	/* Return value */
	PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
	PyCodeObject *co;

	/* when tracing we set things up so that

               not (instr_lb <= current_bytecode_offset < instr_ub)

	   is true when the line being executed has changed.  The
           initial values are such as to make this false the first
           time it is tested. */
	int instr_ub = -1, instr_lb = 0, instr_prev = -1;

	unsigned char *first_instr;
	PyObject *names;
	PyObject *consts;
#if defined(Py_DEBUG) || defined(LLTRACE)
	/* Make it easier to find out where we are with a debugger */
	char *filename;
#endif

/* Tuple access macros */

#ifndef Py_DEBUG
#define GETITEM(v, i) PyTuple_GET_ITEM((PyTupleObject *)(v), (i))
#else
#define GETITEM(v, i) PyTuple_GetItem((v), (i))
#endif

#ifdef WITH_TSC
/* Use Pentium timestamp counter to mark certain events:
   inst0 -- beginning of switch statement for opcode dispatch
   inst1 -- end of switch statement (may be skipped)
   loop0 -- the top of the mainloop
   loop1 -- place where control returns again to top of mainloop
            (may be skipped)
   intr1 -- beginning of long interruption
   intr2 -- end of long interruption

   Many opcodes call out to helper C functions.  In some cases, the
   time in those functions should be counted towards the time for the
   opcode, but not in all cases.  For example, a CALL_FUNCTION opcode
   calls another Python function; there's no point in charge all the
   bytecode executed by the called function to the caller.

   It's hard to make a useful judgement statically.  In the presence
   of operator overloading, it's impossible to tell if a call will
   execute new Python code or not.

   It's a case-by-case judgement.  I'll use intr1 for the following
   cases:

   IMPORT_STAR
   IMPORT_FROM
   CALL_FUNCTION (and friends)

 */
	uint64 inst0, inst1, loop0, loop1, intr0 = 0, intr1 = 0;
	int ticked = 0;

	READ_TIMESTAMP(inst0);
	READ_TIMESTAMP(inst1);
	READ_TIMESTAMP(loop0);
	READ_TIMESTAMP(loop1);

	/* shut up the compiler */
	opcode = 0;
#endif

/* Code access macros */

#define INSTR_OFFSET()	((int)(next_instr - first_instr))
#define NEXTOP()	(*next_instr++)
#define NEXTARG()	(next_instr += 2, (next_instr[-1]<<8) + next_instr[-2])
#define PEEKARG()	((next_instr[2]<<8) + next_instr[1])
#define JUMPTO(x)	(next_instr = first_instr + (x))
#define JUMPBY(x)	(next_instr += (x))

/* OpCode prediction macros
	Some opcodes tend to come in pairs thus making it possible to
	predict the second code when the first is run.  For example,
	COMPARE_OP is often followed by JUMP_IF_FALSE or JUMP_IF_TRUE.  And,
	those opcodes are often followed by a POP_TOP.

	Verifying the prediction costs a single high-speed test of register
	variable against a constant.  If the pairing was good, then the
	processor has a high likelihood of making its own successful branch
	prediction which results in a nearly zero overhead transition to the
	next opcode.

	A successful prediction saves a trip through the eval-loop including
	its two unpredictable branches, the HASARG test and the switch-case.

        If collecting opcode statistics, turn off prediction so that
	statistics are accurately maintained (the predictions bypass
	the opcode frequency counter updates).
*/

#ifdef DYNAMIC_EXECUTION_PROFILE
#define PREDICT(op)		if (0) goto PRED_##op
#else
#define PREDICT(op)		if (*next_instr == op) goto PRED_##op
#endif

#define PREDICTED(op)		PRED_##op: next_instr++
#define PREDICTED_WITH_ARG(op)	PRED_##op: oparg = PEEKARG(); next_instr += 3

/* Stack manipulation macros */

/* The stack can grow at most MAXINT deep, as co_nlocals and
   co_stacksize are ints. */
#define STACK_LEVEL()	((int)(stack_pointer - f->f_valuestack))
#define EMPTY()		(STACK_LEVEL() == 0)
#define TOP()		(stack_pointer[-1])
#define SECOND()	(stack_pointer[-2])
#define THIRD() 	(stack_pointer[-3])
#define FOURTH()	(stack_pointer[-4])
#define SET_TOP(v)	(stack_pointer[-1] = (v))
#define SET_SECOND(v)	(stack_pointer[-2] = (v))
#define SET_THIRD(v)	(stack_pointer[-3] = (v))
#define SET_FOURTH(v)	(stack_pointer[-4] = (v))
#define BASIC_STACKADJ(n)	(stack_pointer += n)
#define BASIC_PUSH(v)	(*stack_pointer++ = (v))
#define BASIC_POP()	(*--stack_pointer)

#ifdef LLTRACE
#define PUSH(v)		{ (void)(BASIC_PUSH(v), \
                               lltrace && prtrace(TOP(), "push")); \
                               assert(STACK_LEVEL() <= co->co_stacksize); }
#define POP()		((void)(lltrace && prtrace(TOP(), "pop")), \
			 BASIC_POP())
#define STACKADJ(n)	{ (void)(BASIC_STACKADJ(n), \
                               lltrace && prtrace(TOP(), "stackadj")); \
                               assert(STACK_LEVEL() <= co->co_stacksize); }
#define EXT_POP(STACK_POINTER) (lltrace && prtrace((STACK_POINTER)[-1], \
				"ext_pop"), *--(STACK_POINTER))
#else
#define PUSH(v)		BASIC_PUSH(v)
#define POP()		BASIC_POP()
#define STACKADJ(n)	BASIC_STACKADJ(n)
#define EXT_POP(STACK_POINTER) (*--(STACK_POINTER))
#endif

/* Local variable macros */

#define GETLOCAL(i)	(fastlocals[i])

/* The SETLOCAL() macro must not DECREF the local variable in-place and
   then store the new value; it must copy the old value to a temporary
   value, then store the new value, and then DECREF the temporary value.
   This is because it is possible that during the DECREF the frame is
   accessed by other code (e.g. a __del__ method or gc.collect()) and the
   variable would be pointing to already-freed memory. */
#define SETLOCAL(i, value)	do { PyObject *tmp = GETLOCAL(i); \
				     GETLOCAL(i) = value; \
                                     Py_XDECREF(tmp); } while (0)

/* Start of code */

	if (f == NULL)
		return NULL;

	/* push frame */
	if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall(""))
		return NULL;

	tstate->frame = f;

	if (tstate->use_tracing) {
		if (tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL) {
			/* tstate->c_tracefunc, if defined, is a
			   function that will be called on *every* entry
			   to a code block.  Its return value, if not
			   None, is a function that will be called at
			   the start of each executed line of code.
			   (Actually, the function must return itself
			   in order to continue tracing.)  The trace
			   functions are called with three arguments:
			   a pointer to the current frame, a string
			   indicating why the function is called, and
			   an argument which depends on the situation.
			   The global trace function is also called
			   whenever an exception is detected. */
			if (call_trace_protected(tstate->c_tracefunc, 
						 tstate->c_traceobj,
						 f, PyTrace_CALL, Py_None)) {
				/* Trace function raised an error */
				goto exit_eval_frame;
			}
		}
		if (tstate->c_profilefunc != NULL) {
			/* Similar for c_profilefunc, except it needn't
			   return itself and isn't called for "line" events */
			if (call_trace_protected(tstate->c_profilefunc,
						 tstate->c_profileobj,
						 f, PyTrace_CALL, Py_None)) {
				/* Profile function raised an error */
				goto exit_eval_frame;
			}
		}
	}

	co = f->f_code;
	names = co->co_names;
	consts = co->co_consts;
	fastlocals = f->f_localsplus;
	freevars = f->f_localsplus + co->co_nlocals;
	first_instr = (unsigned char*) PyString_AS_STRING(co->co_code);
	/* An explanation is in order for the next line.

	   f->f_lasti now refers to the index of the last instruction
	   executed.  You might think this was obvious from the name, but
	   this wasn't always true before 2.3!  PyFrame_New now sets
	   f->f_lasti to -1 (i.e. the index *before* the first instruction)
	   and YIELD_VALUE doesn't fiddle with f_lasti any more.  So this
	   does work.  Promise. 

	   When the PREDICT() macros are enabled, some opcode pairs follow in
           direct succession without updating f->f_lasti.  A successful 
           prediction effectively links the two codes together as if they
           were a single new opcode; accordingly,f->f_lasti will point to
           the first code in the pair (for instance, GET_ITER followed by
           FOR_ITER is effectively a single opcode and f->f_lasti will point
           at to the beginning of the combined pair.)
	*/
	next_instr = first_instr + f->f_lasti + 1;
	stack_pointer = f->f_stacktop;
	assert(stack_pointer != NULL);
	f->f_stacktop = NULL;	/* remains NULL unless yield suspends frame */

#ifdef LLTRACE
	lltrace = PyDict_GetItemString(f->f_globals, "__lltrace__") != NULL;
#endif
#if defined(Py_DEBUG) || defined(LLTRACE)
	filename = PyUnicode_AsString(co->co_filename);
#endif

	why = WHY_NOT;
	err = 0;
	x = Py_None;	/* Not a reference, just anything non-NULL */
	w = NULL;

	if (throwflag) { /* support for generator.throw() */
		why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
		goto on_error;
	}

	for (;;) {
#ifdef WITH_TSC
		if (inst1 == 0) {
			/* Almost surely, the opcode executed a break
			   or a continue, preventing inst1 from being set
			   on the way out of the loop.
			*/
			READ_TIMESTAMP(inst1);
			loop1 = inst1;
		}
		dump_tsc(opcode, ticked, inst0, inst1, loop0, loop1,
			 intr0, intr1);
		ticked = 0;
		inst1 = 0;
		intr0 = 0;
		intr1 = 0;
		READ_TIMESTAMP(loop0);
#endif
		assert(stack_pointer >= f->f_valuestack); /* else underflow */
		assert(STACK_LEVEL() <= co->co_stacksize);  /* else overflow */

		/* Do periodic things.  Doing this every time through
		   the loop would add too much overhead, so we do it
		   only every Nth instruction.  We also do it if
		   ``things_to_do'' is set, i.e. when an asynchronous
		   event needs attention (e.g. a signal handler or
		   async I/O handler); see Py_AddPendingCall() and
		   Py_MakePendingCalls() above. */

		if (--_Py_Ticker < 0) {
			if (*next_instr == SETUP_FINALLY) {
				/* Make the last opcode before
				   a try: finally: block uninterruptable. */
				goto fast_next_opcode;
			}
			_Py_Ticker = _Py_CheckInterval;
			tstate->tick_counter++;
#ifdef WITH_TSC
			ticked = 1;
#endif
			if (things_to_do) {
				if (Py_MakePendingCalls() < 0) {
					why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
					goto on_error;
				}
				if (things_to_do)
					/* MakePendingCalls() didn't succeed.
					   Force early re-execution of this
					   "periodic" code, possibly after
					   a thread switch */
					_Py_Ticker = 0;
			}
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
			if (interpreter_lock) {
				/* Give another thread a chance */

				if (PyThreadState_Swap(NULL) != tstate)
					Py_FatalError("ceval: tstate mix-up");
				PyThread_release_lock(interpreter_lock);

				/* Other threads may run now */

				PyThread_acquire_lock(interpreter_lock, 1);
				if (PyThreadState_Swap(tstate) != NULL)
					Py_FatalError("ceval: orphan tstate");

