diff --git a/google/auth/jwt.py b/google/auth/jwt.py
index 418be6b..087dbd9 100644
--- a/google/auth/jwt.py
+++ b/google/auth/jwt.py
@@ -45,8 +45,6 @@
 import datetime
 import json
 
-from six.moves import urllib
-
 from google.auth import _helpers
 from google.auth import _service_account_info
 from google.auth import credentials
@@ -246,11 +244,7 @@
     """Credentials that use a JWT as the bearer token.
 
     These credentials require an "audience" claim. This claim identifies the
-    intended recipient of the bearer token. You can set the audience when
-    you construct these credentials, however, these credentials can also set
-    the audience claim automatically if not specified. In this case, whenever
-    a request is made the credentials will automatically generate a one-time
-    JWT with the request URI as the audience.
+    intended recipient of the bearer token.
 
     The constructor arguments determine the claims for the JWT that is
     sent with requests. Usually, you'll construct these credentials with
@@ -260,13 +254,15 @@
     JSON file::
 
         credentials = jwt.Credentials.from_service_account_file(
-            'service-account.json')
+            'service-account.json',
+            audience='https://speech.googleapis.com')
 
     If you already have the service account file loaded and parsed::
 
         service_account_info = json.load(open('service_account.json'))
         credentials = jwt.Credentials.from_service_account_info(
-            service_account_info)
+            service_account_info,
+            audience='https://speech.googleapis.com')
 
     Both helper methods pass on arguments to the constructor, so you can
     specify the JWT claims::
@@ -280,7 +276,10 @@
     :class:`~google.auth.crypt.Signer` instance::
 
         credentials = jwt.Credentials(
-            signer, issuer='your-issuer', subject='your-subject')
+            signer,
+            issuer='your-issuer',
+            subject='your-subject',
+            audience=''https://speech.googleapis.com'')
 
     The claims are considered immutable. If you want to modify the claims,
     you can easily create another instance using :meth:`with_claims`::
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@
             audience='https://vision.googleapis.com')
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, signer, issuer=None, subject=None, audience=None,
+    def __init__(self, signer, issuer, subject, audience,
                  additional_claims=None,
                  token_lifetime=_DEFAULT_TOKEN_LIFETIME_SECS):
         """
@@ -298,8 +297,7 @@
             issuer (str): The `iss` claim.
             subject (str): The `sub` claim.
             audience (str): the `aud` claim. The intended audience for the
-                credentials. If not specified, a new JWT will be generated for
-                every request and will use the request URI as the audience.
+                credentials.
             additional_claims (Mapping[str, str]): Any additional claims for
                 the JWT payload.
             token_lifetime (int): The amount of time in seconds for
@@ -334,7 +332,8 @@
             ValueError: If the info is not in the expected format.
         """
         kwargs.setdefault('subject', info['client_email'])
-        return cls(signer, issuer=info['client_email'], **kwargs)
+        kwargs.setdefault('issuer', info['client_email'])
+        return cls(signer, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def from_service_account_info(cls, info, **kwargs):
@@ -381,9 +380,8 @@
                 claim will be used.
             subject (str): The `sub` claim. If unspecified the current subject
                 claim will be used.
-            audience (str): the `aud` claim. If not specified, a new
-                JWT will be generated for every request and will use
-                the request URI as the audience.
+            audience (str): the `aud` claim. If unspecified the current
+                audience claim will be used.
             additional_claims (Mapping[str, str]): Any additional claims for
                 the JWT payload. This will be merged with the current
                 additional claims.
@@ -399,12 +397,9 @@
             additional_claims=self._additional_claims.copy().update(
                 additional_claims or {}))
 
-    def _make_jwt(self, audience=None):
+    def _make_jwt(self):
         """Make a signed JWT.
 
-        Args:
-            audience (str): Overrides the instance's current audience claim.
-
         Returns:
             Tuple[bytes, datetime]: The encoded JWT and the expiration.
         """
@@ -414,10 +409,10 @@
 
         payload = {
             'iss': self._issuer,
-            'sub': self._subject or self._issuer,
+            'sub': self._subject,
             'iat': _helpers.datetime_to_secs(now),
             'exp': _helpers.datetime_to_secs(expiry),
-            'aud': audience or self._audience,
+            'aud': self._audience,
         }
 
         payload.update(self._additional_claims)
@@ -426,22 +421,6 @@
 
         return jwt, expiry
 
-    def _make_one_time_jwt(self, uri):
-        """Makes a one-off JWT with the URI as the audience.
-
-        Args:
-            uri (str): The request URI.
-
-        Returns:
-            bytes: The encoded JWT.
-        """
-        parts = urllib.parse.urlsplit(uri)
-        # Strip query string and fragment
-        audience = urllib.parse.urlunsplit(
-            (parts.scheme, parts.netloc, parts.path, None, None))
-        token, _ = self._make_jwt(audience=audience)
-        return token
-
     def refresh(self, request):
         """Refreshes the access token.
 
