diff --git a/tests/test_crypto.py b/tests/test_crypto.py
index 99280c1..3802d9a 100644
--- a/tests/test_crypto.py
+++ b/tests/test_crypto.py
@@ -80,216 +80,395 @@
 """
 
 root_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+Q+8Bbr7QFxeWvQfHYX2yaQZ/
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 """
 
 root_key_pem = b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
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 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 """
 
+root_key_der = base64.b64decode(
+    """
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+"""
+)
+
+normalized_root_key_pem = normalize_privatekey_pem(root_key_pem)
+
 intermediate_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+xqm6dwKpdm7/8EfGNW3s8Gm4KM26mb7dtSdHJFuR/BQ5y/cn4qIMyeGfHvsVew+2
+neyFR2Oc/nUlZMKfyHI+pA==
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 """
 
 intermediate_key_pem = b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIICWwIBAAKBgQDYcEQw5lfbEQRjr5Yy4yxAHGV0b9Al+Lmu7wLHMkZ/ZMmKFGIb
-ljbviiD1Nz97Oh2cpB91YwOXOTN2vXHq26S+A5xe8z/QJbBsyghMur88CjdT21H2
-qwMa+r5dCQwEhuGIiZ3KbzB/n4DTMYI5zy4IYPv0pjxShZn4aZTCCK2IUwIDAQAB
-AoGAfSZVV80pSeOKHTYfbGdNY/jHdU9eFUa/33YWriXU+77EhpIItJjkRRgivIfo
-rhFJpBSGmDLblaqepm8emsXMeH4+2QzOYIf0QGGP6E6scjTt1PLqdqKfVJ1a2REN
-147cujNcmFJb/5VQHHMpaPTgttEjlzuww4+BCDPsVRABWrkCQQD3loH36nLoQTtf
-+kQq0T6Bs9/UWkTAGo0ND81ALj0F8Ie1oeZg6RNT96RxZ3aVuFTESTv6/TbjWywO
-wdzlmV1vAkEA38rTJ6PTwaJlw5OttdDzAXGPB9tDmzh9oSi7cHwQQXizYd8MBYx4
-sjHUKD3dCQnb1dxJFhd3BT5HsnkRMbVZXQJAbXduH17ZTzcIOXc9jHDXYiFVZV5D
-52vV0WCbLzVCZc3jMrtSUKa8lPN5EWrdU3UchWybyG0MR5mX8S5lrF4SoQJAIyUD
-DBKaSqpqONCUUx1BTFS9FYrFjzbL4+c1qHCTTPTblt8kUCrDOZjBrKAqeiTmNSum
-/qUot9YUBF8m6BuGsQJATHHmdFy/fG1VLkyBp49CAa8tN3Z5r/CgTznI4DfMTf4C
-NbRHn2UmYlwQBa+L5lg9phewNe8aEwpPyPLoV85U8Q==
+MIIG4gIBAAKCAYEAo3rOxOVrdLdRsR1o0+JG7MRpCtMoafA63TM/DczLQ4jURv5M
+zyTE7FFdXq4xNJRYgD16vUavZluQGj30+5Lkt07CuO/BK3itl8UW+dsHp95gzBvg
+nj5AVZGkNOQ0Y4CbXO087Ywep7tpBfZ5fzURLeH+OHQGseEFZ5e0w8AzAarWu+Ez
+5RGpkaZ61iiJa53mAgkrjw+o83UrpDT2nrXiyR6Fx4K4eb1rarodWqGvjSkdT5MA
+4i0gDhsIBnTarPB+0KM8M7od8DkLsTHBt4rYYCHgCX1bWavzGlqPEw9hksK+LAbQ
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+Y0++qIZZN9TwS7HQ6q2EIlIj1ohbE0R0O0bH1ifixsGyyOlrLHkhzjgY74Dspy7o
+VGmA6wL7cIoyLU21NT1Kw4LUUvCk3MTd62gIg43qLsoLJ1AVZg9AmLmhZn4HiGZa
+tiE1+Iz70E+qxIXDQTip/EY4qe9HHYM2VccjlMQsLLCw5Y2CJL0xbRUSPkKev+Us
+PyasHgxPP6s5sHTKm0fee+riJrR+CqODGT45CirJr+WjDznlJETgVDW5DmtTWGVW
+2WeBarXdYOn4S+uK3Pe3aTAiE9Uw7KrOdJqrWg89YFnMWw4HlMz0369HCUv5BqSg
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+ozyfjzgnqddKs8SlNd9oc2xiFRLgBkdHI5XFQlcp6vpEM+m47azEw72RtsKObN0g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 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 """
 
