Move package into src

Prevents accidental imports when running tests.
diff --git a/tests/test_crypto.py b/tests/test_crypto.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..196e490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_crypto.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3557 @@
+# Copyright (c) Jean-Paul Calderone
+# See LICENSE file for details.
+
+"""
+Unit tests for :py:mod:`OpenSSL.crypto`.
+"""
+
+from unittest import main
+from warnings import catch_warnings, simplefilter
+
+import base64
+import os
+import re
+from subprocess import PIPE, Popen
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+import pytest
+
+from six import u, b, binary_type
+
+from OpenSSL.crypto import TYPE_RSA, TYPE_DSA, Error, PKey, PKeyType
+from OpenSSL.crypto import X509, X509Type, X509Name, X509NameType
+from OpenSSL.crypto import (
+    X509Store, X509StoreType, X509StoreContext, X509StoreContextError
+)
+from OpenSSL.crypto import X509Req, X509ReqType
+from OpenSSL.crypto import X509Extension, X509ExtensionType
+from OpenSSL.crypto import load_certificate, load_privatekey
+from OpenSSL.crypto import FILETYPE_PEM, FILETYPE_ASN1, FILETYPE_TEXT
+from OpenSSL.crypto import dump_certificate, load_certificate_request
+from OpenSSL.crypto import dump_certificate_request, dump_privatekey
+from OpenSSL.crypto import PKCS7Type, load_pkcs7_data
+from OpenSSL.crypto import PKCS12, PKCS12Type, load_pkcs12
+from OpenSSL.crypto import CRL, Revoked, load_crl
+from OpenSSL.crypto import NetscapeSPKI, NetscapeSPKIType
+from OpenSSL.crypto import (
+    sign, verify, get_elliptic_curve, get_elliptic_curves)
+from OpenSSL._util import native, lib
+
+from .util import (
+    EqualityTestsMixin, TestCase, WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED
+)
+
+
+def normalize_certificate_pem(pem):
+    return dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, pem))
+
+
+def normalize_privatekey_pem(pem):
+    return dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, pem))
+
+
+GOOD_CIPHER = "blowfish"
+BAD_CIPHER = "zippers"
+
+GOOD_DIGEST = "MD5"
+BAD_DIGEST = "monkeys"
+
+root_cert_pem = b("""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+""")
+
+root_key_pem = b("""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+""")
+
+intermediate_cert_pem = b("""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIICVzCCAcCgAwIBAgIRAMPzhm6//0Y/g2pmnHR2C4cwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQENBQAw
+WDELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxCzAJBgNVBAgTAklMMRAwDgYDVQQHEwdDaGljYWdvMRAw
+DgYDVQQKEwdUZXN0aW5nMRgwFgYDVQQDEw9UZXN0aW5nIFJvb3QgQ0EwHhcNMTQw
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+dGUxDDAKBgNVBAoTA29yZzERMA8GA1UECxMIb3JnLXVuaXQxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVT
+MQswCQYDVQQIEwJDQTESMBAGA1UEBxMJU2FuIERpZWdvMIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEB
+AQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDYcEQw5lfbEQRjr5Yy4yxAHGV0b9Al+Lmu7wLHMkZ/ZMmK
+FGIbljbviiD1Nz97Oh2cpB91YwOXOTN2vXHq26S+A5xe8z/QJbBsyghMur88CjdT
+21H2qwMa+r5dCQwEhuGIiZ3KbzB/n4DTMYI5zy4IYPv0pjxShZn4aZTCCK2IUwID
+AQABoxMwETAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBDQUAA4GBAPIWSkLX
+QRMApOjjyC+tMxumT5e2pMqChHmxobQK4NMdrf2VCx+cRT6EmY8sK3/Xl/X8UBQ+
+9n5zXb1ZwhW/sTWgUvmOceJ4/XVs9FkdWOOn1J0XBch9ZIiFe/s5ASIgG7fUdcUF
+9mAWS6FK2ca3xIh5kIupCXOFa0dPvlw/YUFT
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+""")
+
+intermediate_key_pem = b("""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIICWwIBAAKBgQDYcEQw5lfbEQRjr5Yy4yxAHGV0b9Al+Lmu7wLHMkZ/ZMmKFGIb
+ljbviiD1Nz97Oh2cpB91YwOXOTN2vXHq26S+A5xe8z/QJbBsyghMur88CjdT21H2
+qwMa+r5dCQwEhuGIiZ3KbzB/n4DTMYI5zy4IYPv0pjxShZn4aZTCCK2IUwIDAQAB
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+rhFJpBSGmDLblaqepm8emsXMeH4+2QzOYIf0QGGP6E6scjTt1PLqdqKfVJ1a2REN
+147cujNcmFJb/5VQHHMpaPTgttEjlzuww4+BCDPsVRABWrkCQQD3loH36nLoQTtf
++kQq0T6Bs9/UWkTAGo0ND81ALj0F8Ie1oeZg6RNT96RxZ3aVuFTESTv6/TbjWywO
+wdzlmV1vAkEA38rTJ6PTwaJlw5OttdDzAXGPB9tDmzh9oSi7cHwQQXizYd8MBYx4
+sjHUKD3dCQnb1dxJFhd3BT5HsnkRMbVZXQJAbXduH17ZTzcIOXc9jHDXYiFVZV5D
+52vV0WCbLzVCZc3jMrtSUKa8lPN5EWrdU3UchWybyG0MR5mX8S5lrF4SoQJAIyUD
+DBKaSqpqONCUUx1BTFS9FYrFjzbL4+c1qHCTTPTblt8kUCrDOZjBrKAqeiTmNSum
+/qUot9YUBF8m6BuGsQJATHHmdFy/fG1VLkyBp49CAa8tN3Z5r/CgTznI4DfMTf4C
+NbRHn2UmYlwQBa+L5lg9phewNe8aEwpPyPLoV85U8Q==
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+""")
+
+server_cert_pem = b("""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIICKDCCAZGgAwIBAgIJAJn/HpR21r/8MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMFgxCzAJBgNV
+BAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIEwJJTDEQMA4GA1UEBxMHQ2hpY2FnbzEQMA4GA1UEChMH
+VGVzdGluZzEYMBYGA1UEAxMPVGVzdGluZyBSb290IENBMCIYDzIwMDkwMzI1MTIz
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+gZ8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAL6m+G653V0tpBC/OKl22VxOi2Cv
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+uzujnS8YXWvM7DM1Ilozk4MzPug8jzFp5uhKCQ==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+""")
+
+server_key_pem = normalize_privatekey_pem(b("""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIICWwIBAAKBgQC+pvhuud1dLaQQvzipdtlcTotgr5SuE2LvSx0gz/bg1U3u1eQ+
+U5eqsxaEUceaX5p5Kk+QflvW8qdjVNxQuYS5uc0gK2+OZnlIYxCf4n5GYGzVIx3Q
