Initial commit
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed5902c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+CMakeCache.txt
+CMakeFiles
+Makefile
+cmake_install.cmake
+.DS_Store
+/example/example.so
+/example/example.pyd
+*.sln
+*.sdf
+*.opensdf
+*.vcxproj
+*.filters
+example.dir
+Win32
+x64
+Release
+Debug
+.vs
+CTestTestfile.cmake
+Testing
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a028d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# CMakeLists.txt -- Build system for the pybind11 examples
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+#
+# All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+# BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
+
+project(pybind)
+
+if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
+ message(STATUS "Setting build type to 'MinSizeRel' as none was specified.")
+ set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MinSizeRel CACHE STRING "Choose the type of build." FORCE)
+ set_property(CACHE CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE PROPERTY STRINGS "Debug" "Release"
+ "MinSizeRel" "RelWithDebInfo")
+endif()
+
+set(Python_ADDITIONAL_VERSIONS 3.4 3.5 3.6)
+find_package(PythonLibs 3 REQUIRED)
+find_package(PythonInterp 3 REQUIRED)
+
+string(TOUPPER "${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}" U_CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
+if (UNIX)
+ set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -std=c++11 -Wno-unsequenced")
+ if (NOT ${U_CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} MATCHES DEBUG)
+ set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fvisibility=hidden")
+ endif()
+endif()
+
+# Compile with compiler warnings turned on
+if(MSVC)
+ if(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS MATCHES "/W[0-4]")
+ string(REGEX REPLACE "/W[0-4]" "/W4" CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}")
+ else()
+ set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /W4")
+ endif()
+else()
+ set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wall -Wextra")
+endif()
+
+include_directories(${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR} include)
+
+add_library(example SHARED
+ include/pybind/cast.h
+ include/pybind/common.h
+ include/pybind/mpl.h
+ include/pybind/operators.h
+ include/pybind/pybind.h
+ include/pybind/pytypes.h
+ include/pybind/typeid.h
+ example/example.cpp
+ example/example1.cpp
+ example/example2.cpp
+ example/example3.cpp
+ example/example4.cpp
+ example/example5.cpp
+ example/example6.cpp
+ example/example7.cpp
+ example/example8.cpp
+ example/example9.cpp
+)
+
+set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
+set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/example)
+
+if (WIN32)
+ if (MSVC)
+ # Enforce size-based optimization and link time code generation on MSVC (~30% smaller binaries in experiments)
+ set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES COMPILE_FLAGS "/Os /GL")
+ set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES LINK_FLAGS "/LTCG")
+ endif()
+
+ # .PYD file extension on Windows
+ set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES SUFFIX ".pyd")
+
+ # Link against the Python shared library
+ target_link_libraries(example ${PYTHON_LIBRARY})
+elseif (UNIX)
+ # It's quite common to have multiple copies of the same Python version
+ # installed on one's system. E.g.: one copy from the OS and another copy
+ # that's statically linked into an application like Blender or Maya.
+ # If we link our plugin library against the OS Python here and import it
+ # into Blender or Maya later on, this will cause segfaults when multiple
+ # conflicting Python instances are active at the same time.
+
+ # Windows does not seem to be affected by this issue. The solution for Linux
+ # and Mac OS is simple: we just don't link against the Python library. The
+ # resulting shared library will have missing symbols, but that's perfectly
+ # fine -- they will be resolved at import time.
+
+ # .SO file extension on Linux/Mac OS
+ set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES SUFFIX ".so")
+
+ # Strip unnecessary sections of the binary on Linux/Mac OS
+ if(APPLE)
+ set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES MACOSX_RPATH ".")
+ set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES LINK_FLAGS "-undefined dynamic_lookup -dead_strip")
+ if (NOT ${U_CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} MATCHES DEBUG)
+ add_custom_command(TARGET example POST_BUILD COMMAND strip -u -r ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/example/example.so)
+ endif()
+ else()
+ if (NOT ${U_CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} MATCHES DEBUG)
+ add_custom_command(TARGET example POST_BUILD COMMAND strip ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/example/example.so)
+ endif()
+ endif()
+endif()
+
+enable_testing()
+set(RUN_TEST ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/example/run_test.py)
+foreach(i RANGE 1 7)
+ add_test(NAME example${i} COMMAND ${RUN_TEST} example${i})
+endforeach()
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42b5a57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+arising from the use of this software.
+
+Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+appreciated but is not required.
+2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+misrepresented as being the original software.
+3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf4dcf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# pybind11 -- Seamless operability between C++11 and Python
+
+**pybind11** is a lightweight header library that exposes C++ types in Python
+and vice versa, mainly to create Python bindings of existing C++ code. Its
+goals and syntax are similar to the excellent
+[Boost.Python](http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_58_0/libs/python/doc/) library
+by David Abrahams: to minimize boilerplate code in traditional extension
+modules by inferring type information using compile-time introspection.
+
+The main issue with Boost.Python—and the reason for creating such a similar
+project—is Boost. Boost is an enormously large and complex suite of utility
+libraries that works with almost every C++ compiler in existence. This
+compatibility has its cost: arcane template tricks and workarounds are
+necessary to support the oldest and buggiest of compiler specimens. Now that
+C++11-compatible compilers are widely available, this heavy machinery has
+become an excessively large and unnecessary dependency.
+
+Think of this library as a tiny self-contained version of Boost.Python with
+everything stripped away that isn't relevant for binding generation. The whole
+codebase requires less than 2000 lines of code and just depends on Python and
+the C++ standard library. This compact implementation was possible thanks to
+some of the new C++11 language features (tuples, lambda functions and variadic
+templates), and by only targeting Python 3.x and higher.
+
+## Core features
+The following C++ features can be mapped to Python
+
+- Functions accepting and returning custom data structures per value, reference, or pointer
+- Instance methods and static methods
+- Overloaded functions
+- Instance attributes and static attributes
+- Exceptions
+- Enumerations
+- Callbacks
+- Custom operators
+- STL data structures
+- Smart pointers with reference counting like `std::shared_ptr`
+- Internal references with correct reference counting
+
+## Goodies
+In addition to the core functionality, pybind11 provides some extra goodies:
+
+- It's easy to expose the internal storage of custom data types through
+ Pythons' buffer protocols. This is handy e.g. for fast conversion between
+ C++ matrix classes like Eigen and NumPy without expensive copy operations.
+
+- Python's slice-based access and assignment operations can be supported with
+ just a few lines of code.
+
+- pybind11 uses C++11 move constructors and move assignment operators whenever
+ possible to efficiently transfer custom data types.
+
+## Limitations
+Various things that Boost.Python can do remain unsupported, e.g.:
+
+- Fine grained exception translation: currently, all exceptions derived from
+ `std::exception` are mapped to a Python `Exception`, but that's it.
+
+- Default arguments in C++ functions are ignored, though their effect can be
+ emulated by binding multiple overloads using anonymous functions.
+
+- Python keyword arguments are not supported in bindings
+
+- Weak pointers are not supported
+
+## What does the binding code look like?
+Here is a simple example. The directory `example` contains many more.
+```C++
+#include <pybind/pybind.h>
+#include <pybind/operators.h>
+
+namespace py = pybind;
+
+/// Example C++ class which should be bound to Python
+class Test {
+public:
+ Test();
+ Test(int value);
+ std::string toString();
+ Test operator+(const Test &e) const;
+
+ void print_dict(py::dict dict) {
+ /* Easily interact with Python types */
+ for (auto item : dict)
+ std::cout << "key=" << item.first << ", "
+ << "value=" << item.second << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ int value = 0;
+};
+
+
+PYTHON_PLUGIN(example) {
+ py::module m("example", "pybind example plugin");
+
+ py::class_<Test>(m, "Test", "docstring for the Test class")
+ .def(py::init<>(), "docstring for constructor 1")
+ .def(py::init<int>(), "docstring for constructor 2")
+ .def(py::self + py::self, "Addition operator")
+ .def("__str__", &Test::toString, "Convert to a string representation")
+ .def("print_dict", &Test::print_dict, "Print a Python dictionary")
+ .def_readwrite("value", &Test::value, "An instance attribute");
+
+ return m.ptr();
+}
+```
diff --git a/example/example.cpp b/example/example.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..800fb9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ example/example.cpp -- pybind example plugin
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+
+void init_ex1(py::module &);
+void init_ex2(py::module &);
+void init_ex3(py::module &);
+void init_ex4(py::module &);
+void init_ex5(py::module &);
+void init_ex6(py::module &);
+void init_ex7(py::module &);
+void init_ex8(py::module &);
+void init_ex9(py::module &);
+
+PYTHON_PLUGIN(example) {
+ py::module m("example", "pybind example plugin");
+
+ init_ex1(m);
+ init_ex2(m);
+ init_ex3(m);
+ init_ex4(m);
+ init_ex5(m);
+ init_ex6(m);
+ init_ex7(m);
+ init_ex8(m);
+ init_ex9(m);
+
+ return m.ptr();
+}
diff --git a/example/example.h b/example/example.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67434bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example.h
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include <pybind/pybind.h>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using std::cout;
+using std::endl;
+
+namespace py = pybind;
diff --git a/example/example1.cpp b/example/example1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cdc1f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example1.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ example/example1.cpp -- Example 1: constructors, deconstructors,
+ attribute access, __str__, argument and return value conventions
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+
+class Example1 {
+public:
+ Example1() {
+ cout << "Called Example1 default constructor.." << endl;
+ }
+ Example1(int value) : value(value) {
+ cout << "Called Example1 constructor with value " << value << ".." << endl;
+ }
+ Example1(const Example1 &e) : value(e.value) {
+ cout << "Called Example1 copy constructor with value " << value << ".." << endl;
+ }
+ Example1(Example1 &&e) : value(e.value) {
+ cout << "Called Example1 move constructor with value " << value << ".." << endl;
+ e.value = 0;
+ }
+ ~Example1() {
+ cout << "Called Example1 destructor (" << value << ")" << endl;
+ }
+ std::string toString() {
+ return "Example1[value=" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
+ }
+
+ void operator=(const Example1 &e) { cout << "Assignment operator" << endl; value = e.value; }
+ void operator=(Example1 &&e) { cout << "Move assignment operator" << endl; value = e.value; e.value = 0;}
+
+ void add1(Example1 other) { value += other.value; } // passing py value
+ void add2(Example1 &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by reference
+ void add3(const Example1 &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by const reference
+ void add4(Example1 *other) { value += other->value; } // passing py pointer
+ void add5(const Example1 *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by const pointer
+
+ void add6(int other) { value += other; } // passing py value
+ void add7(int &other) { value += other; } // passing by reference
+ void add8(const int &other) { value += other; } // passing by const reference
+ void add9(int *other) { value += *other; } // passing py pointer
+ void add10(const int *other) { value += *other; } // passing by const pointer
+
+ Example1 self1() { return *this; } // return by value
+ Example1 &self2() { return *this; } // return by reference
+ const Example1 &self3() { return *this; } // return by const reference
+ Example1 *self4() { return this; } // return by pointer
+ const Example1 *self5() { return this; } // return by const pointer
+
+ int internal1() { return value; } // return by value
+ int &internal2() { return value; } // return by reference
+ const int &internal3() { return value; } // return by const reference
+ int *internal4() { return &value; } // return by pointer
+ const int *internal5() { return &value; } // return by const pointer
+
+ int value = 0;
+};
+
+void init_ex1(py::module &m) {
+ py::class_<Example1>(m, "Example1")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def(py::init<int>())
+ .def(py::init<const Example1&>())
+ .def("add1", &Example1::add1)
+ .def("add2", &Example1::add2)
+ .def("add3", &Example1::add3)
+ .def("add4", &Example1::add4)
+ .def("add5", &Example1::add5)
+ .def("add6", &Example1::add6)
+ .def("add7", &Example1::add7)
+ .def("add8", &Example1::add8)
+ .def("add9", &Example1::add9)
+ .def("add10", &Example1::add10)
+ .def("self1", &Example1::self1)
+ .def("self2", &Example1::self2)
+ .def("self3", &Example1::self3)
+ .def("self4", &Example1::self4)
+ .def("self5", &Example1::self5)
+ .def("internal1", &Example1::internal1)
+ .def("internal2", &Example1::internal2)
+ .def("internal3", &Example1::internal3)
+ .def("internal4", &Example1::internal4)
+ .def("internal5", &Example1::internal5)
+ .def("__str__", &Example1::toString)
+ .def_readwrite("value", &Example1::value);
+}
diff --git a/example/example1.py b/example/example1.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..30cda8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import sys
+sys.path.append('.')
+
+from example import Example1
+
+instance1 = Example1()
+instance2 = Example1(32)
+instance1.add1(instance2)
+instance1.add2(instance2)
+instance1.add3(instance2)
+instance1.add4(instance2)
+instance1.add5(instance2)
+instance1.add6(32)
+instance1.add7(32)
+instance1.add8(32)
+instance1.add9(32)
+instance1.add10(32)
+
+print("Instance 1: " + str(instance1))
+print("Instance 2: " + str(instance2))
+
+print(instance1.self1())
+print(instance1.self2())
+print(instance1.self3())
+print(instance1.self4())
+print(instance1.self5())
+print(instance1.internal1())
+print(instance1.internal2())
+print(instance1.internal3())
+print(instance1.internal4())
+print(instance1.internal5())
+
+print("Instance 1, direct access = %i" % instance1.value)
+instance1.value = 100
+print("Instance 1: " + str(instance1))
diff --git a/example/example1.ref b/example/example1.ref
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..deeb40c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example1.ref
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Called Example1 default constructor..
+Called Example1 constructor with value 32..
+Called Example1 copy constructor with value 32..
+Called Example1 move constructor with value 32..
+Called Example1 move constructor with value 32..
+Called Example1 destructor (32)
+Called Example1 destructor (0)
+Called Example1 destructor (0)
+Called Example1 copy constructor with value 320..
+Called Example1 copy constructor with value 320..