 server_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIICJDCCAY2gAwIBAgIJAJn/HpR21r/8MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMFgxCzAJBgNV
+MIIEKTCCApGgAwIBAgIJAJn/HpR21r/8MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMFgxCzAJBgNV
 BAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIDAJJTDEQMA4GA1UEBwwHQ2hpY2FnbzEQMA4GA1UECgwH
-VGVzdGluZzEYMBYGA1UEAwwPVGVzdGluZyBSb290IENBMB4XDTE3MDYxMjAwMTA1
-N1oXDTM3MDYwNzAwMTA1N1owGDEWMBQGA1UEAwwNbG92ZWx5IHNlcnZlcjCBnzAN
-BgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEAvqb4brndXS2kEL84qXbZXE6LYK+UrhNi
-70sdIM/24NVN7tXkPlOXqrMWhFHHml+aeSpPkH5b1vKnY1TcULmEubnNICtvjmZ5
-SGMQn+J+RmBs1SMd0EgY/0wBBQdlrlYp2QYgm8YC+zxTNSqWvhMFZAgHbj6Un5SS
-T8JGBqytjB0CAwEAAaM2MDQwHQYDVR0OBBYEFINVdy1eIfFJDAkk51QJEo3IfgSu
-MBMGA1UdJQQMMAoGCCsGAQUFBwMBMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4GBAGki1K6WgHHJ
-qC6aY2EowjaWOXLO6jUZIhGk7BA7vMRfNug429AOZ4m5F6OQhzmJmlw67Jyu2FeI
-h0VtBuQoHPtjqZXF59oX6hMMmGLMs9pV0UA3fJs5MYA4/V5ZcQy0Ie0QoJNejLzE
-6V1Qz1rRTYLUyEcpI7ZCmBg2KQQI8YZI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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 """
 
 server_key_pem = normalize_privatekey_pem(
     b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIICWwIBAAKBgQC+pvhuud1dLaQQvzipdtlcTotgr5SuE2LvSx0gz/bg1U3u1eQ+
-U5eqsxaEUceaX5p5Kk+QflvW8qdjVNxQuYS5uc0gK2+OZnlIYxCf4n5GYGzVIx3Q
-SBj/TAEFB2WuVinZBiCbxgL7PFM1Kpa+EwVkCAduPpSflJJPwkYGrK2MHQIDAQAB
-AoGAbwuZ0AR6JveahBaczjfnSpiFHf+mve2UxoQdpyr6ROJ4zg/PLW5K/KXrC48G
-j6f3tXMrfKHcpEoZrQWUfYBRCUsGD5DCazEhD8zlxEHahIsqpwA0WWssJA2VOLEN
-j6DuV2pCFbw67rfTBkTSo32ahfXxEKev5KswZk0JIzH3ooECQQDgzS9AI89h0gs8
-Dt+1m11Rzqo3vZML7ZIyGApUzVan+a7hbc33nbGRkAXjHaUBJO31it/H6dTO+uwX
-msWwNG5ZAkEA2RyFKs5xR5USTFaKLWCgpH/ydV96KPOpBND7TKQx62snDenFNNbn
-FwwOhpahld+vqhYk+pfuWWUpQciE+Bu7ZQJASjfT4sQv4qbbKK/scePicnDdx9th
-4e1EeB9xwb+tXXXUo/6Bor/AcUNwfiQ6Zt9PZOK9sR3lMZSsP7rMi7kzuQJABie6
-1sXXjFH7nNJvRG4S39cIxq8YRYTy68II/dlB2QzGpKxV/POCxbJ/zu0CU79tuYK7
-NaeNCFfH3aeTrX0LyQJAMBWjWmeKM2G2sCExheeQK0ROnaBC8itCECD4Jsve4nqf
-r50+LF74iLXFwqysVCebPKMOpDWp/qQ1BbJQIPs7/A==
+MIIG5AIBAAKCAYEApT23GEqDo1zR1Ur1W/gxi5g/oeyhHjzf7ALndXxrGR/LZPKe
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+Y3xebqjwstYmL12Nsu+NEiCAFMjU/kqHeGGWhDakTVSF2p96tE0nEIdRi1eLpTnv
+xt++B87n3FJ/gBP9+SZcth+uHKA8Wr42CqJR3z8b/blICYCd2LABFdZjL4aHfce9
+Xe7UyVoySYC6N0YSbLLfsVu/w/qsYitcTvWCyekX4eT2U9Sdje46LGN4MFJSYy8K
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+edDmIvAl3cFozf9/+5JADjnp/9zcdANNN/oMfynOPx+0R2CygxooZaRKbnHPcVlu
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++fyJ93D5aVC1wHjUN9WYTEOM66goZTuSDD8mE10CgcAbl3UiOMy+c9XvvBWSUZGH
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+Nzpd1zlEBbKHtsi+4tz4u0pPGOzAeoh/RXFJqDQD1VcwQzaeM8NbIxocrRx8F5EV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 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 """
 )
 
