feat: workload identity federation support (#686)

Using workload identity federation, applications can access Google Cloud resources from Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure or any identity provider that supports OpenID Connect (OIDC). Workload identity federation is recommended for non-Google Cloud environments as it avoids the need to download, manage and store service account private keys locally.
diff --git a/tests/oauth2/test_sts.py b/tests/oauth2/test_sts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8792bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/oauth2/test_sts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+# Copyright 2020 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import json
+
+import mock
+import pytest
+from six.moves import http_client
+from six.moves import urllib
+
+from google.auth import exceptions
+from google.auth import transport
+from google.oauth2 import sts
+from google.oauth2 import utils
+
+CLIENT_ID = "username"
+CLIENT_SECRET = "password"
+# Base64 encoding of "username:password"
+BASIC_AUTH_ENCODING = "dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ="
+
+
+class TestStsClient(object):
+    GRANT_TYPE = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange"
+    RESOURCE = "https://api.example.com/"
+    AUDIENCE = "urn:example:cooperation-context"
+    SCOPES = ["scope1", "scope2"]
+    REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:access_token"
+    SUBJECT_TOKEN = "HEADER.SUBJECT_TOKEN_PAYLOAD.SIGNATURE"
+    SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt"
+    ACTOR_TOKEN = "HEADER.ACTOR_TOKEN_PAYLOAD.SIGNATURE"
+    ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt"
+    TOKEN_EXCHANGE_ENDPOINT = "https://example.com/token.oauth2"
+    ADDON_HEADERS = {"x-client-version": "0.1.2"}
+    ADDON_OPTIONS = {"additional": {"non-standard": ["options"], "other": "some-value"}}
+    SUCCESS_RESPONSE = {
+        "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
+        "issued_token_type": "urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:access_token",
+        "token_type": "Bearer",
+        "expires_in": 3600,
+        "scope": "scope1 scope2",
+    }
+    ERROR_RESPONSE = {
+        "error": "invalid_request",
+        "error_description": "Invalid subject token",
+        "error_uri": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749",
+    }
+    CLIENT_AUTH_BASIC = utils.ClientAuthentication(
+        utils.ClientAuthType.basic, CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET
+    )
+    CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY = utils.ClientAuthentication(
+        utils.ClientAuthType.request_body, CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def make_client(cls, client_auth=None):
+        return sts.Client(cls.TOKEN_EXCHANGE_ENDPOINT, client_auth)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def make_mock_request(cls, data, status=http_client.OK):
+        response = mock.create_autospec(transport.Response, instance=True)
+        response.status = status
+        response.data = json.dumps(data).encode("utf-8")
+
+        request = mock.create_autospec(transport.Request)
+        request.return_value = response
+
+        return request
+
+    @classmethod
+    def assert_request_kwargs(cls, request_kwargs, headers, request_data):
+        """Asserts the request was called with the expected parameters.
+        """
+        assert request_kwargs["url"] == cls.TOKEN_EXCHANGE_ENDPOINT
+        assert request_kwargs["method"] == "POST"
+        assert request_kwargs["headers"] == headers
+        assert request_kwargs["body"] is not None
+        body_tuples = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(request_kwargs["body"])
+        for (k, v) in body_tuples:
+            assert v.decode("utf-8") == request_data[k.decode("utf-8")]
+        assert len(body_tuples) == len(request_data.keys())
+
+    def test_exchange_token_full_success_without_auth(self):
+        """Test token exchange success without client authentication using full
+        parameters.
+        """
+        client = self.make_client()
+        headers = self.ADDON_HEADERS.copy()
+        headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+        request_data = {
+            "grant_type": self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            "resource": self.RESOURCE,
+            "audience": self.AUDIENCE,
+            "scope": " ".join(self.SCOPES),
+            "requested_token_type": self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "subject_token": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            "subject_token_type": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "actor_token": self.ACTOR_TOKEN,
+            "actor_token_type": self.ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "options": urllib.parse.quote(json.dumps(self.ADDON_OPTIONS)),
+        }
+        request = self.make_mock_request(
+            status=http_client.OK, data=self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+        )
+
+        response = client.exchange_token(
+            request,
+            self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            self.RESOURCE,
+            self.AUDIENCE,
+            self.SCOPES,
+            self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            self.ACTOR_TOKEN,
+            self.ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            self.ADDON_OPTIONS,
+            self.ADDON_HEADERS,
+        )
+
+        self.assert_request_kwargs(request.call_args.kwargs, headers, request_data)
+        assert response == self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+
+    def test_exchange_token_partial_success_without_auth(self):
+        """Test token exchange success without client authentication using
+        partial (required only) parameters.