+Called Example1 destructor (320)
+Called Example1 destructor (320)
+Instance 1: Example1[value=320]
+Instance 2: Example1[value=32]
+Example1[value=320]
+Example1[value=320]
+Example1[value=320]
+Example1[value=320]
+Example1[value=320]
+320
+320
+320
+320
+320
+Instance 1, direct access = 320
+Instance 1: Example1[value=100]
+Called Example1 destructor (32)
+Called Example1 destructor (100)
diff --git a/example/example2.cpp b/example/example2.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d064fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example2.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*
+ example/example2.cpp2 -- Example 2: singleton design pattern, static
+ functions and variables, passing and interacting with Python types
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+
+class Example2 {
+public:
+ static Example2 *new_instance() {
+ return new Example2();
+ }
+ ~Example2() {
+ std::cout << "Destructing Example2" << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ /* Create and return a Python dictionary */
+ py::dict get_dict() {
+ py::dict dict;
+ dict[py::str("key")] = py::str("value");
+ return dict;
+ }
+
+ /* Create and return a C++ dictionary */
+ std::map<std::string, std::string> get_dict_2() {
+ std::map<std::string, std::string> result;
+ result["key"] = "value";
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /* Create, manipulate, and return a Python list */
+ py::list get_list() {
+ py::list list;
+ list.append(py::str("value"));
+ cout << "Entry at positon 0: " << py::object(list[0]) << endl;
+ list[0] = py::str("overwritten");
+ return list;
+ }
+
+ /* C++ STL data types are automatically casted */
+ std::vector<std::string> get_list_2() {
+ std::vector<std::string> list;
+ list.push_back("value");
+ return list;
+ }
+
+ /* Easily iterate over a dictionary using a C++11 range-based for loop */
+ void print_dict(py::dict dict) {
+ for (auto item : dict)
+ std::cout << "key: " << item.first << ", value=" << item.second << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ /* STL data types are automatically casted from Python */
+ void print_dict_2(const std::map<std::string, std::string> &dict) {
+ for (auto item : dict)
+ std::cout << "key: " << item.first << ", value=" << item.second << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ /* Easily iterate over a list using a C++11 range-based for loop */
+ void print_list(py::list list) {
+ int index = 0;
+ for (auto item : list)
+ std::cout << "list item " << index++ << ": " << item << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ /* STL data types are automatically casted from Python */
+ void print_list_2(std::vector<std::string> &list) {
+ int index = 0;
+ for (auto item : list)
+ std::cout << "list item " << index++ << ": " << item << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ /* pybind automatically translates between C++11 and Python tuples */
+ std::pair<std::string, bool> pair_passthrough(std::pair<bool, std::string> input) {
+ return std::make_pair(input.second, input.first);
+ }
+
+ /* pybind automatically translates between C++11 and Python tuples */
+ std::tuple<int, std::string, bool> tuple_passthrough(std::tuple<bool, std::string, int> input) {
+ return std::make_tuple(std::get<2>(input), std::get<1>(input), std::get<0>(input));
+ }
+
+ void throw_exception() {
+ throw std::runtime_error("This exception was intentionally thrown.");
+ }
+
+ static int value;
+ static const int value2;
+};
+
+int Example2::value = 0;
+const int Example2::value2 = 5;
+
+void init_ex2(py::module &m) {
+ /* No constructor is explicitly defined below. An exception is raised when
+ trying to construct it directly from Python */
+ py::class_<Example2>(m, "Example2")
+ .def("get_dict", &Example2::get_dict, "Return a Python dictionary")
+ .def("get_dict_2", &Example2::get_dict_2, "Return a C++ dictionary")
+ .def("get_list", &Example2::get_list, "Return a Python list")
+ .def("get_list_2", &Example2::get_list_2, "Return a C++ list")
+ .def("print_dict", &Example2::print_dict, "Print entries of a Python dictionary")
+ .def("print_dict_2", &Example2::print_dict_2, "Print entries of a C++ dictionary")
+ .def("print_list", &Example2::print_list, "Print entries of a Python list")
+ .def("print_list_2", &Example2::print_list_2, "Print entries of a C++ list")
+ .def("pair_passthrough", &Example2::pair_passthrough, "Return a pair in reversed order")
+ .def("tuple_passthrough", &Example2::tuple_passthrough, "Return a triple in reversed order")
+ .def("throw_exception", &Example2::throw_exception, "Throw an exception")
+ .def_static("new_instance", &Example2::new_instance, "Return an instance")
+ .def_readwrite_static("value", &Example2::value, "Static value member")
+ .def_readonly_static("value2", &Example2::value2, "Static value member (readonly)");
+}
diff --git a/example/example2.py b/example/example2.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b0f4707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import sys, pydoc
+sys.path.append('.')
+
+from example import Example2
+
+Example2.value = 15
+print(Example2.value)
+print(Example2.value2)
+
+try:
+ Example2()
+except Exception as e:
+ print(e)
+
+try:
+ Example2.value2 = 15
+except Exception as e:
+ print(e)
+
+instance = Example2.new_instance()
+
+dict_result = instance.get_dict()
+dict_result['key2'] = 'value2'
+instance.print_dict(dict_result)
+
+dict_result = instance.get_dict_2()
+dict_result['key2'] = 'value2'
+instance.print_dict_2(dict_result)
+
+list_result = instance.get_list()
+list_result.append('value2')
+instance.print_list(list_result)
+
+list_result = instance.get_list_2()
+list_result.append('value2')
+instance.print_list_2(list_result)
+
+try:
+ instance.throw_exception()
+except Exception as e:
+ print(e)
+
+print(instance.pair_passthrough((True, "test")))
+print(instance.tuple_passthrough((True, "test", 5)))
+
+print(pydoc.render_doc(Example2, "Help on %s"))
diff --git a/example/example2.ref b/example/example2.ref
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8367f20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example2.ref
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+key: key, value=value
+key: key2, value=value2
+key: key, value=value
+key: key2, value=value2
+Entry at positon 0: value
+list item 0: overwritten
+list item 1: value2
+list item 0: value
+list item 1: value2
+15
+5
+example.Example2: No constructor defined!
+can't set attribute
+This exception was intentionally thrown.
+('test', True)
+(5, 'test', True)
+Help on class Example2 in module example
+
+class EExxaammppllee22(builtins.object)
+ | Methods defined here:
+ |
+ | ____iinniitt____(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
+ | Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
+ |
+ | ____nneeww____ = <built-in method __new__ of example.Example2_meta object>
+ | ggeett__ddiicctt(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : get_dict(Example2) -> dict
+ |
+ | Return a Python dictionary
+ |
+ | ggeett__ddiicctt__22(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : get_dict_2(Example2) -> dict<str, str>
+ |
+ | Return a C++ dictionary
+ |
+ | ggeett__lliisstt(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : get_list(Example2) -> list
+ |
+ | Return a Python list
+ |
+ | ggeett__lliisstt__22(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : get_list_2(Example2) -> list<str>
+ |
+ | Return a C++ list
+ |
+ | nneeww__iinnssttaannccee(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : new_instance() -> Example2
+ |
+ | Return an instance
+ |
+ | ppaaiirr__ppaasssstthhrroouugghh(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : pair_passthrough(Example2, (bool, str)) -> (str, bool)
+ |
+ | Return a pair in reversed order
+ |
+ | pprriinntt__ddiicctt(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : print_dict(Example2, dict) -> None
+ |
+ | Print entries of a Python dictionary
+ |
+ | pprriinntt__ddiicctt__22(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : print_dict_2(Example2, dict<str, str>) -> None
+ |
+ | Print entries of a C++ dictionary
+ |
+ | pprriinntt__lliisstt(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : print_list(Example2, list) -> None
+ |
+ | Print entries of a Python list
+ |
+ | pprriinntt__lliisstt__22(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : print_list_2(Example2, list<str>) -> None
+ |
+ | Print entries of a C++ list
+ |
+ | tthhrrooww__eexxcceeppttiioonn(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : throw_exception(Example2) -> None
+ |
+ | Throw an exception
+ |
+ | ttuuppllee__ppaasssstthhrroouugghh(...) from builtins.PyCapsule
+ | Signature : tuple_passthrough(Example2, (bool, str, int32_t)) -> (int32_t, str, bool)
+ |
+ | Return a triple in reversed order
+ |
+ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ | Data and other attributes defined here:
+ |
+ | ____iinnssttaannccee__ssiizzee____ = 1
+
+Destructing Example2
diff --git a/example/example3.cpp b/example/example3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fec5d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ example/example3.cpp -- Example 3: operator overloading
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+#include <pybind/operators.h>
+
+class Vector2 {
+public:
+ Vector2(float x, float y) : x(x), y(y) { std::cout << "Value constructor" << std::endl; }
+ Vector2(const Vector2 &v) : x(v.x), y(v.y) { std::cout << "Copy constructor" << std::endl; }
+ Vector2(Vector2 &&v) : x(v.x), y(v.y) { std::cout << "Move constructor" << std::endl; v.x = v.y = 0; }
+ ~Vector2() { std::cout << "Destructor." << std::endl; }
+
+ std::string toString() const {
+ return "[" + std::to_string(x) + ", " + std::to_string(y) + "]";
+ }
+
+ void operator=(const Vector2 &v) {
+ cout << "Assignment operator" << endl;
+ x = v.x;
+ y = v.y;
+ }
+
+ void operator=(Vector2 &&v) {
+ cout << "Move assignment operator" << endl;
+ x = v.x; y = v.y; v.x = v.y = 0;
+ }
+
+ Vector2 operator+(const Vector2 &v) const { return Vector2(x + v.x, y + v.y); }
+ Vector2 operator-(const Vector2 &v) const { return Vector2(x - v.x, y - v.y); }
+ Vector2 operator-(float value) const { return Vector2(x - value, y - value); }
+ Vector2 operator+(float value) const { return Vector2(x + value, y + value); }
+ Vector2 operator*(float value) const { return Vector2(x * value, y * value); }
+ Vector2 operator/(float value) const { return Vector2(x / value, y / value); }
+ Vector2& operator+=(const Vector2 &v) { x += v.x; y += v.y; return *this; }
+ Vector2& operator-=(const Vector2 &v) { x -= v.x; y -= v.y; return *this; }
+ Vector2& operator*=(float v) { x *= v; y *= v; return *this; }
+ Vector2& operator/=(float v) { x /= v; y /= v; return *this; }
+private:
+ float x, y;
+};
+
+void init_ex3(py::module &m) {
+ py::class_<Vector2>(m, "Vector2")
+ .def(py::init<float, float>())
+ .def(py::self + py::self)
+ .def(py::self + float())
+ .def(py::self - py::self)
+ .def(py::self - float())
+ .def(py::self * float())
+ .def(py::self / float())
+ .def(py::self += py::self)
+ .def(py::self -= py::self)
+ .def(py::self *= float())
+ .def(py::self /= float())
+ .def("__str__", &Vector2::toString);
+
+ m.attr("Vector") = m.attr("Vector2");
+}
diff --git a/example/example3.py b/example/example3.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..a889320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example3.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import sys
+sys.path.append('.')
+
+from example import Vector2, Vector
+
+v1 = Vector2(1, 2)
+v2 = Vector(3, -1)
+
+print("v1 = " + str(v1))
+print("v2 = " + str(v2))
+print("v1+v2 = " + str(v1+v2))
+print("v1-v2 = " + str(v1-v2))
+print("v1-8 = " + str(v1-8))
+print("v1+8 = " + str(v1+8))
+print("v1*8 = " + str(v1*8))
+print("v1/8 = " + str(v1/8))
+
+v1 += v2
+v1 *= 2
+
+print("(v1+v2)*2 = " + str(v1))
diff --git a/example/example3.ref b/example/example3.ref
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e45c110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example3.ref
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Value constructor
+Value constructor
+Value constructor
+Copy constructor
+Destructor.
+Destructor.
+Value constructor
+Copy constructor
+Destructor.
+Destructor.
+Value constructor
+Copy constructor
+Destructor.
+Destructor.
+Value constructor
+Copy constructor
+Destructor.
+Destructor.
+Value constructor
+Copy constructor
+Destructor.
+Destructor.
+Value constructor
+Copy constructor
+Destructor.
+Destructor.
+v1 = [1.000000, 2.000000]
+v2 = [3.000000, -1.000000]
+v1+v2 = [4.000000, 1.000000]
+v1-v2 = [-2.000000, 3.000000]
+v1-8 = [-7.000000, -6.000000]
+v1+8 = [9.000000, 10.000000]
+v1*8 = [8.000000, 16.000000]
+v1/8 = [0.125000, 0.250000]
+(v1+v2)*2 = [8.000000, 2.000000]
+Destructor.
+Destructor.
diff --git a/example/example4.cpp b/example/example4.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed9d0da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example4.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ example/example4.cpp -- Example 4: global constants and functions, enumerations
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+
+enum EMyEnumeration {
+ EFirstEntry = 1,
+ ESecondEntry
+};
+
+class Example4 {
+public:
+ enum EMode {
+ EFirstMode = 1,
+ ESecondMode
+ };
+
+ static void test_function(EMode mode) {
+ std::cout << "Example4::test_function(enum=" << mode << ")" << std::endl;
+ }
+};
+
+bool test_function1() {
+ std::cout << "test_function()" << std::endl;
+ return false;
+}
+
+float test_function2(int i) {
+ std::cout << "test_function(" << i << ")" << std::endl;
+ return i / 2.f;
+}
+
+void test_function3(EMyEnumeration k) {
+ std::cout << "test_function(enum=" << k << ")" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void init_ex4(py::module &m) {
+ m.def("test_function", &test_function1);
+ m.def("test_function", &test_function2);
+ m.def("test_function", &test_function3);
+ m.attr("some_constant") = py::int_(14);
+
+ py::enum_<EMyEnumeration>(m, "EMyEnumeration")
+ .value("EFirstEntry", EFirstEntry)
+ .value("ESecondEntry", ESecondEntry)
+ .export_values();
+
+ py::class_<Example4> ex4_class(m, "Example4");
+ ex4_class.def_static("test_function", &Example4::test_function);
+ py::enum_<Example4::EMode>(ex4_class, "EMode")
+ .value("EFirstMode", Example4::EFirstMode)
+ .value("ESecondMode", Example4::ESecondMode)
+ .export_values();
+}
diff --git a/example/example4.py b/example/example4.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..aa2a448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example4.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import sys
+sys.path.append('.')
+
+from example import test_function
+from example import some_constant
+from example import EMyEnumeration
+from example import EFirstEntry
+from example import Example4
+
+print(EMyEnumeration)
+print(EMyEnumeration.EFirstEntry)
+print(EMyEnumeration.ESecondEntry)
+print(EFirstEntry)
+
+print(test_function())
+print(test_function(7))
+print(test_function(EMyEnumeration.EFirstEntry))
+print(test_function(EMyEnumeration.ESecondEntry))
+
+print(Example4.EMode)
+print(Example4.EMode.EFirstMode)
+print(Example4.EFirstMode)
+Example4.test_function(Example4.EFirstMode)
diff --git a/example/example4.ref b/example/example4.ref
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09935a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example4.ref
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+test_function()
+test_function(7)
+test_function(enum=1)
+test_function(enum=2)
+Example4::test_function(enum=1)
+<class 'example.EMyEnumeration'>
+EMyEnumeration.EFirstEntry
+EMyEnumeration.ESecondEntry
+EMyEnumeration.EFirstEntry
+False
+3.5
+None
+None
+<class 'example.Example4.EMode'>
+EMode.EFirstMode
+EMode.EFirstMode
diff --git a/example/example5.cpp b/example/example5.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d61779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example5.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*
+ example/example5.cpp -- Example 5: inheritance, callbacks, acquiring
+ and releasing the global interpreter lock
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+
+
+class Pet {
+public:
+ Pet(const std::string &name, const std::string &species)
+ : m_name(name), m_species(species) {}
+ std::string name() const { return m_name; }
+ std::string species() const { return m_species; }
+private:
+ std::string m_name;
+ std::string m_species;
+};
+
+class Dog : public Pet {
+public:
+ Dog(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "dog") {}
+ void bark() const { std::cout << "Woof!" << std::endl; }
+};
+
+void pet_print(const Pet &pet) {
+ std::cout << pet.name() + " is a " + pet.species() << std::endl;
+}
+
+void dog_bark(const Dog &dog) {
+ dog.bark();
+}
+
+class Example5 {
+public:
+ Example5(py::handle self, int state)
+ : self(self), state(state) {
+ cout << "Constructing Example5.." << endl;
+ }
+
+ ~Example5() {
+ cout << "Destructing Example5.." << endl;
+ }
+
+ void callback(int value) {
+ py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+ cout << "In Example5::callback() " << endl;
+ py::object method = self.attr("callback");
+ method.call(state, value);
+ }
+private:
+ py::handle self;
+ int state;
+};
+
+bool test_callback1(py::object func) {
+ func.call();
+ return false;
+}
+
+int test_callback2(py::object func) {
+ py::object result = func.call("Hello", true, 5);
+ return result.cast<int>();
+}
+
+void test_callback3(Example5 *ex, int value) {
+ py::gil_scoped_release gil;
+ ex->callback(value);
+}
+
+void init_ex5(py::module &m) {
+ py::class_<Pet> pet_class(m, "Pet");
+ pet_class
+ .def(py::init<std::string, std::string>())
+ .def("name", &Pet::name)
+ .def("species", &Pet::species);
+
+ py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet_class)
+ .def(py::init<std::string>());
+
+ m.def("pet_print", pet_print);
+ m.def("dog_bark", dog_bark);
+
+ m.def("test_callback1", &test_callback1);
+ m.def("test_callback2", &test_callback2);
+ m.def("test_callback3", &test_callback3);
+
+ py::class_<Example5>(m, "Example5")
+ .def(py::init<py::object, int>());
+}
diff --git a/example/example5.py b/example/example5.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b119de9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example5.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import sys
+sys.path.append('.')