 intermediate_server_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIICWDCCAcGgAwIBAgIRAPQFY9jfskSihdiNSNdt6GswDQYJKoZIhvcNAQENBQAw
+MIIEXTCCAsWgAwIBAgIRAPQFY9jfskSihdiNSNdt6GswDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAw
 ZjEVMBMGA1UEAxMMaW50ZXJtZWRpYXRlMQwwCgYDVQQKEwNvcmcxETAPBgNVBAsT
 CG9yZy11bml0MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzELMAkGA1UECBMCQ0ExEjAQBgNVBAcTCVNh
-biBEaWVnbzAeFw0xNDA4MjgwMjEwNDhaFw0yNDA4MjUwMjEwNDhaMG4xHTAbBgNV
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 BAMTFGludGVybWVkaWF0ZS1zZXJ2aWNlMQwwCgYDVQQKEwNvcmcxETAPBgNVBAsT
 CG9yZy11bml0MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzELMAkGA1UECBMCQ0ExEjAQBgNVBAcTCVNh
-biBEaWVnbzCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEAqpJZygd+w1faLOr1
-iOAmbBhx5SZWcTCZ/ZjHQTJM7GuPT624QkqsixFghRKdDROwpwnAP7gMRukLqiy4
-+kRuGT5OfyGggL95i2xqA+zehjj08lSTlvGHpePJgCyTavIy5+Ljsj4DKnKyuhxm
-biXTRrH83NDgixVkObTEmh/OVK0CAwEAATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQ0FAAOBgQBa0Npw
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-3bfAtV7eSAqBsfxYXyof7G1ALANQERkq3+oyLP1iVt08W1WOUlIMPhdCF/QuCwy6
-x9MJLhUCGLJPM+O2rAPWVD9wCmvq10ALsiH3yA==
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+CSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBgQA2jC5hJ/+46RLBuaZiJhBawiY+HqybEAZWM/IBGZO4
+UKcRotovU+sb1jg+vpXwePSBPEtQoZce0jN0TKiCdlLM4/9lybAvc6qBLJ0d4VS5
+BU5QsCs9IKyvswAFVipQZi0szYwHk8T145SH/fPao8oznf5ae4a6rK9PyZqT7Ix1
+nnKGffbJs0dY+jlxmx/BPlbsGfTwPL6LexghjvbpbXWUdVLP3gAW6DPCtRd6lhWj
+JvgCkF2SnbQ7GgnPEYi8h09j0c6/sK6jLoNAatJyIlRGE1cdGYZVUlVW/xP6lYM0
+Mi1KKl0ZXOne4vPTtnTBBqrpjdLydH3WM1IxdwSRbmF15OD6BWzzKV4IYUJ21GDh
+YrVrcIeN49pUoKVTTn0Sql8f8mXxJhJ54wo9TKdIGZeuwTZrfWjcjWghXgghXGoP
+RI/I5fk/OMu0Oc06/+xdwCBHCSge0/vxK6fhTu7PxmJhQcZF0sDZyb6LXm2feVkG
+6FsxnsvstVNO3oJdpa8daLs=
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 """
 
 intermediate_server_key_pem = b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIICXAIBAAKBgQCqklnKB37DV9os6vWI4CZsGHHlJlZxMJn9mMdBMkzsa49PrbhC
-SqyLEWCFEp0NE7CnCcA/uAxG6QuqLLj6RG4ZPk5/IaCAv3mLbGoD7N6GOPTyVJOW
-8Yel48mALJNq8jLn4uOyPgMqcrK6HGZuJdNGsfzc0OCLFWQ5tMSaH85UrQIDAQAB
-AoGAIQ594j5zna3/9WaPsTgnmhlesVctt4AAx/n827DA4ayyuHFlXUuVhtoWR5Pk
-5ezj9mtYW8DyeCegABnsu2vZni/CdvU6uiS1Hv6qM1GyYDm9KWgovIP9rQCDSGaz
-d57IWVGxx7ODFkm3gN5nxnSBOFVHytuW1J7FBRnEsehRroECQQDXHFOv82JuXDcz
-z3+4c74IEURdOHcbycxlppmK9kFqm5lsUdydnnGW+mvwDk0APOB7Wg7vyFyr393e
-dpmBDCzNAkEAyv6tVbTKUYhSjW+QhabJo896/EqQEYUmtMXxk4cQnKeR/Ao84Rkf
-EqD5IykMUfUI0jJU4DGX+gWZ10a7kNbHYQJAVFCuHNFxS4Cpwo0aqtnzKoZaHY/8
-X9ABZfafSHCtw3Op92M+7ikkrOELXdS9KdKyyqbKJAKNEHF3LbOfB44WIQJAA2N4
-9UNNVUsXRbElEnYUS529CdUczo4QdVgQjkvk5RiPAUwSdBd9Q0xYnFOlFwEmIowg
-ipWJWe0aAlP18ZcEQQJBAL+5lekZ/GUdQoZ4HAsN5a9syrzavJ9VvU1KOOPorPZK
-nMRZbbQgP+aSB7yl6K0gaLaZ8XaK0pjxNBh6ASqg9f4=
+MIIG5AIBAAKCAYEAvdRxPHAKwxmogT7uWiWby3qVPQhhmQTgvu7aojrib0K/O252
+qophlyumtmhtnGo+Gpzwg7cIVHadXPBlbGscJybqcDMmNVdQWtzhMuxVhgkvVC8p
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++sl+AzoGa1HsFOqiqdDw8lKynfT1VukaaCtOr0pGeh6XW65aHRGI0B+mHIEM7yR0
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+z8rS6uEw/UZGMWeLjcIVK5IeeD7OJ/BXEbwoxVvWLYYgWHpYwY9eqppsMlVqmIHY
+lfRAaepEkU/4euRl1VTFxkU0sYw7Tj+gbFQDydB0NSLIU/x10tlHblT+O5tgBLJh
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+ZFc8CExXpQWNMSLJlu2qM8Sjt4h8M880khuTggCeIDbw7YfyanlNhsNpOGv/r+Hd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 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 """
 