				/* Check for thread interrupts */

				if (tstate->async_exc != NULL) {
					x = tstate->async_exc;
					tstate->async_exc = NULL;
					PyErr_SetNone(x);
					Py_DECREF(x);
					why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
					goto on_error;
				}
			}
#endif
		}

	fast_next_opcode:
		f->f_lasti = INSTR_OFFSET();

		/* line-by-line tracing support */

		if (tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL && !tstate->tracing) {
			/* see maybe_call_line_trace
			   for expository comments */
			f->f_stacktop = stack_pointer;

			err = maybe_call_line_trace(tstate->c_tracefunc,
						    tstate->c_traceobj,
						    f, &instr_lb, &instr_ub,
						    &instr_prev);
			/* Reload possibly changed frame fields */
			JUMPTO(f->f_lasti);
			if (f->f_stacktop != NULL) {
				stack_pointer = f->f_stacktop;
				f->f_stacktop = NULL;
			}
			if (err) {
				/* trace function raised an exception */
				goto on_error;
			}
		}

		/* Extract opcode and argument */

		opcode = NEXTOP();
		oparg = 0;   /* allows oparg to be stored in a register because
			it doesn't have to be remembered across a full loop */
		if (HAS_ARG(opcode))
			oparg = NEXTARG();
	  dispatch_opcode:
#ifdef DYNAMIC_EXECUTION_PROFILE
#ifdef DXPAIRS
		dxpairs[lastopcode][opcode]++;
		lastopcode = opcode;
#endif
		dxp[opcode]++;
#endif

#ifdef LLTRACE
		/* Instruction tracing */

		if (lltrace) {
			if (HAS_ARG(opcode)) {
				printf("%d: %d, %d\n",
				       f->f_lasti, opcode, oparg);
			}
			else {
				printf("%d: %d\n",
				       f->f_lasti, opcode);
			}
		}
#endif

		/* Main switch on opcode */
		READ_TIMESTAMP(inst0);

		switch (opcode) {

		/* BEWARE!
		   It is essential that any operation that fails sets either
		   x to NULL, err to nonzero, or why to anything but WHY_NOT,
		   and that no operation that succeeds does this! */

		/* case STOP_CODE: this is an error! */

		case NOP:
			goto fast_next_opcode;

		case LOAD_FAST:
			x = GETLOCAL(oparg);
			if (x != NULL) {
				Py_INCREF(x);
				PUSH(x);
				goto fast_next_opcode;
			}
			format_exc_check_arg(PyExc_UnboundLocalError,
				UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG,
				PyTuple_GetItem(co->co_varnames, oparg));
			break;

		case LOAD_CONST:
			x = GETITEM(consts, oparg);
			Py_INCREF(x);
			PUSH(x);
			goto fast_next_opcode;

		PREDICTED_WITH_ARG(STORE_FAST);
		case STORE_FAST:
			v = POP();
			SETLOCAL(oparg, v);
			goto fast_next_opcode;

		PREDICTED(POP_TOP);
		case POP_TOP:
			v = POP();
			Py_DECREF(v);
			goto fast_next_opcode;

		case ROT_TWO:
			v = TOP();
			w = SECOND();
			SET_TOP(w);
			SET_SECOND(v);
			goto fast_next_opcode;

		case ROT_THREE:
			v = TOP();
			w = SECOND();
			x = THIRD();
			SET_TOP(w);
			SET_SECOND(x);
			SET_THIRD(v);
			goto fast_next_opcode;

		case ROT_FOUR:
			u = TOP();
			v = SECOND();
			w = THIRD();
			x = FOURTH();
			SET_TOP(v);
			SET_SECOND(w);
			SET_THIRD(x);
			SET_FOURTH(u);
			goto fast_next_opcode;

		case DUP_TOP:
			v = TOP();
			Py_INCREF(v);
			PUSH(v);
			goto fast_next_opcode;

		case DUP_TOPX:
			if (oparg == 2) {
				x = TOP();
				Py_INCREF(x);
				w = SECOND();
				Py_INCREF(w);
				STACKADJ(2);
				SET_TOP(x);
				SET_SECOND(w);
				goto fast_next_opcode;
			} else if (oparg == 3) {
				x = TOP();
				Py_INCREF(x);
				w = SECOND();
				Py_INCREF(w);
				v = THIRD();
				Py_INCREF(v);
				STACKADJ(3);
				SET_TOP(x);
				SET_SECOND(w);
				SET_THIRD(v);
				goto fast_next_opcode;
			}
			Py_FatalError("invalid argument to DUP_TOPX"
				      " (bytecode corruption?)");
			break;

		case UNARY_POSITIVE:
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Positive(v);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case UNARY_NEGATIVE:
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Negative(v);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case UNARY_NOT:
			v = TOP();
			err = PyObject_IsTrue(v);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			if (err == 0) {
				Py_INCREF(Py_True);
				SET_TOP(Py_True);
				continue;
			}
			else if (err > 0) {
				Py_INCREF(Py_False);
				SET_TOP(Py_False);
				err = 0;
				continue;
			}
			STACKADJ(-1);
			break;

		case UNARY_INVERT:
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Invert(v);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_POWER:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Power(v, w, Py_None);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_MULTIPLY:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Multiply(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_TrueDivide(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_FloorDivide(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_MODULO:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Remainder(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_ADD:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			if (PyInt_CheckExact(v) && PyInt_CheckExact(w)) {
				/* INLINE: int + int */
				register long a, b, i;
				a = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
				b = PyInt_AS_LONG(w);
				i = a + b;
				if ((i^a) < 0 && (i^b) < 0)
					goto slow_add;
				x = PyInt_FromLong(i);
			}
			else if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(v) &&
				 PyUnicode_CheckExact(w)) {
				x = unicode_concatenate(v, w, f, next_instr);
				/* unicode_concatenate consumed the ref to v */
				goto skip_decref_vx;
			}
			else {
			  slow_add:
				x = PyNumber_Add(v, w);
			}
			Py_DECREF(v);
		  skip_decref_vx:
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_SUBTRACT:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			if (PyInt_CheckExact(v) && PyInt_CheckExact(w)) {
				/* INLINE: int - int */
				register long a, b, i;
				a = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
				b = PyInt_AS_LONG(w);
				i = a - b;
				if ((i^a) < 0 && (i^~b) < 0)
					goto slow_sub;
				x = PyInt_FromLong(i);
			}
			else {
			  slow_sub:
				x = PyNumber_Subtract(v, w);
			}
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_SUBSCR:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			if (PyList_CheckExact(v) && PyInt_CheckExact(w)) {
				/* INLINE: list[int] */
				Py_ssize_t i = PyInt_AsSsize_t(w);
				if (i < 0)
					i += PyList_GET_SIZE(v);
				if (i >= 0 && i < PyList_GET_SIZE(v)) {
					x = PyList_GET_ITEM(v, i);
					Py_INCREF(x);
				}
				else
					goto slow_get;
			}
			else
			  slow_get:
				x = PyObject_GetItem(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_LSHIFT:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Lshift(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_RSHIFT:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Rshift(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_AND:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_And(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_XOR:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Xor(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case BINARY_OR:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_Or(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case LIST_APPEND:
			w = POP();
			v = POP();
			err = PyList_Append(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			if (err == 0) {
				PREDICT(JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
				continue;
			}
			break;

		case SET_ADD:
			w = POP();
			v = POP();
			err = PySet_Add(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			if (err == 0) {
				PREDICT(JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
				continue;
			}
			break;

		case INPLACE_POWER:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlacePower(v, w, Py_None);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_MULTIPLY:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_MODULO:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_ADD:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			if (PyInt_CheckExact(v) && PyInt_CheckExact(w)) {
				/* INLINE: int + int */
				register long a, b, i;
				a = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
				b = PyInt_AS_LONG(w);
				i = a + b;
				if ((i^a) < 0 && (i^b) < 0)
					goto slow_iadd;
				x = PyInt_FromLong(i);
			}
			else if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(v) &&
				 PyUnicode_CheckExact(w)) {
				x = unicode_concatenate(v, w, f, next_instr);
				/* unicode_concatenate consumed the ref to v */
				goto skip_decref_v;
			}
			else {
			  slow_iadd:
				x = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(v, w);
			}
			Py_DECREF(v);
		  skip_decref_v:
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_SUBTRACT:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			if (PyInt_CheckExact(v) && PyInt_CheckExact(w)) {
				/* INLINE: int - int */
				register long a, b, i;
				a = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
				b = PyInt_AS_LONG(w);
				i = a - b;
				if ((i^a) < 0 && (i^~b) < 0)
					goto slow_isub;
				x = PyInt_FromLong(i);
			}
			else {
			  slow_isub:
				x = PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract(v, w);
			}
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_LSHIFT:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlaceLshift(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_RSHIFT:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlaceRshift(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_AND:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlaceAnd(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_XOR:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlaceXor(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case INPLACE_OR:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			x = PyNumber_InPlaceOr(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case STORE_SUBSCR:
			w = TOP();
			v = SECOND();
			u = THIRD();
			STACKADJ(-3);
			/* v[w] = u */
			err = PyObject_SetItem(v, w, u);
			Py_DECREF(u);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			if (err == 0) continue;
			break;

		case DELETE_SUBSCR:
			w = TOP();
			v = SECOND();
			STACKADJ(-2);
			/* del v[w] */
			err = PyObject_DelItem(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			if (err == 0) continue;
			break;

		case PRINT_EXPR:
			v = POP();
			w = PySys_GetObject("displayhook");
			if (w == NULL) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
						"lost sys.displayhook");
				err = -1;
				x = NULL;
			}
			if (err == 0) {
				x = PyTuple_Pack(1, v);
				if (x == NULL)
					err = -1;
			}
			if (err == 0) {
				w = PyEval_CallObject(w, x);
				Py_XDECREF(w);
				if (w == NULL)
					err = -1;
			}
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_XDECREF(x);
			break;

#ifdef CASE_TOO_BIG
		default: switch (opcode) {
#endif
		case RAISE_VARARGS:
			v = w = NULL;
			switch (oparg) {
			case 2:
				v = POP(); /* cause */
			case 1:
				w = POP(); /* exc */
			case 0: /* Fallthrough */
				why = do_raise(w, v);
				break;
			default:
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
					   "bad RAISE_VARARGS oparg");
				why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
				break;
			}
			break;

		case STORE_LOCALS:
			x = POP();
			v = f->f_locals;
			Py_XDECREF(v);
			f->f_locals = x;
			continue;

		case RETURN_VALUE:
			retval = POP();
			why = WHY_RETURN;
			goto fast_block_end;

		case YIELD_VALUE:
			retval = POP();
			f->f_stacktop = stack_pointer;
			why = WHY_YIELD;
			goto fast_yield;

		case POP_BLOCK:
			{
				PyTryBlock *b = PyFrame_BlockPop(f);
				while (STACK_LEVEL() > b->b_level) {
					v = POP();
					Py_DECREF(v);
				}
			}
			continue;

		case END_FINALLY:
			v = POP();
			if (PyInt_Check(v)) {
				why = (enum why_code) PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
				assert(why != WHY_YIELD);
				if (why == WHY_RETURN ||
				    why == WHY_CONTINUE)
					retval = POP();
			}
			else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(v)) {
				w = POP();
				u = POP();
				PyErr_Restore(v, w, u);
				why = WHY_RERAISE;
				break;
			}
			else if (v != Py_None) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
					"'finally' pops bad exception");
				why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
			}
			Py_DECREF(v);
			break;

		case LOAD_BUILD_CLASS:
			x = PyDict_GetItemString(f->f_builtins,
						 "__build_class__");
			if (x == NULL) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError,
						"__build_class__ not found");
				break;
			}
			Py_INCREF(x);
			PUSH(x);
			break;

		case STORE_NAME:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			v = POP();
			if ((x = f->f_locals) != NULL) {
				if (PyDict_CheckExact(x))
					err = PyDict_SetItem(x, w, v);
				else
					err = PyObject_SetItem(x, w, v);
				Py_DECREF(v);
				if (err == 0) continue;
				break;
			}
			PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
				     "no locals found when storing %R", w);
			break;

		case DELETE_NAME:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			if ((x = f->f_locals) != NULL) {
				if ((err = PyObject_DelItem(x, w)) != 0)
					format_exc_check_arg(PyExc_NameError,
							     NAME_ERROR_MSG,
							     w);
				break;
			}
			PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
				     "no locals when deleting %R", w);
			break;