+
+from example import Pet
+from example import Dog
+from example import dog_bark
+from example import pet_print
+
+polly = Pet('Polly', 'parrot')
+molly = Dog('Molly')
+print(polly.name() + " is a " + polly.species())
+pet_print(polly)
+print(molly.name() + " is a " + molly.species())
+pet_print(molly)
+dog_bark(molly)
+try:
+ dog_bark(polly)
+except Exception as e:
+ print('The following error is expected: ' + str(e))
+
+from example import test_callback1
+from example import test_callback2
+from example import test_callback3
+from example import Example5
+
+def func1():
+ print('Callback function 1 called!')
+
+def func2(a, b, c):
+ print('Callback function 2 called : ' + str(a) + ", " + str(b) + ", "+ str(c))
+ return c
+
+class MyCallback(Example5):
+ def __init__(self, value):
+ Example5.__init__(self, self, value)
+
+ def callback(self, value1, value2):
+ print('got callback: %i %i' % (value1, value2))
+
+print(test_callback1(func1))
+print(test_callback2(func2))
+
+callback = MyCallback(3)
+test_callback3(callback, 4)
diff --git a/example/example5.ref b/example/example5.ref
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4061128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example5.ref
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Polly is a parrot
+Molly is a dog
+Woof!
+Constructing Example5..
+In Example5::callback()
+Polly is a parrot
+Molly is a dog
+The following error is expected: Incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+ 1. dog_bark(Dog) -> None
+
+Callback function 1 called!
+False
+Callback function 2 called : Hello, True, 5
+5
+got callback: 3 4
+Destructing Example5..
diff --git a/example/example6.cpp b/example/example6.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e0359a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example6.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+/*
+ example/example6.cpp -- Example 6: supporting Pythons' sequence
+ protocol, iterators, etc.
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+#include <pybind/operators.h>
+
+class Sequence {
+public:
+ Sequence(size_t size) : m_size(size) {
+ std::cout << "Value constructor: Creating a sequence with " << m_size << " entries" << std::endl;
+ m_data = new float[size];
+ memset(m_data, 0, sizeof(float) * size);
+ }
+
+ Sequence(const std::vector<float> &value) : m_size(value.size()) {
+ std::cout << "Value constructor: Creating a sequence with " << m_size << " entries" << std::endl;
+ m_data = new float[m_size];
+ memcpy(m_data, &value[0], sizeof(float) * m_size);
+ }
+
+ Sequence(const Sequence &s) : m_size(s.m_size) {
+ std::cout << "Copy constructor: Creating a sequence with " << m_size << " entries" << std::endl;
+ m_data = new float[m_size];
+ memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float)*m_size);
+ }
+
+ Sequence(Sequence &&s) : m_size(s.m_size), m_data(s.m_data) {
+ std::cout << "Move constructor: Creating a sequence with " << m_size << " entries" << std::endl;
+ s.m_size = 0;
+ s.m_data = nullptr;
+ }
+
+ ~Sequence() {
+ std::cout << "Freeing a sequence with " << m_size << " entries" << std::endl;
+ delete[] m_data;
+ }
+
+ Sequence &operator=(const Sequence &s) {
+ std::cout << "Assignment operator: Creating a sequence with " << s.m_size << " entries" << std::endl;
+ delete[] m_data;
+ m_size = s.m_size;
+ m_data = new float[m_size];
+ memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float)*m_size);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ Sequence &operator=(Sequence &&s) {
+ std::cout << "Move assignment operator: Creating a sequence with " << s.m_size << " entries" << std::endl;
+ if (&s != this) {
+ delete[] m_data;
+ m_size = s.m_size;
+ m_data = s.m_data;
+ s.m_size = 0;
+ s.m_data = nullptr;
+ }
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ bool operator==(const Sequence &s) const {
+ if (m_size != s.size())
+ return false;
+ for (size_t i=0; i<m_size; ++i)
+ if (m_data[i] != s[i])
+ return false;
+ return true;
+ }
+
+ bool operator!=(const Sequence &s) const {
+ return !operator==(s);
+ }
+
+ float operator[](size_t index) const {
+ return m_data[index];
+ }
+
+ float &operator[](size_t index) {
+ return m_data[index];
+ }
+
+ bool contains(float v) const {
+ for (size_t i=0; i<m_size; ++i)
+ if (v == m_data[i])
+ return true;
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ Sequence reversed() const {
+ Sequence result(m_size);
+ for (size_t i=0; i<m_size; ++i)
+ result[m_size-i-1] = m_data[i];
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ size_t size() const { return m_size; }
+
+private:
+ size_t m_size;
+ float *m_data;
+};
+
+namespace {
+ // Special iterator data structure for python
+ struct PySequenceIterator {
+ PySequenceIterator(const Sequence &seq, py::object ref) : seq(seq), ref(ref) { }
+
+ float next() {
+ if (index == seq.size())
+ throw py::stop_iteration();
+ return seq[index++];
+ }
+
+ const Sequence &seq;
+ py::object ref; // keep a reference
+ size_t index = 0;
+ };
+};
+
+void init_ex6(py::module &m) {
+ py::class_<Sequence> seq(m, "Sequence");
+
+ seq.def(py::init<size_t>())
+ .def(py::init<const std::vector<float>&>())
+ /// Bare bones interface
+ .def("__getitem__", [](const Sequence &s, size_t i) {
+ if (i >= s.size())
+ throw py::index_error();
+ return s[i];
+ })
+ .def("__setitem__", [](Sequence &s, size_t i, float v) {
+ if (i >= s.size())
+ throw py::index_error();
+ s[i] = v;
+ })
+ .def("__len__", &Sequence::size)
+ /// Optional sequence protocol operations
+ .def("__iter__", [](py::object s) { return PySequenceIterator(s.cast<const Sequence &>(), s); })
+ .def("__contains__", [](const Sequence &s, float v) { return s.contains(v); })
+ .def("__reversed__", [](const Sequence &s) -> Sequence { return s.reversed(); })
+ /// Slicing protocol (optional)
+ .def("__getitem__", [](const Sequence &s, py::slice slice) -> Sequence* {
+ py::ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelength;
+ if (!slice.compute(s.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength))
+ throw py::error_already_set();
+ Sequence *seq = new Sequence(slicelength);
+ for (int i=0; i<slicelength; ++i) {
+ (*seq)[i] = s[start]; start += step;
+ }
+ return seq;
+ })
+ .def("__setitem__", [](Sequence &s, py::slice slice, const Sequence &value) {
+ py::ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelength;
+ if (!slice.compute(s.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength))
+ throw py::error_already_set();
+ if ((size_t) slicelength != value.size())
+ throw std::runtime_error("Left and right hand size of slice assignment have different sizes!");
+ for (int i=0; i<slicelength; ++i) {
+ s[start] = value[i]; start += step;
+ }
+ })
+ /// Comparisons
+ .def(py::self == py::self)
+ .def(py::self != py::self);
+ // Could also define py::self + py::self for concatenation, etc.
+
+ py::class_<PySequenceIterator>(seq, "Iterator")
+ .def("__iter__", [](PySequenceIterator &it) -> PySequenceIterator& { return it; })
+ .def("__next__", &PySequenceIterator::next);
+}
diff --git a/example/example6.py b/example/example6.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..7dbadc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example6.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import sys
+sys.path.append('.')
+
+from example import Sequence
+
+s = Sequence(5)
+print("s = " + str(s))
+print("len(s) = " + str(len(s)))
+print("s[0], s[3] = %f %f" % (s[0], s[3]))
+print('12.34 in s: ' + str(12.34 in s))
+s[0], s[3] = 12.34, 56.78
+print('12.34 in s: ' + str(12.34 in s))
+print("s[0], s[3] = %f %f" % (s[0], s[3]))
+rev = reversed(s)
+rev2 = s[::-1]
+print("rev[0], rev[1], rev[2], rev[3], rev[4] = %f %f %f %f %f" % (rev[0], rev[1], rev[2], rev[3], rev[4]))
+
+for i in rev:
+ print(i, end=' ')
+print('')
+for i in rev2:
+ print(i, end=' ')
+print('')
+print(rev == rev2)
+rev[0::2] = Sequence([2.0, 2.0, 2.0])
+for i in rev:
+ print(i, end=' ')
+print('')
diff --git a/example/example6.ref b/example/example6.ref
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8986be6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example6.ref
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Value constructor: Creating a sequence with 5 entries
+Value constructor: Creating a sequence with 5 entries
+Copy constructor: Creating a sequence with 5 entries
+Freeing a sequence with 5 entries
+s = <example.Sequence object at 0x100380fb0>
+len(s) = 5
+s[0], s[3] = 0.000000 0.000000
+12.34 in s: False
+12.34 in s: True
+s[0], s[3] = 12.340000 56.779999
+rev[0], rev[1], rev[2], rev[3], rev[4] = 0.000000 56.779999 0.000000 0.000000 12.340000
+12.34000015258789
+0.0
+0.0
+56.779998779296875
+0.0
+Freeing a sequence with 5 entries
+Freeing a sequence with 5 entries
diff --git a/example/example7.cpp b/example/example7.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82ab3b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example7.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ example/example7.cpp -- Example 7: supporting Pythons' buffer protocol
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+
+class Matrix {
+public:
+ Matrix(size_t rows, size_t cols) : m_rows(rows), m_cols(cols) {
+ std::cout << "Value constructor: Creating a " << rows << "x" << cols << " matrix " << std::endl;
+ m_data = new float[rows*cols];
+ memset(m_data, 0, sizeof(float) * rows * cols);
+ }
+
+ Matrix(const Matrix &s) : m_rows(s.m_rows), m_cols(s.m_cols) {
+ std::cout << "Copy constructor: Creating a " << m_rows << "x" << m_cols << " matrix " << std::endl;
+ m_data = new float[m_rows * m_cols];
+ memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float) * m_rows * m_cols);
+ }
+
+ Matrix(Matrix &&s) : m_rows(s.m_rows), m_cols(s.m_cols), m_data(s.m_data) {
+ std::cout << "Move constructor: Creating a " << m_rows << "x" << m_cols << " matrix " << std::endl;
+ s.m_rows = 0;
+ s.m_cols = 0;
+ s.m_data = nullptr;
+ }
+
+ ~Matrix() {
+ std::cout << "Freeing a " << m_rows << "x" << m_cols << " matrix " << std::endl;
+ delete[] m_data;
+ }
+
+ Matrix &operator=(const Matrix &s) {
+ std::cout << "Assignment operator : Creating a " << s.m_rows << "x" << s.m_cols << " matrix " << std::endl;
+ delete[] m_data;
+ m_rows = s.m_rows;
+ m_cols = s.m_cols;
+ m_data = new float[m_rows * m_cols];
+ memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float) * m_rows * m_cols);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ Matrix &operator=(Matrix &&s) {
+ std::cout << "Move assignment operator : Creating a " << s.m_rows << "x" << s.m_cols << " matrix " << std::endl;
+ if (&s != this) {
+ delete[] m_data;
+ m_rows = s.m_rows; m_cols = s.m_cols; m_data = s.m_data;
+ s.m_rows = 0; s.m_cols = 0; s.m_data = nullptr;
+ }
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ float operator()(size_t i, size_t j) const {
+ return m_data[i*m_cols + j];
+ }
+
+ float &operator()(size_t i, size_t j) {
+ return m_data[i*m_cols + j];
+ }
+
+ float *data() { return m_data; }
+
+ size_t rows() const { return m_rows; }
+ size_t cols() const { return m_cols; }
+private:
+ size_t m_rows;
+ size_t m_cols;
+ float *m_data;
+};
+
+void init_ex7(py::module &m) {
+ py::class_<Matrix> mtx(m, "Matrix");
+
+ mtx.def(py::init<size_t, size_t>())
+ /// Construct from a buffer
+ .def("__init__", [](Matrix &v, py::buffer b) {
+ py::buffer_info info = b.request();
+ if (info.format != py::format_descriptor<float>::value() || info.ndim != 2)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Incompatible buffer format!");
+ new (&v) Matrix(info.shape[0], info.shape[1]);
+ memcpy(v.data(), info.ptr, sizeof(float) * v.rows() * v.cols());
+ })
+
+ .def("rows", &Matrix::rows)
+ .def("cols", &Matrix::cols)
+
+ /// Bare bones interface
+ .def("__getitem__", [](const Matrix &m, std::pair<size_t, size_t> i) {
+ if (i.first >= m.rows() || i.second >= m.cols())
+ throw py::index_error();
+ return m(i.first, i.second);
+ })
+ .def("__setitem__", [](Matrix &m, std::pair<size_t, size_t> i, float v) {
+ if (i.first >= m.rows() || i.second >= m.cols())
+ throw py::index_error();
+ m(i.first, i.second) = v;
+ })
+ /// Provide buffer access
+ .def_buffer([](Matrix &m) -> py::buffer_info {
+ return py::buffer_info(
+ m.data(), /* Pointer to buffer */
+ sizeof(float), /* Size of one scalar */
+ py::format_descriptor<float>::value(), /* Python struct-style format descriptor */
+ 2, /* Number of dimensions */
+ { m.rows(), m.cols() }, /* Buffer dimensions */
+ { sizeof(float) * m.rows(), /* Strides (in bytes) for each index */
+ sizeof(float) }
+ );
+ });
+}
diff --git a/example/example7.py b/example/example7.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..565ceac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example7.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import sys
+sys.path.append('.')
+
+from example import Matrix
+import numpy as np
+
+m = Matrix(5, 5)
+
+print(m[2, 3])
+m[2, 3] = 4
+print(m[2, 3])
+
+m2 = np.array(m, copy=False)
+print(m2)
+print(m2[2, 3])
+m2[2, 3] = 5
+print(m[2, 3])
+
+m3 = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]).astype(np.float32)
+print(m3)
+m4 = Matrix(m3)
+for i in range(m4.rows()):
+ for j in range(m4.cols()):
+ print(m4[i, j], end = ' ')
+ print()
diff --git a/example/example7.ref b/example/example7.ref
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6112cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example7.ref
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Value constructor: Creating a 5x5 matrix
+0.0
+4.0
+[[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
+ [ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
+ [ 0. 0. 0. 4. 0.]