 client_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIICIjCCAYugAwIBAgIJAKxpFI5lODkjMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMFgxCzAJBgNV
+MIIEJzCCAo+gAwIBAgIJAKxpFI5lODkjMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMFgxCzAJBgNV
 BAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIDAJJTDEQMA4GA1UEBwwHQ2hpY2FnbzEQMA4GA1UECgwH
-VGVzdGluZzEYMBYGA1UEAwwPVGVzdGluZyBSb290IENBMB4XDTE3MDYxMjAwMDQx
-M1oXDTM3MDYwNzAwMDQxM1owFjEUMBIGA1UEAwwLdWdseSBjbGllbnQwgZ8wDQYJ
-KoZIhvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAMBmH9JG02bme0xPipvpjMSlOugyWrauf4at
-EdGJn7GQLD8IY2Fu0+Kvv9DFpSPboFKZCsfDVsYoRs+xaJbtt1dJ6ymX7EqKS7gb
-8q+eeZZ14keqyJd5Rm2q6swQtw9ADD3E8cS6GqpQm+8SgxOycISoYz7sO1ugJFqN
-jId+W4BFAgMBAAGjNjA0MB0GA1UdDgQWBBSDVXctXiHxSQwJJOdUCRKNyH4ErjAT
-BgNVHSUEDDAKBggrBgEFBQcDAjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOBgQAMqcHyweaCOZNN
-dWQQOsBKQlL5wqVVZwucHPWqobjxpULKy9gS2ha2zbgkXcB/BnBOSwe0Fm+MJV0T
-NbnTghcGJNpEH7VKn4xSLvIGZmnZZWgxeIB16z4GhpkK2fShBJ+6GKZjsgjT0lSH
-JRgjHbWutZfZvbSHXr9n7PIphG1Ojg==
+VGVzdGluZzEYMBYGA1UEAwwPVGVzdGluZyBSb290IENBMB4XDTIwMDgwMjE3MTEy
+MVoXDTQ3MTIyMDE3MTEyMVowFjEUMBIGA1UEAwwLdWdseSBjbGllbnQwggGiMA0G
+CSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBjwAwggGKAoIBgQDGChdOMY164FScJqfiJ5LEtjYOKEg4
+nmMAMGuHIT8wZZEfzaaHhBbypzKq2cPP1qtyHgvtUMM6KOFEj4y9AonqzzdlVxbM
+i6+AvYLWlPoB5r/G1GdslUvXbc7F02B/6sB/+iFXmcdjOjAQcLWxVgUL+1CoeoY1
+awNYmzQueK/T82a/6AYTdrx7XRX4wfxjYb1o3bnnRD/jGSakIylXeUGFsiSNkBs/
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+hx/l/Ql9vO0wagHaT2wOiZdKVT8S6V6OPzJ7/H1evCoM6EuSPBC5DDP1nPetCK1v
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+oyz1CUsyr5Gh5gdifbe1AOYwu6YdtlmhqCsCAwEAAaM2MDQwHQYDVR0OBBYEFINV
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+DQEBCwUAA4IBgQAhAEACc1j6EYoSfVJD8N/FlYfHRizdfVJyrmMnC8ID1vtfrU2z
+S2q+49ja2NyM4Sq+Cf+i+sFfzFG92LayZt9Mc1BnHZMdNzQL7Ynr2nDLxHsHzuYa
+N21/ucTpHEFGLmvQ/eWBMxQQ9TbiNXn+tnnqg46dRzN3vHJp+g5+ijtMcuh007z2
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+rIsWlU+e46ysSWK/bnudnAlzZMB9KJATVZu5+xmCumH2hLJv5vz+jnKcgU9MBZMO
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+eUlgMBYyAspCQzM=
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 """
 