		PREDICTED_WITH_ARG(UNPACK_SEQUENCE);
		case UNPACK_SEQUENCE:
			v = POP();
			if (PyTuple_CheckExact(v) &&
			    PyTuple_GET_SIZE(v) == oparg) {
				PyObject **items = \
					((PyTupleObject *)v)->ob_item;
				while (oparg--) {
					w = items[oparg];
					Py_INCREF(w);
					PUSH(w);
				}
				Py_DECREF(v);
				continue;
			} else if (PyList_CheckExact(v) &&
				   PyList_GET_SIZE(v) == oparg) {
				PyObject **items = \
					((PyListObject *)v)->ob_item;
				while (oparg--) {
					w = items[oparg];
					Py_INCREF(w);
					PUSH(w);
				}
			} else if (unpack_iterable(v, oparg, -1,
						   stack_pointer + oparg)) {
				stack_pointer += oparg;
			} else {
				/* unpack_iterable() raised an exception */
				why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
			}
			Py_DECREF(v);
			break;

		case UNPACK_EX:
		{
			int totalargs = 1 + (oparg & 0xFF) + (oparg >> 8);
			v = POP();
			
			if (unpack_iterable(v, oparg & 0xFF, oparg >> 8,
					    stack_pointer + totalargs)) {
				stack_pointer += totalargs;
			} else {
				why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
			}
			Py_DECREF(v);
			break;
		}

		case STORE_ATTR:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			v = TOP();
			u = SECOND();
			STACKADJ(-2);
			err = PyObject_SetAttr(v, w, u); /* v.w = u */
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(u);
			if (err == 0) continue;
			break;

		case DELETE_ATTR:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			v = POP();
			err = PyObject_SetAttr(v, w, (PyObject *)NULL);
							/* del v.w */
			Py_DECREF(v);
			break;

		case STORE_GLOBAL:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			v = POP();
			err = PyDict_SetItem(f->f_globals, w, v);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			if (err == 0) continue;
			break;

		case DELETE_GLOBAL:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			if ((err = PyDict_DelItem(f->f_globals, w)) != 0)
				format_exc_check_arg(
				    PyExc_NameError, GLOBAL_NAME_ERROR_MSG, w);
			break;

		case LOAD_NAME:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			if ((v = f->f_locals) == NULL) {
				PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
					     "no locals when loading %R", w);
				break;
			}
			if (PyDict_CheckExact(v)) {
				x = PyDict_GetItem(v, w);
				Py_XINCREF(x);
			}
			else {
				x = PyObject_GetItem(v, w);
				if (x == NULL && PyErr_Occurred()) {
					if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(
							PyExc_KeyError))
						break;
					PyErr_Clear();
				}
			}
			if (x == NULL) {
				x = PyDict_GetItem(f->f_globals, w);
				if (x == NULL) {
					x = PyDict_GetItem(f->f_builtins, w);
					if (x == NULL) {
						format_exc_check_arg(
							    PyExc_NameError,
							    NAME_ERROR_MSG, w);
						break;
					}
				}
				Py_INCREF(x);
			}
			PUSH(x);
			continue;

		case LOAD_GLOBAL:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(w)) {
				/* Inline the PyDict_GetItem() calls.
				   WARNING: this is an extreme speed hack.
				   Do not try this at home. */
				long hash = ((PyUnicodeObject *)w)->hash;
				if (hash != -1) {
					PyDictObject *d;
					PyDictEntry *e;
					d = (PyDictObject *)(f->f_globals);
					e = d->ma_lookup(d, w, hash);
					if (e == NULL) {
						x = NULL;
						break;
					}
					x = e->me_value;
					if (x != NULL) {
						Py_INCREF(x);
						PUSH(x);
						continue;
					}
					d = (PyDictObject *)(f->f_builtins);
					e = d->ma_lookup(d, w, hash);
					if (e == NULL) {
						x = NULL;
						break;
					}
					x = e->me_value;
					if (x != NULL) {
						Py_INCREF(x);
						PUSH(x);
						continue;
					}
					goto load_global_error;
				}
			}
			/* This is the un-inlined version of the code above */
			x = PyDict_GetItem(f->f_globals, w);
			if (x == NULL) {
				x = PyDict_GetItem(f->f_builtins, w);
				if (x == NULL) {
				  load_global_error:
					format_exc_check_arg(
						    PyExc_NameError,
						    GLOBAL_NAME_ERROR_MSG, w);
					break;
				}
			}
			Py_INCREF(x);
			PUSH(x);
			continue;

		case DELETE_FAST:
			x = GETLOCAL(oparg);
			if (x != NULL) {
				SETLOCAL(oparg, NULL);
				continue;
			}
			format_exc_check_arg(
				PyExc_UnboundLocalError,
				UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG,
				PyTuple_GetItem(co->co_varnames, oparg)
				);
			break;

		case LOAD_CLOSURE:
			x = freevars[oparg];
			Py_INCREF(x);
			PUSH(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case LOAD_DEREF:
			x = freevars[oparg];
			w = PyCell_Get(x);
			if (w != NULL) {
				PUSH(w);
				continue;
			}
			err = -1;
			/* Don't stomp existing exception */
			if (PyErr_Occurred())
				break;
			if (oparg < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_cellvars)) {
				v = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_cellvars,
						       oparg);
			       format_exc_check_arg(
				       PyExc_UnboundLocalError,
				       UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG,
				       v);
			} else {
				v = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_freevars, oparg -
					PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_cellvars));
				format_exc_check_arg(PyExc_NameError,
						     UNBOUNDFREE_ERROR_MSG, v);
			}
			break;

		case STORE_DEREF:
			w = POP();
			x = freevars[oparg];
			PyCell_Set(x, w);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			continue;

		case BUILD_TUPLE:
			x = PyTuple_New(oparg);
			if (x != NULL) {
				for (; --oparg >= 0;) {
					w = POP();
					PyTuple_SET_ITEM(x, oparg, w);
				}
				PUSH(x);
				continue;
			}
			break;

		case BUILD_LIST:
			x =  PyList_New(oparg);
			if (x != NULL) {
				for (; --oparg >= 0;) {
					w = POP();
					PyList_SET_ITEM(x, oparg, w);
				}
				PUSH(x);
				continue;
			}
			break;

		case BUILD_SET:
			x = PySet_New(NULL);
			if (x != NULL) {
				for (; --oparg >= 0;) {
					w = POP();
					if (err == 0)
						err = PySet_Add(x, w);
					Py_DECREF(w);
				}
				if (err != 0) {
					Py_DECREF(x);
					break;
				}
				PUSH(x);
				continue;
			}
			break;

		case BUILD_MAP:
			x = PyDict_New();
			PUSH(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case LOAD_ATTR:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			v = TOP();
			x = PyObject_GetAttr(v, w);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case COMPARE_OP:
			w = POP();
			v = TOP();
			if (PyInt_CheckExact(w) && PyInt_CheckExact(v)) {
				/* INLINE: cmp(int, int) */
				register long a, b;
				register int res;
				a = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
				b = PyInt_AS_LONG(w);
				switch (oparg) {
				case PyCmp_LT: res = a <  b; break;
				case PyCmp_LE: res = a <= b; break;
				case PyCmp_EQ: res = a == b; break;
				case PyCmp_NE: res = a != b; break;
				case PyCmp_GT: res = a >  b; break;
				case PyCmp_GE: res = a >= b; break;
				case PyCmp_IS: res = v == w; break;
				case PyCmp_IS_NOT: res = v != w; break;
				default: goto slow_compare;
				}
				x = res ? Py_True : Py_False;
				Py_INCREF(x);
			}
			else {
			  slow_compare:
				x = cmp_outcome(oparg, v, w);
			}
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x == NULL) break;
			PREDICT(JUMP_IF_FALSE);
			PREDICT(JUMP_IF_TRUE);
			continue;

		case IMPORT_NAME:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			x = PyDict_GetItemString(f->f_builtins, "__import__");
			if (x == NULL) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError,
						"__import__ not found");
				break;
			}
			v = POP();
			u = TOP();
			if (PyInt_AsLong(u) != -1 || PyErr_Occurred())
				w = PyTuple_Pack(5,
					    w,
					    f->f_globals,
					    f->f_locals == NULL ?
						  Py_None : f->f_locals,
					    v,
					    u);
			else
				w = PyTuple_Pack(4,
					    w,
					    f->f_globals,
					    f->f_locals == NULL ?
						  Py_None : f->f_locals,
					    v);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(u);
			if (w == NULL) {
				u = POP();
				x = NULL;
				break;
			}
			READ_TIMESTAMP(intr0);
			x = PyEval_CallObject(x, w);
			READ_TIMESTAMP(intr1);
			Py_DECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case IMPORT_STAR:
			v = POP();
			PyFrame_FastToLocals(f);
			if ((x = f->f_locals) == NULL) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
					"no locals found during 'import *'");
				break;
			}
			READ_TIMESTAMP(intr0);
			err = import_all_from(x, v);
			READ_TIMESTAMP(intr1);
			PyFrame_LocalsToFast(f, 0);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			if (err == 0) continue;
			break;

		case IMPORT_FROM:
			w = GETITEM(names, oparg);
			v = TOP();
			READ_TIMESTAMP(intr0);
			x = import_from(v, w);
			READ_TIMESTAMP(intr1);
			PUSH(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case JUMP_FORWARD:
			JUMPBY(oparg);
			goto fast_next_opcode;

		PREDICTED_WITH_ARG(JUMP_IF_FALSE);
		case JUMP_IF_FALSE:
			w = TOP();
			if (w == Py_True) {
				PREDICT(POP_TOP);
				goto fast_next_opcode;
			}
			if (w == Py_False) {
				JUMPBY(oparg);
				goto fast_next_opcode;
			}
			err = PyObject_IsTrue(w);
			if (err > 0)
				err = 0;
			else if (err == 0)
				JUMPBY(oparg);
			else
				break;
			continue;

		PREDICTED_WITH_ARG(JUMP_IF_TRUE);
		case JUMP_IF_TRUE:
			w = TOP();
			if (w == Py_False) {
				PREDICT(POP_TOP);
				goto fast_next_opcode;
			}
			if (w == Py_True) {
				JUMPBY(oparg);
				goto fast_next_opcode;
			}
			err = PyObject_IsTrue(w);
			if (err > 0) {
				err = 0;
				JUMPBY(oparg);
			}
			else if (err == 0)
				;
			else
				break;
			continue;

		PREDICTED_WITH_ARG(JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
		case JUMP_ABSOLUTE:
			JUMPTO(oparg);
#if FAST_LOOPS
			/* Enabling this path speeds-up all while and for-loops by bypassing
                           the per-loop checks for signals.  By default, this should be turned-off
                           because it prevents detection of a control-break in tight loops like
                           "while 1: pass".  Compile with this option turned-on when you need
                           the speed-up and do not need break checking inside tight loops (ones
                           that contain only instructions ending with goto fast_next_opcode). 
                        */
			goto fast_next_opcode;
#else
			continue;
#endif

		case GET_ITER:
			/* before: [obj]; after [getiter(obj)] */
			v = TOP();
			x = PyObject_GetIter(v);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			if (x != NULL) {
				SET_TOP(x);
				PREDICT(FOR_ITER);
				continue;
			}
			STACKADJ(-1);
			break;