+ [ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
+ [ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]]
+4.0
+5.0
+Freeing a 5x5 matrix
diff --git a/example/example8.cpp b/example/example8.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3aac43a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example8.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ example/example8.cpp -- Example 8: binding classes with
+ custom reference counting, implicit conversions between types
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+#include "object.h"
+
+/// Object subclass
+class MyObject : public Object {
+public:
+ MyObject(int value) : value(value) {
+ std::cout << toString() << " constructor" << std::endl;
+ }
+
+ std::string toString() const {
+ return "MyObject[" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
+ }
+
+protected:
+ virtual ~MyObject() {
+ std::cout << toString() << " destructor" << std::endl;
+ }
+
+private:
+ int value;
+};
+
+/// Make pybind aware of the ref-counted wrapper type
+namespace pybind { namespace detail {
+template <typename T> class type_caster<ref<T>>
+ : public type_caster_holder<T, ref<T>> { };
+}}
+
+Object *make_object_1() { return new MyObject(1); }
+ref<Object> make_object_2() { return new MyObject(2); }
+MyObject *make_myobject_4() { return new MyObject(4); }
+ref<MyObject> make_myobject_5() { return new MyObject(5); }
+
+void print_object_1(const Object *obj) { std::cout << obj->toString() << std::endl; }
+void print_object_2(ref<Object> obj) { std::cout << obj->toString() << std::endl; }
+void print_object_3(const ref<Object> &obj) { std::cout << obj->toString() << std::endl; }
+void print_object_4(const ref<Object> *obj) { std::cout << (*obj)->toString() << std::endl; }
+
+void print_myobject_1(const MyObject *obj) { std::cout << obj->toString() << std::endl; }
+void print_myobject_2(ref<MyObject> obj) { std::cout << obj->toString() << std::endl; }
+void print_myobject_3(const ref<MyObject> &obj) { std::cout << obj->toString() << std::endl; }
+void print_myobject_4(const ref<MyObject> *obj) { std::cout << (*obj)->toString() << std::endl; }
+
+void init_ex8(py::module &m) {
+ py::class_<Object, ref<Object>> obj(m, "Object");
+ obj.def("getRefCount", &Object::getRefCount);
+
+ py::class_<MyObject, ref<MyObject>>(m, "MyObject", obj)
+ .def(py::init<int>());
+
+ m.def("make_object_1", &make_object_1);
+ m.def("make_object_2", &make_object_2);
+ m.def("make_myobject_4", &make_myobject_4);
+ m.def("make_myobject_5", &make_myobject_5);
+ m.def("print_object_1", &print_object_1);
+ m.def("print_object_2", &print_object_2);
+ m.def("print_object_3", &print_object_3);
+ m.def("print_object_4", &print_object_4);
+ m.def("print_myobject_1", &print_myobject_1);
+ m.def("print_myobject_2", &print_myobject_2);
+ m.def("print_myobject_3", &print_myobject_3);
+ m.def("print_myobject_4", &print_myobject_4);
+
+ py::implicitly_convertible<py::int_, MyObject>();
+}
diff --git a/example/example8.py b/example/example8.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c295d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example8.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import sys
+sys.path.append('.')
+
+from example import MyObject
+from example import make_object_1
+from example import make_object_2
+from example import make_myobject_4
+from example import make_myobject_5
+from example import print_object_1
+from example import print_object_2
+from example import print_object_3
+from example import print_object_4
+from example import print_myobject_1
+from example import print_myobject_2
+from example import print_myobject_3
+from example import print_myobject_4
+
+for o in [make_object_1(), make_object_2(), MyObject(3)]:
+ print("Reference count = %i" % o.getRefCount())
+ print_object_1(o)
+ print_object_2(o)
+ print_object_3(o)
+ print_object_4(o)
+
+for o in [make_myobject_4(), make_myobject_5(), MyObject(6), 7]:
+ print(o)
+ if not isinstance(o, int):
+ print_object_1(o)
+ print_object_2(o)
+ print_object_3(o)
+ print_object_4(o)
+ print_myobject_1(o)
+ print_myobject_2(o)
+ print_myobject_3(o)
+ print_myobject_4(o)
diff --git a/example/example9.cpp b/example/example9.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e070b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example9.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ example/example9.cpp -- Example 9: nested modules
+ and internal references
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "example.h"
+
+void submodule_func() {
+ std::cout << "submodule_func()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+class A {
+public:
+ A(int v) : v(v) { std::cout << "A constructor" << std::endl; }
+ ~A() { std::cout << "A destructor" << std::endl; }
+ A(const A&) { std::cout << "A copy constructor" << std::endl; }
+ std::string toString() { return "A[" + std::to_string(v) + "]"; }
+private:
+ int v;
+};
+
+class B {
+public:
+ B() { std::cout << "B constructor" << std::endl; }
+ ~B() { std::cout << "B destructor" << std::endl; }
+ B(const B&) { std::cout << "B copy constructor" << std::endl; }
+ A &get_a1() { return a1; }
+ A &get_a2() { return a2; }
+
+ A a1{1};
+ A a2{2};
+};
+
+void init_ex9(py::module &m) {
+ py::module m_sub = m.def_submodule("submodule");
+ m_sub.def("submodule_func", &submodule_func);
+
+ py::class_<A>(m_sub, "A")
+ .def(py::init<int>())
+ .def("__repr__", &A::toString);
+
+ py::class_<B>(m_sub, "B")
+ .def(py::init<>())
+ .def("get_a1", &B::get_a1, "Return the internal A 1", py::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
+ .def("get_a2", &B::get_a2, "Return the internal A 2", py::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
+ .def_readwrite("a1", &B::a1) // def_readonly uses an internal reference return policy by default
+ .def_readwrite("a2", &B::a2);
+}
diff --git a/example/example9.py b/example/example9.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8c654e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/example9.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import sys
+sys.path.append('.')
+
+import example
+
+print(example.__name__)
+print(example.submodule.__name__)
+
+from example.submodule import *
+
+submodule_func()
+
+b = B()
+print(b.get_a1())
+print(b.a1)
+print(b.get_a2())
+print(b.a2)
+
+b.a1 = A(42)
+b.a2 = A(43)
+
+print(b.get_a1())
+print(b.a1)
+print(b.get_a2())
+print(b.a2)
+
diff --git a/example/object.h b/example/object.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8097bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/object.h
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+#if !defined(__OBJECT_H)
+#define __OBJECT_H
+
+#include <atomic>
+
+/// Reference counted object base class
+class Object {
+public:
+ /// Default constructor
+ Object() { }
+
+ /// Copy constructor
+ Object(const Object &) : m_refCount(0) {}
+
+ /// Return the current reference count
+ int getRefCount() const { return m_refCount; };
+
+ /// Increase the object's reference count by one
+ void incRef() const { ++m_refCount; }
+
+ /** \brief Decrease the reference count of
+ * the object and possibly deallocate it.
+ *
+ * The object will automatically be deallocated once
+ * the reference count reaches zero.
+ */
+ void decRef(bool dealloc = true) const {
+ --m_refCount;
+ if (m_refCount == 0 && dealloc)
+ delete this;
+ else if (m_refCount < 0)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Internal error: reference count < 0!");
+ }
+
+ virtual std::string toString() const = 0;
+protected:
+ /** \brief Virtual protected deconstructor.
+ * (Will only be called by \ref ref)
+ */
+ virtual ~Object() { }
+private:
+ mutable std::atomic<int> m_refCount { 0 };
+};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Reference counting helper
+ *
+ * The \a ref refeference template is a simple wrapper to store a
+ * pointer to an object. It takes care of increasing and decreasing
+ * the reference count of the object. When the last reference goes
+ * out of scope, the associated object will be deallocated.
+ *
+ * \ingroup libcore
+ */
+template <typename T> class ref {
+public:
+ /// Create a nullptr reference
+ ref() : m_ptr(nullptr) { std::cout << "Created empty ref" << std::endl; }
+
+ /// Construct a reference from a pointer
+ ref(T *ptr) : m_ptr(ptr) {
+ std::cout << "Initialized ref from pointer " << ptr<< std::endl;
+ if (m_ptr) ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+ }
+
+ /// Copy constructor
+ ref(const ref &r) : m_ptr(r.m_ptr) {
+ std::cout << "Initialized ref from ref " << r.m_ptr << std::endl;
+ if (m_ptr)
+ ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+ }
+
+ /// Move constructor
+ ref(ref &&r) : m_ptr(r.m_ptr) {
+ std::cout << "Initialized ref with move from ref " << r.m_ptr << std::endl;
+ r.m_ptr = nullptr;
+ }
+
+ /// Destroy this reference
+ ~ref() {
+ std::cout << "Destructing ref " << m_ptr << std::endl;
+ if (m_ptr)
+ ((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
+ }
+
+ /// Move another reference into the current one
+ ref& operator=(ref&& r) {
+ std::cout << "Move-assigning ref " << r.m_ptr << std::endl;
+ if (*this == r)
+ return *this;
+ if (m_ptr)
+ ((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
+ m_ptr = r.m_ptr;
+ r.m_ptr = nullptr;
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ /// Overwrite this reference with another reference
+ ref& operator=(const ref& r) {
+ std::cout << "Assigning ref " << r.m_ptr << std::endl;
+ if (m_ptr == r.m_ptr)
+ return *this;
+ if (m_ptr)
+ ((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
+ m_ptr = r.m_ptr;
+ if (m_ptr)
+ ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ /// Overwrite this reference with a pointer to another object
+ ref& operator=(T *ptr) {
+ std::cout << "Assigning ptr " << ptr << " to ref" << std::endl;
+ if (m_ptr == ptr)
+ return *this;
+ if (m_ptr)
+ ((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
+ m_ptr = ptr;
+ if (m_ptr)
+ ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ /// Compare this reference with another reference
+ bool operator==(const ref &r) const { return m_ptr == r.m_ptr; }
+
+ /// Compare this reference with another reference
+ bool operator!=(const ref &r) const { return m_ptr != r.m_ptr; }
+
+ /// Compare this reference with a pointer
+ bool operator==(const T* ptr) const { return m_ptr == ptr; }
+
+ /// Compare this reference with a pointer
+ bool operator!=(const T* ptr) const { return m_ptr != ptr; }
+
+ /// Access the object referenced by this reference
+ T* operator->() { return m_ptr; }
+
+ /// Access the object referenced by this reference
+ const T* operator->() const { return m_ptr; }
+
+ /// Return a C++ reference to the referenced object
+ T& operator*() { return *m_ptr; }
+
+ /// Return a const C++ reference to the referenced object
+ const T& operator*() const { return *m_ptr; }
+
+ /// Return a pointer to the referenced object
+ operator T* () { return m_ptr; }
+
+ /// Return a const pointer to the referenced object
+ T* get() { return m_ptr; }
+
+ /// Return a pointer to the referenced object
+ const T* get() const { return m_ptr; }
+private:
+ T *m_ptr;
+};
+
+#endif /* __OBJECT_H */
diff --git a/example/run_test.py b/example/run_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c47cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example/run_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import subprocess, sys, os
+
+path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+if path != '':
+ os.chdir(path)
+
+name = sys.argv[1]
+output = subprocess.check_output([sys.executable, name + ".py"]).decode('utf-8')
+reference = open(name + '.ref', 'r').read()
+
+if output == reference:
+ print('Test "%s" succeeded.' % name)
+ exit(0)
+else:
+ print('Test "%s" FAILED!' % name)
+ exit(-1)
diff --git a/include/pybind/cast.h b/include/pybind/cast.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b3b96e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/pybind/cast.h
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+/*
+ pybind/cast.h: Partial template specializations to cast between
+ C++ and Python types
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(__PYBIND_CAST)
+#define __PYBIND_CAST
+
+#include "pytypes.h"
+#include "mpl.h"
+#include "typeid.h"
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind)
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+/// Generic type caster for objects stored on the heap
+template <typename type> class type_caster {
+public:
+ typedef instance<type> instance_type;
+
+ static std::string name() { return type_id<type>(); }
+
+ type_caster() {
+ auto const& registered_types = get_internals().registered_types;
+ auto it = registered_types.find(type_id<type>());
+ if (it != registered_types.end())
+ typeinfo = &it->second;
+ }
+
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+ if (src == nullptr || typeinfo == nullptr)
+ return false;
+ if (PyType_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(src), typeinfo->type)) {
+ value = ((instance_type *) src)->value;
+ return true;
+ }
+ if (convert) {
+ for (auto &converter : typeinfo->implicit_conversions) {
+ temp = object(converter(src, typeinfo->type), false);
+ if (load(temp.ptr(), false))
+ return true;
+ }
+ }
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+ if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
+ policy = return_value_policy::copy;
+ return cast(&src, policy, parent);
+ }
+
+ static PyObject *cast(const type *_src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+ type *src = const_cast<type *>(_src);
+ if (src == nullptr) {
+ Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+ return Py_None;
+ }
+ // avoid an issue with internal references matching their parent's address
+ bool dont_cache = parent && ((instance<void> *) parent)->value == (void *) src;
+ auto& internals = get_internals();
+ auto it_instance = internals.registered_instances.find(src);
+ if (it_instance != internals.registered_instances.end() && !dont_cache) {
+ PyObject *inst = it_instance->second;
+ Py_INCREF(inst);
+ return inst;
+ }
+ auto it = internals.registered_types.find(type_id<type>());
+ if (it == internals.registered_types.end()) {
+ std::string msg = std::string("Unregistered type : ") + type_id<type>();
+ PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ auto &type_info = it->second;
+ instance_type *inst = (instance_type *) PyType_GenericAlloc(type_info.type, 0);
+ inst->value = src;
+ inst->owned = true;
+ inst->parent = nullptr;
+ if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
+ policy = return_value_policy::take_ownership;
+ handle_return_value_policy<type>(inst, policy, parent);
+ PyObject *inst_pyobj = (PyObject *) inst;
+ type_info.init_holder(inst_pyobj);
+ if (!dont_cache)
+ internals.registered_instances[inst->value] = inst_pyobj;
+ return inst_pyobj;
+ }
+
+ template <class T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+ static void handle_return_value_policy(instance<T> *inst, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+ if (policy == return_value_policy::copy) {
+ inst->value = new T(*(inst->value));
+ } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference) {
+ inst->owned = false;
+ } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference_internal) {
+ inst->owned = false;
+ inst->parent = parent;
+ Py_XINCREF(parent);
+ }
+ }
+
+ template <class T, typename std::enable_if<!std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+ static void handle_return_value_policy(instance<T> *inst, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+ if (policy == return_value_policy::copy) {
+ throw cast_error("return_value_policy = copy, but the object is non-copyable!");
+ } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference) {
+ inst->owned = false;
+ } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference_internal) {
+ inst->owned = false;
+ inst->parent = parent;
+ Py_XINCREF(parent);
+ }
+ }
+
+ operator type*() { return value; }
+ operator type&() { return *value; }
+protected:
+ type *value = nullptr;
+ const type_info *typeinfo = nullptr;
+ object temp;
+};
+
+#define TYPE_CASTER(type, py_name) \
+ protected: \
+ type value; \
+ public: \
+ static std::string name() { return py_name; } \
+ static PyObject *cast(const type *src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) { \
+ return cast(*src, policy, parent); \
+ } \
+ operator type*() { return &value; } \
+ operator type&() { return value; } \
+
+#define TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(type, py_type, from_type, to_pytype) \
+ template <> class type_caster<type> { \
+ public: \
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool) { \
+ value = (type) from_type(src); \
+ if (value == (type) -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) { \
+ PyErr_Clear(); \
+ return false; \
+ } \
+ return true; \
+ } \
+ static PyObject *cast(type src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) { \
+ return to_pytype((py_type) src); \
+ } \
+ TYPE_CASTER(type, #type); \
+ };
+
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(int32_t, long, PyLong_AsLong, PyLong_FromLong)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(uint32_t, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong, PyLong_FromUnsignedLong)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(int64_t, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong, PyLong_FromLongLong)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(uint64_t, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong, PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong)