 client_key_pem = normalize_privatekey_pem(
     b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIICXgIBAAKBgQDAZh/SRtNm5ntMT4qb6YzEpTroMlq2rn+GrRHRiZ+xkCw/CGNh
-btPir7/QxaUj26BSmQrHw1bGKEbPsWiW7bdXSespl+xKiku4G/KvnnmWdeJHqsiX
-eUZtqurMELcPQAw9xPHEuhqqUJvvEoMTsnCEqGM+7DtboCRajYyHfluARQIDAQAB
-AoGATkZ+NceY5Glqyl4mD06SdcKfV65814vg2EL7V9t8+/mi9rYL8KztSXGlQWPX
-zuHgtRoMl78yQ4ZJYOBVo+nsx8KZNRCEBlE19bamSbQLCeQMenWnpeYyQUZ908gF
-h6L9qsFVJepgA9RDgAjyDoS5CaWCdCCPCH2lDkdcqC54SVUCQQDseuduc4wi8h4t
-V8AahUn9fn9gYfhoNuM0gdguTA0nPLVWz4hy1yJiWYQe0H7NLNNTmCKiLQaJpAbb
-TC6vE8C7AkEA0Ee8CMJUc20BnGEmxwgWcVuqFWaKCo8jTH1X38FlATUsyR3krjW2
-dL3yDD9NwHxsYP7nTKp/U8MV7U9IBn4y/wJBAJl7H0/BcLeRmuJk7IqJ7b635iYB
-D/9beFUw3MUXmQXZUfyYz39xf6CDZsu1GEdEC5haykeln3Of4M9d/4Kj+FcCQQCY
-si6xwT7GzMDkk/ko684AV3KPc/h6G0yGtFIrMg7J3uExpR/VdH2KgwMkZXisSMvw
-JJEQjOMCVsEJlRk54WWjAkEAzoZNH6UhDdBK5F38rVt/y4SEHgbSfJHIAmPS32Kq
-f6GGcfNpip0Uk7q7udTKuX7Q/buZi/C4YW7u3VKAquv9NA==
------END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-"""
-)
-
-cleartextCertificatePEM = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIC6TCCAlKgAwIBAgIIPQzE4MbeufQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwWDELMAkGA1UE
-BhMCVVMxCzAJBgNVBAgTAklMMRAwDgYDVQQHEwdDaGljYWdvMRAwDgYDVQQKEwdU
-ZXN0aW5nMRgwFgYDVQQDEw9UZXN0aW5nIFJvb3QgQ0EwHhcNMTcwNjExMjIzMjU5
-WhcNMzcwNjA2MjIzMjU5WjBYMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzELMAkGA1UECBMCSUwxEDAO
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-LhZ0prHIbwJxq3CZe+m9FDjh1IA0yKEcQukA1N3JWnoMLKwQPrCRAW6seUXV2yER
-onDxv/KkOGZtUijoKLXG8ImqK9ssWdsCAwEAAaOBuzCBuDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUg1V3
-LV4h8UkMCSTnVAkSjch+BK4wgYgGA1UdIwSBgDB+gBSDVXctXiHxSQwJJOdUCRKN
-yH4ErqFcpFowWDELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxCzAJBgNVBAgTAklMMRAwDgYDVQQHEwdD
-aGljYWdvMRAwDgYDVQQKEwdUZXN0aW5nMRgwFgYDVQQDEw9UZXN0aW5nIFJvb3Qg
-Q0GCCD0MxODG3rn0MAwGA1UdEwQFMAMBAf8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADgYEANFYQ
-R+T70VcZ+SnvURnwviFgCXeedBzCr21meo+DNHbkp2gudB9W8Xrned/wtUBVymy9
-gjB5jINfU7Lci0H57Evsw96UJJVfhXdUMHpqt1RGCoEd9FWnrDyrSy0NysnBT2bH
-lEqxh3aFEUx9IOQ4sgnx1/NOFXBpkRtivl6O0Ec=
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-"""
-
-cleartextPrivateKeyPEM = normalize_privatekey_pem(
-    b"""\
------BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIICXQIBAAKBgQD5mkLpi7q6ROdu7khB3S9aanA0Zls7vvfGOmB80/yeylhGpsjA
-jWen0VtSQke/NlEPGtO38tsV7CsuFnSmschvAnGrcJl76b0UOOHUgDTIoRxC6QDU
-3claegwsrBA+sJEBbqx5RdXbIRGicPG/8qQ4Zm1SKOgotcbwiaor2yxZ2wIDAQAB
-AoGBAPCgMpmLxzwDaUmcFbTJUvlLW1hoxNNYSu2jIZm1k/hRAcE60JYwvBkgz3UB
-yMEh0AtLxYe0bFk6EHah11tMUPgscbCq73snJ++8koUw+csk22G65hOs51bVb7Aa
-6JBe67oLzdtvgCUFAA2qfrKzWRZzAdhUirQUZgySZk+Xq1pBAkEA/kZG0A6roTSM
-BVnx7LnPfsycKUsTumorpXiylZJjTi9XtmzxhrYN6wgZlDOOwOLgSQhszGpxVoMD
-u3gByT1b2QJBAPtL3mSKdvwRu/+40zaZLwvSJRxaj0mcE4BJOS6Oqs/hS1xRlrNk
-PpQ7WJ4yM6ZOLnXzm2mKyxm50Mv64109FtMCQQDOqS2KkjHaLowTGVxwC0DijMfr
-I9Lf8sSQk32J5VWCySWf5gGTfEnpmUa41gKTMJIbqZZLucNuDcOtzUaeWZlZAkA8
-ttXigLnCqR486JDPTi9ZscoZkZ+w7y6e/hH8t6d5Vjt48JVyfjPIaJY+km58LcN3
-6AWSeGAdtRFHVzR7oHjVAkB4hutvxiOeiIVQNBhM6RSI9aBPMI21DoX2JRoxvNW2
-cbvAhow217X9V0dVerEOKxnNYspXRrh36h7k4mQA+sDq
+MIIG5AIBAAKCAYEAxgoXTjGNeuBUnCan4ieSxLY2DihIOJ5jADBrhyE/MGWRH82m
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+PAP2I8WGgNQHOCYVce8nA/6jwocdq2YH6rpST3E4HOFMRFB3MAas2pvh6UyehDOm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 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 """
 )
@@ -859,7 +1038,7 @@
         """
         PKey.to_cryptography_key creates a proper cryptography private key.
         """
-        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         key = pkey.to_cryptography_key()
 