		PREDICTED_WITH_ARG(FOR_ITER);
		case FOR_ITER:
			/* before: [iter]; after: [iter, iter()] *or* [] */
			v = TOP();
			x = (*v->ob_type->tp_iternext)(v);
			if (x != NULL) {
				PUSH(x);
				PREDICT(STORE_FAST);
				PREDICT(UNPACK_SEQUENCE);
				continue;
			}
			if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
				if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(
						PyExc_StopIteration))
					break;
				PyErr_Clear();
			}
			/* iterator ended normally */
 			x = v = POP();
			Py_DECREF(v);
			JUMPBY(oparg);
			continue;

		case BREAK_LOOP:
			why = WHY_BREAK;
			goto fast_block_end;

		case CONTINUE_LOOP:
			retval = PyInt_FromLong(oparg);
			if (!retval) {
				x = NULL;
				break;
			}
			why = WHY_CONTINUE;
			goto fast_block_end;

		case SETUP_LOOP:
		case SETUP_EXCEPT:
		case SETUP_FINALLY:
			/* NOTE: If you add any new block-setup opcodes that
		           are not try/except/finally handlers, you may need
		           to update the PyGen_NeedsFinalizing() function.
		           */

			PyFrame_BlockSetup(f, opcode, INSTR_OFFSET() + oparg,
					   STACK_LEVEL());
			continue;

		case WITH_CLEANUP:
		{
			/* TOP is the context.__exit__ bound method.
			   Below that are 1-3 values indicating how/why
			   we entered the finally clause:
			   - SECOND = None
			   - (SECOND, THIRD) = (WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE}), retval
			   - SECOND = WHY_*; no retval below it
			   - (SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH) = exc_info()
			   In the last case, we must call
			     TOP(SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH)
			   otherwise we must call
			     TOP(None, None, None)

			   In addition, if the stack represents an exception,
			   *and* the function call returns a 'true' value, we
			   "zap" this information, to prevent END_FINALLY from
			   re-raising the exception.  (But non-local gotos
			   should still be resumed.)
			*/

			x = TOP();
			u = SECOND();
			if (PyInt_Check(u) || u == Py_None) {
				u = v = w = Py_None;
			}
			else {
				v = THIRD();
				w = FOURTH();
			}
			/* XXX Not the fastest way to call it... */
			x = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(x, u, v, w, NULL);
			if (x == NULL)
				break; /* Go to error exit */
			if (u != Py_None && PyObject_IsTrue(x)) {
				/* There was an exception and a true return */
				Py_DECREF(x);
				x = TOP(); /* Again */
				STACKADJ(-3);
				Py_INCREF(Py_None);
				SET_TOP(Py_None);
				Py_DECREF(x);
				Py_DECREF(u);
				Py_DECREF(v);
				Py_DECREF(w);
			} else {
				/* Let END_FINALLY do its thing */
				Py_DECREF(x);
				x = POP();
				Py_DECREF(x);
			}
			break;
		}

		case CALL_FUNCTION:
		{
			PyObject **sp;
			PCALL(PCALL_ALL);
			sp = stack_pointer;
#ifdef WITH_TSC
			x = call_function(&sp, oparg, &intr0, &intr1);
#else
			x = call_function(&sp, oparg);
#endif
			stack_pointer = sp;
			PUSH(x);
			if (x != NULL)
				continue;
			break;
		}

		case CALL_FUNCTION_VAR:
		case CALL_FUNCTION_KW:
		case CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW:
		{
		    int na = oparg & 0xff;
		    int nk = (oparg>>8) & 0xff;
		    int flags = (opcode - CALL_FUNCTION) & 3;
		    int n = na + 2 * nk;
		    PyObject **pfunc, *func, **sp;
		    PCALL(PCALL_ALL);
		    if (flags & CALL_FLAG_VAR)
			    n++;
		    if (flags & CALL_FLAG_KW)
			    n++;
		    pfunc = stack_pointer - n - 1;
		    func = *pfunc;

		    if (PyMethod_Check(func)
			&& PyMethod_GET_SELF(func) != NULL) {
			    PyObject *self = PyMethod_GET_SELF(func);
			    Py_INCREF(self);
			    func = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(func);
			    Py_INCREF(func);
			    Py_DECREF(*pfunc);
			    *pfunc = self;
			    na++;
			    n++;
		    } else
			    Py_INCREF(func);
		    sp = stack_pointer;
		    READ_TIMESTAMP(intr0);
		    x = ext_do_call(func, &sp, flags, na, nk);
		    READ_TIMESTAMP(intr1);
		    stack_pointer = sp;
		    Py_DECREF(func);

		    while (stack_pointer > pfunc) {
			    w = POP();
			    Py_DECREF(w);
		    }
		    PUSH(x);
		    if (x != NULL)
			    continue;
		    break;
		}

		case MAKE_CLOSURE:		
		case MAKE_FUNCTION:
		{
		    int posdefaults = oparg & 0xff;
		    int kwdefaults = (oparg>>8) & 0xff;
		    int num_annotations = (oparg >> 16) & 0x7fff;

			v = POP(); /* code object */
			x = PyFunction_New(v, f->f_globals);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			
			if (x != NULL && opcode == MAKE_CLOSURE) {
				v = POP();
				err = PyFunction_SetClosure(x, v);
				Py_DECREF(v);
			}

			if (x != NULL && num_annotations > 0) {
				Py_ssize_t name_ix;
				u = POP(); /* names of args with annotations */
				v = PyDict_New();
				if (v == NULL) {
					Py_DECREF(x);
					x = NULL;
					break;
				}
				name_ix = PyTuple_Size(u);
				assert(num_annotations == name_ix+1);
				while (name_ix > 0) {
					--name_ix;
					t = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(u, name_ix);
					w = POP();
					/* XXX(nnorwitz): check for errors */
					PyDict_SetItem(v, t, w);
					Py_DECREF(w);
				}

				err = PyFunction_SetAnnotations(x, v);
				Py_DECREF(v);
				Py_DECREF(u);
			}

			/* XXX Maybe this should be a separate opcode? */
			if (x != NULL && posdefaults > 0) {
				v = PyTuple_New(posdefaults);
				if (v == NULL) {
					Py_DECREF(x);
					x = NULL;
					break;
				}
				while (--posdefaults >= 0) {
					w = POP();
					PyTuple_SET_ITEM(v, posdefaults, w);
				}
				err = PyFunction_SetDefaults(x, v);
				Py_DECREF(v);
			}
			if (x != NULL && kwdefaults > 0) {
				v = PyDict_New();
				if (v == NULL) {
					Py_DECREF(x);
					x = NULL;
					break;
				}
				while (--kwdefaults >= 0) {
					w = POP(); /* default value */
					u = POP(); /* kw only arg name */
					/* XXX(nnorwitz): check for errors */
					PyDict_SetItem(v, u, w);
					Py_DECREF(w);
					Py_DECREF(u);
				}
				err = PyFunction_SetKwDefaults(x, v);
				Py_DECREF(v);
			}
			PUSH(x);
			break;
		}

		case BUILD_SLICE:
			if (oparg == 3)
				w = POP();
			else
				w = NULL;
			v = POP();
			u = TOP();
			x = PySlice_New(u, v, w);
			Py_DECREF(u);
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_XDECREF(w);
			SET_TOP(x);
			if (x != NULL) continue;
			break;

		case EXTENDED_ARG:
			opcode = NEXTOP();
			oparg = oparg<<16 | NEXTARG();
			goto dispatch_opcode;

		default:
			fprintf(stderr,
				"XXX lineno: %d, opcode: %d\n",
				PyCode_Addr2Line(f->f_code, f->f_lasti),
				opcode);
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "unknown opcode");
			why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
			break;

#ifdef CASE_TOO_BIG
		}
#endif

		} /* switch */

	    on_error:

		READ_TIMESTAMP(inst1);

		/* Quickly continue if no error occurred */

		if (why == WHY_NOT) {
			if (err == 0 && x != NULL) {
#ifdef CHECKEXC
				/* This check is expensive! */
				if (PyErr_Occurred())
					fprintf(stderr,
						"XXX undetected error\n");
				else {
#endif
					READ_TIMESTAMP(loop1);
					continue; /* Normal, fast path */
#ifdef CHECKEXC
				}
#endif
			}
			why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
			x = Py_None;
			err = 0;
		}

		/* Double-check exception status */

		if (why == WHY_EXCEPTION || why == WHY_RERAISE) {
			if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
					"error return without exception set");
				why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
			}
		}
#ifdef CHECKEXC
		else {
			/* This check is expensive! */
			if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
				char buf[1024];
				sprintf(buf, "Stack unwind with exception "
					"set and why=%d", why);
				Py_FatalError(buf);
			}
		}
#endif

		/* Log traceback info if this is a real exception */

		if (why == WHY_EXCEPTION) {
			PyTraceBack_Here(f);

			if (tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL)
				call_exc_trace(tstate->c_tracefunc,
					       tstate->c_traceobj, f);
		}

		/* For the rest, treat WHY_RERAISE as WHY_EXCEPTION */

		if (why == WHY_RERAISE)
			why = WHY_EXCEPTION;

		/* Unwind stacks if a (pseudo) exception occurred */

fast_block_end:
		while (why != WHY_NOT && f->f_iblock > 0) {
			PyTryBlock *b = PyFrame_BlockPop(f);

			assert(why != WHY_YIELD);
			if (b->b_type == SETUP_LOOP && why == WHY_CONTINUE) {
				/* For a continue inside a try block,
				   don't pop the block for the loop. */
				PyFrame_BlockSetup(f, b->b_type, b->b_handler,
						   b->b_level);
				why = WHY_NOT;
				JUMPTO(PyInt_AS_LONG(retval));
				Py_DECREF(retval);
				break;
			}

			while (STACK_LEVEL() > b->b_level) {
				v = POP();
				Py_XDECREF(v);
			}
			if (b->b_type == SETUP_LOOP && why == WHY_BREAK) {
				why = WHY_NOT;
				JUMPTO(b->b_handler);
				break;
			}
			if (b->b_type == SETUP_FINALLY ||
			    (b->b_type == SETUP_EXCEPT &&
			     why == WHY_EXCEPTION)) {
				if (why == WHY_EXCEPTION) {
					PyObject *exc, *val, *tb;
					PyErr_Fetch(&exc, &val, &tb);
					if (val == NULL) {
						val = Py_None;
						Py_INCREF(val);
					}
					/* Make the raw exception data
					   available to the handler,
					   so a program can emulate the
					   Python main loop.  Don't do
					   this for 'finally'. */
					if (b->b_type == SETUP_EXCEPT) {
						PyErr_NormalizeException(
							&exc, &val, &tb);
						set_exc_info(tstate,
							     exc, val, tb);
					}
					if (tb == NULL) {
						Py_INCREF(Py_None);
						PUSH(Py_None);
					} else
						PUSH(tb);
					PUSH(val);
					PUSH(exc);
				}
				else {
					if (why & (WHY_RETURN | WHY_CONTINUE))
						PUSH(retval);
					v = PyInt_FromLong((long)why);
					PUSH(v);
				}
				why = WHY_NOT;
				JUMPTO(b->b_handler);
				break;
			}
		} /* unwind stack */

