feat: Implement ES256 for JWT verification (#340)

feat: Implement EC256 for JWT verification
diff --git a/tests/crypt/test_es256.py b/tests/crypt/test_es256.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..087ce6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/crypt/test_es256.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Google Inc.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import json
+import os
+
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec
+import pytest
+
+from google.auth import _helpers
+from google.auth.crypt import base
+from google.auth.crypt import es256
+
+
+DATA_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "data")
+
+# To generate es256_privatekey.pem, es256_privatekey.pub, and
+# es256_public_cert.pem:
+#   $ openssl ecparam -genkey -name prime256v1 -noout -out es256_privatekey.pem
+#   $ openssl ec -in es256-private-key.pem -pubout -out es256-publickey.pem
+#   $ openssl req -new -x509 -key es256_privatekey.pem -out \
+#   >     es256_public_cert.pem
+
+with open(os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "es256_privatekey.pem"), "rb") as fh:
+    PRIVATE_KEY_BYTES = fh.read()
+    PKCS1_KEY_BYTES = PRIVATE_KEY_BYTES
+
+with open(os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "es256_publickey.pem"), "rb") as fh:
+    PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES = fh.read()
+
+with open(os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "es256_public_cert.pem"), "rb") as fh:
+    PUBLIC_CERT_BYTES = fh.read()
+
+SERVICE_ACCOUNT_JSON_FILE = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "es256_service_account.json")
+
+with open(SERVICE_ACCOUNT_JSON_FILE, "r") as fh:
+    SERVICE_ACCOUNT_INFO = json.load(fh)
+
+
+class TestES256Verifier(object):
+    def test_verify_success(self):
+        to_sign = b"foo"
+        signer = es256.ES256Signer.from_string(PRIVATE_KEY_BYTES)
+        actual_signature = signer.sign(to_sign)
+
+        verifier = es256.ES256Verifier.from_string(PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES)
+        assert verifier.verify(to_sign, actual_signature)
+
+    def test_verify_unicode_success(self):
+        to_sign = u"foo"
+        signer = es256.ES256Signer.from_string(PRIVATE_KEY_BYTES)
+        actual_signature = signer.sign(to_sign)
+
+        verifier = es256.ES256Verifier.from_string(PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES)
+        assert verifier.verify(to_sign, actual_signature)
+
+    def test_verify_failure(self):
+        verifier = es256.ES256Verifier.from_string(PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES)
+        bad_signature1 = b""
+        assert not verifier.verify(b"foo", bad_signature1)
+        bad_signature2 = b"a"
+        assert not verifier.verify(b"foo", bad_signature2)
+
+    def test_from_string_pub_key(self):
+        verifier = es256.ES256Verifier.from_string(PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES)
+        assert isinstance(verifier, es256.ES256Verifier)
+        assert isinstance(verifier._pubkey, ec.EllipticCurvePublicKey)
+
+    def test_from_string_pub_key_unicode(self):
+        public_key = _helpers.from_bytes(PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES)
+        verifier = es256.ES256Verifier.from_string(public_key)
+        assert isinstance(verifier, es256.ES256Verifier)
+        assert isinstance(verifier._pubkey, ec.EllipticCurvePublicKey)
+
+    def test_from_string_pub_cert(self):
+        verifier = es256.ES256Verifier.from_string(PUBLIC_CERT_BYTES)
+        assert isinstance(verifier, es256.ES256Verifier)
+        assert isinstance(verifier._pubkey, ec.EllipticCurvePublicKey)
+
+    def test_from_string_pub_cert_unicode(self):
+        public_cert = _helpers.from_bytes(PUBLIC_CERT_BYTES)
+        verifier = es256.ES256Verifier.from_string(public_cert)
+        assert isinstance(verifier, es256.ES256Verifier)
+        assert isinstance(verifier._pubkey, ec.EllipticCurvePublicKey)
+
+
+class TestES256Signer(object):
+    def test_from_string_pkcs1(self):
+        signer = es256.ES256Signer.from_string(PKCS1_KEY_BYTES)
+        assert isinstance(signer, es256.ES256Signer)
+        assert isinstance(signer._key, ec.EllipticCurvePrivateKey)