         assert isinstance(key, rsa.RSAPrivateKey)
@@ -1460,7 +1639,7 @@
         key which signed the request.
         """
         request = X509Req()
-        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         request.sign(pkey, GOOD_DIGEST)
         another_pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, client_key_pem)
         with pytest.raises(Error):
@@ -1472,7 +1651,7 @@
         which represents the public part of the key which signed the request.
         """
         request = X509Req()
-        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         request.sign(pkey, GOOD_DIGEST)
         assert request.verify(pkey)
 
@@ -1500,28 +1679,7 @@
     Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.X509`.
     """
 
-    pemData = cleartextCertificatePEM + cleartextPrivateKeyPEM
-
-    extpem = """
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIC3jCCAkegAwIBAgIJAJHFjlcCgnQzMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMEcxCzAJBgNV
-BAYTAlNFMRUwEwYDVQQIEwxXZXN0ZXJib3R0b20xEjAQBgNVBAoTCUNhdGFsb2dp
-eDENMAsGA1UEAxMEUm9vdDAeFw0wODA0MjIxNDQ1MzhaFw0wOTA0MjIxNDQ1Mzha
-MFQxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlNFMQswCQYDVQQIEwJXQjEUMBIGA1UEChMLT3Blbk1ldGFk
-aXIxIjAgBgNVBAMTGW5vZGUxLm9tMi5vcGVubWV0YWRpci5vcmcwgZ8wDQYJKoZI
-hvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAPIcQMrwbk2nESF/0JKibj9i1x95XYAOwP+LarwT
-Op4EQbdlI9SY+uqYqlERhF19w7CS+S6oyqx0DRZSk4Y9dZ9j9/xgm2u/f136YS1u
-zgYFPvfUs6PqYLPSM8Bw+SjJ+7+2+TN+Tkiof9WP1cMjodQwOmdsiRbR0/J7+b1B
-hec1AgMBAAGjgcQwgcEwCQYDVR0TBAIwADAsBglghkgBhvhCAQ0EHxYdT3BlblNT
-TCBHZW5lcmF0ZWQgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUwHQYDVR0OBBYEFIdHsBcMVVMbAO7j6NCj
-03HgLnHaMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFL2h9Bf9Mre4vTdOiHTGAt7BRY/8MEYGA1UdEQQ/
-MD2CDSouZXhhbXBsZS5vcmeCESoub20yLmV4bWFwbGUuY29thwSC7wgKgRNvbTJA
-b3Blbm1ldGFkaXIub3JnMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4GBALd7WdXkp2KvZ7/PuWZA
-MPlIxyjS+Ly11+BNE0xGQRp9Wz+2lABtpgNqssvU156+HkKd02rGheb2tj7MX9hG
-uZzbwDAZzJPjzDQDD7d3cWsrVcfIdqVU7epHqIadnOF+X0ghJ39pAm6VVadnSXCt
-WpOdIpB8KksUTCzV591Nr1wd
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-    """
+    pemData = root_cert_pem + root_key_pem
 
