fix: add fetch_id_token_credentials (#866)

diff --git a/google/oauth2/id_token.py b/google/oauth2/id_token.py
index 20d3ac1..74899ae 100644
--- a/google/oauth2/id_token.py
+++ b/google/oauth2/id_token.py
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 from google.auth import environment_vars
 from google.auth import exceptions
 from google.auth import jwt
+import google.auth.transport.requests
 
 
 # The URL that provides public certificates for verifying ID tokens issued
@@ -201,6 +202,101 @@
     )
 
 
+def fetch_id_token_credentials(audience, request=None):
+    """Create the ID Token credentials from the current environment.
+
+    This function acquires ID token from the environment in the following order.
+    See https://google.aip.dev/auth/4110.
+
+    1. If the environment variable ``GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS`` is set
+       to the path of a valid service account JSON file, then ID token is
+       acquired using this service account credentials.
+    2. If the application is running in Compute Engine, App Engine or Cloud Run,
+       then the ID token are obtained from the metadata server.
+    3. If metadata server doesn't exist and no valid service account credentials
+       are found, :class:`~google.auth.exceptions.DefaultCredentialsError` will
+       be raised.
+
+    Example::
+
+        import google.oauth2.id_token
+        import google.auth.transport.requests
+
+        request = google.auth.transport.requests.Request()
+        target_audience = "https://pubsub.googleapis.com"
+
+        # Create ID token credentials.
+        credentials = google.oauth2.id_token.fetch_id_token_credentials(target_audience, request=request)
+
+        # Refresh the credential to obtain an ID token.
+        credentials.refresh(request)
+
+        id_token = credentials.token
+        id_token_expiry = credentials.expiry
+
+    Args:
+        audience (str): The audience that this ID token is intended for.
+        request (Optional[google.auth.transport.Request]): A callable used to make
+            HTTP requests. A request object will be created if not provided.
+
+    Returns:
+        google.auth.credentials.Credentials: The ID token credentials.
+
+    Raises:
+        ~google.auth.exceptions.DefaultCredentialsError:
+            If metadata server doesn't exist and no valid service account
+            credentials are found.
+    """
+    # 1. Try to get credentials from the GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS environment
+    # variable.
+    credentials_filename = os.environ.get(environment_vars.CREDENTIALS)
+    if credentials_filename:
+        if not (
+            os.path.exists(credentials_filename)
+            and os.path.isfile(credentials_filename)
+        ):
+            raise exceptions.DefaultCredentialsError(
+                "GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS path is either not found or invalid."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            with open(credentials_filename, "r") as f:
+                from google.oauth2 import service_account
+
+                info = json.load(f)
+                if info.get("type") == "service_account":
+                    return service_account.IDTokenCredentials.from_service_account_info(
+                        info, target_audience=audience
+                    )
+        except ValueError as caught_exc:
+            new_exc = exceptions.DefaultCredentialsError(
+                "GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS is not valid service account credentials.",
+                caught_exc,
+            )
+            six.raise_from(new_exc, caught_exc)
+
+    # 2. Try to fetch ID token from metada server if it exists. The code
+    # works for GAE and Cloud Run metadata server as well.
+    try:
+        from google.auth import compute_engine
+        from google.auth.compute_engine import _metadata
+
+        # Create a request object if not provided.
+        if not request:
+            request = google.auth.transport.requests.Request()
+
+        if _metadata.ping(request):
+            return compute_engine.IDTokenCredentials(
+                request, audience, use_metadata_identity_endpoint=True
+            )
+    except (ImportError, exceptions.TransportError):
+        pass
+
+    raise exceptions.DefaultCredentialsError(
+        "Neither metadata server or valid service account credentials are found."
+    )
+
+
 def fetch_id_token(request, audience):
     """Fetch the ID Token from the current environment.
 
@@ -239,51 +335,6 @@
             If metadata server doesn't exist and no valid service account
             credentials are found.
     """
-    # 1. Try to get credentials from the GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS environment
-    # variable.
-    credentials_filename = os.environ.get(environment_vars.CREDENTIALS)
-    if credentials_filename:
-        if not (
-            os.path.exists(credentials_filename)
-            and os.path.isfile(credentials_filename)
-        ):
-            raise exceptions.DefaultCredentialsError(
-                "GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS path is either not found or invalid."
-            )
-
-        try:
-            with open(credentials_filename, "r") as f:
-                from google.oauth2 import service_account
-
-                info = json.load(f)
-                if info.get("type") == "service_account":
-                    credentials = service_account.IDTokenCredentials.from_service_account_info(
-                        info, target_audience=audience
-                    )
-                    credentials.refresh(request)
-                    return credentials.token
-        except ValueError as caught_exc:
-            new_exc = exceptions.DefaultCredentialsError(
-                "GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS is not valid service account credentials.",
-                caught_exc,
-            )
-            six.raise_from(new_exc, caught_exc)
-
-    # 2. Try to fetch ID token from metada server if it exists. The code
-    # works for GAE and Cloud Run metadata server as well.
-    try:
-        from google.auth import compute_engine
-        from google.auth.compute_engine import _metadata
-
-        if _metadata.ping(request):
-            credentials = compute_engine.IDTokenCredentials(
-                request, audience, use_metadata_identity_endpoint=True
-            )
-            credentials.refresh(request)
-            return credentials.token
-    except (ImportError, exceptions.TransportError):
-        pass
-
-    raise exceptions.DefaultCredentialsError(
-        "Neither metadata server or valid service account credentials are found."
-    )
+    id_token_credentials = fetch_id_token_credentials(audience, request=request)
+    id_token_credentials.refresh(request)
+    return id_token_credentials.token