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+4e1EeB9xwb+tXXXUo/6Bor/AcUNwfiQ6Zt9PZOK9sR3lMZSsP7rMi7kzuQJABie6
+1sXXjFH7nNJvRG4S39cIxq8YRYTy68II/dlB2QzGpKxV/POCxbJ/zu0CU79tuYK7
+NaeNCFfH3aeTrX0LyQJAMBWjWmeKM2G2sCExheeQK0ROnaBC8itCECD4Jsve4nqf
+r50+LF74iLXFwqysVCebPKMOpDWp/qQ1BbJQIPs7/A==
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""))
+
+intermediate_server_cert_pem = b("""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIICWDCCAcGgAwIBAgIRAPQFY9jfskSihdiNSNdt6GswDQYJKoZIhvcNAQENBQAw
+ZjEVMBMGA1UEAxMMaW50ZXJtZWRpYXRlMQwwCgYDVQQKEwNvcmcxETAPBgNVBAsT
+CG9yZy11bml0MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzELMAkGA1UECBMCQ0ExEjAQBgNVBAcTCVNh
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++kRuGT5OfyGggL95i2xqA+zehjj08lSTlvGHpePJgCyTavIy5+Ljsj4DKnKyuhxm
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+3bfAtV7eSAqBsfxYXyof7G1ALANQERkq3+oyLP1iVt08W1WOUlIMPhdCF/QuCwy6
+x9MJLhUCGLJPM+O2rAPWVD9wCmvq10ALsiH3yA==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+""")
+
+intermediate_server_key_pem = b("""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIICXAIBAAKBgQCqklnKB37DV9os6vWI4CZsGHHlJlZxMJn9mMdBMkzsa49PrbhC
+SqyLEWCFEp0NE7CnCcA/uAxG6QuqLLj6RG4ZPk5/IaCAv3mLbGoD7N6GOPTyVJOW
+8Yel48mALJNq8jLn4uOyPgMqcrK6HGZuJdNGsfzc0OCLFWQ5tMSaH85UrQIDAQAB
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+nMRZbbQgP+aSB7yl6K0gaLaZ8XaK0pjxNBh6ASqg9f4=
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+""")
+
+client_cert_pem = b("""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIICJjCCAY+gAwIBAgIJAKxpFI5lODkjMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMFgxCzAJBgNV
+BAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIEwJJTDEQMA4GA1UEBxMHQ2hpY2FnbzEQMA4GA1UEChMH
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+PSTJCjJOn3xo2NTKRgV1gaoTf2EhL+RG8TQ=
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+""")
+
+client_key_pem = normalize_privatekey_pem(b("""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIICXgIBAAKBgQDAZh/SRtNm5ntMT4qb6YzEpTroMlq2rn+GrRHRiZ+xkCw/CGNh
+btPir7/QxaUj26BSmQrHw1bGKEbPsWiW7bdXSespl+xKiku4G/KvnnmWdeJHqsiX
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+TC6vE8C7AkEA0Ee8CMJUc20BnGEmxwgWcVuqFWaKCo8jTH1X38FlATUsyR3krjW2
+dL3yDD9NwHxsYP7nTKp/U8MV7U9IBn4y/wJBAJl7H0/BcLeRmuJk7IqJ7b635iYB
+D/9beFUw3MUXmQXZUfyYz39xf6CDZsu1GEdEC5haykeln3Of4M9d/4Kj+FcCQQCY
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+f6GGcfNpip0Uk7q7udTKuX7Q/buZi/C4YW7u3VKAquv9NA==
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""))
+
+cleartextCertificatePEM = b("""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIC7TCCAlagAwIBAgIIPQzE4MbeufQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwWDELMAkGA1UE
+BhMCVVMxCzAJBgNVBAgTAklMMRAwDgYDVQQHEwdDaGljYWdvMRAwDgYDVQQKEwdU
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+ZXN0aW5nIFJvb3QgQ0EwgZ8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAPmaQumL
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+FINVdy1eIfFJDAkk51QJEo3IfgSuMIGIBgNVHSMEgYAwfoAUg1V3LV4h8UkMCSTn
+VAkSjch+BK6hXKRaMFgxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIEwJJTDEQMA4GA1UE
+BxMHQ2hpY2FnbzEQMA4GA1UEChMHVGVzdGluZzEYMBYGA1UEAxMPVGVzdGluZyBS
+b290IENBggg9DMTgxt659DAMBgNVHRMEBTADAQH/MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4GB
+AGGCDazMJGoWNBpc03u6+smc95dEead2KlZXBATOdFT1VesY3+nUOqZhEhTGlDMi
+hkgaZnzoIq/Uamidegk4hirsCT/R+6vsKAAxNTcBjUeZjlykCJWy5ojShGftXIKY
+w/njVbKMXrvc83qmTdGl3TAM0fxQIpqgcglFLveEBgzn
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+""")
+
+cleartextPrivateKeyPEM = normalize_privatekey_pem(b("""\
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""))
+
+cleartextCertificateRequestPEM = b("""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
+""")
+
+encryptedPrivateKeyPEM = b("""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
+DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,9573604A18579E9E
+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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+""")
+
+encryptedPrivateKeyPEMPassphrase = b("foobar")
+
+# Some PKCS#7 stuff.  Generated with the openssl command line:
+#
+#    openssl crl2pkcs7 -inform pem -outform pem -certfile s.pem -nocrl
+#
+# with a certificate and key (but the key should be irrelevant) in s.pem
+pkcs7Data = b("""\
+-----BEGIN PKCS7-----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+-----END PKCS7-----
+""")
+
+pkcs7DataASN1 = base64.b64decode(b"""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+""")
+
+crlData = b("""\
+-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----
+MIIBWzCBxTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFADBYMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzELMAkGA1UECBMC
+SUwxEDAOBgNVBAcTB0NoaWNhZ28xEDAOBgNVBAoTB1Rlc3RpbmcxGDAWBgNVBAMT
+D1Rlc3RpbmcgUm9vdCBDQRcNMDkwNzI2MDQzNDU2WhcNMTIwOTI3MDI0MTUyWjA8
+MBUCAgOrGA8yMDA5MDcyNTIzMzQ1NlowIwICAQAYDzIwMDkwNzI1MjMzNDU2WjAM
+MAoGA1UdFQQDCgEEMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBAUAA4GBAEBt7xTs2htdD3d4ErrcGAw1
+4dKcVnIWTutoI7xxen26Wwvh8VCsT7i/UeP+rBl9rC/kfjWjzQk3/zleaarGTpBT
+0yp4HXRFFoRhhSE/hP+eteaPXRgrsNRLHe9ZDd69wmh7J1wMDb0m81RG7kqcbsid
+vrzEeLDRiiPl92dyyWmu
+-----END X509 CRL-----
+""")
+
+
+# A broken RSA private key which can be used to test the error path through
+# PKey.check.