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) // size_t/ssize_t are separate types on Mac OS X
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(ssize_t, Py_ssize_t, PyLong_AsSsize_t, PyLong_FromSsize_t)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(size_t, size_t, PyLong_AsSize_t, PyLong_FromSize_t)
+#endif
+
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(float, float, PyFloat_AsDouble, PyFloat_FromDouble)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(double, double, PyFloat_AsDouble, PyFloat_FromDouble)
+
+template <> class type_caster<mpl::detail::void_type> {
+public:
+ bool load(PyObject *, bool) { return true; }
+ static PyObject *cast(mpl::detail::void_type, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+ Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+ return Py_None;
+ }
+ TYPE_CASTER(mpl::detail::void_type, "None");
+};
+
+template <> class type_caster<bool> {
+public:
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
+ if (src == Py_True) { value = true; return true; }
+ else if (src == Py_False) { value = false; return true; }
+ else return false;
+ }
+ static PyObject *cast(bool src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+ PyObject *result = src ? Py_True : Py_False;
+ Py_INCREF(result);
+ return result;
+ }
+ TYPE_CASTER(bool, "bool");
+};
+
+template <> class type_caster<std::string> {
+public:
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
+ const char *ptr = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(src);
+ if (!ptr) { PyErr_Clear(); return false; }
+ value = std::string(ptr);
+ return true;
+ }
+ static PyObject *cast(const std::string &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+ return PyUnicode_FromString(src.c_str());
+ }
+ TYPE_CASTER(std::string, "str");
+};
+
+template <> class type_caster<char> {
+public:
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
+ char *ptr = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(src);
+ if (!ptr) { PyErr_Clear(); return false; }
+ value = ptr;
+ return true;
+ }
+
+ static PyObject *cast(const char *src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+ return PyUnicode_FromString(src);
+ }
+
+ static PyObject *cast(char src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+ char str[2] = { src, '\0' };
+ return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(str, 1, nullptr);
+ }
+
+ static std::string name() { return "str"; }
+
+ operator char*() { return value; }
+ operator char() { return *value; }
+protected:
+ char *value;
+};
+
+template <typename Value> struct type_caster<std::vector<Value>> {
+ typedef std::vector<Value> type;
+ typedef type_caster<Value> value_conv;
+public:
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+ if (!PyList_Check(src))
+ return false;
+ size_t size = (size_t) PyList_GET_SIZE(src);
+ value.reserve(size);
+ value.clear();
+ for (size_t i=0; i<size; ++i) {
+ value_conv conv;
+ if (!conv.load(PyList_GetItem(src, (ssize_t) i), convert))
+ return false;
+ value.push_back((Value) conv);
+ }
+ return true;
+ }
+
+ static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+ PyObject *list = PyList_New(src.size());
+ size_t index = 0;
+ for (auto const &value: src) {
+ PyObject *value_ = value_conv::cast(value, policy, parent);
+ if (!value_) {
+ Py_DECREF(list);
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ PyList_SetItem(list, index++, value_);
+ }
+ return list;
+ }
+ TYPE_CASTER(type, "list<" + value_conv::name() + ">");
+};
+
+template <typename Key, typename Value> struct type_caster<std::map<Key, Value>> {
+public:
+ typedef std::map<Key, Value> type;
+ typedef type_caster<Key> key_conv;
+ typedef type_caster<Value> value_conv;
+
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+ if (!PyDict_Check(src))
+ return false;
+
+ value.clear();
+ PyObject *key_, *value_;
+ ssize_t pos = 0;
+ key_conv kconv;
+ value_conv vconv;
+ while (PyDict_Next(src, &pos, &key_, &value_)) {
+ if (!kconv.load(key_, convert) || !vconv.load(value_, convert))
+ return false;
+ value[kconv] = vconv;
+ }
+ return true;
+ }
+
+ static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+ PyObject *dict = PyDict_New();
+ for (auto const &kv: src) {
+ PyObject *key = key_conv::cast(kv.first, policy, parent);
+ PyObject *value = value_conv::cast(kv.second, policy, parent);
+ if (!key || !value || PyDict_SetItem(dict, key, value) < 0) {
+ Py_XDECREF(key);
+ Py_XDECREF(value);
+ Py_DECREF(dict);
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ Py_DECREF(key);
+ Py_DECREF(value);
+ }
+ return dict;
+ }
+ TYPE_CASTER(type, "dict<" + key_conv::name() + ", " + value_conv::name() + ">");
+};
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2> class type_caster<std::pair<T1, T2>> {
+ typedef std::pair<T1, T2> type;
+public:
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+ if (!PyTuple_Check(src) || PyTuple_Size(src) != 2)
+ return false;
+ if (!first.load(PyTuple_GetItem(src, 0), convert))
+ return false;
+ return second.load(PyTuple_GetItem(src, 1), convert);
+ }
+
+ static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+ PyObject *o1 = type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T1>::type>::cast(src.first, policy, parent);
+ PyObject *o2 = type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T2>::type>::cast(src.second, policy, parent);
+ if (!o1 || !o2) {
+ Py_XDECREF(o1);
+ Py_XDECREF(o2);
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(2);
+ PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, 0, o1);
+ PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, 1, o2);
+ return tuple;
+ }
+
+ static std::string name() {
+ return "(" + type_caster<T1>::name() + ", " + type_caster<T2>::name() + ")";
+ }
+
+ operator type() {
+ return type(first, second);
+ }
+protected:
+ type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T1>::type> first;
+ type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T2>::type> second;
+};
+
+template <typename ... Tuple> class type_caster<std::tuple<Tuple...>> {
+ typedef std::tuple<Tuple...> type;
+public:
+ enum { size = sizeof...(Tuple) };
+
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+ return load(src, convert, typename mpl::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Tuple)>::type());
+ }
+
+ static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+ return cast(src, policy, parent, typename mpl::make_index_sequence<size>::type());
+ }
+
+ static std::string name() {
+ std::array<std::string, size> names {{
+ type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<Tuple>::type>::name()...
+ }};
+ std::string result("(");
+ int counter = 0;
+ for (auto const &name : names) {
+ result += name;
+ if (++counter < size)
+ result += ", ";
+ }
+ result += ")";
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ operator type() {
+ return cast(typename mpl::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Tuple)>::type());
+ }
+protected:
+ template <size_t ... Index> type cast(mpl::index_sequence<Index...>) {
+ return type((Tuple) std::get<Index>(value)...);
+ }
+
+ template <size_t ... Indices> bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert, mpl::index_sequence<Indices...>) {
+ if (!PyTuple_Check(src))
+ return false;
+ if (PyTuple_Size(src) != size)
+ return false;
+ std::array<bool, size> results {{
+ std::get<Indices>(value).load(PyTuple_GetItem(src, Indices), convert)...
+ }};
+ for (bool r : results)
+ if (!r)
+ return false;
+ return true;
+ }
+
+ /* Implementation: Convert a C++ tuple into a Python tuple */
+ template <size_t ... Indices> static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent, mpl::index_sequence<Indices...>) {
+ std::array<PyObject *, size> results {{
+ type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<Tuple>::type>::cast(std::get<Indices>(src), policy, parent)...
+ }};
+ bool success = true;
+ for (auto result : results)
+ if (result == nullptr)
+ success = false;
+ if (success) {
+ PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(size);
+ int counter = 0;
+ for (auto result : results)
+ PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, counter++, result);
+ return tuple;
+ } else {
+ for (auto result : results) {
+ Py_XDECREF(result);
+ }
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ }
+
+protected:
+ std::tuple<type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<Tuple>::type>...> value;
+};
+
+/// Type caster for holder types like std::shared_ptr, etc.
+template <typename type, typename holder_type> class type_caster_holder : public type_caster<type> {
+public:
+ typedef type_caster<type> parent;
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+ if (!parent::load(src, convert))
+ return false;
+ holder = holder_type(parent::value);
+ return true;
+ }
+ explicit operator type*() { return this->value; }
+ explicit operator type&() { return *(this->value); }
+ explicit operator holder_type&() { return holder; }
+ explicit operator holder_type*() { return &holder; }
+protected:
+ holder_type holder;
+};
+
+template <> class type_caster<handle> {
+public:
+ bool load(PyObject *src) {
+ value = handle(src);
+ return true;
+ }
+ static PyObject *cast(const handle &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+ src.inc_ref();
+ return (PyObject *) src.ptr();
+ }
+ TYPE_CASTER(handle, "handle");
+};
+
+#define TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(name) \
+ template <> class type_caster<name> { \
+ public: \
+ bool load(PyObject *src, bool) { value = name(src, true); return true; } \
+ static PyObject *cast(const name &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) { \
+ src.inc_ref(); return (PyObject *) src.ptr(); \
+ } \
+ TYPE_CASTER(name, #name); \
+ };
+
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(object)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(buffer)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(capsule)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(dict)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(float_)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(int_)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(list)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(slice)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(tuple)
+
+#undef TYPE_CASTER
+#undef TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER
+#undef TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+template <typename T> inline T cast(PyObject *object) {
+ detail::type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T>::type> conv;
+ if (!conv.load(object, true))
+ throw cast_error("Unable to cast Python object to C++ type");
+ return conv;
+}
+
+template <typename T> inline object cast(const T &value, return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic, PyObject *parent = nullptr) {
+ if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
+ policy = std::is_pointer<T>::value ? return_value_policy::take_ownership : return_value_policy::copy;
+ return object(detail::type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T>::type>::cast(value, policy, parent), false);
+}
+
+template <typename T> inline T handle::cast() { return pybind::cast<T>(m_ptr); }
+
+template <typename ... Args> inline object handle::call(Args&&... args_) {
+ const size_t size = sizeof...(Args);
+ std::array<PyObject *, size> args{
+ { detail::type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<Args>::type>::cast(
+ std::forward<Args>(args_), return_value_policy::automatic, nullptr)... }
+ };
+ bool fail = false;
+ for (auto result : args)
+ if (result == nullptr)
+ fail = true;
+ if (fail) {
+ for (auto result : args) {
+ Py_XDECREF(result);
+ }
+ throw cast_error("handle::call(): unable to convert input arguments to Python objects");
+ }
+ PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(size);
+ int counter = 0;
+ for (auto result : args)
+ PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, counter++, result);
+ PyObject *result = PyObject_CallObject(m_ptr, tuple);
+ Py_DECREF(tuple);
+ return object(result, false);
+}
+
+NAMESPACE_END(pybind)
+
+#endif /* __PYBIND_CAST */
diff --git a/include/pybind/common.h b/include/pybind/common.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8310096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/pybind/common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/*
+ pybind/common.h -- Basic macros
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(__PYBIND_COMMON_H)
+#define __PYBIND_COMMON_H
+
+#if !defined(NAMESPACE_BEGIN)
+#define NAMESPACE_BEGIN(name) namespace name {
+#endif
+#if !defined(NAMESPACE_END)
+#define NAMESPACE_END(name) }
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(PYTHON_EXPORT)
+#if defined(WIN32)
+#define PYTHON_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define PYTHON_EXPORT __attribute__ ((visibility("default")))
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#define PYTHON_PLUGIN(name) \
+ extern "C" PYTHON_EXPORT PyObject *PyInit_##name()
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <functional>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+
+/// Include Python header, disable linking to pythonX_d.lib on Windows in debug mode
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define HAVE_ROUND
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable: 4510 4610 4512)
+#if _DEBUG
+#define _DEBUG_MARKER
+#undef _DEBUG
+#endif
+#endif
+#include <Python.h>
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#if defined(_DEBUG_MARKER)
+#define _DEBUG
+#undef _DEBUG_MARKER
+#endif
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind)
+
+typedef Py_ssize_t ssize_t;
+
+/// Approach used to cast a previously unknown C++ instance into a Python object
+enum class return_value_policy : int {
+ /** Automatic: copy objects returned as values and take ownership of objects
+ returned as pointers */
+ automatic = 0,
+ /** Reference the object and take ownership. Python will call the
+ destructor and delete operator when the reference count reaches zero */
+ take_ownership,
+ /** Reference the object, but do not take ownership (dangerous when C++ code
+ deletes it and Python still has a nonzero reference count) */
+ reference,
+ /** Reference the object, but do not take ownership. The object is considered
+ be owned by the C++ instance whose method or property returned it. The
+ Python object will increase the reference count of this 'parent' by 1 */
+ reference_internal,
+ /// Create a new copy of the returned object, which will be owned by Python
+ copy
+};
+
+/// Format strings for basic number types
+template <typename type> struct format_descriptor { };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<int8_t> { static std::string value() { return "b"; }; };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<uint8_t> { static std::string value() { return "B"; }; };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<int16_t> { static std::string value() { return "h"; }; };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<uint16_t> { static std::string value() { return "H"; }; };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<int32_t> { static std::string value() { return "i"; }; };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<uint32_t> { static std::string value() { return "I"; }; };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<int64_t> { static std::string value() { return "q"; }; };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<uint64_t> { static std::string value() { return "Q"; }; };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<float> { static std::string value() { return "f"; }; };
+template<> struct format_descriptor<double> { static std::string value() { return "d"; }; };
+
+/// Information record describing a Python buffer object
+struct buffer_info {
+ void *ptr;
+ size_t itemsize;
+ std::string format; // for dense contents, this should be set to format_descriptor<T>::value
+ int ndim;
+ std::vector<size_t> shape;
+ std::vector<size_t> strides;
+
+ buffer_info(void *ptr, size_t itemsize, const std::string &format,
+ int ndim, const std::vector<size_t> &shape,
+ const std::vector<size_t> &strides)
+ : ptr(ptr), itemsize(itemsize), format(format), ndim(ndim),
+ shape(shape), strides(strides) {}
+};
+
+// C++ bindings of core Python exceptions
+struct stop_iteration : public std::runtime_error { public: stop_iteration(const std::string &w="") : std::runtime_error(w) {} };
+struct index_error : public std::runtime_error { public: index_error(const std::string &w="") : std::runtime_error(w) {} };
+struct error_already_set : public std::exception { public: error_already_set() {} };
+/// Thrown when pybind::cast or handle::call fail due to a type casting error
+struct cast_error : public std::runtime_error { public: cast_error(const std::string &w = "") : std::runtime_error(w) {} };
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+/// PyObject wrapper around generic types
+template <typename type, typename holder_type = std::unique_ptr<type>> struct instance {
+ PyObject_HEAD
+ type *value;
+ PyObject *parent;
+ bool owned : 1;
+ bool constructed : 1;
+ holder_type holder;
+};
+
+/// Additional type information which does not fit into the PyTypeObjet
+struct type_info {
+ PyTypeObject *type;
+ size_t type_size;
+ void (*init_holder)(PyObject *);
+ std::function<buffer_info *(PyObject *)> get_buffer;
+ std::vector<PyObject *(*)(PyObject *, PyTypeObject *)> implicit_conversions;
