feat: define `CredentialAccessBoundary` classes (#793)

Defines the following classes:
- `google.auth.downscoped.CredentialAccessBoundary`
- `google.auth.downscoped.AccessBoundaryRule`
- `google.auth.downscoped.AvailabilityCondition`

This is based on
[Downscoping with Credential Access Boundaries](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/downscoping-short-lived-credentials).
These classes help define the list of access boundary rules,
each of which contains information on the resource that the rule
applies to, the upper bound of the permissions that are available
on that resource and an optional condition to further restrict
permissions.
diff --git a/tests/test_downscoped.py b/tests/test_downscoped.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61b1d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_downscoped.py
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+# Copyright 2021 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import pytest
+
+from google.auth import downscoped
+
+
+EXPRESSION = (
+    "resource.name.startsWith('projects/_/buckets/example-bucket/objects/customer-a')"
+)
+TITLE = "customer-a-objects"
+DESCRIPTION = (
+    "Condition to make permissions available for objects starting with customer-a"
+)
+AVAILABLE_RESOURCE = "//storage.googleapis.com/projects/_/buckets/example-bucket"
+AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS = ["inRole:roles/storage.objectViewer"]
+
+OTHER_EXPRESSION = (
+    "resource.name.startsWith('projects/_/buckets/example-bucket/objects/customer-b')"
+)
+OTHER_TITLE = "customer-b-objects"
+OTHER_DESCRIPTION = (
+    "Condition to make permissions available for objects starting with customer-b"
+)
+OTHER_AVAILABLE_RESOURCE = "//storage.googleapis.com/projects/_/buckets/other-bucket"
+OTHER_AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS = ["inRole:roles/storage.objectCreator"]
+
+
+def make_availability_condition(expression, title=None, description=None):
+    return downscoped.AvailabilityCondition(expression, title, description)
+
+
+def make_access_boundary_rule(
+    available_resource, available_permissions, availability_condition=None
+):
+    return downscoped.AccessBoundaryRule(
+        available_resource, available_permissions, availability_condition
+    )
+
+
+def make_credential_access_boundary(rules):
+    return downscoped.CredentialAccessBoundary(rules)
+
+
+class TestAvailabilityCondition(object):
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+
+        assert availability_condition.expression == EXPRESSION
+        assert availability_condition.title == TITLE
+        assert availability_condition.description == DESCRIPTION
+
+    def test_constructor_required_params_only(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(EXPRESSION)
+
+        assert availability_condition.expression == EXPRESSION
+        assert availability_condition.title is None
+        assert availability_condition.description is None
+
+    def test_setters(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        availability_condition.expression = OTHER_EXPRESSION
+        availability_condition.title = OTHER_TITLE
+        availability_condition.description = OTHER_DESCRIPTION
+
+        assert availability_condition.expression == OTHER_EXPRESSION
+        assert availability_condition.title == OTHER_TITLE
+        assert availability_condition.description == OTHER_DESCRIPTION
+
+    def test_invalid_expression_type(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+            make_availability_condition([EXPRESSION], TITLE, DESCRIPTION)
+
+        assert excinfo.match("The provided expression is not a string.")
+
+    def test_invalid_title_type(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+            make_availability_condition(EXPRESSION, False, DESCRIPTION)
+
+        assert excinfo.match("The provided title is not a string or None.")
+
+    def test_invalid_description_type(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+            make_availability_condition(EXPRESSION, TITLE, False)
+
+        assert excinfo.match("The provided description is not a string or None.")
+
+    def test_to_json_required_params_only(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(EXPRESSION)
+
+        assert availability_condition.to_json() == {"expression": EXPRESSION}
+
+    def test_to_json_(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+
+        assert availability_condition.to_json() == {
+            "expression": EXPRESSION,
+            "title": TITLE,
+            "description": DESCRIPTION,
+        }
+
+
+class TestAccessBoundaryRule(object):
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+
+        assert access_boundary_rule.available_resource == AVAILABLE_RESOURCE
+        assert access_boundary_rule.available_permissions == tuple(
+            AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS
+        )
+        assert access_boundary_rule.availability_condition == availability_condition
+
+    def test_constructor_required_params_only(self):
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS
+        )
+
+        assert access_boundary_rule.available_resource == AVAILABLE_RESOURCE
+        assert access_boundary_rule.available_permissions == tuple(
+            AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS
+        )
+        assert access_boundary_rule.availability_condition is None
+
+    def test_setters(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        other_availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            OTHER_EXPRESSION, OTHER_TITLE, OTHER_DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule.available_resource = OTHER_AVAILABLE_RESOURCE
+        access_boundary_rule.available_permissions = OTHER_AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS
+        access_boundary_rule.availability_condition = other_availability_condition
+
+        assert access_boundary_rule.available_resource == OTHER_AVAILABLE_RESOURCE
+        assert access_boundary_rule.available_permissions == tuple(
+            OTHER_AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS
+        )
+        assert (
+            access_boundary_rule.availability_condition == other_availability_condition
+        )
+
+    def test_invalid_available_resource_type(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+            make_access_boundary_rule(
+                None, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+            )
+
+        assert excinfo.match("The provided available_resource is not a string.")