+inconsistentPrivateKeyPEM = b("""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIIBPAIBAAJBAKy+e3dulvXzV7zoTZWc5TzgApr8DmeQHTYC8ydfzH7EECe4R1Xh
+5kwIzOuuFfn178FBiS84gngaNcrFi0Z5fAkCAwEaAQJBAIqm/bz4NA1H++Vx5Ewx
+OcKp3w19QSaZAwlGRtsUxrP7436QjnREM3Bm8ygU11BjkPVmtrKm6AayQfCHqJoT
+zIECIQDW0BoMoL0HOYM/mrTLhaykYAVqgIeJsPjvkEhTFXWBuQIhAM3deFAvWNu4
+nklUQ37XsCT2c9tmNt1LAT+slG2JOTTRAiAuXDtC/m3NYVwyHfFm+zKHRzHkClk2
+HjubeEgjpj32AQIhAJqMGTaZVOwevTXvvHwNeH+vRWsAYU/gbx+OQB+7VOcBAiEA
+oolb6NMg/R3enNPvS1O4UU1H8wpaF77L4yiSWlE0p4w=
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+""")
+
+# certificate with NULL bytes in subjectAltName and common name
+
+nulbyteSubjectAltNamePEM = b("""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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=
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----""")
+
+
+class X509ExtTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:class:`OpenSSL.crypto.X509Extension`.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """
+        Create a new private key and start a certificate request (for a test
+        method to finish in one way or another).
+        """
+        super(X509ExtTests, self).setUp()
+        # Basic setup stuff to generate a certificate
+        self.pkey = PKey()
+        self.pkey.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 384)
+        self.req = X509Req()
+        self.req.set_pubkey(self.pkey)
+        # Authority good you have.
+        self.req.get_subject().commonName = "Yoda root CA"
+        self.x509 = X509()
+        self.subject = self.x509.get_subject()
+        self.subject.commonName = self.req.get_subject().commonName
+        self.x509.set_issuer(self.subject)
+        self.x509.set_pubkey(self.pkey)
+        now = datetime.now()
+        expire = datetime.now() + timedelta(days=100)
+        self.x509.set_notBefore(now.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ").encode())
+        self.x509.set_notAfter(expire.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ").encode())
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        """
+        Forget all of the pyOpenSSL objects so they can be garbage collected,
+        their memory released, and not interfere with the leak detection code.
+        """
+        self.pkey = self.req = self.x509 = self.subject = None
+        super(X509ExtTests, self).tearDown()
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        """
+        The string representation of :py:class:`X509Extension` instances as
+        returned by :py:data:`str` includes stuff.
+        """
+        # This isn't necessarily the best string representation.  Perhaps it
+        # will be changed/improved in the future.
+        self.assertEquals(
+            str(X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:false'))),
+            'CA:FALSE')
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:class:`X509Extension` and :py:class:`X509ExtensionType` refer to
+        the same type object and can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        self.assertIdentical(X509Extension, X509ExtensionType)
+        self.assertConsistentType(
+            X509Extension,
+            'X509Extension', b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:true'))
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        :py:class:`X509Extension` accepts an extension type name, a critical
+        flag, and an extension value and returns an
+        :py:class:`X509ExtensionType` instance.
+        """
+        basic = X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:true'))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            isinstance(basic, X509ExtensionType),
+            "%r is of type %r, should be %r" % (
+                basic, type(basic), X509ExtensionType))
+
+        comment = X509Extension(
+            b('nsComment'), False, b('pyOpenSSL unit test'))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            isinstance(comment, X509ExtensionType),
+            "%r is of type %r, should be %r" % (
+                comment, type(comment), X509ExtensionType))
+
+    def test_invalid_extension(self):
+        """
+        :py:class:`X509Extension` raises something if it is passed a bad
+        extension name or value.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(
+            Error, X509Extension, b('thisIsMadeUp'), False, b('hi'))
+        self.assertRaises(
+            Error, X509Extension, b('basicConstraints'), False, b('blah blah'))
+
+        # Exercise a weird one (an extension which uses the r2i method).  This
+        # exercises the codepath that requires a non-NULL ctx to be passed to
+        # X509V3_EXT_nconf.  It can't work now because we provide no
+        # configuration database.  It might be made to work in the future.
+        self.assertRaises(
+            Error, X509Extension, b('proxyCertInfo'), True,
+            b('language:id-ppl-anyLanguage,pathlen:1,policy:text:AB'))
+
+    def test_get_critical(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509ExtensionType.get_critical` returns the value of the
+        extension's critical flag.
+        """
+        ext = X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:true'))
+        self.assertTrue(ext.get_critical())
+        ext = X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), False, b('CA:true'))
+        self.assertFalse(ext.get_critical())
+
+    def test_get_short_name(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509ExtensionType.get_short_name` returns a string giving the
+        short type name of the extension.
+        """
+        ext = X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:true'))
+        self.assertEqual(ext.get_short_name(), b('basicConstraints'))
+        ext = X509Extension(b('nsComment'), True, b('foo bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(ext.get_short_name(), b('nsComment'))
+
+    def test_get_data(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509Extension.get_data` returns a string giving the data of
+        the extension.
+        """
+        ext = X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:true'))
+        # Expect to get back the DER encoded form of CA:true.
+        self.assertEqual(ext.get_data(), b('0\x03\x01\x01\xff'))
+
+    def test_get_data_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509Extension.get_data` raises :py:exc:`TypeError` if passed
+        any arguments.