+};
+
+/// Internal data struture used to track registered instances and types
+struct internals {
+ std::unordered_map<std::string, type_info> registered_types;
+ std::unordered_map<void *, PyObject *> registered_instances;
+};
+
+inline internals &get_internals();
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+NAMESPACE_END(pybind)
+
+#endif /* __PYBIND_COMMON_H */
diff --git a/include/pybind/mpl.h b/include/pybind/mpl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff9c6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/pybind/mpl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+/*
+ pybind/mpl.h: Simple library for type manipulation and template metaprogramming
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(__PYBIND_MPL_H)
+#define __PYBIND_MPL_H
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include <tuple>
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind)
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(mpl)
+
+/// Index sequence for convenient template metaprogramming involving tuples
+template<size_t ...> struct index_sequence { };
+template<size_t N, size_t ...S> struct make_index_sequence : make_index_sequence <N - 1, N - 1, S...> { };
+template<size_t ...S> struct make_index_sequence <0, S...> { typedef index_sequence<S...> type; };
+
+/// Helper template to strip away type modifiers
+template <typename T> struct normalize_type { typedef T type; };
+template <typename T> struct normalize_type<const T> { typedef typename normalize_type<T>::type type; };
+template <typename T> struct normalize_type<T*> { typedef typename normalize_type<T>::type type; };
+template <typename T> struct normalize_type<T&> { typedef typename normalize_type<T>::type type; };
+template <typename T> struct normalize_type<T&&> { typedef typename normalize_type<T>::type type; };
+template <typename T, size_t N> struct normalize_type<const T[N]> { typedef typename normalize_type<T>::type type; };
+template <typename T, size_t N> struct normalize_type<T[N]> { typedef typename normalize_type<T>::type type; };
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+/// Strip the class from a method type
+template <typename T> struct remove_class {};
+template <typename C, typename R, typename... A> struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...)> { typedef R type(A...); };
+template <typename C, typename R, typename... A> struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...) const> { typedef R type(A...); };
+
+/**
+ * \brief Convert a lambda function to a std::function
+ * From http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11893141/inferring-the-call-signature-of-a-lambda-or-arbitrary-callable-for-make-functio
+ */
+template <typename T> struct lambda_signature_impl {
+ using type = typename remove_class<
+ decltype(&std::remove_reference<T>::type::operator())>::type;
+};
+template <typename R, typename... A> struct lambda_signature_impl<R (A...)> { typedef R type(A...); };
+template <typename R, typename... A> struct lambda_signature_impl<R (&)(A...)> { typedef R type(A...); };
+template <typename R, typename... A> struct lambda_signature_impl<R (*)(A...)> { typedef R type(A...); };
+template <typename T> using lambda_signature = typename lambda_signature_impl<T>::type;
+template <typename F> using make_function_type = std::function<lambda_signature<F>>;
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+template<typename F> detail::make_function_type<F> make_function(F &&f) {
+ return detail::make_function_type<F>(std::forward<F>(f)); }
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+struct void_type { };
+
+/// Helper functions for calling a function using a tuple argument while dealing with void/non-void return values
+template <typename RetType> struct tuple_dispatch {
+ typedef RetType return_type;
+ template<typename Func, typename Arg, size_t ... S> return_type operator()(const Func &f, Arg && args, index_sequence<S...>) {
+ return f(std::get<S>(std::forward<Arg>(args))...);
+ }
+};
+
+/// Helper functions for calling a function using a tuple argument (special case for void return values)
+template <> struct tuple_dispatch<void> {
+ typedef void_type return_type;
+ template<typename Func, typename Arg, size_t ... S> return_type operator()(const Func &f, Arg &&args, index_sequence<S...>) {
+ f(std::get<S>(std::forward<Arg>(args))...);
+ return return_type();
+ }
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// For lambda functions delegate to their 'operator()'
+template <typename T> struct function_traits : public function_traits<typename detail::make_function_type<T>> { };
+
+/// Type traits for function pointers
+template <typename ReturnType, typename... Args>
+struct function_traits<ReturnType(*)(Args...)> {
+ enum {
+ nargs = sizeof...(Args),
+ is_method = 0,
+ is_const = 0
+ };
+ typedef std::function<ReturnType (Args...)> f_type;
+ typedef detail::tuple_dispatch<ReturnType> dispatch_type;
+ typedef typename dispatch_type::return_type return_type;
+ typedef std::tuple<Args...> args_type;
+
+ template <size_t i> struct arg {
+ typedef typename std::tuple_element<i, args_type>::type type;
+ };
+
+ static f_type cast(ReturnType (*func)(Args ...)) { return func; }
+
+ static return_type dispatch(const f_type &f, args_type &&args) {
+ return dispatch_type()(f, std::move(args),
+ typename make_index_sequence<nargs>::type());
+ }
+};
+
+/// Type traits for ordinary methods
+template <typename ClassType, typename ReturnType, typename... Args>
+struct function_traits<ReturnType(ClassType::*)(Args...)> {
+ enum {
+ nargs = sizeof...(Args),
+ is_method = 1,
+ is_const = 0
+ };
+ typedef std::function<ReturnType(ClassType &, Args...)> f_type;
+ typedef detail::tuple_dispatch<ReturnType> dispatch_type;
+ typedef typename dispatch_type::return_type return_type;
+ typedef std::tuple<ClassType&, Args...> args_type;
+
+ template <size_t i> struct arg {
+ typedef typename std::tuple_element<i, args_type>::type type;
+ };
+
+ static f_type cast(ReturnType (ClassType::*func)(Args ...)) { return std::mem_fn(func); }
+
+ static return_type dispatch(const f_type &f, args_type &&args) {
+ return dispatch_type()(f, std::move(args),
+ typename make_index_sequence<nargs+1>::type());
+ }
+};
+
+/// Type traits for const methods
+template <typename ClassType, typename ReturnType, typename... Args>
+struct function_traits<ReturnType(ClassType::*)(Args...) const> {
+ enum {
+ nargs = sizeof...(Args),
+ is_method = 1,
+ is_const = 1
+ };
+ typedef std::function<ReturnType (const ClassType &, Args...)> f_type;
+ typedef detail::tuple_dispatch<ReturnType> dispatch_type;
+ typedef typename dispatch_type::return_type return_type;
+ typedef std::tuple<const ClassType&, Args...> args_type;
+
+ template <size_t i> struct arg {
+ typedef typename std::tuple_element<i, args_type>::type type;
+ };
+
+ static f_type cast(ReturnType (ClassType::*func)(Args ...) const) {
+ return std::mem_fn(func);
+ }
+
+ static return_type dispatch(const f_type &f, args_type &&args) {
+ return dispatch_type()(f, std::move(args),
+ typename make_index_sequence<nargs+1>::type());
+ }
+};
+
+/// Type traits for std::functions
+template <typename ReturnType, typename... Args>
+struct function_traits<std::function<ReturnType(Args...)>> {
+ enum {
+ nargs = sizeof...(Args),
+ is_method = 0,
+ is_const = 0
+ };
+ typedef std::function<ReturnType (Args...)> f_type;
+ typedef detail::tuple_dispatch<ReturnType> dispatch_type;
+ typedef typename dispatch_type::return_type return_type;
+ typedef std::tuple<Args...> args_type;
+
+ template <size_t i> struct arg {
+ typedef typename std::tuple_element<i, args_type>::type type;
+ };
+
+ static f_type cast(const f_type &func) { return func; }
+
+ static return_type dispatch(const f_type &f, args_type &&args) {
+ return dispatch_type()(f, std::move(args),
+ typename make_index_sequence<nargs>::type());
+ }
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_END(mpl)
+NAMESPACE_END(pybind)
+
+#endif /* __PYBIND_MPL_H */
diff --git a/include/pybind/operators.h b/include/pybind/operators.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08fcd99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/pybind/operators.h
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/*
+ pybind/operator.h: Metatemplates for operator overloading
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(__PYBIND_OPERATOR)
+#define __PYBIND_OPERATOR
+
+#include "pybind.h"
+#include <type_traits>
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind)
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+/// Enumeration with all supported operator types
+enum op_id : int {
+ op_add, op_sub, op_mul, op_div, op_mod, op_divmod, op_pow,
+ op_lshift, op_rshift, op_and, op_xor, op_or, op_neg,
+ op_pos, op_abs, op_invert, op_int, op_long, op_float,
+ op_str, op_cmp, op_gt, op_ge, op_lt, op_le, op_eq, op_ne,
+ op_iadd, op_isub, op_imul, op_idiv, op_imod, op_ilshift,
+ op_irshift, op_iand, op_ixor, op_ior, op_complex, op_bool,
+ op_nonzero, op_repr, op_truediv
+};
+
+enum op_type : int {
+ op_l, /* base type on left */
+ op_r, /* base type on right */
+ op_u /* unary operator */
+};
+
+struct self_t { };
+
+/// Type for an unused type slot
+struct undefined_t { };
+
+static const self_t self = self_t();
+
+/// Don't warn about an unused variable
+inline self_t __self() { return self; }
+
+/// base template of operator implementations
+template <op_id, op_type, typename B, typename L, typename R> struct op_impl { };
+
+/// Operator implementation generator
+template <op_id id, op_type ot, typename L, typename R> struct op_ {
+ template <typename base, typename holder> void execute(pybind::class_<base, holder> &class_, const char *doc, return_value_policy policy) const {
+ typedef typename std::conditional<std::is_same<L, self_t>::value, base, L>::type L_type;
+ typedef typename std::conditional<std::is_same<R, self_t>::value, base, R>::type R_type;
+ typedef op_impl<id, ot, base, L_type, R_type> op;
+ class_.def(op::name(), &op::execute, doc, policy);
+ }
+ template <typename base, typename holder> void execute_cast(pybind::class_<base, holder> &class_, const char *doc, return_value_policy policy) const {
+ typedef typename std::conditional<std::is_same<L, self_t>::value, base, L>::type L_type;
+ typedef typename std::conditional<std::is_same<R, self_t>::value, base, R>::type R_type;
+ typedef op_impl<id, ot, base, L_type, R_type> op;
+ class_.def(op::name(), &op::execute_cast, doc, policy);
+ }
+};
+
+#define PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(id, rid, op, expr) \
+template <typename B, typename L, typename R> struct op_impl<op_##id, op_l, B, L, R> { \
+ static char const* name() { return "__" #id "__"; } \
+ static auto execute(const L &l, const R &r) -> decltype(expr) { return (expr); } \
+ static B execute_cast(const L &l, const R &r) { return B(expr); } \
+}; \
+template <typename B, typename L, typename R> struct op_impl<op_##id, op_r, B, L, R> { \
+ static char const* name() { return "__" #rid "__"; } \
+ static auto execute(const L &l, const R &r) -> decltype(expr) { return (expr); } \
+ static B execute_cast(const L &l, const R &r) { return B(expr); } \
+}; \
+inline op_<op_##id, op_l, self_t, self_t> op(const self_t &, const self_t &) { \
+ return op_<op_##id, op_l, self_t, self_t>(); \
+}; \
+template <typename T> op_<op_##id, op_l, self_t, T> op(const self_t &, const T &) { \
+ return op_<op_##id, op_l, self_t, T>(); \
+}; \
+template <typename T> op_<op_##id, op_r, T, self_t> op(const T &, const self_t &) { \
+ return op_<op_##id, op_r, T, self_t>(); \
+};
+
+#define PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(id, op, expr) \
+template <typename B, typename L, typename R> struct op_impl<op_##id, op_l, B, L, R> { \
+ static char const* name() { return "__" #id "__"; } \
+ static auto execute(L &l, const R &r) -> decltype(expr) { return expr; } \
+ static B execute_cast(L &l, const R &r) { return B(expr); } \
+}; \
+template <typename T> op_<op_##id, op_l, self_t, T> op(const self_t &, const T &) { \
+ return op_<op_##id, op_l, self_t, T>(); \
+};
+
+#define PYBIND_UNARY_OPERATOR(id, op, expr) \
+template <typename B, typename L> struct op_impl<op_##id, op_u, B, L, undefined_t> { \
+ static char const* name() { return "__" #id "__"; } \
+ static auto execute(const L &l) -> decltype(expr) { return expr; } \
+ static B execute_cast(const L &l) { return B(expr); } \
+}; \
+inline op_<op_##id, op_u, self_t, undefined_t> op(const self_t &) { \
+ return op_<op_##id, op_u, self_t, undefined_t>(); \
+};
+
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(sub, rsub, operator-, l - r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(add, radd, operator+, l + r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(mul, rmul, operator*, l * r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(truediv, rtruediv, operator/, l / r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(mod, rmod, operator%, l % r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(lshift, rlshift, operator<<, l << r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(rshift, rrshift, operator>>, l >> r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(and, rand, operator&, l & r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(xor, rxor, operator^, l ^ r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(eq, eq, operator==, l == r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(ne, ne, operator!=, l != r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(or, ror, operator|, l | r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(gt, lt, operator>, l > r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(ge, le, operator>=, l >= r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(lt, gt, operator<, l < r)
+PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(le, ge, operator<=, l <= r)
+//PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR(pow, rpow, pow, std::pow(l, r))
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(iadd, operator+=, l += r)
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(isub, operator-=, l -= r)
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(imul, operator*=, l *= r)
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(idiv, operator/=, l /= r)
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(imod, operator%=, l %= r)
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(ilshift, operator<<=, l <<= r)
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(irshift, operator>>=, l >>= r)
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(iand, operator&=, l &= r)
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(ixor, operator^=, l ^= r)
+PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR(ior, operator|=, l |= r)
+PYBIND_UNARY_OPERATOR(neg, operator-, -l)
+PYBIND_UNARY_OPERATOR(pos, operator+, +l)
+PYBIND_UNARY_OPERATOR(abs, abs, std::abs(l))
+PYBIND_UNARY_OPERATOR(invert, operator~, ~l)
+PYBIND_UNARY_OPERATOR(bool, operator!, !!l)
+PYBIND_UNARY_OPERATOR(int, int_, (int) l)
+PYBIND_UNARY_OPERATOR(float, float_, (double) l)
+
+#undef PYBIND_BINARY_OPERATOR
+#undef PYBIND_INPLACE_OPERATOR
+#undef PYBIND_UNARY_OPERATOR
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+using detail::self;
+
+NAMESPACE_END(pybind)
+
+#endif /* __PYBIND_OPERATOR */
diff --git a/include/pybind/pybind.h b/include/pybind/pybind.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad92a82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/pybind/pybind.h
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+/*
+ pybind/pybind.h: Main header file of the C++11 python binding generator library
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(__PYBIND_H)
+#define __PYBIND_H
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable: 4127) // warning C4127: Conditional expression is constant
+#pragma warning(disable: 4800) // warning C4800: 'int': forcing value to bool 'true' or 'false' (performance warning)
+#pragma warning(disable: 4996) // warning C4996: The POSIX name for this item is deprecated. Instead, use the ISO C and C++ conformant name
+#pragma warning(disable: 4100) // warning C4100: Unreferenced formal parameter
+#pragma warning(disable: 4512) // warning C4512: Assignment operator was implicitly defined as deleted
+#endif
+
+#include "cast.h"
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind)
+
+class function : public object {
+private:
+ struct function_entry {
+ std::function<PyObject* (PyObject *)> impl;
+ std::string signature, doc;
+ bool is_constructor;
+ function_entry *next = nullptr;
+ };
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(function, object, PyFunction_Check)
+
+ template <typename Func>
+ function(const char *name, Func _func, bool is_method,
+ function overload_sibling = function(), const char *doc = nullptr,
+ return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic) {
+ /* Function traits extracted from the template type 'Func' */
+ typedef mpl::function_traits<Func> f_traits;
+
+ /* Suitable input and output casters */
+ typedef typename detail::type_caster<typename f_traits::args_type> cast_in;
+ typedef typename detail::type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<typename f_traits::return_type>::type> cast_out;
+ typename f_traits::f_type func = f_traits::cast(_func);
+
+ auto impl = [func, policy](PyObject *pyArgs) -> PyObject *{
+ cast_in args;
+ if (!args.load(pyArgs, true))
+ return nullptr;
+ PyObject *parent = policy != return_value_policy::reference_internal
