Initial commit
diff --git a/include/pybind/cast.h b/include/pybind/cast.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b3b96e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/pybind/cast.h
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+/*
+    pybind/cast.h: Partial template specializations to cast between
+    C++ and Python types
+
+    Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#if !defined(__PYBIND_CAST)
+#define __PYBIND_CAST
+
+#include "pytypes.h"
+#include "mpl.h"
+#include "typeid.h"
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind)
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+/// Generic type caster for objects stored on the heap
+template <typename type> class type_caster {
+public:
+    typedef instance<type> instance_type;
+
+    static std::string name() { return type_id<type>(); }
+
+    type_caster() {
+        auto const& registered_types = get_internals().registered_types;
+        auto it = registered_types.find(type_id<type>());
+        if (it != registered_types.end())
+            typeinfo = &it->second;
+    }
+
+    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+        if (src == nullptr || typeinfo == nullptr)
+            return false;
+        if (PyType_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(src), typeinfo->type)) {
+            value = ((instance_type *) src)->value;
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (convert) {
+            for (auto &converter : typeinfo->implicit_conversions) {
+                temp = object(converter(src, typeinfo->type), false);
+                if (load(temp.ptr(), false))
+                    return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+        if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
+            policy = return_value_policy::copy;
+        return cast(&src, policy, parent);
+    }
+
+    static PyObject *cast(const type *_src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+        type *src = const_cast<type *>(_src);
+        if (src == nullptr) {
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            return Py_None;
+        }
+        // avoid an issue with internal references matching their parent's address
+        bool dont_cache = parent && ((instance<void> *) parent)->value == (void *) src;
+        auto& internals = get_internals();
+        auto it_instance = internals.registered_instances.find(src);
+        if (it_instance != internals.registered_instances.end() && !dont_cache) {
+            PyObject *inst = it_instance->second;
+            Py_INCREF(inst);
+            return inst;
+        }
+        auto it = internals.registered_types.find(type_id<type>());
+        if (it == internals.registered_types.end()) {
+            std::string msg = std::string("Unregistered type : ") + type_id<type>();
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        auto &type_info = it->second;
+        instance_type *inst = (instance_type *) PyType_GenericAlloc(type_info.type, 0);
+        inst->value = src;
+        inst->owned = true;
+        inst->parent = nullptr;
+        if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
+            policy = return_value_policy::take_ownership;
+        handle_return_value_policy<type>(inst, policy, parent);
+        PyObject *inst_pyobj = (PyObject *) inst;
+        type_info.init_holder(inst_pyobj);
+        if (!dont_cache)
+            internals.registered_instances[inst->value] = inst_pyobj;
+        return inst_pyobj;
+    }
+
+    template <class T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    static void handle_return_value_policy(instance<T> *inst, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+        if (policy == return_value_policy::copy) {
+            inst->value = new T(*(inst->value));
+        } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference) {
+            inst->owned = false;
+        } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference_internal) {
+            inst->owned = false;
+            inst->parent = parent;
+            Py_XINCREF(parent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <class T, typename std::enable_if<!std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    static void handle_return_value_policy(instance<T> *inst, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+        if (policy == return_value_policy::copy) {
+            throw cast_error("return_value_policy = copy, but the object is non-copyable!");
+        } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference) {
+            inst->owned = false;
+        } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference_internal) {
+            inst->owned = false;
+            inst->parent = parent;
+            Py_XINCREF(parent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    operator type*() { return value; }
+    operator type&() { return *value; }
+protected:
+    type *value = nullptr;
+    const type_info *typeinfo = nullptr;
+    object temp;
+};
+
+#define TYPE_CASTER(type, py_name) \
+    protected: \
+        type value; \
+    public: \
+        static std::string name() { return py_name; } \
+        static PyObject *cast(const type *src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) { \
+            return cast(*src, policy, parent); \
+        } \
+        operator type*() { return &value; } \
+        operator type&() { return value; } \
+
+#define TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(type, py_type, from_type, to_pytype) \
+    template <> class type_caster<type> { \
+    public: \
+        bool load(PyObject *src, bool) { \
+            value = (type) from_type(src); \
+            if (value == (type) -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) { \
+                PyErr_Clear(); \
+                return false; \
+            } \
+            return true; \
+        } \
+        static PyObject *cast(type src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) { \
+            return to_pytype((py_type) src); \
+        } \
+        TYPE_CASTER(type, #type); \
+    };
+
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(int32_t, long, PyLong_AsLong, PyLong_FromLong)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(uint32_t, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong, PyLong_FromUnsignedLong)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(int64_t, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong, PyLong_FromLongLong)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(uint64_t, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong, PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong)
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) // size_t/ssize_t are separate types on Mac OS X
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(ssize_t, Py_ssize_t, PyLong_AsSsize_t, PyLong_FromSsize_t)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(size_t, size_t, PyLong_AsSize_t, PyLong_FromSize_t)