+        """
+        ext = X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:true'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ext.get_data, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ext.get_data, "foo")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ext.get_data, 7)
+
+    def test_unused_subject(self):
+        """
+        The :py:data:`subject` parameter to :py:class:`X509Extension` may be
+        provided for an extension which does not use it and is ignored in this
+        case.
+        """
+        ext1 = X509Extension(
+            b('basicConstraints'), False, b('CA:TRUE'), subject=self.x509)
+        self.x509.add_extensions([ext1])
+        self.x509.sign(self.pkey, 'sha1')
+        # This is a little lame.  Can we think of a better way?
+        text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, self.x509)
+        self.assertTrue(b('X509v3 Basic Constraints:') in text)
+        self.assertTrue(b('CA:TRUE') in text)
+
+    def test_subject(self):
+        """
+        If an extension requires a subject, the :py:data:`subject` parameter to
+        :py:class:`X509Extension` provides its value.
+        """
+        ext3 = X509Extension(
+            b('subjectKeyIdentifier'), False, b('hash'), subject=self.x509)
+        self.x509.add_extensions([ext3])
+        self.x509.sign(self.pkey, 'sha1')
+        text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, self.x509)
+        self.assertTrue(b('X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:') in text)
+
+    def test_missing_subject(self):
+        """
+        If an extension requires a subject and the :py:data:`subject` parameter
+        is given no value, something happens.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(
+            Error, X509Extension, b('subjectKeyIdentifier'), False, b('hash'))
+
+    def test_invalid_subject(self):
+        """
+        If the :py:data:`subject` parameter is given a value which is not an
+        :py:class:`X509` instance, :py:exc:`TypeError` is raised.
+        """
+        for badObj in [True, object(), "hello", [], self]:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                TypeError,
+                X509Extension,
+                'basicConstraints', False, 'CA:TRUE', subject=badObj)
+
+    def test_unused_issuer(self):
+        """
+        The :py:data:`issuer` parameter to :py:class:`X509Extension` may be
+        provided for an extension which does not use it and is ignored in this
+        case.
+        """
+        ext1 = X509Extension(
+            b('basicConstraints'), False, b('CA:TRUE'), issuer=self.x509)
+        self.x509.add_extensions([ext1])
+        self.x509.sign(self.pkey, 'sha1')
+        text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, self.x509)
+        self.assertTrue(b('X509v3 Basic Constraints:') in text)
+        self.assertTrue(b('CA:TRUE') in text)
+
+    def test_issuer(self):
+        """
+        If an extension requires an issuer, the :py:data:`issuer` parameter to
+        :py:class:`X509Extension` provides its value.
+        """
+        ext2 = X509Extension(
+            b('authorityKeyIdentifier'), False, b('issuer:always'),
+            issuer=self.x509)
+        self.x509.add_extensions([ext2])
+        self.x509.sign(self.pkey, 'sha1')
+        text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, self.x509)
+        self.assertTrue(b('X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:') in text)
+        self.assertTrue(b('DirName:/CN=Yoda root CA') in text)
+
+    def test_missing_issuer(self):
+        """
+        If an extension requires an issue and the :py:data:`issuer` parameter
+        is given no value, something happens.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(
+            Error,
+            X509Extension,
+            b('authorityKeyIdentifier'), False,
+            b('keyid:always,issuer:always'))
+
+    def test_invalid_issuer(self):
+        """
+        If the :py:data:`issuer` parameter is given a value which is not an
+        :py:class:`X509` instance, :py:exc:`TypeError` is raised.
+        """
+        for badObj in [True, object(), "hello", [], self]:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                TypeError,
+                X509Extension,
+                'authorityKeyIdentifier', False, 'keyid:always,issuer:always',
+                issuer=badObj)
+
+
+class PKeyTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Unit tests for :py:class:`OpenSSL.crypto.PKey`.
+    """
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:class:`PKey` and :py:class:`PKeyType` refer to the same type object
+        and can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        self.assertIdentical(PKey, PKeyType)
+        self.assertConsistentType(PKey, 'PKey')
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        :py:class:`PKey` takes no arguments and returns a new :py:class:`PKey`
+        instance.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, PKey, None)
+        key = PKey()
+        self.assertTrue(
+            isinstance(key, PKeyType),
+            "%r is of type %r, should be %r" % (key, type(key), PKeyType))
+
+    def test_pregeneration(self):
+        """
+        :py:attr:`PKeyType.bits` and :py:attr:`PKeyType.type` return
+        :py:data:`0` before the key is generated.  :py:attr:`PKeyType.check`
+        raises :py:exc:`TypeError` before the key is generated.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        self.assertEqual(key.type(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(key.bits(), 0)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, key.check)
+
+    def test_failedGeneration(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`PKeyType.generate_key` takes two arguments, the first giving
+        the key type as one of :py:data:`TYPE_RSA` or :py:data:`TYPE_DSA` and
+        the second giving the number of bits to generate.  If an invalid type
+        is specified or generation fails, :py:exc:`Error` is raised.  If an
+        invalid number of bits is specified, :py:exc:`ValueError` or
+        :py:exc:`Error` is raised.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, key.generate_key)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, key.generate_key, 1, 2, 3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, key.generate_key, "foo", "bar")
+        self.assertRaises(Error, key.generate_key, -1, 0)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, key.generate_key, TYPE_RSA, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, key.generate_key, TYPE_RSA, 0)
+
+        # XXX RSA generation for small values of bits is fairly buggy in a wide
+        # range of OpenSSL versions.  I need to figure out what the safe lower
+        # bound for a reasonable number of OpenSSL versions is and explicitly
+        # check for that in the wrapper.  The failure behavior is typically an
+        # infinite loop inside OpenSSL.
+
+        # self.assertRaises(Error, key.generate_key, TYPE_RSA, 2)
+
+        # XXX DSA generation seems happy with any number of bits.  The DSS
+        # says bits must be between 512 and 1024 inclusive.  OpenSSL's DSA
+        # generator doesn't seem to care about the upper limit at all.  For
+        # the lower limit, it uses 512 if anything smaller is specified.
+        # So, it doesn't seem possible to make generate_key fail for
+        # TYPE_DSA with a bits argument which is at least an int.
+
+        # self.assertRaises(Error, key.generate_key, TYPE_DSA, -7)
+
+    def test_rsaGeneration(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`PKeyType.generate_key` generates an RSA key when passed
+        :py:data:`TYPE_RSA` as a type and a reasonable number of bits.