+ ? nullptr : PyTuple_GetItem(pyArgs, 0);
+ return cast_out::cast(
+ f_traits::dispatch(func, (typename f_traits::args_type) args),
+ policy, parent);
+ };
+
+ /* Linked list of function call handlers (for overloading) */
+ function_entry *entry = new function_entry();
+ entry->impl = impl;
+ entry->signature = std::string(name) + cast_in::name() + std::string(" -> ") + cast_out::name();
+ entry->is_constructor = !strcmp(name, "__init__");
+ if (doc) entry->doc = doc;
+
+ install_function(name, entry, is_method, overload_sibling);
+ }
+
+private:
+ static PyObject *dispatcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject * /* kwargs */) {
+ function_entry *overloads = (function_entry *) PyCapsule_GetPointer(self, nullptr);
+ PyObject *result = nullptr;
+ try {
+ for (function_entry *it = overloads; it != nullptr; it = it->next) {
+ if ((result = it->impl(args)) != nullptr)
+ break;
+ }
+ } catch (const error_already_set &) { return nullptr;
+ } catch (const index_error &e) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, e.what()); return nullptr;
+ } catch (const stop_iteration &e) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_StopIteration, e.what()); return nullptr;
+ } catch (const std::exception &e) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, e.what()); return nullptr;
+ } catch (...) {
+ PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Caught an unknown exception!");
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ if (result) {
+ if (overloads->is_constructor) {
+ PyObject *inst = PyTuple_GetItem(args, 0);
+ const detail::type_info *type_info =
+ capsule(PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject *) Py_TYPE(inst),
+ const_cast<char *>("__pybind__")), false);
+ type_info->init_holder(inst);
+ }
+ return result;
+ } else {
+ std::string signatures = "Incompatible function arguments. The "
+ "following argument types are supported:\n";
+ int ctr = 0;
+ for (function_entry *it = overloads; it != nullptr; it = it->next) {
+ signatures += " "+ std::to_string(++ctr) + ". ";
+ signatures += it->signature;
+ signatures += "\n";
+ }
+ PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, signatures.c_str());
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ }
+
+ void install_function(const char *name, function_entry *entry, bool is_method, function overload_sibling) {
+ if (!overload_sibling.ptr() || !PyCFunction_Check(overload_sibling.ptr())) {
+ PyMethodDef *def = new PyMethodDef();
+ memset(def, 0, sizeof(PyMethodDef));
+ def->ml_name = strdup(name);
+ def->ml_meth = reinterpret_cast<PyCFunction>(*dispatcher);
+ def->ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS;
+ capsule entry_capsule(entry);
+ m_ptr = PyCFunction_New(def, entry_capsule.ptr());
+ if (!m_ptr)
+ throw std::runtime_error("function::function(): Could not allocate function object");
+ } else {
+ m_ptr = overload_sibling.ptr();
+ inc_ref();
+ capsule entry_capsule(PyCFunction_GetSelf(m_ptr), true);
+ function_entry *parent = (function_entry *) entry_capsule, *backup = parent;
+ while (parent->next)
+ parent = parent->next;
+ parent->next = entry;
+ entry = backup;
+ }
+ std::string signatures;
+ while (entry) { /* Create pydoc entry */
+ signatures += "Signature : " + std::string(entry->signature) + "\n";
+ if (!entry->doc.empty())
+ signatures += "\n" + std::string(entry->doc) + "\n";
+ if (entry->next)
+ signatures += "\n";
+ entry = entry->next;
+ }
+ PyCFunctionObject *func = (PyCFunctionObject *) m_ptr;
+ if (func->m_ml->ml_doc)
+ std::free((char *) func->m_ml->ml_doc);
+ func->m_ml->ml_doc = strdup(signatures.c_str());
+ if (is_method) {
+ m_ptr = PyInstanceMethod_New(m_ptr);
+ if (!m_ptr)
+ throw std::runtime_error("function::function(): Could not allocate instance method object");
+ Py_DECREF(func);
+ }
+ }
+};
+
+class module : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(module, object, PyModule_Check)
+
+ module(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ PyModuleDef *def = new PyModuleDef();
+ memset(def, 0, sizeof(PyModuleDef));
+ def->m_name = name;
+ def->m_doc = doc;
+ def->m_size = -1;
+ Py_INCREF(def);
+ m_ptr = PyModule_Create(def);
+ if (m_ptr == nullptr)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Internal error in module::module()");
+ inc_ref();
+ }
+
+ template <typename Func> module& def(const char *name, Func f, const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ function func(name, f, false, (function) attr(name), doc);
+ func.inc_ref(); /* The following line steals a reference to 'func' */
+ PyModule_AddObject(ptr(), name, func.ptr());
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ module def_submodule(const char *name) {
+ std::string full_name = std::string(PyModule_GetName(m_ptr))
+ + std::string(".") + std::string(name);
+ module result(PyImport_AddModule(full_name.c_str()), true);
+ attr(name) = result;
+ return result;
+ }
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+/* Forward declarations */
+enum op_id : int;
+enum op_type : int;
+struct undefined_t;
+template <op_id id, op_type ot, typename L = undefined_t, typename R = undefined_t> struct op_;
+template <typename ... Args> struct init;
+
+/// Basic support for creating new Python heap types
+class custom_type : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(custom_type, object, PyType_Check)
+
+ custom_type(object &scope, const char *name_, const std::string &type_name,
+ size_t type_size, size_t instance_size,
+ void (*init_holder)(PyObject *), const destructor &dealloc,
+ PyObject *parent, const char *doc) {
+ PyHeapTypeObject *type = (PyHeapTypeObject*) PyType_Type.tp_alloc(&PyType_Type, 0);
+ PyObject *name = PyUnicode_FromString(name_);
+ if (type == nullptr || name == nullptr)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Internal error in custom_type::custom_type()");
+ Py_INCREF(name);
+ std::string full_name(name_);
+
+ pybind::str scope_name = (object) scope.attr("__name__"),
+ module_name = (object) scope.attr("__module__");
+
+ if (scope_name.check())
+ full_name = std::string(scope_name) + "." + full_name;
+ if (module_name.check())
+ full_name = std::string(module_name) + "." + full_name;
+
+ type->ht_name = type->ht_qualname = name;
+ type->ht_type.tp_name = strdup(full_name.c_str());
+ type->ht_type.tp_basicsize = instance_size;
+ type->ht_type.tp_doc = doc;
+ type->ht_type.tp_init = (initproc) init;
+ type->ht_type.tp_new = (newfunc) new_instance;
+ type->ht_type.tp_dealloc = dealloc;
+ type->ht_type.tp_flags |=
+ Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE;
+ type->ht_type.tp_flags &= ~Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC;
+ type->ht_type.tp_as_number = &type->as_number;
+ type->ht_type.tp_as_sequence = &type->as_sequence;
+ type->ht_type.tp_as_mapping = &type->as_mapping;
+ type->ht_type.tp_base = (PyTypeObject *) parent;
+ Py_XINCREF(parent);
+
+ if (PyType_Ready(&type->ht_type) < 0)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Internal error in custom_type::custom_type()");
+ m_ptr = (PyObject *) type;
+
+ /* Needed by pydoc */
+ if (((module &) scope).check())
+ attr("__module__") = scope_name;
+
+ auto &type_info = detail::get_internals().registered_types[type_name];
+ type_info.type = (PyTypeObject *) m_ptr;
+ type_info.type_size = type_size;
+ type_info.init_holder = init_holder;
+ attr("__pybind__") = capsule(&type_info);
+
+ scope.attr(name) = *this;
+ }
+
+protected:
+ /* Allocate a metaclass on demand (for static properties) */
+ handle metaclass() {
+ auto &ht_type = ((PyHeapTypeObject *) m_ptr)->ht_type;
+ auto &ob_type = ht_type.ob_base.ob_base.ob_type;
+ if (ob_type == &PyType_Type) {
+ std::string name_ = std::string(ht_type.tp_name) + "_meta";
+ PyHeapTypeObject *type = (PyHeapTypeObject*) PyType_Type.tp_alloc(&PyType_Type, 0);
+ PyObject *name = PyUnicode_FromString(name_.c_str());
+ if (type == nullptr || name == nullptr)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Internal error in custom_type::metaclass()");
+ Py_INCREF(name);
+ type->ht_name = type->ht_qualname = name;
+ type->ht_type.tp_name = strdup(name_.c_str());
+ type->ht_type.tp_base = &PyType_Type;
+ type->ht_type.tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE;
+ type->ht_type.tp_flags &= ~Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC;
+ if (PyType_Ready(&type->ht_type) < 0)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Internal error in custom_type::metaclass()");
+ ob_type = (PyTypeObject *) type;
+ Py_INCREF(type);
+ }
+ return handle((PyObject *) ob_type);
+ }
+
+ static int init(void *self, PyObject *, PyObject *) {
+ std::string msg = std::string(Py_TYPE(self)->tp_name) + ": No constructor defined!";
+ PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ static PyObject *new_instance(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *, PyObject *) {
+ const detail::type_info *type_info = capsule(
+ PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject *) type, const_cast<char*>("__pybind__")), false);
+ instance<void> *self = (instance<void> *) PyType_GenericAlloc(type, 0);
+ self->value = ::operator new(type_info->type_size);
+ self->owned = true;
+ self->parent = nullptr;
+ self->constructed = false;
+ detail::get_internals().registered_instances[self->value] = (PyObject *) self;
+ return (PyObject *) self;
+ }
+
+ static void dealloc(instance<void> *self) {
+ if (self->value) {
+ bool dont_cache = self->parent && ((instance<void> *) self->parent)->value == self->value;
+ if (!dont_cache) { // avoid an issue with internal references matching their parent's address
+ auto ®istered_instances = detail::get_internals().registered_instances;
+ auto it = registered_instances.find(self->value);
+ if (it == registered_instances.end())
+ throw std::runtime_error("Deallocating unregistered instance!");
+ registered_instances.erase(it);
+ }
+ Py_XDECREF(self->parent);
+ }
+ Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject*) self);
+ }
+
+ void install_buffer_funcs(const std::function<buffer_info *(PyObject *)> &func) {
+ PyHeapTypeObject *type = (PyHeapTypeObject*) m_ptr;
+ type->ht_type.tp_as_buffer = &type->as_buffer;
+ type->as_buffer.bf_getbuffer = getbuffer;
+ type->as_buffer.bf_releasebuffer = releasebuffer;
+ ((detail::type_info *) capsule(attr("__pybind__")))->get_buffer = func;
+ }
+
+ static int getbuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags) {
+ auto const &info_func = ((detail::type_info *) capsule(handle(obj).attr("__pybind__")))->get_buffer;
+ if (view == nullptr || obj == nullptr || !info_func) {
+ PyErr_SetString(PyExc_BufferError, "Internal error");
+ return -1;
+ }
+ memset(view, 0, sizeof(Py_buffer));
+ buffer_info *info = info_func(obj);
+ view->obj = obj;
+ view->ndim = 1;
+ view->internal = info;
+ view->buf = info->ptr;
+ view->itemsize = info->itemsize;
+ view->len = view->itemsize;
+ for (auto s : info->shape)
+ view->len *= s;
+ if ((flags & PyBUF_FORMAT) == PyBUF_FORMAT)
+ view->format = const_cast<char *>(info->format.c_str());
+ if ((flags & PyBUF_STRIDES) == PyBUF_STRIDES) {
+ view->ndim = info->ndim;
+ view->strides = (Py_ssize_t *)&info->strides[0];
+ view->shape = (Py_ssize_t *) &info->shape[0];
+ }
+ Py_INCREF(view->obj);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ static void releasebuffer(PyObject *, Py_buffer *view) { delete (buffer_info *) view->internal; }
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+template <typename type, typename holder_type = std::unique_ptr<type>> class class_ : public detail::custom_type {
+public:
+ typedef detail::instance<type, holder_type> instance_type;
+
+ PYTHON_OBJECT(class_, detail::custom_type, PyType_Check)
+
+ class_(object &scope, const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr)
+ : detail::custom_type(scope, name, type_id<type>(), sizeof(type),
+ sizeof(instance_type), init_holder, dealloc,
+ nullptr, doc) { }
+
+ class_(object &scope, const char *name, object &parent,
+ const char *doc = nullptr)
+ : detail::custom_type(scope, name, type_id<type>(), sizeof(type),
+ sizeof(instance_type), init_holder, dealloc,
+ parent.ptr(), doc) { }
+
+ template <typename Func>
+ class_ &def(const char *name, Func f, const char *doc = nullptr,
+ return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic) {
+ attr(name) = function(name, f, true, (function) attr(name), doc, policy);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ template <typename Func> class_ &
+ def_static(const char *name, Func f, const char *doc = nullptr,
+ return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic) {
+ attr(name) = function(name, f, false, (function) attr(name), doc, policy);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ template <detail::op_id id, detail::op_type ot, typename L, typename R>
+ class_ &def(const detail::op_<id, ot, L, R> &op, const char *doc = nullptr,
+ return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic) {
+ op.template execute<type>(*this, doc, policy);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ template <detail::op_id id, detail::op_type ot, typename L, typename R> class_ &
+ def_cast(const detail::op_<id, ot, L, R> &op, const char *doc = nullptr,
+ return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic) {
+ op.template execute_cast<type>(*this, doc, policy);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ template <typename... Args>
+ class_ &def(const detail::init<Args...> &init, const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ init.template execute<type>(*this, doc);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ class_& def_buffer(const std::function<buffer_info(type&)> &func) {
+ install_buffer_funcs([func](PyObject *obj) -> buffer_info* {
+ detail::type_caster<type> caster;
+ if (!caster.load(obj, false))
+ return nullptr;
+ return new buffer_info(func(caster));
+ });
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ template <typename C, typename D>
+ class_ &def_readwrite(const char *name, D C::*pm,
+ const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ function fget("", [=](C * ptr) -> D & { return ptr->*pm; }, true,
+ function(), doc, return_value_policy::reference_internal),
+ fset("", [=](C *ptr, const D &value) { ptr->*pm = value; }, true, function(), doc);
+ def_property(name, fget, fset, doc);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ template <typename C, typename D>
+ class_ &def_readonly(const char *name, const D C::*pm,
+ const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ function fget("", [=](C * ptr) -> const D & { return ptr->*pm; }, true,
+ function(), doc, return_value_policy::reference_internal);
+ def_property(name, fget, doc);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ template <typename D>
+ class_ &def_readwrite_static(const char *name, D *pm,
+ const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ function fget("", [=](object) -> D & { return *pm; }, true),
+ fset("", [=](object, const D &value) { *pm = value; }, true);
+ def_property_static(name, fget, fset, doc);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ template <typename D>
+ class_ &def_readonly_static(const char *name, const D *pm,
+ const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ function fget("", [=](object) -> const D & { return *pm; }, true);
+ def_property_static(name, fget, doc);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ class_ &def_property(const char *name, const function &fget,
+ const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ def_property(name, fget, function(), doc);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const function &fget,
+ const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ def_property_static(name, fget, function(), doc);
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ class_ &def_property(const char *name, const function &fget,
+ const function &fset, const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ object property(
+ PyObject_CallFunction((PyObject *)&PyProperty_Type,
+ const_cast<char *>("OOOs"), fget.ptr() ? fget.ptr() : Py_None,
+ fset.ptr() ? fset.ptr() : Py_None, Py_None, doc), false);
+ attr(name) = property;
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const function &fget,
+ const function &fset,
+ const char *doc = nullptr) {
+ object property(
+ PyObject_CallFunction((PyObject *)&PyProperty_Type,
+ const_cast<char *>("OOOs"), fget.ptr() ? fget.ptr() : Py_None,
+ fset.ptr() ? fset.ptr() : Py_None, Py_None, doc), false);
+ metaclass().attr(name) = property;
+ return *this;
+ }
+private:
+ static void init_holder(PyObject *inst_) {
+ instance_type *inst = (instance_type *) inst_;
+ new (&inst->holder) holder_type(inst->value);
+ inst->constructed = true;
+ }
+ static void dealloc(PyObject *inst_) {
+ instance_type *inst = (instance_type *) inst_;
+ if (inst->owned) {
+ if (inst->constructed)
+ inst->holder.~holder_type();
+ else
+ ::operator delete(inst->value);
+ }
+ custom_type::dealloc((detail::instance<void> *) inst);
+ }
+};
+
+/// Binds C++ enumerations and enumeration classes to Python
+template <typename Type> class enum_ : public class_<Type> {
+public:
+ enum_(object &scope, const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr)
+ : class_<Type>(scope, name, doc), m_parent(scope) {
+ auto entries = new std::unordered_map<int, const char *>();
+ this->def("__str__", [name, entries](Type value) -> std::string {
+ auto it = entries->find(value);
+ return std::string(name) + "." +
+ ((it == entries->end()) ? std::string("???")