		/* End the loop if we still have an error (or return) */

		if (why != WHY_NOT)
			break;
		READ_TIMESTAMP(loop1);

	} /* main loop */

	assert(why != WHY_YIELD);
	/* Pop remaining stack entries. */
	while (!EMPTY()) {
		v = POP();
		Py_XDECREF(v);
	}

	if (why != WHY_RETURN)
		retval = NULL;

fast_yield:
	if (tstate->use_tracing) {
		if (tstate->c_tracefunc) {
			if (why == WHY_RETURN || why == WHY_YIELD) {
				if (call_trace(tstate->c_tracefunc,
					       tstate->c_traceobj, f,
					       PyTrace_RETURN, retval)) {
					Py_XDECREF(retval);
					retval = NULL;
					why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
				}
			}
			else if (why == WHY_EXCEPTION) {
				call_trace_protected(tstate->c_tracefunc,
						     tstate->c_traceobj, f,
						     PyTrace_RETURN, NULL);
			}
		}
		if (tstate->c_profilefunc) {
			if (why == WHY_EXCEPTION)
				call_trace_protected(tstate->c_profilefunc,
						     tstate->c_profileobj, f,
						     PyTrace_RETURN, NULL);
			else if (call_trace(tstate->c_profilefunc,
					    tstate->c_profileobj, f,
					    PyTrace_RETURN, retval)) {
				Py_XDECREF(retval);
				retval = NULL;
				why = WHY_EXCEPTION;
			}
		}
	}

	if (tstate->frame->f_exc_type != NULL)
		reset_exc_info(tstate);
	else {
		assert(tstate->frame->f_exc_value == NULL);
		assert(tstate->frame->f_exc_traceback == NULL);
	}

	/* pop frame */
exit_eval_frame:
	Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
	tstate->frame = f->f_back;

	return retval;
}

/* This is gonna seem *real weird*, but if you put some other code between
   PyEval_EvalFrame() and PyEval_EvalCodeEx() you will need to adjust
   the test in the if statements in Misc/gdbinit (pystack and pystackv). */

PyObject *
PyEval_EvalCodeEx(PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals,
	   PyObject **args, int argcount, PyObject **kws, int kwcount,
	   PyObject **defs, int defcount, PyObject *kwdefs, PyObject *closure)
{
	register PyFrameObject *f;
	register PyObject *retval = NULL;
	register PyObject **fastlocals, **freevars;
	PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
	PyObject *x, *u;

	if (globals == NULL) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
				"PyEval_EvalCodeEx: NULL globals");
		return NULL;
	}

	assert(tstate != NULL);
	assert(globals != NULL);
	f = PyFrame_New(tstate, co, globals, locals);
	if (f == NULL)
		return NULL;

	fastlocals = f->f_localsplus;
	freevars = f->f_localsplus + co->co_nlocals;

	if (co->co_argcount > 0 ||
	    co->co_kwonlyargcount > 0 ||
	    co->co_flags & (CO_VARARGS | CO_VARKEYWORDS)) {
		int i;
		int n = argcount;
		PyObject *kwdict = NULL;
		if (co->co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS) {
			kwdict = PyDict_New();
			if (kwdict == NULL)
				goto fail;
			i = co->co_argcount + co->co_kwonlyargcount;
			if (co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS)
				i++;
			SETLOCAL(i, kwdict);
		}
		if (argcount > co->co_argcount) {
			if (!(co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS)) {
				PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
				    "%U() takes %s %d "
				    "%spositional argument%s (%d given)",
				    co->co_name,
				    defcount ? "at most" : "exactly",
				    co->co_argcount,
				    kwcount ? "non-keyword " : "",
				    co->co_argcount == 1 ? "" : "s",
				    argcount);
				goto fail;
			}
			n = co->co_argcount;
		}
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			x = args[i];
			Py_INCREF(x);
			SETLOCAL(i, x);
		}
		if (co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS) {
			u = PyTuple_New(argcount - n);
			if (u == NULL)
				goto fail;
			SETLOCAL(co->co_argcount + co->co_kwonlyargcount, u);
			for (i = n; i < argcount; i++) {
				x = args[i];
				Py_INCREF(x);
				PyTuple_SET_ITEM(u, i-n, x);
			}
		}
		for (i = 0; i < kwcount; i++) {
			PyObject *keyword = kws[2*i];
			PyObject *value = kws[2*i + 1];
			int j;
			if (keyword == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(keyword)) {
				PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
				    "%U() keywords must be strings",
				    co->co_name);
				goto fail;
			}
			/* XXX slow -- speed up using dictionary? */
			for (j = 0;
			     j < co->co_argcount + co->co_kwonlyargcount;
			     j++) {
				PyObject *nm = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(
					co->co_varnames, j);
				int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(
					keyword, nm, Py_EQ);
				if (cmp > 0)
					break;
				else if (cmp < 0)
					goto fail;
			}
			/* Check errors from Compare */
			if (PyErr_Occurred())
				goto fail;
			if (j >= co->co_argcount + co->co_kwonlyargcount) {
				if (kwdict == NULL) {
					PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
					    "%U() got an unexpected "
					    "keyword argument '%S'",
					    co->co_name,
					    keyword);
					goto fail;
				}
				PyDict_SetItem(kwdict, keyword, value);
			}
			else {
				if (GETLOCAL(j) != NULL) {
					PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
					     "%U() got multiple "
					     "values for keyword "
					     "argument '%S'",
					     co->co_name,
					     keyword);
					goto fail;
				}
				Py_INCREF(value);
				SETLOCAL(j, value);
			}
		}
		if (co->co_kwonlyargcount > 0) {
			for (i = co->co_argcount;
			     i < co->co_argcount + co->co_kwonlyargcount;
			     i++) {
				PyObject *name, *def;
				if (GETLOCAL(i) != NULL)
					continue;
				name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_varnames, i);
				def = NULL;
				if (kwdefs != NULL)
					def = PyDict_GetItem(kwdefs, name);
				if (def != NULL) {
					Py_INCREF(def);
					SETLOCAL(i, def);
					continue;
				}
				PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
					"%U() needs keyword-only argument %S",
					co->co_name, name);
				goto fail;
			}
		}
		if (argcount < co->co_argcount) {
			int m = co->co_argcount - defcount;
			for (i = argcount; i < m; i++) {
				if (GETLOCAL(i) == NULL) {
					PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
					    "%U() takes %s %d "
					    "%spositional argument%s "
					    "(%d given)",
					    co->co_name,
					    ((co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS) ||
					     defcount) ? "at least"
						       : "exactly",
					    m, kwcount ? "non-keyword " : "",
					    m == 1 ? "" : "s", i);
					goto fail;
				}
			}
			if (n > m)
				i = n - m;
			else
				i = 0;
			for (; i < defcount; i++) {
				if (GETLOCAL(m+i) == NULL) {
					PyObject *def = defs[i];
					Py_INCREF(def);
					SETLOCAL(m+i, def);
				}
			}
		}
	}
	else {
		if (argcount > 0 || kwcount > 0) {
			PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
				     "%U() takes no arguments (%d given)",
				     co->co_name,
				     argcount + kwcount);
			goto fail;
		}
	}
	/* Allocate and initialize storage for cell vars, and copy free
	   vars into frame.  This isn't too efficient right now. */
	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_cellvars)) {
		int i, j, nargs, found;
		Py_UNICODE *cellname, *argname;
		PyObject *c;

		nargs = co->co_argcount;
		if (co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS)
			nargs++;
		if (co->co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS)
			nargs++;

		/* Initialize each cell var, taking into account
		   cell vars that are initialized from arguments.

		   Should arrange for the compiler to put cellvars
		   that are arguments at the beginning of the cellvars
		   list so that we can march over it more efficiently?
		*/
		for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_cellvars); ++i) {
			cellname = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(
				PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_cellvars, i));
			found = 0;
			for (j = 0; j < nargs; j++) {
				argname = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(
					PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_varnames, j));
				if (Py_UNICODE_strcmp(cellname, argname) == 0) {
					c = PyCell_New(GETLOCAL(j));
					if (c == NULL)
						goto fail;
					GETLOCAL(co->co_nlocals + i) = c;
					found = 1;
					break;
				}
			}
			if (found == 0) {
				c = PyCell_New(NULL);
				if (c == NULL)
					goto fail;
				SETLOCAL(co->co_nlocals + i, c);
			}
		}
	}
	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_freevars)) {
		int i;
		for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_freevars); ++i) {
			PyObject *o = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(closure, i);
			Py_INCREF(o);
			freevars[PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_cellvars) + i] = o;
		}
	}

	if (co->co_flags & CO_GENERATOR) {
		/* Don't need to keep the reference to f_back, it will be set
		 * when the generator is resumed. */
		Py_XDECREF(f->f_back);
		f->f_back = NULL;

		PCALL(PCALL_GENERATOR);

		/* Create a new generator that owns the ready to run frame
		 * and return that as the value. */
		return PyGen_New(f);
	}

	retval = PyEval_EvalFrameEx(f,0);

fail: /* Jump here from prelude on failure */

	/* decref'ing the frame can cause __del__ methods to get invoked,
	   which can call back into Python.  While we're done with the
	   current Python frame (f), the associated C stack is still in use,
	   so recursion_depth must be boosted for the duration.
	*/
	assert(tstate != NULL);
	++tstate->recursion_depth;
	Py_DECREF(f);
	--tstate->recursion_depth;
	return retval;
}


/* Implementation notes for set_exc_info() and reset_exc_info():

- Below, 'exc_ZZZ' stands for 'exc_type', 'exc_value' and
  'exc_traceback'.  These always travel together.

- tstate->curexc_ZZZ is the "hot" exception that is set by
  PyErr_SetString(), cleared by PyErr_Clear(), and so on.

- Once an exception is caught by an except clause, it is transferred
  from tstate->curexc_ZZZ to tstate->exc_ZZZ, from which sys.exc_info()
  can pick it up.  This is the primary task of set_exc_info().
  XXX That can't be right:  set_exc_info() doesn't look at tstate->curexc_ZZZ.

- Now let me explain the complicated dance with frame->f_exc_ZZZ.

  Long ago, when none of this existed, there were just a few globals:
  one set corresponding to the "hot" exception, and one set
  corresponding to sys.exc_ZZZ.  (Actually, the latter weren't C
  globals; they were simply stored as sys.exc_ZZZ.  For backwards
  compatibility, they still are!)  The problem was that in code like
  this:

     try:
	"something that may fail"
     except "some exception":
	"do something else first"
	"print the exception from sys.exc_ZZZ."

  if "do something else first" invoked something that raised and caught
  an exception, sys.exc_ZZZ were overwritten.  That was a frequent
  cause of subtle bugs.  I fixed this by changing the semantics as
  follows:

    - Within one frame, sys.exc_ZZZ will hold the last exception caught
      *in that frame*.

    - But initially, and as long as no exception is caught in a given
      frame, sys.exc_ZZZ will hold the last exception caught in the
      previous frame (or the frame before that, etc.).

  The first bullet fixed the bug in the above example.  The second
  bullet was for backwards compatibility: it was (and is) common to
  have a function that is called when an exception is caught, and to
  have that function access the caught exception via sys.exc_ZZZ.
  (Example: traceback.print_exc()).

  At the same time I fixed the problem that sys.exc_ZZZ weren't
  thread-safe, by introducing sys.exc_info() which gets it from tstate;
  but that's really a separate improvement.