+        """
+        bits = 128
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, bits)
+        self.assertEqual(key.type(), TYPE_RSA)
+        self.assertEqual(key.bits(), bits)
+        self.assertTrue(key.check())
+
+    def test_dsaGeneration(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`PKeyType.generate_key` generates a DSA key when passed
+        :py:data:`TYPE_DSA` as a type and a reasonable number of bits.
+        """
+        # 512 is a magic number.  The DSS (Digital Signature Standard)
+        # allows a minimum of 512 bits for DSA.  DSA_generate_parameters
+        # will silently promote any value below 512 to 512.
+        bits = 512
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_DSA, bits)
+        # self.assertEqual(key.type(), TYPE_DSA)
+        # self.assertEqual(key.bits(), bits)
+        # self.assertRaises(TypeError, key.check)
+
+    def test_regeneration(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`PKeyType.generate_key` can be called multiple times on the
+        same key to generate new keys.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        for type, bits in [(TYPE_RSA, 512), (TYPE_DSA, 576)]:
+            key.generate_key(type, bits)
+            self.assertEqual(key.type(), type)
+            self.assertEqual(key.bits(), bits)
+
+    def test_inconsistentKey(self):
+        """
+        :py:`PKeyType.check` returns :py:exc:`Error` if the key is not
+        consistent.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, inconsistentPrivateKeyPEM)
+        self.assertRaises(Error, key.check)
+
+    def test_check_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`PKeyType.check` raises :py:exc:`TypeError` if called with any
+        arguments.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, PKey().check, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, PKey().check, object())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, PKey().check, 1)
+
+    def test_check_public_key(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`PKeyType.check` raises :py:exc:`TypeError` if only the public
+        part of the key is available.
+        """
+        # A trick to get a public-only key
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        cert = X509()
+        cert.set_pubkey(key)
+        pub = cert.get_pubkey()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pub.check)
+
+
+class X509NameTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Unit tests for :py:class:`OpenSSL.crypto.X509Name`.
+    """
+
+    def _x509name(self, **attrs):
+        # XXX There's no other way to get a new X509Name yet.
+        name = X509().get_subject()
+        attrs = list(attrs.items())
+
+        # Make the order stable - order matters!
+        def key(attr):
+            return attr[1]
+        attrs.sort(key=key)
+        for k, v in attrs:
+            setattr(name, k, v)
+        return name
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        The type of X509Name objects is :py:class:`X509NameType`.
+        """
+        self.assertIdentical(X509Name, X509NameType)
+        self.assertEqual(X509NameType.__name__, 'X509Name')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(X509NameType, type))
+
+        name = self._x509name()
+        self.assertTrue(
+            isinstance(name, X509NameType),
+            "%r is of type %r, should be %r" % (
+                name, type(name), X509NameType))
+
+    def test_onlyStringAttributes(self):
+        """
+        Attempting to set a non-:py:data:`str` attribute name on an
+        :py:class:`X509NameType` instance causes :py:exc:`TypeError` to be
+        raised.
+        """
+        name = self._x509name()
+        # Beyond these cases, you may also think that unicode should be
+        # rejected.  Sorry, you're wrong.  unicode is automatically converted
+        # to str outside of the control of X509Name, so there's no way to
+        # reject it.
+
+        # Also, this used to test str subclasses, but that test is less
+        # relevant now that the implementation is in Python instead of C.  Also
+        # PyPy automatically converts str subclasses to str when they are
+        # passed to setattr, so we can't test it on PyPy.  Apparently CPython
+        # does this sometimes as well.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, name, None, "hello")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, name, 30, "hello")
+
+    def test_setInvalidAttribute(self):
+        """
+        Attempting to set any attribute name on an :py:class:`X509NameType`
+        instance for which no corresponding NID is defined causes
+        :py:exc:`AttributeError` to be raised.
+        """
+        name = self._x509name()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, name, "no such thing", None)
+
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        """
+        :py:class:`X509NameType` instances have attributes for each standard
+        (?) X509Name field.
+        """
+        name = self._x509name()
+        name.commonName = "foo"
+        self.assertEqual(name.commonName, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(name.CN, "foo")
+        name.CN = "baz"
+        self.assertEqual(name.commonName, "baz")
+        self.assertEqual(name.CN, "baz")
+        name.commonName = "bar"
+        self.assertEqual(name.commonName, "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(name.CN, "bar")
+        name.CN = "quux"
+        self.assertEqual(name.commonName, "quux")
+        self.assertEqual(name.CN, "quux")
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        """
+        :py:class:`X509Name` creates a new :py:class:`X509NameType` instance
+        with all the same attributes as an existing :py:class:`X509NameType`
+        instance when called with one.
+        """
+        name = self._x509name(commonName="foo", emailAddress="bar@example.com")
+
+        copy = X509Name(name)
+        self.assertEqual(copy.commonName, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(copy.emailAddress, "bar@example.com")
+
+        # Mutate the copy and ensure the original is unmodified.
+        copy.commonName = "baz"
+        self.assertEqual(name.commonName, "foo")
+
+        # Mutate the original and ensure the copy is unmodified.
+        name.emailAddress = "quux@example.com"
+        self.assertEqual(copy.emailAddress, "bar@example.com")
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        """
+        :py:func:`repr` passed an :py:class:`X509NameType` instance should
+        return a string containing a description of the type and the NIDs which
+        have been set on it.
+        """
+        name = self._x509name(commonName="foo", emailAddress="bar")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(name),
+            "<X509Name object '/emailAddress=bar/CN=foo'>")
+
+    def test_comparison(self):
+        """
+        :py:class:`X509NameType` instances should compare based on their NIDs.
+        """
+        def _equality(a, b, assertTrue, assertFalse):
+            assertTrue(a == b, "(%r == %r) --> False" % (a, b))
+            assertFalse(a != b)
+            assertTrue(b == a)
+            assertFalse(b != a)
+
+        def assertEqual(a, b):
+            _equality(a, b, self.assertTrue, self.assertFalse)
+
+        # Instances compare equal to themselves.
+        name = self._x509name()
+        assertEqual(name, name)
+
+        # Empty instances should compare equal to each other.
+        assertEqual(self._x509name(), self._x509name())
+
+        # Instances with equal NIDs should compare equal to each other.
+        assertEqual(self._x509name(commonName="foo"),
+                    self._x509name(commonName="foo"))
+
+        # Instance with equal NIDs set using different aliases should compare
+        # equal to each other.