+#endif
+
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(float, float, PyFloat_AsDouble, PyFloat_FromDouble)
+TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(double, double, PyFloat_AsDouble, PyFloat_FromDouble)
+
+template <> class type_caster<mpl::detail::void_type> {
+public:
+    bool load(PyObject *, bool) { return true; }
+    static PyObject *cast(mpl::detail::void_type, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+        return Py_None;
+    }
+    TYPE_CASTER(mpl::detail::void_type, "None");
+};
+
+template <> class type_caster<bool> {
+public:
+    bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
+        if (src == Py_True) { value = true; return true; }
+        else if (src == Py_False) { value = false; return true; }
+        else return false;
+    }
+    static PyObject *cast(bool src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+        PyObject *result = src ? Py_True : Py_False;
+        Py_INCREF(result);
+        return result;
+    }
+    TYPE_CASTER(bool, "bool");
+};
+
+template <> class type_caster<std::string> {
+public:
+    bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
+        const char *ptr = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(src);
+        if (!ptr) { PyErr_Clear(); return false; }
+        value = std::string(ptr);
+        return true;
+    }
+    static PyObject *cast(const std::string &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+        return PyUnicode_FromString(src.c_str());
+    }
+    TYPE_CASTER(std::string, "str");
+};
+
+template <> class type_caster<char> {
+public:
+    bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
+        char *ptr = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(src);
+        if (!ptr) { PyErr_Clear(); return false; }
+        value = ptr;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static PyObject *cast(const char *src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+        return PyUnicode_FromString(src);
+    }
+
+    static PyObject *cast(char src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+        char str[2] = { src, '\0' };
+        return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(str, 1, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    static std::string name() { return "str"; }
+
+    operator char*() { return value; }
+    operator char() { return *value; }
+protected:
+    char *value;
+};
+
+template <typename Value> struct type_caster<std::vector<Value>> {
+    typedef std::vector<Value> type;
+    typedef type_caster<Value> value_conv;
+public:
+    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+        if (!PyList_Check(src))
+            return false;
+        size_t size = (size_t) PyList_GET_SIZE(src);
+        value.reserve(size);
+        value.clear();
+        for (size_t i=0; i<size; ++i) {
+            value_conv conv;
+            if (!conv.load(PyList_GetItem(src, (ssize_t) i), convert))
+                return false;
+            value.push_back((Value) conv);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+        PyObject *list = PyList_New(src.size());
+        size_t index = 0;
+        for (auto const &value: src) {
+            PyObject *value_ = value_conv::cast(value, policy, parent);
+            if (!value_) {
+                Py_DECREF(list);
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            PyList_SetItem(list, index++, value_);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+    TYPE_CASTER(type, "list<" + value_conv::name() + ">");
+};
+
+template <typename Key, typename Value> struct type_caster<std::map<Key, Value>> {
+public:
+    typedef std::map<Key, Value>  type;
+    typedef type_caster<Key>   key_conv;
+    typedef type_caster<Value> value_conv;
+
+    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+        if (!PyDict_Check(src))
+            return false;
+
+        value.clear();
+        PyObject *key_, *value_;
+        ssize_t pos = 0;
+        key_conv kconv;
+        value_conv vconv;
+        while (PyDict_Next(src, &pos, &key_, &value_)) {
+            if (!kconv.load(key_, convert) || !vconv.load(value_, convert))
+                return false;
+            value[kconv] = vconv;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+        PyObject *dict = PyDict_New();
+        for (auto const &kv: src) {
+            PyObject *key   = key_conv::cast(kv.first, policy, parent);
+            PyObject *value = value_conv::cast(kv.second, policy, parent);
+            if (!key || !value || PyDict_SetItem(dict, key, value) < 0) {
+                Py_XDECREF(key);
+                Py_XDECREF(value);
+                Py_DECREF(dict);
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(key);
+            Py_DECREF(value);
+        }
+        return dict;
+    }
+    TYPE_CASTER(type, "dict<" + key_conv::name() + ", " + value_conv::name() + ">");
+};
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2> class type_caster<std::pair<T1, T2>> {
+    typedef std::pair<T1, T2> type;
+public:
+    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+        if (!PyTuple_Check(src) || PyTuple_Size(src) != 2)
+            return false;
+        if (!first.load(PyTuple_GetItem(src, 0), convert))
+            return false;
+        return second.load(PyTuple_GetItem(src, 1), convert);
+    }
+
+    static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+        PyObject *o1 = type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T1>::type>::cast(src.first, policy, parent);
+        PyObject *o2 = type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T2>::type>::cast(src.second, policy, parent);
+        if (!o1 || !o2) {
+            Py_XDECREF(o1);
+            Py_XDECREF(o2);
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, 0, o1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, 1, o2);
+        return tuple;
+    }
+
+    static std::string name() {
+        return "(" + type_caster<T1>::name() + ", " + type_caster<T2>::name() + ")";
+    }
+
+    operator type() {
+        return type(first, second);
+    }
+protected:
+    type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T1>::type> first;
+    type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T2>::type> second;
+};
+
+template <typename ... Tuple> class type_caster<std::tuple<Tuple...>> {
+    typedef std::tuple<Tuple...> type;
+public:
+    enum { size = sizeof...(Tuple) };
+
+    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+        return load(src, convert, typename mpl::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Tuple)>::type());
+    }
+
+    static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
+        return cast(src, policy, parent, typename mpl::make_index_sequence<size>::type());
+    }
+
+    static std::string name() {
+        std::array<std::string, size> names {{
+            type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<Tuple>::type>::name()...