  The reset_exc_info() function in ceval.c restores the tstate->exc_ZZZ
  variables to what they were before the current frame was called.  The
  set_exc_info() function saves them on the frame so that
  reset_exc_info() can restore them.  The invariant is that
  frame->f_exc_ZZZ is NULL iff the current frame never caught an
  exception (where "catching" an exception applies only to successful
  except clauses); and if the current frame ever caught an exception,
  frame->f_exc_ZZZ is the exception that was stored in tstate->exc_ZZZ
  at the start of the current frame.

*/

static void
set_exc_info(PyThreadState *tstate,
	     PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb)
{
	PyFrameObject *frame = tstate->frame;
	PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;

	assert(type != NULL);
	assert(frame != NULL);
	if (frame->f_exc_type == NULL) {
		assert(frame->f_exc_value == NULL);
		assert(frame->f_exc_traceback == NULL);
		/* This frame didn't catch an exception before. */
		/* Save previous exception of this thread in this frame. */
		if (tstate->exc_type == NULL) {
			/* XXX Why is this set to Py_None? */
			Py_INCREF(Py_None);
			tstate->exc_type = Py_None;
		}
		Py_INCREF(tstate->exc_type);
		Py_XINCREF(tstate->exc_value);
		Py_XINCREF(tstate->exc_traceback);
		frame->f_exc_type = tstate->exc_type;
		frame->f_exc_value = tstate->exc_value;
		frame->f_exc_traceback = tstate->exc_traceback;
	}
	/* Set new exception for this thread. */
	tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
	tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
	tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
	Py_INCREF(type);
	Py_XINCREF(value);
	Py_XINCREF(tb);
	tstate->exc_type = type;
	tstate->exc_value = value;
	tstate->exc_traceback = tb;
	PyException_SetTraceback(value, tb);
	Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
	Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
	Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
}

static void
reset_exc_info(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
	PyFrameObject *frame;
	PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;

	/* It's a precondition that the thread state's frame caught an
	 * exception -- verify in a debug build.
	 */
	assert(tstate != NULL);
	frame = tstate->frame;
	assert(frame != NULL);
	assert(frame->f_exc_type != NULL);

	/* Copy the frame's exception info back to the thread state. */
	tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
	tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
	tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
	Py_INCREF(frame->f_exc_type);
	Py_XINCREF(frame->f_exc_value);
	Py_XINCREF(frame->f_exc_traceback);
	tstate->exc_type = frame->f_exc_type;
	tstate->exc_value = frame->f_exc_value;
	tstate->exc_traceback = frame->f_exc_traceback;
	Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
	Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
	Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);

	/* Clear the frame's exception info. */
	tmp_type = frame->f_exc_type;
	tmp_value = frame->f_exc_value;
	tmp_tb = frame->f_exc_traceback;
	frame->f_exc_type = NULL;
	frame->f_exc_value = NULL;
	frame->f_exc_traceback = NULL;
	Py_DECREF(tmp_type);
	Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
	Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
}

/* Logic for the raise statement (too complicated for inlining).
   This *consumes* a reference count to each of its arguments. */
static enum why_code
do_raise(PyObject *exc, PyObject *cause)
{
	PyObject *type = NULL, *value = NULL, *tb = NULL;

	if (exc == NULL) {
		/* Reraise */
		PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
		type = tstate->exc_type;
		value = tstate->exc_value;
		tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
		if (type == Py_None) {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
					"No active exception to reraise");
			return WHY_EXCEPTION;
			}
		Py_XINCREF(type);
		Py_XINCREF(value);
		Py_XINCREF(tb);
		PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb);
		return WHY_RERAISE;
	}

	/* We support the following forms of raise:
	   raise
       raise <instance>
       raise <type> */

	if (PyExceptionClass_Check(exc)) {
		type = exc;
		value = PyObject_CallObject(exc, NULL);
		if (value == NULL)
			goto raise_error;
	}
	else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(exc)) {
		value = exc;
		type = PyExceptionInstance_Class(exc);
		Py_INCREF(type);
	}
	else {
		/* Not something you can raise.  You get an exception
		   anyway, just not what you specified :-) */
		Py_DECREF(exc);
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"exceptions must derive from BaseException");
		goto raise_error;
	}

	tb = PyException_GetTraceback(value);
	if (cause) {
		PyObject *fixed_cause;
		if (PyExceptionClass_Check(cause)) {
			fixed_cause = PyObject_CallObject(cause, NULL);
			if (fixed_cause == NULL)
				goto raise_error;
			Py_DECREF(cause);
		}
		else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(cause)) {
			fixed_cause = cause;
		}
		else {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
					"exception causes must derive from "
					"BaseException");
			goto raise_error;
		}
		PyException_SetCause(value, fixed_cause);
	}

	PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb);
	return WHY_EXCEPTION;

raise_error:
	Py_XDECREF(value);
	Py_XDECREF(type);
	Py_XDECREF(tb);
	Py_XDECREF(cause);
	return WHY_EXCEPTION;
}

/* Iterate v argcnt times and store the results on the stack (via decreasing
   sp).  Return 1 for success, 0 if error.
   
   If argcntafter == -1, do a simple unpack. If it is >= 0, do an unpack
   with a variable target.
*/

static int
unpack_iterable(PyObject *v, int argcnt, int argcntafter, PyObject **sp)
{
	int i = 0, j = 0;
	Py_ssize_t ll = 0;
	PyObject *it;  /* iter(v) */
	PyObject *w;
	PyObject *l = NULL; /* variable list */

	assert(v != NULL);

	it = PyObject_GetIter(v);
	if (it == NULL)
		goto Error;

	for (; i < argcnt; i++) {
		w = PyIter_Next(it);
		if (w == NULL) {
			/* Iterator done, via error or exhaustion. */
			if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
				PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
					"need more than %d value%s to unpack",
					i, i == 1 ? "" : "s");
			}
			goto Error;
		}
		*--sp = w;
	}

	if (argcntafter == -1) {
		/* We better have exhausted the iterator now. */
		w = PyIter_Next(it);
		if (w == NULL) {
			if (PyErr_Occurred())
				goto Error;
			Py_DECREF(it);
			return 1;
		}
		Py_DECREF(w);
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "too many values to unpack");
		goto Error;
	}

	l = PySequence_List(it);
	if (l == NULL)
		goto Error;
	*--sp = l;
	i++;

	ll = PyList_GET_SIZE(l);
	if (ll < argcntafter) {
		PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "need more than %zd values to unpack",
			     argcnt + ll);
		goto Error;
	}

	/* Pop the "after-variable" args off the list. */
	for (j = argcntafter; j > 0; j--, i++) {
		*--sp = PyList_GET_ITEM(l, ll - j);
	}
	/* Resize the list. */
	Py_Size(l) = ll - argcntafter;
	Py_DECREF(it);
	return 1;

Error:
	for (; i > 0; i--, sp++)
		Py_DECREF(*sp);
	Py_XDECREF(it);
	return 0;
}


#ifdef LLTRACE
static int
prtrace(PyObject *v, char *str)
{
	printf("%s ", str);
	if (PyObject_Print(v, stdout, 0) != 0)
		PyErr_Clear(); /* Don't know what else to do */
	printf("\n");
	return 1;
}
#endif

static void
call_exc_trace(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *self, PyFrameObject *f)
{
	PyObject *type, *value, *traceback, *arg;
	int err;
	PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback);
	if (value == NULL) {
		value = Py_None;
		Py_INCREF(value);
	}
	arg = PyTuple_Pack(3, type, value, traceback);
	if (arg == NULL) {
		PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback);
		return;
	}
	err = call_trace(func, self, f, PyTrace_EXCEPTION, arg);
	Py_DECREF(arg);
	if (err == 0)
		PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback);
	else {
		Py_XDECREF(type);
		Py_XDECREF(value);
		Py_XDECREF(traceback);
	}
}

static int
call_trace_protected(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *obj, PyFrameObject *frame,
		     int what, PyObject *arg)
{
	PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
	int err;
	PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback);
	err = call_trace(func, obj, frame, what, arg);
	if (err == 0)
	{
		PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback);
		return 0;
	}
	else {
		Py_XDECREF(type);
		Py_XDECREF(value);
		Py_XDECREF(traceback);
		return -1;
	}
}

static int
call_trace(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *obj, PyFrameObject *frame,
	   int what, PyObject *arg)
{
	register PyThreadState *tstate = frame->f_tstate;
	int result;
	if (tstate->tracing)
		return 0;
	tstate->tracing++;
	tstate->use_tracing = 0;
	result = func(obj, frame, what, arg);
	tstate->use_tracing = ((tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL)
			       || (tstate->c_profilefunc != NULL));
	tstate->tracing--;
	return result;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_CallTracing(PyObject *func, PyObject *args)
{
	PyFrameObject *frame = PyEval_GetFrame();
	PyThreadState *tstate = frame->f_tstate;
	int save_tracing = tstate->tracing;
	int save_use_tracing = tstate->use_tracing;
	PyObject *result;

	tstate->tracing = 0;
	tstate->use_tracing = ((tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL)
			       || (tstate->c_profilefunc != NULL));
	result = PyObject_Call(func, args, NULL);
	tstate->tracing = save_tracing;
	tstate->use_tracing = save_use_tracing;
	return result;
}

static int
maybe_call_line_trace(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *obj,
		      PyFrameObject *frame, int *instr_lb, int *instr_ub,
		      int *instr_prev)
{
	int result = 0;

        /* If the last instruction executed isn't in the current
           instruction window, reset the window.  If the last
           instruction happens to fall at the start of a line or if it
           represents a jump backwards, call the trace function.
        */
	if ((frame->f_lasti < *instr_lb || frame->f_lasti >= *instr_ub)) {
		int line;
		PyAddrPair bounds;

		line = PyCode_CheckLineNumber(frame->f_code, frame->f_lasti,
					      &bounds);
		if (line >= 0) {
			frame->f_lineno = line;
			result = call_trace(func, obj, frame,
					    PyTrace_LINE, Py_None);
		}
		*instr_lb = bounds.ap_lower;
		*instr_ub = bounds.ap_upper;
	}
	else if (frame->f_lasti <= *instr_prev) {
		result = call_trace(func, obj, frame, PyTrace_LINE, Py_None);
	}
	*instr_prev = frame->f_lasti;
	return result;
}

void
PyEval_SetProfile(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *arg)
{
	PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
	PyObject *temp = tstate->c_profileobj;
	Py_XINCREF(arg);
	tstate->c_profilefunc = NULL;
	tstate->c_profileobj = NULL;
	/* Must make sure that tracing is not ignored if 'temp' is freed */
	tstate->use_tracing = tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL;
	Py_XDECREF(temp);
	tstate->c_profilefunc = func;
	tstate->c_profileobj = arg;
	/* Flag that tracing or profiling is turned on */
	tstate->use_tracing = (func != NULL) || (tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL);
}

void
PyEval_SetTrace(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *arg)
{
	PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
	PyObject *temp = tstate->c_traceobj;
	Py_XINCREF(arg);
	tstate->c_tracefunc = NULL;
	tstate->c_traceobj = NULL;
	/* Must make sure that profiling is not ignored if 'temp' is freed */
	tstate->use_tracing = tstate->c_profilefunc != NULL;
	Py_XDECREF(temp);
	tstate->c_tracefunc = func;
	tstate->c_traceobj = arg;
	/* Flag that tracing or profiling is turned on */
	tstate->use_tracing = ((func != NULL)
			       || (tstate->c_profilefunc != NULL));
}

PyObject *
PyEval_GetBuiltins(void)
{
	PyFrameObject *current_frame = PyEval_GetFrame();
	if (current_frame == NULL)
		return PyThreadState_GET()->interp->builtins;
	else
		return current_frame->f_builtins;
}