+        """
+        client = self.make_client()
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
+        request_data = {
+            "grant_type": self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            "audience": self.AUDIENCE,
+            "requested_token_type": self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "subject_token": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            "subject_token_type": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+        }
+        request = self.make_mock_request(
+            status=http_client.OK, data=self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+        )
+
+        response = client.exchange_token(
+            request,
+            grant_type=self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            subject_token=self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            subject_token_type=self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            audience=self.AUDIENCE,
+            requested_token_type=self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+        )
+
+        self.assert_request_kwargs(request.call_args.kwargs, headers, request_data)
+        assert response == self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+
+    def test_exchange_token_non200_without_auth(self):
+        """Test token exchange without client auth responding with non-200 status.
+        """
+        client = self.make_client()
+        request = self.make_mock_request(
+            status=http_client.BAD_REQUEST, data=self.ERROR_RESPONSE
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(exceptions.OAuthError) as excinfo:
+            client.exchange_token(
+                request,
+                self.GRANT_TYPE,
+                self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+                self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+                self.RESOURCE,
+                self.AUDIENCE,
+                self.SCOPES,
+                self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+                self.ACTOR_TOKEN,
+                self.ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE,
+                self.ADDON_OPTIONS,
+                self.ADDON_HEADERS,
+            )
+
+        assert excinfo.match(
+            r"Error code invalid_request: Invalid subject token - https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749"
+        )
+
+    def test_exchange_token_full_success_with_basic_auth(self):
+        """Test token exchange success with basic client authentication using full
+        parameters.
+        """
+        client = self.make_client(self.CLIENT_AUTH_BASIC)
+        headers = self.ADDON_HEADERS.copy()
+        headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+        headers["Authorization"] = "Basic {}".format(BASIC_AUTH_ENCODING)
+        request_data = {
+            "grant_type": self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            "resource": self.RESOURCE,
+            "audience": self.AUDIENCE,
+            "scope": " ".join(self.SCOPES),
+            "requested_token_type": self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "subject_token": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            "subject_token_type": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "actor_token": self.ACTOR_TOKEN,
+            "actor_token_type": self.ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "options": urllib.parse.quote(json.dumps(self.ADDON_OPTIONS)),
+        }
+        request = self.make_mock_request(
+            status=http_client.OK, data=self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+        )
+
+        response = client.exchange_token(
+            request,
+            self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            self.RESOURCE,
+            self.AUDIENCE,
+            self.SCOPES,
+            self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            self.ACTOR_TOKEN,
+            self.ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            self.ADDON_OPTIONS,
+            self.ADDON_HEADERS,
+        )
+
+        self.assert_request_kwargs(request.call_args.kwargs, headers, request_data)
+        assert response == self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+
+    def test_exchange_token_partial_success_with_basic_auth(self):
+        """Test token exchange success with basic client authentication using
+        partial (required only) parameters.
+        """
+        client = self.make_client(self.CLIENT_AUTH_BASIC)
+        headers = {
+            "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+            "Authorization": "Basic {}".format(BASIC_AUTH_ENCODING),
+        }
+        request_data = {
+            "grant_type": self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            "audience": self.AUDIENCE,
+            "requested_token_type": self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "subject_token": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            "subject_token_type": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+        }
+        request = self.make_mock_request(
+            status=http_client.OK, data=self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+        )
+
+        response = client.exchange_token(
+            request,
+            grant_type=self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            subject_token=self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            subject_token_type=self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            audience=self.AUDIENCE,
+            requested_token_type=self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+        )
+
+        self.assert_request_kwargs(request.call_args.kwargs, headers, request_data)
+        assert response == self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+
+    def test_exchange_token_non200_with_basic_auth(self):
+        """Test token exchange with basic client auth responding with non-200
+        status.