+        assertEqual(self._x509name(commonName="foo"),
+                    self._x509name(CN="foo"))
+
+        # Instances with more than one NID with the same values should compare
+        # equal to each other.
+        assertEqual(self._x509name(CN="foo", organizationalUnitName="bar"),
+                    self._x509name(commonName="foo", OU="bar"))
+
+        def assertNotEqual(a, b):
+            _equality(a, b, self.assertFalse, self.assertTrue)
+
+        # Instances with different values for the same NID should not compare
+        # equal to each other.
+        assertNotEqual(self._x509name(CN="foo"),
+                       self._x509name(CN="bar"))
+
+        # Instances with different NIDs should not compare equal to each other.
+        assertNotEqual(self._x509name(CN="foo"),
+                       self._x509name(OU="foo"))
+
+        def _inequality(a, b, assertTrue, assertFalse):
+            assertTrue(a < b)
+            assertTrue(a <= b)
+            assertTrue(b > a)
+            assertTrue(b >= a)
+            assertFalse(a > b)
+            assertFalse(a >= b)
+            assertFalse(b < a)
+            assertFalse(b <= a)
+
+        def assertLessThan(a, b):
+            _inequality(a, b, self.assertTrue, self.assertFalse)
+
+        # An X509Name with a NID with a value which sorts less than the value
+        # of the same NID on another X509Name compares less than the other
+        # X509Name.
+        assertLessThan(self._x509name(CN="abc"),
+                       self._x509name(CN="def"))
+
+        def assertGreaterThan(a, b):
+            _inequality(a, b, self.assertFalse, self.assertTrue)
+
+        # An X509Name with a NID with a value which sorts greater than the
+        # value of the same NID on another X509Name compares greater than the
+        # other X509Name.
+        assertGreaterThan(self._x509name(CN="def"),
+                          self._x509name(CN="abc"))
+
+    def test_hash(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509Name.hash` returns an integer hash based on the value of
+        the name.
+        """
+        a = self._x509name(CN="foo")
+        b = self._x509name(CN="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(a.hash(), b.hash())
+        a.CN = "bar"
+        self.assertNotEqual(a.hash(), b.hash())
+
+    def test_der(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509Name.der` returns the DER encoded form of the name.
+        """
+        a = self._x509name(CN="foo", C="US")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            a.der(),
+            b('0\x1b1\x0b0\t\x06\x03U\x04\x06\x13\x02US'
+              '1\x0c0\n\x06\x03U\x04\x03\x0c\x03foo'))
+
+    def test_get_components(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509Name.get_components` returns a :py:data:`list` of
+        two-tuples of :py:data:`str`
+        giving the NIDs and associated values which make up the name.
+        """
+        a = self._x509name()
+        self.assertEqual(a.get_components(), [])
+        a.CN = "foo"
+        self.assertEqual(a.get_components(), [(b("CN"), b("foo"))])
+        a.organizationalUnitName = "bar"
+        self.assertEqual(
+            a.get_components(),
+            [(b("CN"), b("foo")), (b("OU"), b("bar"))])
+
+    def test_load_nul_byte_attribute(self):
+        """
+        An :py:class:`OpenSSL.crypto.X509Name` from an
+        :py:class:`OpenSSL.crypto.X509` instance loaded from a file can have a
+        NUL byte in the value of one of its attributes.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, nulbyteSubjectAltNamePEM)
+        subject = cert.get_subject()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "null.python.org\x00example.org", subject.commonName)
+
+    def test_setAttributeFailure(self):
+        """
+        If the value of an attribute cannot be set for some reason then
+        :py:class:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error` is raised.
+        """
+        name = self._x509name()
+        # This value is too long
+        self.assertRaises(Error, setattr, name, "O", b"x" * 512)
+
+
+class _PKeyInteractionTestsMixin:
+    """
+    Tests which involve another thing and a PKey.
+    """
+
+    def signable(self):
+        """
+        Return something with a :py:meth:`set_pubkey`, :py:meth:`set_pubkey`,
+        and :py:meth:`sign` method.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def test_signWithUngenerated(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509Req.sign` raises :py:exc:`ValueError` when pass a
+        :py:class:`PKey` with no parts.
+        """
+        request = self.signable()
+        key = PKey()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, request.sign, key, GOOD_DIGEST)
+
+    def test_signWithPublicKey(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509Req.sign` raises :py:exc:`ValueError` when pass a
+        :py:class:`PKey` with no private part as the signing key.
+        """
+        request = self.signable()
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        request.set_pubkey(key)
+        pub = request.get_pubkey()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, request.sign, pub, GOOD_DIGEST)
+
+    def test_signWithUnknownDigest(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509Req.sign` raises :py:exc:`ValueError` when passed a
+        digest name which is not known.
+        """
+        request = self.signable()
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, request.sign, key, BAD_DIGEST)
+
+    def test_sign(self):
+        """
+        :py:meth:`X509Req.sign` succeeds when passed a private key object and a
+        valid digest function. :py:meth:`X509Req.verify` can be used to check
+        the signature.
+        """
+        request = self.signable()
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        request.set_pubkey(key)
+        request.sign(key, GOOD_DIGEST)
+        # If the type has a verify method, cover that too.
+        if getattr(request, 'verify', None) is not None:
+            pub = request.get_pubkey()
+            self.assertTrue(request.verify(pub))
+            # Make another key that won't verify.
+            key = PKey()
+            key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+            self.assertRaises(Error, request.verify, key)
+
+
+class X509ReqTests(TestCase, _PKeyInteractionTestsMixin):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:class:`OpenSSL.crypto.X509Req`.
+    """
+
+    def signable(self):
+        """
+        Create and return a new :py:class:`X509Req`.