     def signable(self):
         """
@@ -1968,7 +2126,7 @@
         the algorithm used to sign the certificate.
         """
         cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
-        assert b"sha1WithRSAEncryption" == cert.get_signature_algorithm()
+        assert b"sha256WithRSAEncryption" == cert.get_signature_algorithm()
 
     def test_get_undefined_signature_algorithm(self):
         """
@@ -2046,7 +2204,7 @@
         """
         `X509Store.add_cert` adds a `X509` instance to the certificate store.
         """
-        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
         store = X509Store()
         store.add_cert(cert)
 
@@ -2065,7 +2223,7 @@
         `X509Store.add_cert` doesn't raise `OpenSSL.crypto.Error` if an attempt
         is made to add the same certificate to the store more than once.
         """
-        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
         store = X509Store()
         store.add_cert(cert)
         store.add_cert(cert)
@@ -2076,8 +2234,6 @@
     Test for `OpenSSL.crypto.PKCS12` and `OpenSSL.crypto.load_pkcs12`.
     """
 
-    pemData = cleartextCertificatePEM + cleartextPrivateKeyPEM
-
     def test_type(self):
         """
         `PKCS12` is a type object.
@@ -2122,7 +2278,7 @@
         """
         passwd = b"blah"
         p12 = PKCS12()
-        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         p12.set_privatekey(pkey)
         assert None is p12.get_certificate()
         assert pkey == p12.get_privatekey()
@@ -2148,7 +2304,7 @@
         """
         passwd = b"blah"
         p12 = PKCS12()
-        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
         p12.set_certificate(cert)
         assert cert == p12.get_certificate()
         assert None is p12.get_privatekey()
@@ -2171,7 +2327,7 @@
         # it to.  At some point, hopefully this will change so that
         # p12.get_certificate() is actually what returns the loaded
         # certificate.
-        assert cleartextCertificatePEM == dump_certificate(
+        assert root_cert_pem == dump_certificate(
             FILETYPE_PEM, p12.get_ca_certificates()[0]
         )
 
@@ -2626,7 +2782,7 @@
         with a private key encoded in a format, that doesn't support
         encryption.
         """
-        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         blob = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key)
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             load_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, blob, "secret")
@@ -2769,7 +2925,7 @@
         `dump_privatekey` writes an encrypted PEM when given a passphrase.
         """
         passphrase = b"foo"
-        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, passphrase)
         assert isinstance(pem, bytes)
         loadedKey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, pem, passphrase)
@@ -2783,7 +2939,7 @@
         with a private key encoded in a format, that doesn't support
         encryption.
         """
-        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key, GOOD_CIPHER, "secret")
 
@@ -2791,16 +2947,16 @@
         """
         `dump_certificate` writes PEM, DER, and text.
         """
-        pemData = cleartextCertificatePEM + cleartextPrivateKeyPEM
+        pemData = root_cert_pem + root_key_pem
         cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, pemData)
         dumped_pem = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert)
-        assert dumped_pem == cleartextCertificatePEM
+        assert dumped_pem == root_cert_pem
         dumped_der = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_ASN1, cert)
         good_der = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"x509", b"-outform", b"DER")
         assert dumped_der == good_der
         cert2 = load_certificate(FILETYPE_ASN1, dumped_der)
         dumped_pem2 = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert2)
-        assert dumped_pem2 == cleartextCertificatePEM
+        assert dumped_pem2 == root_cert_pem
         dumped_text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, cert)
         assert len(dumped_text) > 500
 
@@ -2809,7 +2965,7 @@
         `dump_certificate` raises a `ValueError` if it's called with
         a bad type.
         """
-        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             dump_certificate(object(), cert)
 
@@ -2817,31 +2973,33 @@
         """
         `dump_privatekey` writes a PEM
         """
-        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         assert key.check()
         dumped_pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key)
-        assert dumped_pem == cleartextPrivateKeyPEM
+        assert dumped_pem == normalized_root_key_pem
 
     def test_dump_privatekey_asn1(self):
         """
         `dump_privatekey` writes a DER
         """
-        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
-        dumped_pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key)
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
 
         dumped_der = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key)
-        # XXX This OpenSSL call writes "writing RSA key" to standard out.  Sad.
-        good_der = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"rsa", b"-outform", b"DER")
-        assert dumped_der == good_der
-        key2 = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, dumped_der)
-        dumped_pem2 = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key2)
-        assert dumped_pem2 == cleartextPrivateKeyPEM
+        assert dumped_der == root_key_der
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_asn1(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` writes a DER
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, root_key_der)
+        assert key.bits() == 3072
+        assert key.type() == TYPE_RSA
 
     def test_dump_privatekey_text(self):
         """
         `dump_privatekey` writes a text
         """
-        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         dumped_text = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_TEXT, key)
         assert len(dumped_text) > 500
 