+        }};
+        std::string result("(");
+        int counter = 0;
+        for (auto const &name : names) {
+            result += name;
+            if (++counter < size)
+                result += ", ";
+        }
+        result += ")";
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    operator type() {
+        return cast(typename mpl::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Tuple)>::type());
+    }
+protected:
+    template <size_t ... Index> type cast(mpl::index_sequence<Index...>) {
+        return type((Tuple) std::get<Index>(value)...);
+    }
+
+    template <size_t ... Indices> bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert, mpl::index_sequence<Indices...>) {
+        if (!PyTuple_Check(src))
+            return false;
+        if (PyTuple_Size(src) != size)
+            return false;
+        std::array<bool, size> results {{
+            std::get<Indices>(value).load(PyTuple_GetItem(src, Indices), convert)...
+        }};
+        for (bool r : results)
+            if (!r)
+                return false;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation: Convert a C++ tuple into a Python tuple */
+    template <size_t ... Indices> static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent, mpl::index_sequence<Indices...>) {
+        std::array<PyObject *, size> results {{
+            type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<Tuple>::type>::cast(std::get<Indices>(src), policy, parent)...
+        }};
+        bool success = true;
+        for (auto result : results)
+            if (result == nullptr)
+                success = false;
+        if (success) {
+            PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(size);
+            int counter = 0;
+            for (auto result : results)
+                PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, counter++, result);
+            return tuple;
+        } else {
+            for (auto result : results) {
+                Py_XDECREF(result);
+            }
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
+protected:
+    std::tuple<type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<Tuple>::type>...> value;
+};
+
+/// Type caster for holder types like std::shared_ptr, etc.
+template <typename type, typename holder_type> class type_caster_holder : public type_caster<type> {
+public:
+    typedef type_caster<type> parent;
+    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
+        if (!parent::load(src, convert))
+            return false;
+        holder = holder_type(parent::value);
+        return true;
+    }
+    explicit operator type*() { return this->value; }
+    explicit operator type&() { return *(this->value); }
+    explicit operator holder_type&() { return holder; }
+    explicit operator holder_type*() { return &holder; }
+protected:
+    holder_type holder;
+};
+
+template <> class type_caster<handle> {
+public:
+    bool load(PyObject *src) {
+        value = handle(src);
+        return true;
+    }
+    static PyObject *cast(const handle &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
+        src.inc_ref();
+        return (PyObject *) src.ptr();
+    }
+    TYPE_CASTER(handle, "handle");
+};
+
+#define TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(name) \
+    template <> class type_caster<name> { \
+    public: \
+        bool load(PyObject *src, bool) { value = name(src, true); return true; } \
+        static PyObject *cast(const name &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) { \
+            src.inc_ref(); return (PyObject *) src.ptr(); \
+        } \
+        TYPE_CASTER(name, #name); \
+    };
+
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(object)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(buffer)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(capsule)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(dict)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(float_)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(int_)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(list)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(slice)
+TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(tuple)
+
+#undef TYPE_CASTER
+#undef TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER
+#undef TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+template <typename T> inline T cast(PyObject *object) {
+    detail::type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T>::type> conv;
+    if (!conv.load(object, true))
+        throw cast_error("Unable to cast Python object to C++ type");
+    return conv;
+}
+
+template <typename T> inline object cast(const T &value, return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic, PyObject *parent = nullptr) {
+    if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
+        policy = std::is_pointer<T>::value ? return_value_policy::take_ownership : return_value_policy::copy;
+    return object(detail::type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<T>::type>::cast(value, policy, parent), false);
+}
+
+template <typename T> inline T handle::cast() { return pybind::cast<T>(m_ptr); }
+
+template <typename ... Args> inline object handle::call(Args&&... args_) {
+    const size_t size = sizeof...(Args);
+    std::array<PyObject *, size> args{
+        { detail::type_caster<typename mpl::normalize_type<Args>::type>::cast(
+            std::forward<Args>(args_), return_value_policy::automatic, nullptr)... }
+    };
+    bool fail = false;
+    for (auto result : args)
+        if (result == nullptr)
+            fail = true;
+    if (fail) {
+        for (auto result : args) {
+            Py_XDECREF(result);
+        }
+        throw cast_error("handle::call(): unable to convert input arguments to Python objects");
+    }
+    PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(size);
+    int counter = 0;
+    for (auto result : args)
+        PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, counter++, result);
+    PyObject *result = PyObject_CallObject(m_ptr, tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(tuple);
+    return object(result, false);
+}
+
+NAMESPACE_END(pybind)
+
+#endif /* __PYBIND_CAST */