+        """
+        client = self.make_client(self.CLIENT_AUTH_BASIC)
+        request = self.make_mock_request(
+            status=http_client.BAD_REQUEST, data=self.ERROR_RESPONSE
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(exceptions.OAuthError) as excinfo:
+            client.exchange_token(
+                request,
+                self.GRANT_TYPE,
+                self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+                self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+                self.RESOURCE,
+                self.AUDIENCE,
+                self.SCOPES,
+                self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+                self.ACTOR_TOKEN,
+                self.ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE,
+                self.ADDON_OPTIONS,
+                self.ADDON_HEADERS,
+            )
+
+        assert excinfo.match(
+            r"Error code invalid_request: Invalid subject token - https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749"
+        )
+
+    def test_exchange_token_full_success_with_reqbody_auth(self):
+        """Test token exchange success with request body client authenticaiton
+        using full parameters.
+        """
+        client = self.make_client(self.CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY)
+        headers = self.ADDON_HEADERS.copy()
+        headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+        request_data = {
+            "grant_type": self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            "resource": self.RESOURCE,
+            "audience": self.AUDIENCE,
+            "scope": " ".join(self.SCOPES),
+            "requested_token_type": self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "subject_token": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            "subject_token_type": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "actor_token": self.ACTOR_TOKEN,
+            "actor_token_type": self.ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "options": urllib.parse.quote(json.dumps(self.ADDON_OPTIONS)),
+            "client_id": CLIENT_ID,
+            "client_secret": CLIENT_SECRET,
+        }
+        request = self.make_mock_request(
+            status=http_client.OK, data=self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+        )
+
+        response = client.exchange_token(
+            request,
+            self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            self.RESOURCE,
+            self.AUDIENCE,
+            self.SCOPES,
+            self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            self.ACTOR_TOKEN,
+            self.ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            self.ADDON_OPTIONS,
+            self.ADDON_HEADERS,
+        )
+
+        self.assert_request_kwargs(request.call_args.kwargs, headers, request_data)
+        assert response == self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+
+    def test_exchange_token_partial_success_with_reqbody_auth(self):
+        """Test token exchange success with request body client authentication
+        using partial (required only) parameters.
+        """
+        client = self.make_client(self.CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY)
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
+        request_data = {
+            "grant_type": self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            "audience": self.AUDIENCE,
+            "requested_token_type": self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "subject_token": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            "subject_token_type": self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            "client_id": CLIENT_ID,
+            "client_secret": CLIENT_SECRET,
+        }
+        request = self.make_mock_request(
+            status=http_client.OK, data=self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+        )
+
+        response = client.exchange_token(
+            request,
+            grant_type=self.GRANT_TYPE,
+            subject_token=self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+            subject_token_type=self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+            audience=self.AUDIENCE,
+            requested_token_type=self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+        )
+
+        self.assert_request_kwargs(request.call_args.kwargs, headers, request_data)
+        assert response == self.SUCCESS_RESPONSE
+
+    def test_exchange_token_non200_with_reqbody_auth(self):
+        """Test token exchange with POST request body client auth responding
+        with non-200 status.