@@ -2904,7 +3062,7 @@
             called.append(writing)
             return passphrase
 
-        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, cb)
         assert isinstance(pem, bytes)
         assert called == [True]
@@ -2922,7 +3080,7 @@
         def cb(ignored):
             raise ArithmeticError
 
-        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         with pytest.raises(ArithmeticError):
             dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, cb)
 
@@ -2935,7 +3093,7 @@
         def cb(ignored):
             return "a" * 1025
 
-        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, cb)
 
@@ -3206,8 +3364,8 @@
     Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.CRL`.
     """
 
-    cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
-    pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+    cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+    pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
 
     root_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
     root_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
diff --git a/tests/test_ssl.py b/tests/test_ssl.py
index dffd3b2..5900ad1 100644
--- a/tests/test_ssl.py
+++ b/tests/test_ssl.py
@@ -130,13 +130,12 @@
 
 from .util import WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED, NON_ASCII, is_consistent_type
 from .test_crypto import (
-    cleartextCertificatePEM,
-    cleartextPrivateKeyPEM,
     client_cert_pem,
     client_key_pem,
     server_cert_pem,
     server_key_pem,
     root_cert_pem,
+    root_key_pem,
 )
 
 
@@ -684,9 +683,7 @@
         # OpenSSL if the cert and key agree using check_privatekey.  Then as
         # long as check_privatekey works right we're good...
         ctx = Context(TLSv1_METHOD)
-        ctx.use_certificate(
-            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
-        )
+        ctx.use_certificate(load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem))
 
     def test_use_certificate_file_wrong_args(self):
         """
@@ -720,7 +717,7 @@
         # OpenSSL if the cert and key agree using check_privatekey.  Then as
         # long as check_privatekey works right we're good...
         with open(certificate_file, "wb") as pem_file:
-            pem_file.write(cleartextCertificatePEM)
+            pem_file.write(root_cert_pem)
 
         ctx = Context(TLSv1_METHOD)
         ctx.use_certificate_file(certificate_file)
@@ -975,12 +972,8 @@
 
         context = Context(TLSv1_METHOD)
         context.set_info_callback(info)
-        context.use_certificate(
-            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
-        )
-        context.use_privatekey(
-            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
-        )
+        context.use_certificate(load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem))
+        context.use_privatekey(load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem))
 
         serverSSL = Connection(context, server)
         serverSSL.set_accept_state()
@@ -1018,10 +1011,10 @@
         server_context = Context(TLSv1_METHOD)
         server_context.set_keylog_callback(keylog)
         server_context.use_certificate(
-            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
         )
         server_context.use_privatekey(
-            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         )
 
         client_context = Context(TLSv1_METHOD)
@@ -1054,10 +1047,10 @@
 
         serverContext = Context(TLSv1_METHOD)
         serverContext.use_certificate(
-            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
         )
         serverContext.use_privatekey(
-            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         )
 
         serverSSL = Connection(serverContext, server)
@@ -1080,7 +1073,7 @@
         connections created using that `Context`.
         """
         with open(cafile, "w") as fObj:
-            fObj.write(cleartextCertificatePEM.decode("ascii"))
+            fObj.write(root_cert_pem.decode("ascii"))
 
         self._load_verify_locations_test(cafile)
 
@@ -1124,7 +1117,7 @@
         for name in [b"c7adac82.0", b"c3705638.0"]:
             cafile = join_bytes_or_unicode(capath, name)
             with open(cafile, "w") as fObj:
-                fObj.write(cleartextCertificatePEM.decode("ascii"))
+                fObj.write(root_cert_pem.decode("ascii"))
 
         self._load_verify_locations_test(None, capath)
 
@@ -1308,10 +1301,10 @@
         """
         serverContext = Context(TLSv1_METHOD)
         serverContext.use_privatekey(
-            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         )
         serverContext.use_certificate(
-            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
         )
         serverConnection = Connection(serverContext, None)
 
@@ -1339,10 +1332,10 @@
         """
         serverContext = Context(TLSv1_METHOD)
         serverContext.use_privatekey(
-            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         )
         serverContext.use_certificate(
-            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
         )
         serverConnection = Connection(serverContext, None)
 
@@ -1365,10 +1358,10 @@
         """
         serverContext = Context(TLSv1_2_METHOD)
         serverContext.use_privatekey(
-            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
         )
         serverContext.use_certificate(
-            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+            load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
         )
 
         clientContext = Context(TLSv1_2_METHOD)