diff --git a/tests/test_exceptions.cpp b/tests/test_exceptions.cpp
index 01efc70..7cfc576 100644
--- a/tests/test_exceptions.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_exceptions.cpp
@@ -58,48 +58,6 @@
     using MyException5::MyException5;
 };
 
-void throws1() {
-    throw MyException("this error should go to a custom type");
-}
-
-void throws2() {
-    throw MyException2("this error should go to a standard Python exception");
-}
-
-void throws3() {
-    throw MyException3("this error cannot be translated");
-}
-
-void throws4() {
-    throw MyException4("this error is rethrown");
-}
-
-void throws5() {
-    throw MyException5("this is a helper-defined translated exception");
-}
-
-void throws5_1() {
-    throw MyException5_1("MyException5 subclass");
-}
-
-void throws_logic_error() {
-    throw std::logic_error("this error should fall through to the standard handler");
-}
-
-// Test error_already_set::matches() method
-void exception_matches() {
-    py::dict foo;
-    try {
-        foo["bar"];
-    }
-    catch (py::error_already_set& ex) {
-        if (ex.matches(PyExc_KeyError))
-            ex.clear();
-        else
-            throw;
-    }
-}
-
 struct PythonCallInDestructor {
     PythonCallInDestructor(const py::dict &d) : d(d) {}
     ~PythonCallInDestructor() { d["good"] = true; }
@@ -107,7 +65,7 @@
     py::dict d;
 };
 
-test_initializer custom_exceptions([](py::module &m) {
+TEST_SUBMODULE(exceptions, m) {
     m.def("throw_std_exception", []() {
         throw std::runtime_error("This exception was intentionally thrown.");
     });
@@ -151,14 +109,23 @@
     // A slightly more complicated one that declares MyException5_1 as a subclass of MyException5
     py::register_exception<MyException5_1>(m, "MyException5_1", ex5.ptr());
 
-    m.def("throws1", &throws1);
-    m.def("throws2", &throws2);
-    m.def("throws3", &throws3);
-    m.def("throws4", &throws4);
-    m.def("throws5", &throws5);
-    m.def("throws5_1", &throws5_1);
-    m.def("throws_logic_error", &throws_logic_error);
-    m.def("exception_matches", &exception_matches);
+    m.def("throws1", []() { throw MyException("this error should go to a custom type"); });
+    m.def("throws2", []() { throw MyException2("this error should go to a standard Python exception"); });
+    m.def("throws3", []() { throw MyException3("this error cannot be translated"); });
+    m.def("throws4", []() { throw MyException4("this error is rethrown"); });
+    m.def("throws5", []() { throw MyException5("this is a helper-defined translated exception"); });
+    m.def("throws5_1", []() { throw MyException5_1("MyException5 subclass"); });
+    m.def("throws_logic_error", []() { throw std::logic_error("this error should fall through to the standard handler"); });
+    m.def("exception_matches", []() {
+        py::dict foo;
+        try { foo["bar"]; }
+        catch (py::error_already_set& ex) {
+            if (ex.matches(PyExc_KeyError))
+                ex.clear();
+            else
+                throw;
+        }
+    });
 
     m.def("throw_already_set", [](bool err) {
         if (err)
@@ -189,4 +156,4 @@
         }
         return false;
     });
-});
+}
diff --git a/tests/test_exceptions.py b/tests/test_exceptions.py
index 15d4787..cc4baaa 100644
--- a/tests/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/tests/test_exceptions.py
@@ -1,87 +1,78 @@
 import pytest
 
+from pybind11_tests import exceptions as m
+
 
 def test_std_exception(msg):
-    from pybind11_tests import throw_std_exception
-
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
-        throw_std_exception()
+        m.throw_std_exception()
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "This exception was intentionally thrown."
 
 
 def test_error_already_set(msg):
-    from pybind11_tests import throw_already_set
-
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
-        throw_already_set(False)
+        m.throw_already_set(False)
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "Unknown internal error occurred"
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
-        throw_already_set(True)
+        m.throw_already_set(True)
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "foo"
 
 
 def test_python_call_in_catch():
-    from pybind11_tests import python_call_in_destructor
-
     d = {}
-    assert python_call_in_destructor(d) is True
+    assert m.python_call_in_destructor(d) is True
     assert d["good"] is True
 
 
 def test_exception_matches():
-    from pybind11_tests import exception_matches
-    exception_matches()
+    m.exception_matches()
 
 
 def test_custom(msg):
-    from pybind11_tests import (MyException, MyException5, MyException5_1,
-                                throws1, throws2, throws3, throws4, throws5, throws5_1,
-                                throws_logic_error)
-
-    # Can we catch a MyException?"
-    with pytest.raises(MyException) as excinfo:
-        throws1()
+    # Can we catch a MyException?
+    with pytest.raises(m.MyException) as excinfo:
+        m.throws1()
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error should go to a custom type"
 
     # Can we translate to standard Python exceptions?
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
-        throws2()
+        m.throws2()
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error should go to a standard Python exception"
 
     # Can we handle unknown exceptions?
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
-        throws3()
+        m.throws3()
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "Caught an unknown exception!"
 
     # Can we delegate to another handler by rethrowing?
-    with pytest.raises(MyException) as excinfo:
-        throws4()
+    with pytest.raises(m.MyException) as excinfo:
+        m.throws4()
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error is rethrown"
 
-    # "Can we fall-through to the default handler?"
+    # Can we fall-through to the default handler?
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
-        throws_logic_error()
+        m.throws_logic_error()
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error should fall through to the standard handler"
 
     # Can we handle a helper-declared exception?
-    with pytest.raises(MyException5) as excinfo:
-        throws5()
+    with pytest.raises(m.MyException5) as excinfo:
+        m.throws5()
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this is a helper-defined translated exception"
 
     # Exception subclassing:
-    with pytest.raises(MyException5) as excinfo:
-        throws5_1()
+    with pytest.raises(m.MyException5) as excinfo:
+        m.throws5_1()
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "MyException5 subclass"
-    assert isinstance(excinfo.value, MyException5_1)
+    assert isinstance(excinfo.value, m.MyException5_1)
 
-    with pytest.raises(MyException5_1) as excinfo:
-        throws5_1()
+    with pytest.raises(m.MyException5_1) as excinfo:
+        m.throws5_1()
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "MyException5 subclass"
 
-    with pytest.raises(MyException5) as excinfo:
+    with pytest.raises(m.MyException5) as excinfo:
         try:
-            throws5()
-        except MyException5_1:
+            m.throws5()
+        except m.MyException5_1:
             raise RuntimeError("Exception error: caught child from parent")
     assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this is a helper-defined translated exception"