@@ -452,15 +431,8 @@
         # (pylint doesn't correctly recognize overridden methods.)
         self.token, self.expiry = self._make_jwt()
 
+    @_helpers.copy_docstring(credentials.Signing)
     def sign_bytes(self, message):
-        """Signs the given message.
-
-        Args:
-            message (bytes): The message to sign.
-
-        Returns:
-            bytes: The message signature.
-        """
         return self._signer.sign(message)
 
     @property
@@ -472,32 +444,3 @@
     @_helpers.copy_docstring(credentials.Signing)
     def signer(self):
         return self._signer
-
-    def before_request(self, request, method, url, headers):
-        """Performs credential-specific before request logic.
-
-        If an audience is specified it will refresh the credentials if
-        necessary. If no audience is specified it will generate a one-time
-        token for the request URI. In either case, it will set the
-        authorization header in headers to the token.
-
-        Args:
-            request (Any): Unused.
-            method (str): The request's HTTP method.
-            url (str): The request's URI.
-            headers (Mapping): The request's headers.
-        """
-        # pylint: disable=unused-argument
-        # (pylint doesn't correctly recognize overridden methods.)
-
-        # If this set of credentials has a pre-set audience, just ensure that
-        # there is a valid token and apply the auth headers.
-        if self._audience:
-            if not self.valid:
-                self.refresh(request)
-            self.apply(headers)
-        # Otherwise, generate a one-time token using the URL
-        # (without the query string and fragment) as the audience.
-        else:
-            token = self._make_one_time_jwt(url)
-            self.apply(headers, token=token)
diff --git a/google/oauth2/service_account.py b/google/oauth2/service_account.py
index b71b8ac..a4fc1b6 100644
--- a/google/oauth2/service_account.py
+++ b/google/oauth2/service_account.py
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
             filename, require=['client_email', 'token_uri'])
         return cls._from_signer_and_info(signer, info, **kwargs)
 
-    def to_jwt_credentials(self):
+    def to_jwt_credentials(self, audience):
         """Creates a :class:`google.auth.jwt.Credentials` instance from this
         instance.
 
@@ -223,13 +223,18 @@
             jwt_creds = jwt.Credentials.from_service_account_file(
                 'service_account.json')
 
+        Args:
+            audience (str): the `aud` claim. The intended audience for the
+                credentials.
+
         Returns:
             google.auth.jwt.Credentials: A new Credentials instance.
         """
         return jwt.Credentials(
             self._signer,
             issuer=self._service_account_email,
-            subject=self._service_account_email)
+            subject=self._service_account_email,
+            audience=audience)
 
     @property
     def service_account_email(self):
diff --git a/system_tests/test_grpc.py b/system_tests/test_grpc.py
index 73467fe..8a4419a 100644
--- a/system_tests/test_grpc.py
+++ b/system_tests/test_grpc.py
@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@
 
 def test_grpc_request_with_jwt_credentials(http_request):
     credentials, project_id = google.auth.default()
-    credentials = credentials.to_jwt_credentials()
+    audience = 'https://{}/google.pubsub.v1.Publisher'.format(
+        publisher_client.PublisherClient.SERVICE_ADDRESS)
+    credentials = credentials.to_jwt_credentials(
+        audience=audience)
 
     channel = google.auth.transport.grpc.secure_authorized_channel(
         credentials,
diff --git a/tests/oauth2/test_service_account.py b/tests/oauth2/test_service_account.py
index 8ae545a..1bce670 100644
--- a/tests/oauth2/test_service_account.py
+++ b/tests/oauth2/test_service_account.py
@@ -112,9 +112,11 @@
         assert credentials._additional_claims == additional_claims
 
     def test_to_jwt_credentials(self):
-        jwt_from_svc = self.credentials.to_jwt_credentials()
+        jwt_from_svc = self.credentials.to_jwt_credentials(
+            audience=mock.sentinel.audience)
         jwt_from_info = jwt.Credentials.from_service_account_info(
-            SERVICE_ACCOUNT_INFO)
+            SERVICE_ACCOUNT_INFO,
+            audience=mock.sentinel.audience)
 