+ : std::string(it->second));
+ });
+ m_entries = entries;
+ }
+
+ /// Export enumeration entries into the parent scope
+ void export_values() {
+ PyObject *dict = ((PyTypeObject *) this->m_ptr)->tp_dict;
+ PyObject *key, *value;
+ Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
+ while (PyDict_Next(dict, &pos, &key, &value))
+ if (PyObject_IsInstance(value, this->m_ptr))
+ m_parent.attr(key) = value;
+ }
+
+ /// Add an enumeration entry
+ enum_& value(char const* name, Type value) {
+ this->attr(name) = pybind::cast(value, return_value_policy::copy);
+ (*m_entries)[(int) value] = name;
+ return *this;
+ }
+private:
+ std::unordered_map<int, const char *> *m_entries;
+ object &m_parent;
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+template <typename ... Args> struct init {
+ template <typename Base, typename Holder> void execute(pybind::class_<Base, Holder> &class_, const char *doc) const {
+ /// Function which calls a specific C++ in-place constructor
+ class_.def("__init__", [](Base *instance, Args... args) { new (instance) Base(args...); }, doc);
+ }
+};
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+template <typename... Args> detail::init<Args...> init() { return detail::init<Args...>(); };
+
+template <typename InputType, typename OutputType> void implicitly_convertible() {
+ auto implicit_caster = [](PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) -> PyObject *{
+ if (!detail::type_caster<InputType>().load(obj, false))
+ return nullptr;
+ tuple args(1);
+ args[0] = obj;
+ PyObject *result = PyObject_Call((PyObject *) type, args.ptr(), nullptr);
+ if (result == nullptr)
+ PyErr_Clear();
+ return result;
+ };
+ std::string output_type_name = type_id<OutputType>();
+ auto & registered_types = detail::get_internals().registered_types;
+ auto it = registered_types.find(output_type_name);
+ if (it == registered_types.end())
+ throw std::runtime_error("implicitly_convertible: Unable to find type " + output_type_name);
+ it->second.implicit_conversions.push_back(implicit_caster);
+}
+
+inline void init_threading() { PyEval_InitThreads(); }
+
+class gil_scoped_acquire {
+ PyGILState_STATE state;
+public:
+ inline gil_scoped_acquire() { state = PyGILState_Ensure(); }
+ inline ~gil_scoped_acquire() { PyGILState_Release(state); }
+};
+
+class gil_scoped_release {
+ PyThreadState *state;
+public:
+ inline gil_scoped_release() { state = PyEval_SaveThread(); }
+ inline ~gil_scoped_release() { PyEval_RestoreThread(state); }
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_END(pybind)
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+#undef PYTHON_OBJECT
+#undef PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT
+
+#endif /* __PYBIND_H */
diff --git a/include/pybind/pytypes.h b/include/pybind/pytypes.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a7b1cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/pybind/pytypes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+/*
+ pybind/typeid.h: Convenience wrapper classes for basic Python types
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(__PYBIND_PYTYPES_H)
+#define __PYBIND_PYTYPES_H
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include <utility>
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind)
+
+/* A few forward declarations */
+class object;
+class str;
+class object;
+class dict;
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+class accessor;
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// Holds a reference to a Python object (no reference counting)
+class handle {
+public:
+ handle() : m_ptr(nullptr) { }
+ handle(const handle &other) : m_ptr(other.m_ptr) { }
+ handle(PyObject *ptr) : m_ptr(ptr) { }
+ PyObject *ptr() { return m_ptr; }
+ const PyObject *ptr() const { return m_ptr; }
+ void inc_ref() const { Py_XINCREF(m_ptr); }
+ void dec_ref() const { Py_XDECREF(m_ptr); }
+ int ref_count() const { return (int) Py_REFCNT(m_ptr); }
+ inline detail::accessor operator[](handle key);
+ inline detail::accessor operator[](const char *key);
+ inline detail::accessor attr(handle key);
+ inline detail::accessor attr(const char *key);
+ inline pybind::str str() const;
+ template <typename T> T cast();
+ template <typename ... Args> object call(Args&&... args_);
+ operator bool() const { return m_ptr != nullptr; }
+protected:
+ PyObject *m_ptr;
+};
+
+/// Holds a reference to a Python object (with reference counting)
+class object : public handle {
+public:
+ object() { }
+ object(const object &o) : handle(o) { inc_ref(); }
+ object(const handle &h, bool borrowed) : handle(h) { if (borrowed) inc_ref(); }
+ object(PyObject *ptr, bool borrowed) : handle(ptr) { if (borrowed) inc_ref(); }
+ object(object &&other) { m_ptr = other.m_ptr; other.m_ptr = nullptr; }
+ ~object() { dec_ref(); }
+
+ object& operator=(object &other) {
+ Py_XINCREF(other.m_ptr);
+ Py_XDECREF(m_ptr);
+ m_ptr = other.m_ptr;
+ return *this;
+ }
+
+ object& operator=(object &&other) {
+ if (this != &other) {
+ PyObject *temp = m_ptr;
+ m_ptr = other.m_ptr;
+ other.m_ptr = nullptr;
+ Py_XDECREF(temp);
+ }
+ return *this;
+ }
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+class accessor {
+public:
+ accessor(PyObject *obj, PyObject *key, bool attr)
+ : obj(obj), key(key), attr(attr) { Py_INCREF(key); }
+ accessor(PyObject *obj, const char *key, bool attr)
+ : obj(obj), key(PyUnicode_FromString(key)), attr(attr) { }
+ accessor(const accessor &a) : obj(a.obj), key(a.key), attr(a.attr)
+ { Py_INCREF(key); }
+ ~accessor() { Py_DECREF(key); }
+
+ void operator=(accessor o) { operator=(object(o)); }
+
+ void operator=(const handle &h) {
+ if (attr) {
+ if (PyObject_SetAttr(obj, key, (PyObject *) h.ptr()) < 0)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Unable to set object attribute");
+ } else {
+ if (PyObject_SetItem(obj, key, (PyObject *) h.ptr()) < 0)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Unable to set object item");
+ }
+ }
+
+ operator object() const {
+ object result(attr ? PyObject_GetAttr(obj, key)
+ : PyObject_GetItem(obj, key), false);
+ if (!result) PyErr_Clear();
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ operator bool() const {
+ if (attr) {
+ return (bool) PyObject_HasAttr(obj, key);
+ } else {
+ object result(PyObject_GetItem(obj, key), false);
+ if (!result) PyErr_Clear();
+ return (bool) result;
+ }
+ };
+
+private:
+ PyObject *obj;
+ PyObject *key;
+ bool attr;
+};
+
+struct list_accessor {
+public:
+ list_accessor(PyObject *list, size_t index) : list(list), index(index) { }
+ void operator=(list_accessor o) { return operator=(object(o)); }
+ void operator=(const handle &o) {
+ o.inc_ref(); // PyList_SetItem steals a reference
+ if (PyList_SetItem(list, (ssize_t) index, (PyObject *) o.ptr()) < 0)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Unable to assign value in Python list!");
+ }
+ operator object() const {
+ PyObject *result = PyList_GetItem(list, (ssize_t) index);
+ if (!result)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Unable to retrieve value from Python list!");
+ return object(result, true);
+ }
+private:
+ PyObject *list;
+ size_t index;
+};
+
+struct tuple_accessor {
+public:
+ tuple_accessor(PyObject *tuple, size_t index) : tuple(tuple), index(index) { }
+ void operator=(tuple_accessor o) { return operator=(object(o)); }
+ void operator=(const handle &o) {
+ o.inc_ref(); // PyTuple_SetItem steals a reference
+ if (PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, (ssize_t) index, (PyObject *) o.ptr()) < 0)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Unable to assign value in Python tuple!");
+ }
+ operator object() const {
+ PyObject *result = PyTuple_GetItem(tuple, (ssize_t) index);
+ if (!result)
+ throw std::runtime_error("Unable to retrieve value from Python tuple!");
+ return object(result, true);
+ }
+private:
+ PyObject *tuple;
+ size_t index;
+};
+
+class list_iterator {
+public:
+ list_iterator(PyObject *list, ssize_t pos) : list(list), pos(pos) { }
+ list_iterator& operator++() { ++pos; return *this; }
+ object operator*() { return object(PyList_GetItem(list, pos), true); }
+ bool operator==(const list_iterator &it) const { return it.pos == pos; }
+ bool operator!=(const list_iterator &it) const { return it.pos != pos; }
+private:
+ PyObject *list;
+ ssize_t pos;
+};
+
+struct dict_iterator {
+public:
+ dict_iterator(PyObject *dict = nullptr, ssize_t pos = -1) : dict(dict), pos(pos) { }
+ dict_iterator& operator++() {
+ if (!PyDict_Next(dict, &pos, &key, &value))
+ pos = -1;
+ return *this;
+ }
+ std::pair<object, object> operator*() {
+ return std::make_pair(object(key, true), object(value, true));
+ }
+ bool operator==(const dict_iterator &it) const { return it.pos == pos; }
+ bool operator!=(const dict_iterator &it) const { return it.pos != pos; }
+private:
+ PyObject *dict, *key, *value;
+ ssize_t pos = 0;
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+inline detail::accessor handle::operator[](handle key) { return detail::accessor(ptr(), key.ptr(), false); }
+inline detail::accessor handle::operator[](const char *key) { return detail::accessor(ptr(), key, false); }
+inline detail::accessor handle::attr(handle key) { return detail::accessor(ptr(), key.ptr(), true); }
+inline detail::accessor handle::attr(const char *key) { return detail::accessor(ptr(), key, true); }
+
+#define PYTHON_OBJECT(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \
+ Name(const handle &h, bool borrowed) : Parent(h, borrowed) { } \
+ Name(const object& o): Parent(o) { } \
+ Name(object&& o): Parent(std::move(o)) { } \
+ Name& operator=(object&& o) { return static_cast<Name&>(object::operator=(std::move(o))); } \
+ Name& operator=(object& o) { return static_cast<Name&>(object::operator=(o)); } \
+ bool check() const { return m_ptr != nullptr && (bool) CheckFun(m_ptr); }
+
+#define PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \
+ PYTHON_OBJECT(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \
+ Name() : object() { }
+
+class str : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(str, object, PyUnicode_Check)
+ str(const char *s) : object(PyUnicode_FromString(s), false) { }
+ operator const char *() const { return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(m_ptr); }
+};
+
+inline pybind::str handle::str() const { return pybind::str(PyObject_Str(m_ptr), false); }
+inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const object &obj) { os << (const char *) obj.str(); return os; }
+
+class bool_ : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(bool_, object, PyBool_Check)
+ operator bool() const { return m_ptr && PyLong_AsLong(m_ptr) != 0; }
+};
+
+class int_ : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(int_, object, PyLong_Check)
+ int_(int value) : object(PyLong_FromLong((long) value), false) { }
+ int_(size_t value) : object(PyLong_FromSize_t(value), false) { }
+ int_(ssize_t value) : object(PyLong_FromSsize_t(value), false) { }
+ operator int() const { return (int) PyLong_AsLong(m_ptr); }
+};
+
+class float_ : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(float_, object, PyFloat_Check)
+ float_(float value) : object(PyFloat_FromDouble((double) value), false) { }
+ float_(double value) : object(PyFloat_FromDouble((double) value), false) { }
+ operator float() const { return (float) PyFloat_AsDouble(m_ptr); }
+ operator double() const { return (double) PyFloat_AsDouble(m_ptr); }
+};
+
+class slice : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(slice, object, PySlice_Check)
+ slice(ssize_t start_, ssize_t stop_, ssize_t step_) {
+ int_ start(start_), stop(stop_), step(step_);
+ m_ptr = PySlice_New(start.ptr(), stop.ptr(), step.ptr());
+ }
+ bool compute(ssize_t length, ssize_t *start, ssize_t *stop, ssize_t *step, ssize_t *slicelength) const {
+ return PySlice_GetIndicesEx(m_ptr, length, start, stop, step, slicelength) == 0;
+ }
+};
+
+class capsule : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(capsule, object, PyCapsule_CheckExact)
+ capsule(void *value) : object(PyCapsule_New(value, nullptr, nullptr), false) { }
+ template <typename T> operator T *() const {
+ T * result = static_cast<T *>(PyCapsule_GetPointer(m_ptr, nullptr));
+ if (!result) throw std::runtime_error("Unable to extract capsule contents!");
+ return result;
+ }
+};
+
+class tuple : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(tuple, object, PyTuple_Check)
+ tuple(size_t size) : object(PyTuple_New((Py_ssize_t) size), false) { }
+ size_t size() const { return (size_t) PyTuple_Size(m_ptr); }
+ detail::tuple_accessor operator[](size_t index) { return detail::tuple_accessor(ptr(), index); }
+};
+
+class dict : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT(dict, object, PyDict_Check)
+ dict() : object(PyDict_New(), false) { }
+ size_t size() const { return (size_t) PyDict_Size(m_ptr); }
+ detail::dict_iterator begin() { return (++detail::dict_iterator(ptr(), 0)); }
+ detail::dict_iterator end() { return detail::dict_iterator(); }
+};
+
+class list : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT(list, object, PyList_Check)
+ list(size_t size = 0) : object(PyList_New((ssize_t) size), false) { }
+ size_t size() const { return (size_t) PyList_Size(m_ptr); }
+ detail::list_iterator begin() { return detail::list_iterator(ptr(), 0); }
+ detail::list_iterator end() { return detail::list_iterator(ptr(), (ssize_t) size()); }
+ detail::list_accessor operator[](size_t index) { return detail::list_accessor(ptr(), index); }
+ void append(const object &object) { PyList_Append(m_ptr, (PyObject *) object.ptr()); }
+};
+
+class buffer : public object {
+public:
+ PYTHON_OBJECT_DEFAULT(buffer, object, PyObject_CheckBuffer)
+
+ buffer_info request(bool writable = false) {
+ int flags = PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT;
+ if (writable) flags |= PyBUF_WRITABLE;
+ view = new Py_buffer();
+ if (PyObject_GetBuffer(m_ptr, view, flags) != 0)
+ throw error_already_set();
+ std::vector<size_t> shape(view->ndim), strides(view->ndim);
+ for (int i=0; i<view->ndim; ++i) {
+ shape[i] = (size_t) view->shape[i];
+ strides[i] = (size_t) view->strides[i];
+ }
+ return buffer_info(view->buf, view->itemsize, view->format,
+ view->ndim, shape, strides);
+ }
+ ~buffer() { if (view) { PyBuffer_Release(view); delete view; } }
+private:
+ Py_buffer *view = nullptr;
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+inline internals &get_internals() {
+ static internals *internals_ptr = nullptr;
+ if (internals_ptr)
+ return *internals_ptr;
+ handle builtins(PyEval_GetBuiltins());
+ capsule caps(builtins["__pybind__"]);
+ if (caps.check()) {
+ internals_ptr = caps;
+ } else {
+ internals_ptr = new internals();
+ builtins["__pybind__"] = capsule(internals_ptr);
+ }
+ return *internals_ptr;
+}
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+NAMESPACE_END(pybind)
+
+#endif /* __PYBIND_PYTYPES_H */
diff --git a/include/pybind/typeid.h b/include/pybind/typeid.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee0b023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/pybind/typeid.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ pybind/typeid.h: Compiler-independent access to type identifiers
+
+ Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+ All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+ BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(__PYBIND_TYPEID_H)
+#define __PYBIND_TYPEID_H
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#if defined(__GNUG__)
+#include <cxxabi.h>
+#endif
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind)
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+/// Erase all occurrences of a substring
+inline void erase_all(std::string &string, const std::string &search) {
+ for (size_t pos = 0;;) {
+ pos = string.find(search, pos);
+ if (pos == std::string::npos) break;
+ string.erase(pos, search.length());
+ }
+}
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// Return a string representation of a C++ type
+template <typename T> static std::string type_id() {
+ std::string name(typeid(T).name());
+ #if defined(__GNUG__)
+ int status = 0;
+ std::unique_ptr<char, void (*)(void *)> res {
+ abi::__cxa_demangle(name.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, &status), std::free };
+ if (status == 0)
+ name = res.get();
+ #else
+ detail::erase_all(name, "class ");
+ detail::erase_all(name, "struct ");
+ detail::erase_all(name, "enum ");
+ #endif
+ detail::erase_all(name, "pybind::");
+ return name;
+}
+
+NAMESPACE_END(pybind)
+
+#endif /* __PYBIND_TYPEID_H */
+