+        """
+        return X509Req()
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Req` and :py:obj:`X509ReqType` refer to the same type
+        object and can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        self.assertIdentical(X509Req, X509ReqType)
+        self.assertConsistentType(X509Req, 'X509Req')
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Req` takes no arguments and returns an
+        :py:obj:`X509ReqType` instance.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        assert isinstance(request, X509ReqType)
+
+    def test_version(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509ReqType.set_version` sets the X.509 version of the
+        certificate request. :py:obj:`X509ReqType.get_version` returns the
+        X.509 version of the certificate request. The initial value of the
+        version is 0.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_version(), 0)
+        request.set_version(1)
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_version(), 1)
+        request.set_version(3)
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_version(), 3)
+
+    def test_version_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509ReqType.set_version` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called
+        with the wrong number of arguments or with a non-:py:obj:`int`
+        argument. :py:obj:`X509ReqType.get_version` raises :py:obj:`TypeError`
+        if called with any arguments.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.set_version)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.set_version, "foo")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.set_version, 1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.get_version, None)
+
+    def test_get_subject(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509ReqType.get_subject` returns an :py:obj:`X509Name` for the
+        subject of the request and which is valid even after the request object
+        is otherwise dead.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        subject = request.get_subject()
+        assert isinstance(subject, X509NameType)
+        subject.commonName = "foo"
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_subject().commonName, "foo")
+        del request
+        subject.commonName = "bar"
+        self.assertEqual(subject.commonName, "bar")
+
+    def test_get_subject_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509ReqType.get_subject` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called
+        with any arguments.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.get_subject, None)
+
+    def test_add_extensions(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Req.add_extensions` accepts a :py:obj:`list` of
+        :py:obj:`X509Extension` instances and adds them to the X509 request.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        request.add_extensions([
+            X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:false'))])
+        exts = request.get_extensions()
+        self.assertEqual(len(exts), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(exts[0].get_short_name(), b('basicConstraints'))
+        self.assertEqual(exts[0].get_critical(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(exts[0].get_data(), b('0\x00'))
+
+    def test_get_extensions(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Req.get_extensions` returns a :py:obj:`list` of
+        extensions added to this X509 request.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        exts = request.get_extensions()
+        self.assertEqual(exts, [])
+        request.add_extensions([
+            X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:true')),
+            X509Extension(b('keyUsage'), False, b('digitalSignature'))])
+        exts = request.get_extensions()
+        self.assertEqual(len(exts), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(exts[0].get_short_name(), b('basicConstraints'))
+        self.assertEqual(exts[0].get_critical(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(exts[0].get_data(), b('0\x03\x01\x01\xff'))
+        self.assertEqual(exts[1].get_short_name(), b('keyUsage'))
+        self.assertEqual(exts[1].get_critical(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(exts[1].get_data(), b('\x03\x02\x07\x80'))
+
+    def test_add_extensions_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Req.add_extensions` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called
+        with the wrong number of arguments or with a non-:py:obj:`list`.  Or it
+        raises :py:obj:`ValueError` if called with a :py:obj:`list` containing
+        objects other than :py:obj:`X509Extension` instances.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.add_extensions)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.add_extensions, object())
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, request.add_extensions, [object()])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.add_extensions, [], None)
+
+    def test_verify_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Req.verify` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called with zero
+        arguments or more than one argument or if passed anything other than a
+        :py:obj:`PKey` instance as its single argument.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.verify)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.verify, object())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, request.verify, PKey(), object())
+
+    def test_verify_uninitialized_key(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Req.verify` raises :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error` if
+        called with a :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.PKey` which contains no key data.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        pkey = PKey()
+        self.assertRaises(Error, request.verify, pkey)
+
+    def test_verify_wrong_key(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Req.verify` raises :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error` if
+        called with a :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.PKey` which does not represent
+        the public part of the key which signed the request.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        request.sign(pkey, GOOD_DIGEST)
+        another_pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, client_key_pem)
+        self.assertRaises(Error, request.verify, another_pkey)
+
+    def test_verify_success(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Req.verify` returns :py:obj:`True` if called with a
+        :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.PKey` which represents the public part of the
+        key which signed the request.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        request.sign(pkey, GOOD_DIGEST)
+        self.assertEqual(True, request.verify(pkey))
+
+
+class X509Tests(TestCase, _PKeyInteractionTestsMixin):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.X509`.
+    """
+    pemData = cleartextCertificatePEM + cleartextPrivateKeyPEM
+
+    extpem = """
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIC3jCCAkegAwIBAgIJAJHFjlcCgnQzMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMEcxCzAJBgNV
+BAYTAlNFMRUwEwYDVQQIEwxXZXN0ZXJib3R0b20xEjAQBgNVBAoTCUNhdGFsb2dp
+eDENMAsGA1UEAxMEUm9vdDAeFw0wODA0MjIxNDQ1MzhaFw0wOTA0MjIxNDQ1Mzha
+MFQxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlNFMQswCQYDVQQIEwJXQjEUMBIGA1UEChMLT3Blbk1ldGFk
+aXIxIjAgBgNVBAMTGW5vZGUxLm9tMi5vcGVubWV0YWRpci5vcmcwgZ8wDQYJKoZI
+hvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAPIcQMrwbk2nESF/0JKibj9i1x95XYAOwP+LarwT
+Op4EQbdlI9SY+uqYqlERhF19w7CS+S6oyqx0DRZSk4Y9dZ9j9/xgm2u/f136YS1u
+zgYFPvfUs6PqYLPSM8Bw+SjJ+7+2+TN+Tkiof9WP1cMjodQwOmdsiRbR0/J7+b1B
+hec1AgMBAAGjgcQwgcEwCQYDVR0TBAIwADAsBglghkgBhvhCAQ0EHxYdT3BlblNT
+TCBHZW5lcmF0ZWQgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGUwHQYDVR0OBBYEFIdHsBcMVVMbAO7j6NCj
+03HgLnHaMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFL2h9Bf9Mre4vTdOiHTGAt7BRY/8MEYGA1UdEQQ/
+MD2CDSouZXhhbXBsZS5vcmeCESoub20yLmV4bWFwbGUuY29thwSC7wgKgRNvbTJA
+b3Blbm1ldGFkaXIub3JnMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4GBALd7WdXkp2KvZ7/PuWZA
+MPlIxyjS+Ly11+BNE0xGQRp9Wz+2lABtpgNqssvU156+HkKd02rGheb2tj7MX9hG
+uZzbwDAZzJPjzDQDD7d3cWsrVcfIdqVU7epHqIadnOF+X0ghJ39pAm6VVadnSXCt
+WpOdIpB8KksUTCzV591Nr1wd
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+    """
+
+    def signable(self):
+        """
+        Create and return a new :py:obj:`X509`.
+        """
+        return X509()
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509` and :py:obj:`X509Type` refer to the same type object and
+        can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        self.assertIdentical(X509, X509Type)
+        self.assertConsistentType(X509, 'X509')
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509` takes no arguments and returns an instance of
+        :py:obj:`X509Type`.