+
+    def test_invalid_available_permissions_type(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+            make_access_boundary_rule(
+                AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, [0, 1, 2], availability_condition
+            )
+
+        assert excinfo.match(
+            "Provided available_permissions are not a list of strings."
+        )
+
+    def test_invalid_available_permissions_value(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+            make_access_boundary_rule(
+                AVAILABLE_RESOURCE,
+                ["roles/storage.objectViewer"],
+                availability_condition,
+            )
+
+        assert excinfo.match("available_permissions must be prefixed with 'inRole:'.")
+
+    def test_invalid_availability_condition_type(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+            make_access_boundary_rule(
+                AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, {"foo": "bar"}
+            )
+
+        assert excinfo.match(
+            "The provided availability_condition is not a 'google.auth.downscoped.AvailabilityCondition' or None."
+        )
+
+    def test_to_json(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+
+        assert access_boundary_rule.to_json() == {
+            "availablePermissions": AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS,
+            "availableResource": AVAILABLE_RESOURCE,
+            "availabilityCondition": {
+                "expression": EXPRESSION,
+                "title": TITLE,
+                "description": DESCRIPTION,
+            },
+        }
+
+    def test_to_json_required_params_only(self):
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS
+        )
+
+        assert access_boundary_rule.to_json() == {
+            "availablePermissions": AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS,
+            "availableResource": AVAILABLE_RESOURCE,
+        }
+
+
+class TestCredentialAccessBoundary(object):
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+        rules = [access_boundary_rule]
+        credential_access_boundary = make_credential_access_boundary(rules)
+
+        assert credential_access_boundary.rules == tuple(rules)
+
+    def test_setters(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+        rules = [access_boundary_rule]
+        other_availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            OTHER_EXPRESSION, OTHER_TITLE, OTHER_DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        other_access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            OTHER_AVAILABLE_RESOURCE,
+            OTHER_AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS,
+            other_availability_condition,
+        )
+        other_rules = [other_access_boundary_rule]
+        credential_access_boundary = make_credential_access_boundary(rules)
+        credential_access_boundary.rules = other_rules
+
+        assert credential_access_boundary.rules == tuple(other_rules)
+
+    def test_add_rule(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+        rules = [access_boundary_rule] * 9
+        credential_access_boundary = make_credential_access_boundary(rules)
+
+        # Add one more rule. This should not raise an error.
+        additional_access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            OTHER_AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, OTHER_AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS
+        )
+        credential_access_boundary.add_rule(additional_access_boundary_rule)
+
+        assert len(credential_access_boundary.rules) == 10
+        assert credential_access_boundary.rules[9] == additional_access_boundary_rule
+
+    def test_add_rule_invalid_value(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+        rules = [access_boundary_rule] * 10
+        credential_access_boundary = make_credential_access_boundary(rules)
+
+        # Add one more rule to exceed maximum allowed rules.
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+            credential_access_boundary.add_rule(access_boundary_rule)
+
+        assert excinfo.match(
+            "Credential access boundary rules can have a maximum of 10 rules."
+        )
+        assert len(credential_access_boundary.rules) == 10
+
+    def test_add_rule_invalid_type(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+        rules = [access_boundary_rule]
+        credential_access_boundary = make_credential_access_boundary(rules)
+
+        # Add an invalid rule to exceed maximum allowed rules.
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+            credential_access_boundary.add_rule("invalid")
+
+        assert excinfo.match(
+            "The provided rule does not contain a valid 'google.auth.downscoped.AccessBoundaryRule'."
+        )
+        assert len(credential_access_boundary.rules) == 1
+        assert credential_access_boundary.rules[0] == access_boundary_rule
+
+    def test_invalid_rules_type(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+            make_credential_access_boundary(["invalid"])
+
+        assert excinfo.match(
+            "List of rules provided do not contain a valid 'google.auth.downscoped.AccessBoundaryRule'."
+        )
+
+    def test_invalid_rules_value(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+        too_many_rules = [access_boundary_rule] * 11
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+            make_credential_access_boundary(too_many_rules)
+
+        assert excinfo.match(
+            "Credential access boundary rules can have a maximum of 10 rules."
+        )
+
+    def test_to_json(self):
+        availability_condition = make_availability_condition(
+            EXPRESSION, TITLE, DESCRIPTION
+        )
+        access_boundary_rule = make_access_boundary_rule(
+            AVAILABLE_RESOURCE, AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS, availability_condition
+        )
+        rules = [access_boundary_rule]
+        credential_access_boundary = make_credential_access_boundary(rules)
+
+        assert credential_access_boundary.to_json() == {
+            "accessBoundary": {
+                "accessBoundaryRules": [
+                    {
+                        "availablePermissions": AVAILABLE_PERMISSIONS,
+                        "availableResource": AVAILABLE_RESOURCE,
+                        "availabilityCondition": {
+                            "expression": EXPRESSION,
+                            "title": TITLE,
+                            "description": DESCRIPTION,
+                        },
+                    }
+                ]
+            }
+        }