+
+    def test_from_string_pkcs1_unicode(self):
+        key_bytes = _helpers.from_bytes(PKCS1_KEY_BYTES)
+        signer = es256.ES256Signer.from_string(key_bytes)
+        assert isinstance(signer, es256.ES256Signer)
+        assert isinstance(signer._key, ec.EllipticCurvePrivateKey)
+
+    def test_from_string_bogus_key(self):
+        key_bytes = "bogus-key"
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            es256.ES256Signer.from_string(key_bytes)
+
+    def test_from_service_account_info(self):
+        signer = es256.ES256Signer.from_service_account_info(SERVICE_ACCOUNT_INFO)
+
+        assert signer.key_id == SERVICE_ACCOUNT_INFO[base._JSON_FILE_PRIVATE_KEY_ID]
+        assert isinstance(signer._key, ec.EllipticCurvePrivateKey)
+
+    def test_from_service_account_info_missing_key(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+            es256.ES256Signer.from_service_account_info({})
+
+        assert excinfo.match(base._JSON_FILE_PRIVATE_KEY)
+
+    def test_from_service_account_file(self):
+        signer = es256.ES256Signer.from_service_account_file(SERVICE_ACCOUNT_JSON_FILE)
+
+        assert signer.key_id == SERVICE_ACCOUNT_INFO[base._JSON_FILE_PRIVATE_KEY_ID]
+        assert isinstance(signer._key, ec.EllipticCurvePrivateKey)
diff --git a/tests/data/es256_privatekey.pem b/tests/data/es256_privatekey.pem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c950b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data/es256_privatekey.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----
+MHcCAQEEIAIC57aTx5ev4T2HBMQk4fXV09AzLDQ3Ju1uNoEB0LngoAoGCCqGSM49
+AwEHoUQDQgAEsACsrmP6Bp216OCFm73C8W/VRHZWcO8yU/bMwx96f05BkTII3KeJ
+z2O0IRAnXfso8K6YsjMuUDGCfj+b1IDIoA==
+-----END EC PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/tests/data/es256_public_cert.pem b/tests/data/es256_public_cert.pem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..774ca14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data/es256_public_cert.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIBGDCBwAIJAPUA0H4EQWsdMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMBUxEzARBgNVBAMMCnVuaXQt
+dGVzdHMwHhcNMTkwNTA5MDI1MDExWhcNMTkwNjA4MDI1MDExWjAVMRMwEQYDVQQD
+DAp1bml0LXRlc3RzMFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEsACsrmP6Bp21
+6OCFm73C8W/VRHZWcO8yU/bMwx96f05BkTII3KeJz2O0IRAnXfso8K6YsjMuUDGC
+fj+b1IDIoDAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgNHADBEAh8PcDTMyWk8SHqV/v8FLuMbDxdtAsq2
+dwCpuHQwqCcmAiEAnwtkiyieN+8zozaf1P4QKp2mAqNGqua50y3ua5uVotc=
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data/es256_publickey.pem b/tests/data/es256_publickey.pem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51f2a03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data/es256_publickey.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
+MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEsACsrmP6Bp216OCFm73C8W/VRHZW
+cO8yU/bMwx96f05BkTII3KeJz2O0IRAnXfso8K6YsjMuUDGCfj+b1IDIoA==
+-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
diff --git a/tests/data/es256_service_account.json b/tests/data/es256_service_account.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd26719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data/es256_service_account.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "type": "service_account",
+  "project_id": "example-project",
+  "private_key_id": "1",
+  "private_key": "-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----\nMHcCAQEEIAIC57aTx5ev4T2HBMQk4fXV09AzLDQ3Ju1uNoEB0LngoAoGCCqGSM49\nAwEHoUQDQgAEsACsrmP6Bp216OCFm73C8W/VRHZWcO8yU/bMwx96f05BkTII3KeJ\nz2O0IRAnXfso8K6YsjMuUDGCfj+b1IDIoA==\n-----END EC PRIVATE KEY-----",
+  "client_email": "service-account@example.com",
+  "client_id": "1234",
+  "auth_uri": "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth",
+  "token_uri": "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token"
+}
diff --git a/tests/test_jwt.py b/tests/test_jwt.py
index b0c6e48..488aee4 100644
--- a/tests/test_jwt.py
+++ b/tests/test_jwt.py
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@
 with open(os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "other_cert.pem"), "rb") as fh:
     OTHER_CERT_BYTES = fh.read()
 