PyObject *
PyEval_GetLocals(void)
{
	PyFrameObject *current_frame = PyEval_GetFrame();
	if (current_frame == NULL)
		return NULL;
	PyFrame_FastToLocals(current_frame);
	return current_frame->f_locals;
}

PyObject *
PyEval_GetGlobals(void)
{
	PyFrameObject *current_frame = PyEval_GetFrame();
	if (current_frame == NULL)
		return NULL;
	else
		return current_frame->f_globals;
}

PyFrameObject *
PyEval_GetFrame(void)
{
	PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
	return _PyThreadState_GetFrame(tstate);
}

int
PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags(PyCompilerFlags *cf)
{
	PyFrameObject *current_frame = PyEval_GetFrame();
	int result = cf->cf_flags != 0;

	if (current_frame != NULL) {
		const int codeflags = current_frame->f_code->co_flags;
		const int compilerflags = codeflags & PyCF_MASK;
		if (compilerflags) {
			result = 1;
			cf->cf_flags |= compilerflags;
		}
#if 0 /* future keyword */
		if (codeflags & CO_GENERATOR_ALLOWED) {
			result = 1;
			cf->cf_flags |= CO_GENERATOR_ALLOWED;
		}
#endif
	}
	return result;
}


/* External interface to call any callable object.
   The arg must be a tuple or NULL. */

#undef PyEval_CallObject
/* for backward compatibility: export this interface */

PyObject *
PyEval_CallObject(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg)
{
	return PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords(func, arg, (PyObject *)NULL);
}
#define PyEval_CallObject(func,arg) \
        PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords(func, arg, (PyObject *)NULL)

PyObject *
PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw)
{
	PyObject *result;

	if (arg == NULL) {
		arg = PyTuple_New(0);
		if (arg == NULL)
			return NULL;
	}
	else if (!PyTuple_Check(arg)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"argument list must be a tuple");
		return NULL;
	}
	else
		Py_INCREF(arg);

	if (kw != NULL && !PyDict_Check(kw)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
				"keyword list must be a dictionary");
		Py_DECREF(arg);
		return NULL;
	}

	result = PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw);
	Py_DECREF(arg);
	return result;
}

const char *
PyEval_GetFuncName(PyObject *func)
{
	if (PyMethod_Check(func))
		return PyEval_GetFuncName(PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(func));
	else if (PyFunction_Check(func))
		return PyUnicode_AsString(((PyFunctionObject*)func)->func_name);
	else if (PyCFunction_Check(func))
		return ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_ml->ml_name;
	else
		return func->ob_type->tp_name;
}

const char *
PyEval_GetFuncDesc(PyObject *func)
{
	if (PyMethod_Check(func))
		return "()";
	else if (PyFunction_Check(func))
		return "()";
	else if (PyCFunction_Check(func))
		return "()";
	else
		return " object";
}

static void
err_args(PyObject *func, int flags, int nargs)
{
	if (flags & METH_NOARGS)
		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
			     "%.200s() takes no arguments (%d given)",
			     ((PyCFunctionObject *)func)->m_ml->ml_name,
			     nargs);
	else
		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
			     "%.200s() takes exactly one argument (%d given)",
			     ((PyCFunctionObject *)func)->m_ml->ml_name,
			     nargs);
}

#define C_TRACE(x, call) \
if (tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_profilefunc) { \
	if (call_trace(tstate->c_profilefunc, \
		tstate->c_profileobj, \
		tstate->frame, PyTrace_C_CALL, \
		func)) { \
		x = NULL; \
	} \
	else { \
		x = call; \
		if (tstate->c_profilefunc != NULL) { \
			if (x == NULL) { \
				call_trace_protected(tstate->c_profilefunc, \
					tstate->c_profileobj, \
					tstate->frame, PyTrace_C_EXCEPTION, \
					func); \
				/* XXX should pass (type, value, tb) */ \
			} else { \
				if (call_trace(tstate->c_profilefunc, \
					tstate->c_profileobj, \
					tstate->frame, PyTrace_C_RETURN, \
					func)) { \
					Py_DECREF(x); \
					x = NULL; \
				} \
			} \
		} \
	} \
} else { \
	x = call; \
	}

static PyObject *
call_function(PyObject ***pp_stack, int oparg
#ifdef WITH_TSC
		, uint64* pintr0, uint64* pintr1
#endif
		)
{
	int na = oparg & 0xff;
	int nk = (oparg>>8) & 0xff;
	int n = na + 2 * nk;
	PyObject **pfunc = (*pp_stack) - n - 1;
	PyObject *func = *pfunc;
	PyObject *x, *w;

	/* Always dispatch PyCFunction first, because these are
	   presumed to be the most frequent callable object.
	*/
	if (PyCFunction_Check(func) && nk == 0) {
		int flags = PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func);
		PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();

		PCALL(PCALL_CFUNCTION);
		if (flags & (METH_NOARGS | METH_O)) {
			PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func);
			PyObject *self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(func);
			if (flags & METH_NOARGS && na == 0) {
				C_TRACE(x, (*meth)(self,NULL));
			}
			else if (flags & METH_O && na == 1) {
				PyObject *arg = EXT_POP(*pp_stack);
				C_TRACE(x, (*meth)(self,arg));
				Py_DECREF(arg);
			}
			else {
				err_args(func, flags, na);
				x = NULL;
			}
		}
		else {
			PyObject *callargs;
			callargs = load_args(pp_stack, na);
			READ_TIMESTAMP(*pintr0);
			C_TRACE(x, PyCFunction_Call(func,callargs,NULL));
			READ_TIMESTAMP(*pintr1);
			Py_XDECREF(callargs);
		}
	} else {
		if (PyMethod_Check(func) && PyMethod_GET_SELF(func) != NULL) {
			/* optimize access to bound methods */
			PyObject *self = PyMethod_GET_SELF(func);
			PCALL(PCALL_METHOD);
			PCALL(PCALL_BOUND_METHOD);
			Py_INCREF(self);
			func = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(func);
			Py_INCREF(func);
			Py_DECREF(*pfunc);
			*pfunc = self;
			na++;
			n++;
		} else
			Py_INCREF(func);
		READ_TIMESTAMP(*pintr0);
		if (PyFunction_Check(func))
			x = fast_function(func, pp_stack, n, na, nk);
		else
			x = do_call(func, pp_stack, na, nk);
		READ_TIMESTAMP(*pintr1);
		Py_DECREF(func);
	}

	/* Clear the stack of the function object.  Also removes
           the arguments in case they weren't consumed already
           (fast_function() and err_args() leave them on the stack).
	 */
	while ((*pp_stack) > pfunc) {
		w = EXT_POP(*pp_stack);
		Py_DECREF(w);
		PCALL(PCALL_POP);
	}
	return x;
}

/* The fast_function() function optimize calls for which no argument
   tuple is necessary; the objects are passed directly from the stack.
   For the simplest case -- a function that takes only positional
   arguments and is called with only positional arguments -- it
   inlines the most primitive frame setup code from
   PyEval_EvalCodeEx(), which vastly reduces the checks that must be
   done before evaluating the frame.
*/

static PyObject *
fast_function(PyObject *func, PyObject ***pp_stack, int n, int na, int nk)
{
	PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)PyFunction_GET_CODE(func);
	PyObject *globals = PyFunction_GET_GLOBALS(func);
	PyObject *argdefs = PyFunction_GET_DEFAULTS(func);
	PyObject *kwdefs = PyFunction_GET_KW_DEFAULTS(func);
	PyObject **d = NULL;
	int nd = 0;

	PCALL(PCALL_FUNCTION);
	PCALL(PCALL_FAST_FUNCTION);
	if (argdefs == NULL && co->co_argcount == n &&
	    co->co_kwonlyargcount == 0 && nk==0 &&
	    co->co_flags == (CO_OPTIMIZED | CO_NEWLOCALS | CO_NOFREE)) {
		PyFrameObject *f;
		PyObject *retval = NULL;
		PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
		PyObject **fastlocals, **stack;
		int i;

		PCALL(PCALL_FASTER_FUNCTION);
		assert(globals != NULL);
		/* XXX Perhaps we should create a specialized
		   PyFrame_New() that doesn't take locals, but does
		   take builtins without sanity checking them.
		*/
		assert(tstate != NULL);
		f = PyFrame_New(tstate, co, globals, NULL);
		if (f == NULL)
			return NULL;

		fastlocals = f->f_localsplus;
		stack = (*pp_stack) - n;

		for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			Py_INCREF(*stack);
			fastlocals[i] = *stack++;
		}
		retval = PyEval_EvalFrameEx(f,0);
		++tstate->recursion_depth;
		Py_DECREF(f);
		--tstate->recursion_depth;
		return retval;
	}
	if (argdefs != NULL) {
		d = &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(argdefs, 0);
		nd = Py_Size(argdefs);
	}
	return PyEval_EvalCodeEx(co, globals,
				 (PyObject *)NULL, (*pp_stack)-n, na,
				 (*pp_stack)-2*nk, nk, d, nd, kwdefs,
				 PyFunction_GET_CLOSURE(func));
}

static PyObject *
update_keyword_args(PyObject *orig_kwdict, int nk, PyObject ***pp_stack,
                    PyObject *func)
{
	PyObject *kwdict = NULL;
	if (orig_kwdict == NULL)
		kwdict = PyDict_New();
	else {
		kwdict = PyDict_Copy(orig_kwdict);
		Py_DECREF(orig_kwdict);
	}
	if (kwdict == NULL)
		return NULL;
	while (--nk >= 0) {
		int err;
		PyObject *value = EXT_POP(*pp_stack);
		PyObject *key = EXT_POP(*pp_stack);
		if (PyDict_GetItem(kwdict, key) != NULL) {
			PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
				     "%.200s%s got multiple values "
				     "for keyword argument '%.200s'",
				     PyEval_GetFuncName(func),
				     PyEval_GetFuncDesc(func),
				     PyUnicode_AsString(key));
			Py_DECREF(key);
			Py_DECREF(value);
			Py_DECREF(kwdict);
			return NULL;
		}
		err = PyDict_SetItem(kwdict, key, value);
		Py_DECREF(key);
		Py_DECREF(value);
		if (err) {
			Py_DECREF(kwdict);
			return NULL;
		}
	}
	return kwdict;
}

static PyObject *
update_star_args(int nstack, int nstar, PyObject *stararg,
		 PyObject ***pp_stack)
{
	PyObject *callargs, *w;

	callargs = PyTuple_New(nstack + nstar);
	if (callargs == NULL) {
		return NULL;
	}
	if (nstar) {
		int i;
		for (i = 0; i < nstar; i++) {
			PyObject *a = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(stararg, i);
			Py_INCREF(a);
			PyTuple_SET_ITEM(callargs, nstack + i, a);
		}
	}
	while (--nstack >= 0) {
		w = EXT_POP(*pp_stack);
		PyTuple_SET_ITEM(callargs, nstack, w);
	}
	return callargs;
}

static PyObject *
load_args(PyObject ***pp_stack, int na)
{
	PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(na);
	PyObject *w;

	if (args == NULL)
		return NULL;
	while (--na >= 0) {
		w = EXT_POP(*pp_stack);
		PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, na, w);
	}
	return args;
}

static PyObject *
do_call(PyObject *func, PyObject ***pp_stack, int na, int nk)
{
	PyObject *callargs = NULL;
	PyObject *kwdict = NULL;
	PyObject *result = NULL;