+        """
+        client = self.make_client(self.CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY)
+        request = self.make_mock_request(
+            status=http_client.BAD_REQUEST, data=self.ERROR_RESPONSE
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(exceptions.OAuthError) as excinfo:
+            client.exchange_token(
+                request,
+                self.GRANT_TYPE,
+                self.SUBJECT_TOKEN,
+                self.SUBJECT_TOKEN_TYPE,
+                self.RESOURCE,
+                self.AUDIENCE,
+                self.SCOPES,
+                self.REQUESTED_TOKEN_TYPE,
+                self.ACTOR_TOKEN,
+                self.ACTOR_TOKEN_TYPE,
+                self.ADDON_OPTIONS,
+                self.ADDON_HEADERS,
+            )
+
+        assert excinfo.match(
+            r"Error code invalid_request: Invalid subject token - https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/oauth2/test_utils.py b/tests/oauth2/test_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6de9ff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/oauth2/test_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+# Copyright 2020 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import json
+
+import pytest
+
+from google.auth import exceptions
+from google.oauth2 import utils
+
+
+CLIENT_ID = "username"
+CLIENT_SECRET = "password"
+# Base64 encoding of "username:password"
+BASIC_AUTH_ENCODING = "dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ="
+# Base64 encoding of "username:"
+BASIC_AUTH_ENCODING_SECRETLESS = "dXNlcm5hbWU6"
+
+
+class AuthHandler(utils.OAuthClientAuthHandler):
+    def __init__(self, client_auth=None):
+        super(AuthHandler, self).__init__(client_auth)
+
+    def apply_client_authentication_options(
+        self, headers, request_body=None, bearer_token=None
+    ):
+        return super(AuthHandler, self).apply_client_authentication_options(
+            headers, request_body, bearer_token
+        )
+
+
+class TestClientAuthentication(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def make_client_auth(cls, client_secret=None):
+        return utils.ClientAuthentication(
+            utils.ClientAuthType.basic, CLIENT_ID, client_secret
+        )
+
+    def test_initialization_with_client_secret(self):
+        client_auth = self.make_client_auth(CLIENT_SECRET)
+
+        assert client_auth.client_auth_type == utils.ClientAuthType.basic
+        assert client_auth.client_id == CLIENT_ID
+        assert client_auth.client_secret == CLIENT_SECRET
+
+    def test_initialization_no_client_secret(self):
+        client_auth = self.make_client_auth()
+
+        assert client_auth.client_auth_type == utils.ClientAuthType.basic
+        assert client_auth.client_id == CLIENT_ID
+        assert client_auth.client_secret is None
+
+
+class TestOAuthClientAuthHandler(object):
+    CLIENT_AUTH_BASIC = utils.ClientAuthentication(
+        utils.ClientAuthType.basic, CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET
+    )
+    CLIENT_AUTH_BASIC_SECRETLESS = utils.ClientAuthentication(
+        utils.ClientAuthType.basic, CLIENT_ID
+    )
+    CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY = utils.ClientAuthentication(
+        utils.ClientAuthType.request_body, CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET
+    )
+    CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY_SECRETLESS = utils.ClientAuthentication(
+        utils.ClientAuthType.request_body, CLIENT_ID
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def make_oauth_client_auth_handler(cls, client_auth=None):
+        return AuthHandler(client_auth)
+
+    def test_apply_client_authentication_options_none(self):
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        request_body = {"foo": "bar"}
+        auth_handler = self.make_oauth_client_auth_handler()
+
+        auth_handler.apply_client_authentication_options(headers, request_body)
+
+        assert headers == {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        assert request_body == {"foo": "bar"}
+
+    def test_apply_client_authentication_options_basic(self):
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        request_body = {"foo": "bar"}
+        auth_handler = self.make_oauth_client_auth_handler(self.CLIENT_AUTH_BASIC)
+
+        auth_handler.apply_client_authentication_options(headers, request_body)
+
+        assert headers == {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "Authorization": "Basic {}".format(BASIC_AUTH_ENCODING),
+        }
+        assert request_body == {"foo": "bar"}
+
+    def test_apply_client_authentication_options_basic_nosecret(self):
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        request_body = {"foo": "bar"}
+        auth_handler = self.make_oauth_client_auth_handler(
+            self.CLIENT_AUTH_BASIC_SECRETLESS
+        )
+
+        auth_handler.apply_client_authentication_options(headers, request_body)
+
+        assert headers == {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "Authorization": "Basic {}".format(BASIC_AUTH_ENCODING_SECRETLESS),
+        }
+        assert request_body == {"foo": "bar"}
+
+    def test_apply_client_authentication_options_request_body(self):