+with open(os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "es256_privatekey.pem"), "rb") as fh:
+    EC_PRIVATE_KEY_BYTES = fh.read()
+
+with open(os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "es256_public_cert.pem"), "rb") as fh:
+    EC_PUBLIC_CERT_BYTES = fh.read()
+
 SERVICE_ACCOUNT_JSON_FILE = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "service_account.json")
 
 with open(SERVICE_ACCOUNT_JSON_FILE, "r") as fh:
@@ -68,8 +74,21 @@
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def token_factory(signer):
-    def factory(claims=None, key_id=None):
+def es256_signer():
+    return crypt.ES256Signer.from_string(EC_PRIVATE_KEY_BYTES, "1")
+
+
+def test_encode_basic_es256(es256_signer):
+    test_payload = {"test": "value"}
+    encoded = jwt.encode(es256_signer, test_payload)
+    header, payload, _, _ = jwt._unverified_decode(encoded)
+    assert payload == test_payload
+    assert header == {"typ": "JWT", "alg": "ES256", "kid": es256_signer.key_id}
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def token_factory(signer, es256_signer):
+    def factory(claims=None, key_id=None, use_es256_signer=False):
         now = _helpers.datetime_to_secs(_helpers.utcnow())
         payload = {
             "aud": "audience@example.com",
@@ -86,7 +105,10 @@
             signer._key_id = None
             key_id = None
 
-        return jwt.encode(signer, payload, key_id=key_id)
+        if use_es256_signer:
+            return jwt.encode(es256_signer, payload, key_id=key_id)
+        else:
+            return jwt.encode(signer, payload, key_id=key_id)
 
     return factory
 
@@ -98,6 +120,15 @@
     assert payload["metadata"]["meta"] == "data"
 
 
+def test_decode_valid_es256(token_factory):
+    payload = jwt.decode(
+        token_factory(use_es256_signer=True), certs=EC_PUBLIC_CERT_BYTES
+    )
+    assert payload["aud"] == "audience@example.com"
+    assert payload["user"] == "billy bob"
+    assert payload["metadata"]["meta"] == "data"
+
+
 def test_decode_valid_with_audience(token_factory):
     payload = jwt.decode(
         token_factory(), certs=PUBLIC_CERT_BYTES, audience="audience@example.com"
@@ -201,6 +232,29 @@
     assert payload["user"] == "billy bob"
 
 
+def test_decode_unknown_alg():
+    headers = json.dumps({u"kid": u"1", u"alg": u"fakealg"})
+    token = b".".join(
+        map(lambda seg: base64.b64encode(seg.encode("utf-8")), [headers, u"{}", u"sig"])
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        jwt.decode(token)
+    assert excinfo.match(r"fakealg")
+
+
+def test_decode_missing_crytography_alg(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delitem(jwt._ALGORITHM_TO_VERIFIER_CLASS, "ES256")
+    headers = json.dumps({u"kid": u"1", u"alg": u"ES256"})
+    token = b".".join(
+        map(lambda seg: base64.b64encode(seg.encode("utf-8")), [headers, u"{}", u"sig"])
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        jwt.decode(token)
+    assert excinfo.match(r"cryptography")
+
+
 def test_roundtrip_explicit_key_id(token_factory):
     token = token_factory(key_id="3")
     certs = {"2": OTHER_CERT_BYTES, "3": PUBLIC_CERT_BYTES}