         assert isinstance(jwt_from_svc, jwt.Credentials)
         assert jwt_from_svc._signer.key_id == jwt_from_info._signer.key_id
diff --git a/tests/test_jwt.py b/tests/test_jwt.py
index df09ece..0716fc3 100644
--- a/tests/test_jwt.py
+++ b/tests/test_jwt.py
@@ -206,17 +206,20 @@
     @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
     def credentials_fixture(self, signer):
         self.credentials = jwt.Credentials(
-            signer, self.SERVICE_ACCOUNT_EMAIL)
+            signer, self.SERVICE_ACCOUNT_EMAIL, self.SERVICE_ACCOUNT_EMAIL,
+            self.AUDIENCE)
 
     def test_from_service_account_info(self):
         with open(SERVICE_ACCOUNT_JSON_FILE, 'r') as fh:
             info = json.load(fh)
 
-        credentials = jwt.Credentials.from_service_account_info(info)
+        credentials = jwt.Credentials.from_service_account_info(
+            info, audience=self.AUDIENCE)
 
         assert credentials._signer.key_id == info['private_key_id']
         assert credentials._issuer == info['client_email']
         assert credentials._subject == info['client_email']
+        assert credentials._audience == self.AUDIENCE
 
     def test_from_service_account_info_args(self):
         info = SERVICE_ACCOUNT_INFO.copy()
@@ -235,11 +238,12 @@
         info = SERVICE_ACCOUNT_INFO.copy()
 
         credentials = jwt.Credentials.from_service_account_file(
-            SERVICE_ACCOUNT_JSON_FILE)
+            SERVICE_ACCOUNT_JSON_FILE, audience=self.AUDIENCE)
 
         assert credentials._signer.key_id == info['private_key_id']
         assert credentials._issuer == info['client_email']
         assert credentials._subject == info['client_email']
+        assert credentials._audience == self.AUDIENCE
 
     def test_from_service_account_file_args(self):
         info = SERVICE_ACCOUNT_INFO.copy()
@@ -259,6 +263,18 @@
         # Expiration hasn't been set yet
         assert not self.credentials.expired
 
+    def test_with_claims(self):
+        new_audience = 'new_audience'
+        new_credentials = self.credentials.with_claims(
+            audience=new_audience)
+
+        assert new_credentials._signer == self.credentials._signer
+        assert new_credentials._issuer == self.credentials._issuer
+        assert new_credentials._subject == self.credentials._subject
+        assert new_credentials._audience == new_audience
+        assert (new_credentials._additional_claims ==
+                self.credentials._additional_claims)
+
     def test_sign_bytes(self):
         to_sign = b'123'
         signature = self.credentials.sign_bytes(to_sign)
@@ -292,43 +308,24 @@
             now.return_value = self.credentials.expiry + one_day
             assert self.credentials.expired
 
-    def test_before_request_one_time_token(self):
+    def test_before_request(self):
         headers = {}
 
         self.credentials.refresh(None)
         self.credentials.before_request(
-            mock.Mock(), 'GET', 'http://example.com?a=1#3', headers)
-
-        header_value = headers['authorization']
-        _, token = header_value.split(' ')
-
-        # This should be a one-off token, so it shouldn't be the same as the
-        # credentials' stored token.
-        assert token != self.credentials.token
-
-        payload = self._verify_token(token)
-        assert payload['aud'] == 'http://example.com'
-
-    def test_before_request_with_preset_audience(self):
-        headers = {}
-
-        credentials = self.credentials.with_claims(audience=self.AUDIENCE)
-        credentials.refresh(None)
-        credentials.before_request(
             None, 'GET', 'http://example.com?a=1#3', headers)
 
         header_value = headers['authorization']
         _, token = header_value.split(' ')
 
         # Since the audience is set, it should use the existing token.
-        assert token.encode('utf-8') == credentials.token
+        assert token.encode('utf-8') == self.credentials.token
 
         payload = self._verify_token(token)
         assert payload['aud'] == self.AUDIENCE
 
     def test_before_request_refreshes(self):
-        credentials = self.credentials.with_claims(audience=self.AUDIENCE)
-        assert not credentials.valid
-        credentials.before_request(
+        assert not self.credentials.valid
+        self.credentials.before_request(
             None, 'GET', 'http://example.com?a=1#3', {})
-        assert credentials.valid
+        assert self.credentials.valid