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        request_body = {"foo": "bar"}
+        auth_handler = self.make_oauth_client_auth_handler(
+            self.CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY
+        )
+
+        auth_handler.apply_client_authentication_options(headers, request_body)
+
+        assert headers == {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        assert request_body == {
+            "foo": "bar",
+            "client_id": CLIENT_ID,
+            "client_secret": CLIENT_SECRET,
+        }
+
+    def test_apply_client_authentication_options_request_body_nosecret(self):
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        request_body = {"foo": "bar"}
+        auth_handler = self.make_oauth_client_auth_handler(
+            self.CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY_SECRETLESS
+        )
+
+        auth_handler.apply_client_authentication_options(headers, request_body)
+
+        assert headers == {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        assert request_body == {
+            "foo": "bar",
+            "client_id": CLIENT_ID,
+            "client_secret": "",
+        }
+
+    def test_apply_client_authentication_options_request_body_no_body(self):
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        auth_handler = self.make_oauth_client_auth_handler(
+            self.CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(exceptions.OAuthError) as excinfo:
+            auth_handler.apply_client_authentication_options(headers)
+
+        assert excinfo.match(r"HTTP request does not support request-body")
+
+    def test_apply_client_authentication_options_bearer_token(self):
+        bearer_token = "ACCESS_TOKEN"
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        request_body = {"foo": "bar"}
+        auth_handler = self.make_oauth_client_auth_handler()
+
+        auth_handler.apply_client_authentication_options(
+            headers, request_body, bearer_token
+        )
+
+        assert headers == {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(bearer_token),
+        }
+        assert request_body == {"foo": "bar"}
+
+    def test_apply_client_authentication_options_bearer_and_basic(self):
+        bearer_token = "ACCESS_TOKEN"
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        request_body = {"foo": "bar"}
+        auth_handler = self.make_oauth_client_auth_handler(self.CLIENT_AUTH_BASIC)
+
+        auth_handler.apply_client_authentication_options(
+            headers, request_body, bearer_token
+        )
+
+        # Bearer token should have higher priority.
+        assert headers == {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(bearer_token),
+        }
+        assert request_body == {"foo": "bar"}
+
+    def test_apply_client_authentication_options_bearer_and_request_body(self):
+        bearer_token = "ACCESS_TOKEN"
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        request_body = {"foo": "bar"}
+        auth_handler = self.make_oauth_client_auth_handler(
+            self.CLIENT_AUTH_REQUEST_BODY
+        )
+
+        auth_handler.apply_client_authentication_options(
+            headers, request_body, bearer_token
+        )
+
+        # Bearer token should have higher priority.
+        assert headers == {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "Authorization": "Bearer {}".format(bearer_token),
+        }
+        assert request_body == {"foo": "bar"}
+
+
+def test__handle_error_response_code_only():
+    error_resp = {"error": "unsupported_grant_type"}
+    response_data = json.dumps(error_resp)
+
+    with pytest.raises(exceptions.OAuthError) as excinfo:
+        utils.handle_error_response(response_data)
+
+    assert excinfo.match(r"Error code unsupported_grant_type")
+
+
+def test__handle_error_response_code_description():
+    error_resp = {
+        "error": "unsupported_grant_type",
+        "error_description": "The provided grant_type is unsupported",
+    }
+    response_data = json.dumps(error_resp)
+
+    with pytest.raises(exceptions.OAuthError) as excinfo:
+        utils.handle_error_response(response_data)
+
+    assert excinfo.match(
+        r"Error code unsupported_grant_type: The provided grant_type is unsupported"
+    )
+
+
+def test__handle_error_response_code_description_uri():
+    error_resp = {
+        "error": "unsupported_grant_type",
+        "error_description": "The provided grant_type is unsupported",
+        "error_uri": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749",
+    }
+    response_data = json.dumps(error_resp)
+
+    with pytest.raises(exceptions.OAuthError) as excinfo:
+        utils.handle_error_response(response_data)
+
+    assert excinfo.match(
+        r"Error code unsupported_grant_type: The provided grant_type is unsupported - https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749"
+    )
+
+
+def test__handle_error_response_non_json():
+    response_data = "Oops, something wrong happened"
+
+    with pytest.raises(exceptions.OAuthError) as excinfo:
+        utils.handle_error_response(response_data)
+
+    assert excinfo.match(r"Oops, something wrong happened")