	if (nk > 0) {
		kwdict = update_keyword_args(NULL, nk, pp_stack, func);
		if (kwdict == NULL)
			goto call_fail;
	}
	callargs = load_args(pp_stack, na);
	if (callargs == NULL)
		goto call_fail;
#ifdef CALL_PROFILE
	/* At this point, we have to look at the type of func to
	   update the call stats properly.  Do it here so as to avoid
	   exposing the call stats machinery outside ceval.c
	*/
	if (PyFunction_Check(func))
		PCALL(PCALL_FUNCTION);
	else if (PyMethod_Check(func))
		PCALL(PCALL_METHOD);
	else if (PyType_Check(func))
		PCALL(PCALL_TYPE);
	else
		PCALL(PCALL_OTHER);
#endif
	result = PyObject_Call(func, callargs, kwdict);
call_fail:
	Py_XDECREF(callargs);
	Py_XDECREF(kwdict);
	return result;
}

static PyObject *
ext_do_call(PyObject *func, PyObject ***pp_stack, int flags, int na, int nk)
{
	int nstar = 0;
	PyObject *callargs = NULL;
	PyObject *stararg = NULL;
	PyObject *kwdict = NULL;
	PyObject *result = NULL;

	if (flags & CALL_FLAG_KW) {
		kwdict = EXT_POP(*pp_stack);
		if (!PyDict_Check(kwdict)) {
			PyObject *d;
			d = PyDict_New();
			if (d == NULL)
				goto ext_call_fail;
			if (PyDict_Update(d, kwdict) != 0) {
				Py_DECREF(d);
				/* PyDict_Update raises attribute
				 * error (percolated from an attempt
				 * to get 'keys' attribute) instead of
				 * a type error if its second argument
				 * is not a mapping.
				 */
				if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
					PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
						     "%.200s%.200s argument after ** "
						     "must be a mapping, not %.200s",
						     PyEval_GetFuncName(func),
						     PyEval_GetFuncDesc(func),
						     kwdict->ob_type->tp_name);
				}
				goto ext_call_fail;
			}
			Py_DECREF(kwdict);
			kwdict = d;
		}
	}
	if (flags & CALL_FLAG_VAR) {
		stararg = EXT_POP(*pp_stack);
		if (!PyTuple_Check(stararg)) {
			PyObject *t = NULL;
			t = PySequence_Tuple(stararg);
			if (t == NULL) {
				if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError)) {
					PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
						     "%.200s%.200s argument after * "
						     "must be a sequence, not %200s",
						     PyEval_GetFuncName(func),
						     PyEval_GetFuncDesc(func),
						     stararg->ob_type->tp_name);
				}
				goto ext_call_fail;
			}
			Py_DECREF(stararg);
			stararg = t;
		}
		nstar = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(stararg);
	}
	if (nk > 0) {
		kwdict = update_keyword_args(kwdict, nk, pp_stack, func);
		if (kwdict == NULL)
			goto ext_call_fail;
	}
	callargs = update_star_args(na, nstar, stararg, pp_stack);
	if (callargs == NULL)
		goto ext_call_fail;
#ifdef CALL_PROFILE
	/* At this point, we have to look at the type of func to
	   update the call stats properly.  Do it here so as to avoid
	   exposing the call stats machinery outside ceval.c
	*/
	if (PyFunction_Check(func))
		PCALL(PCALL_FUNCTION);
	else if (PyMethod_Check(func))
		PCALL(PCALL_METHOD);
	else if (PyType_Check(func))
		PCALL(PCALL_TYPE);
	else
		PCALL(PCALL_OTHER);
#endif
	result = PyObject_Call(func, callargs, kwdict);
ext_call_fail:
	Py_XDECREF(callargs);
	Py_XDECREF(kwdict);
	Py_XDECREF(stararg);
	return result;
}

/* Extract a slice index from a PyInt or PyLong or an object with the
   nb_index slot defined, and store in *pi.
   Silently reduce values larger than PY_SSIZE_T_MAX to PY_SSIZE_T_MAX,
   and silently boost values less than -PY_SSIZE_T_MAX-1 to -PY_SSIZE_T_MAX-1.
   Return 0 on error, 1 on success.
*/
/* Note:  If v is NULL, return success without storing into *pi.  This
   is because_PyEval_SliceIndex() is called by apply_slice(), which can be
   called by the SLICE opcode with v and/or w equal to NULL.
*/
int
_PyEval_SliceIndex(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t *pi)
{
	if (v != NULL) {
		Py_ssize_t x;
		if (PyInt_CheckExact(v)) {
			/* XXX(nnorwitz): I think PyInt_AS_LONG is correct,
			   however, it looks like it should be AsSsize_t.
			   There should be a comment here explaining why.
			*/
			x = PyInt_AS_LONG(v);
		}
		else if (PyIndex_Check(v)) {
			x = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(v, NULL);
			if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
				return 0;
		}
		else {
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
					"slice indices must be integers or "
					"None or have an __index__ method");
			return 0;
		}
		*pi = x;
	}
	return 1;
}

#define CANNOT_CATCH_MSG "catching classes that do not inherit from "\
			 "BaseException is not allowed"

static PyObject *
cmp_outcome(int op, register PyObject *v, register PyObject *w)
{
	int res = 0;
	switch (op) {
	case PyCmp_IS:
		res = (v == w);
		break;
	case PyCmp_IS_NOT:
		res = (v != w);
		break;
	case PyCmp_IN:
		res = PySequence_Contains(w, v);
		if (res < 0)
			return NULL;
		break;
	case PyCmp_NOT_IN:
		res = PySequence_Contains(w, v);
		if (res < 0)
			return NULL;
		res = !res;
		break;
	case PyCmp_EXC_MATCH:
		if (PyTuple_Check(w)) {
			Py_ssize_t i, length;
			length = PyTuple_Size(w);
			for (i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
				PyObject *exc = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(w, i);
				if (!PyExceptionClass_Check(exc)) {
					PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
							CANNOT_CATCH_MSG);
					return NULL;
				}
			}
		}
		else {
			if (!PyExceptionClass_Check(w)) {
				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
						CANNOT_CATCH_MSG);
				return NULL;
			}
		}
		res = PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(v, w);
		break;
	default:
		return PyObject_RichCompare(v, w, op);
	}
	v = res ? Py_True : Py_False;
	Py_INCREF(v);
	return v;
}

static PyObject *
import_from(PyObject *v, PyObject *name)
{
	PyObject *x;

	x = PyObject_GetAttr(v, name);
	if (x == NULL && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
		PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError, "cannot import name %S", name);
	}
	return x;
}

static int
import_all_from(PyObject *locals, PyObject *v)
{
	PyObject *all = PyObject_GetAttrString(v, "__all__");
	PyObject *dict, *name, *value;
	int skip_leading_underscores = 0;
	int pos, err;

	if (all == NULL) {
		if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))
			return -1; /* Unexpected error */
		PyErr_Clear();
		dict = PyObject_GetAttrString(v, "__dict__");
		if (dict == NULL) {
			if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))
				return -1;
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError,
			"from-import-* object has no __dict__ and no __all__");
			return -1;
		}
		all = PyMapping_Keys(dict);
		Py_DECREF(dict);
		if (all == NULL)
			return -1;
		skip_leading_underscores = 1;
	}

	for (pos = 0, err = 0; ; pos++) {
		name = PySequence_GetItem(all, pos);
		if (name == NULL) {
			if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_IndexError))
				err = -1;
			else
				PyErr_Clear();
			break;
		}
		if (skip_leading_underscores &&
		    PyUnicode_Check(name) &&
		    PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(name)[0] == '_')
		{
			Py_DECREF(name);
			continue;
		}
		value = PyObject_GetAttr(v, name);
		if (value == NULL)
			err = -1;
		else if (PyDict_CheckExact(locals))
			err = PyDict_SetItem(locals, name, value);
		else
			err = PyObject_SetItem(locals, name, value);
		Py_DECREF(name);
		Py_XDECREF(value);
		if (err != 0)
			break;
	}
	Py_DECREF(all);
	return err;
}

static void
format_exc_check_arg(PyObject *exc, const char *format_str, PyObject *obj)
{
	const char *obj_str;

	if (!obj)
		return;

	obj_str = PyUnicode_AsString(obj);
	if (!obj_str)
		return;

	PyErr_Format(exc, format_str, obj_str);
}

static PyObject *
unicode_concatenate(PyObject *v, PyObject *w,
		   PyFrameObject *f, unsigned char *next_instr)
{
	/* This function implements 'variable += expr' when both arguments
	   are (Unicode) strings. */
	Py_ssize_t v_len = PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(v);
	Py_ssize_t w_len = PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(w);
	Py_ssize_t new_len = v_len + w_len;
	if (new_len < 0) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
				"strings are too large to concat");
		return NULL;
	}

	if (v->ob_refcnt == 2) {
		/* In the common case, there are 2 references to the value
		 * stored in 'variable' when the += is performed: one on the
		 * value stack (in 'v') and one still stored in the
		 * 'variable'.  We try to delete the variable now to reduce
		 * the refcnt to 1.
		 */
		switch (*next_instr) {
		case STORE_FAST:
		{
			int oparg = PEEKARG();
			PyObject **fastlocals = f->f_localsplus;
			if (GETLOCAL(oparg) == v)
				SETLOCAL(oparg, NULL);
			break;
		}
		case STORE_DEREF:
		{
			PyObject **freevars = (f->f_localsplus +
					       f->f_code->co_nlocals);
			PyObject *c = freevars[PEEKARG()];
			if (PyCell_GET(c) == v)
				PyCell_Set(c, NULL);
			break;
		}
		case STORE_NAME:
		{
			PyObject *names = f->f_code->co_names;
			PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, PEEKARG());
			PyObject *locals = f->f_locals;
			if (PyDict_CheckExact(locals) &&
			    PyDict_GetItem(locals, name) == v) {
				if (PyDict_DelItem(locals, name) != 0) {
					PyErr_Clear();
				}
			}
			break;
		}
		}
	}

	if (v->ob_refcnt == 1 && !PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(v)) {
		/* Now we own the last reference to 'v', so we can resize it
		 * in-place.
		 */
		if (PyUnicode_Resize(&v, new_len) != 0) {
			/* XXX if PyUnicode_Resize() fails, 'v' has been
			 * deallocated so it cannot be put back into
			 * 'variable'.  The MemoryError is raised when there
			 * is no value in 'variable', which might (very
			 * remotely) be a cause of incompatibilities.
			 */
			return NULL;
		}
		/* copy 'w' into the newly allocated area of 'v' */
		memcpy(PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(v) + v_len,
		       PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(w), w_len*sizeof(Py_UNICODE));
		return v;
	}
	else {
		/* When in-place resizing is not an option. */
		w = PyUnicode_Concat(v, w);
                Py_DECREF(v);
		return w;
	}
}

#ifdef DYNAMIC_EXECUTION_PROFILE

static PyObject *
getarray(long a[256])
{
	int i;
	PyObject *l = PyList_New(256);
	if (l == NULL) return NULL;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
		PyObject *x = PyInt_FromLong(a[i]);
		if (x == NULL) {
			Py_DECREF(l);
			return NULL;
		}
		PyList_SetItem(l, i, x);
	}
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
		a[i] = 0;
	return l;
}

PyObject *
_Py_GetDXProfile(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifndef DXPAIRS
	return getarray(dxp);
#else
	int i;
	PyObject *l = PyList_New(257);
	if (l == NULL) return NULL;
	for (i = 0; i < 257; i++) {
		PyObject *x = getarray(dxpairs[i]);
		if (x == NULL) {
			Py_DECREF(l);
			return NULL;
		}
		PyList_SetItem(l, i, x);
	}
	return l;
#endif
}

#endif