diff --git a/tests/test_fernet.py b/tests/test_fernet.py
index 5b7a9f9..0b93f01 100644
--- a/tests/test_fernet.py
+++ b/tests/test_fernet.py
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@
     def test_unicode(self, backend):
         f = Fernet(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b"\x00" * 32), backend=backend)
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-            f.encrypt(six.u(""))
+            f.encrypt(u"")
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
-            f.decrypt(six.u(""))
+            f.decrypt(u"")
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("message", [b"", b"Abc!", b"\x00\xFF\x00\x80"])
     def test_roundtrips(self, message, backend):
diff --git a/tests/test_x509.py b/tests/test_x509.py
index d8a4cc0..df291de 100644
--- a/tests/test_x509.py
+++ b/tests/test_x509.py
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-import six
-
 from cryptography import x509
 from cryptography.exceptions import UnsupportedAlgorithm
 from cryptography.hazmat.backends.interfaces import (
@@ -167,13 +165,13 @@
         assert cert.subject.get_attributes_for_oid(x509.OID_COMMON_NAME) == [
             x509.NameAttribute(
                 x509.OID_COMMON_NAME,
-                six.u('We heart UTF8!\u2122')
+                u'We heart UTF8!\u2122'
             )
         ]
         assert cert.issuer.get_attributes_for_oid(x509.OID_COMMON_NAME) == [
             x509.NameAttribute(
                 x509.OID_COMMON_NAME,
-                six.u('We heart UTF8!\u2122')
+                u'We heart UTF8!\u2122'
             )
         ]
 
diff --git a/tests/test_x509_ext.py b/tests/test_x509_ext.py
index 820e96b..881dfbf 100644
--- a/tests/test_x509_ext.py
+++ b/tests/test_x509_ext.py
@@ -593,17 +593,17 @@
             name(1.3)
 
     def test_repr(self, name):
-        gn = name(six.u("string"))
+        gn = name(u"string")
         assert repr(gn) == "<{0}(value=string)>".format(name.__name__)
 
     def test_eq(self, name):
-        gn = name(six.u("string"))
-        gn2 = name(six.u("string"))
+        gn = name(u"string")
+        gn2 = name(u"string")
         assert gn == gn2
 
     def test_ne(self, name):
-        gn = name(six.u("string"))
-        gn2 = name(six.u("string2"))
+        gn = name(u"string")
+        gn2 = name(u"string2")
         assert gn != gn2
         assert gn != object()
 
@@ -684,20 +684,20 @@
             x509.IPAddress(1.3)
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        gn = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(six.u("127.0.0.1")))
+        gn = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(u"127.0.0.1"))
         assert repr(gn) == "<IPAddress(value=127.0.0.1)>"
 
-        gn2 = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv6Address(six.u("ff::")))
+        gn2 = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv6Address(u"ff::"))
         assert repr(gn2) == "<IPAddress(value=ff::)>"
 
     def test_eq(self):
-        gn = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(six.u("127.0.0.1")))
-        gn2 = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(six.u("127.0.0.1")))
+        gn = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(u"127.0.0.1"))
+        gn2 = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(u"127.0.0.1"))
         assert gn == gn2
 
     def test_ne(self):
-        gn = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(six.u("127.0.0.1")))
-        gn2 = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(six.u("127.0.0.2")))
+        gn = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(u"127.0.0.1"))
+        gn2 = x509.IPAddress(ipaddress.IPv4Address(u"127.0.0.2"))
         assert gn != gn2
         assert gn != object()
 
@@ -705,32 +705,32 @@
 class TestSubjectAlternativeName(object):
     def test_get_values_for_type(self):
         san = x509.SubjectAlternativeName(
-            [x509.DNSName(six.u("cryptography.io"))]
+            [x509.DNSName(u"cryptography.io")]
         )
         names = san.get_values_for_type(x509.DNSName)
-        assert names == [six.u("cryptography.io")]
+        assert names == [u"cryptography.io"]
 
     def test_iter_names(self):
         san = x509.SubjectAlternativeName([
-            x509.DNSName(six.u("cryptography.io")),
-            x509.DNSName(six.u("crypto.local")),
+            x509.DNSName(u"cryptography.io"),
+            x509.DNSName(u"crypto.local"),
         ])
         assert len(san) == 2
         assert list(san) == [
-            x509.DNSName(six.u("cryptography.io")),
-            x509.DNSName(six.u("crypto.local")),
+            x509.DNSName(u"cryptography.io"),
+            x509.DNSName(u"crypto.local"),
         ]
 
     def test_invalid_general_names(self):
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
             x509.SubjectAlternativeName(
-                [x509.DNSName(six.u("cryptography.io")), "invalid"]
+                [x509.DNSName(u"cryptography.io"), "invalid"]
             )
 
     def test_repr(self):
         san = x509.SubjectAlternativeName(
             [
-                x509.DNSName(six.u("cryptography.io"))
+                x509.DNSName(u"cryptography.io")
             ]
         )
         assert repr(san) == (