+        """
+        certificate = X509()
+        self.assertTrue(
+            isinstance(certificate, X509Type),
+            "%r is of type %r, should be %r" % (certificate,
+                                                type(certificate),
+                                                X509Type))
+        self.assertEqual(type(X509Type).__name__, 'type')
+        self.assertEqual(type(certificate).__name__, 'X509')
+        self.assertEqual(type(certificate), X509Type)
+        self.assertEqual(type(certificate), X509)
+
+    def test_get_version_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_version` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if invoked with
+        any arguments.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.get_version, None)
+
+    def test_set_version_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.set_version` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if invoked with
+        the wrong number of arguments or an argument not of type :py:obj:`int`.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.set_version)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.set_version, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.set_version, 1, None)
+
+    def test_version(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.set_version` sets the certificate version number.
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_version` retrieves it.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        cert.set_version(1234)
+        self.assertEquals(cert.get_version(), 1234)
+
+    def test_get_serial_number_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_serial_number` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if invoked
+        with any arguments.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.get_serial_number, None)
+
+    def test_serial_number(self):
+        """
+        The serial number of an :py:obj:`X509Type` can be retrieved and
+        modified with :py:obj:`X509Type.get_serial_number` and
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.set_serial_number`.
+        """
+        certificate = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, certificate.set_serial_number)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, certificate.set_serial_number, 1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, certificate.set_serial_number, "1")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, certificate.set_serial_number, 5.5)
+        self.assertEqual(certificate.get_serial_number(), 0)
+        certificate.set_serial_number(1)
+        self.assertEqual(certificate.get_serial_number(), 1)
+        certificate.set_serial_number(2 ** 32 + 1)
+        self.assertEqual(certificate.get_serial_number(), 2 ** 32 + 1)
+        certificate.set_serial_number(2 ** 64 + 1)
+        self.assertEqual(certificate.get_serial_number(), 2 ** 64 + 1)
+        certificate.set_serial_number(2 ** 128 + 1)
+        self.assertEqual(certificate.get_serial_number(), 2 ** 128 + 1)
+
+    def _setBoundTest(self, which):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.set_notBefore` takes a string in the format of an
+        ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME and sets the beginning of the certificate's
+        validity period to it.
+        """
+        certificate = X509()
+        set = getattr(certificate, 'set_not' + which)
+        get = getattr(certificate, 'get_not' + which)
+
+        # Starts with no value.
+        self.assertEqual(get(), None)
+
+        # GMT (Or is it UTC?) -exarkun
+        when = b("20040203040506Z")
+        set(when)
+        self.assertEqual(get(), when)
+
+        # A plus two hours and thirty minutes offset
+        when = b("20040203040506+0530")
+        set(when)
+        self.assertEqual(get(), when)
+
+        # A minus one hour fifteen minutes offset
+        when = b("20040203040506-0115")
+        set(when)
+        self.assertEqual(get(), when)
+
+        # An invalid string results in a ValueError
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, set, b("foo bar"))
+
+        # The wrong number of arguments results in a TypeError.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, set)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            set(b"20040203040506Z", b"20040203040506Z")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, get, b("foo bar"))
+
+    # XXX ASN1_TIME (not GENERALIZEDTIME)
+
+    def test_set_notBefore(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.set_notBefore` takes a string in the format of an
+        ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME and sets the beginning of the certificate's
+        validity period to it.
+        """
+        self._setBoundTest("Before")
+
+    def test_set_notAfter(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.set_notAfter` takes a string in the format of an ASN1
+        GENERALIZEDTIME and sets the end of the certificate's validity period
+        to it.
+        """
+        self._setBoundTest("After")
+
+    def test_get_notBefore(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.get_notBefore` returns a string in the format of an
+        ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME even for certificates which store it as UTCTIME
+        internally.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        self.assertEqual(cert.get_notBefore(), b("20090325123658Z"))
+
+    def test_get_notAfter(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.get_notAfter` returns a string in the format of an
+        ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME even for certificates which store it as UTCTIME
+        internally.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        self.assertEqual(cert.get_notAfter(), b("20170611123658Z"))
+
+    def test_gmtime_adj_notBefore_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.gmtime_adj_notBefore` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if
+        called with the wrong number of arguments or a non-:py:obj:`int`
+        argument.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore, 123, None)
+
+    def test_gmtime_adj_notBefore(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.gmtime_adj_notBefore` changes the not-before
+        timestamp to be the current time plus the number of seconds passed in.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        not_before_min = (
+            datetime.utcnow().replace(microsecond=0) + timedelta(seconds=100)
+        )
+        cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(100)
+        not_before = datetime.strptime(
+            cert.get_notBefore().decode(), "%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"
+        )
+        not_before_max = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=100)
+        self.assertTrue(not_before_min <= not_before <= not_before_max)
+
+    def test_gmtime_adj_notAfter_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.gmtime_adj_notAfter` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if
+        called with the wrong number of arguments or a non-:py:obj:`int`
+        argument.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter, 123, None)
+
+    def test_gmtime_adj_notAfter(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.gmtime_adj_notAfter` changes the not-after timestamp
+        to be the current time plus the number of seconds passed in.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        not_after_min = (
+            datetime.utcnow().replace(microsecond=0) + timedelta(seconds=100)
+        )
+        cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(100)
+        not_after = datetime.strptime(
+            cert.get_notAfter().decode(), "%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"
+        )
+        not_after_max = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=100)
+        self.assertTrue(not_after_min <= not_after <= not_after_max)
+
+    def test_has_expired_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.has_expired` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called
+        with any arguments.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.has_expired, None)
+
+    def test_has_expired(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.has_expired` returns :py:obj:`True` if the
+        certificate's not-after time is in the past.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(-1)
+        self.assertTrue(cert.has_expired())
+
+    def test_has_not_expired(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.has_expired` returns :py:obj:`False` if the
+        certificate's not-after time is in the future.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(2)
+        self.assertFalse(cert.has_expired())
+
+    def test_root_has_not_expired(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.has_expired` returns :py:obj:`False` if the
+        certificate's not-after time is in the future.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        self.assertFalse(cert.has_expired())
+
+    def test_digest(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.digest` returns a string giving ":"-separated hex-encoded
+        words of the digest of the certificate.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            # This is MD5 instead of GOOD_DIGEST because the digest algorithm
+            # actually matters to the assertion (ie, another arbitrary, good
+            # digest will not product the same digest).
+            # Digest verified with the command:
+            # openssl x509 -in root_cert.pem -noout -fingerprint -md5
+            cert.digest("MD5"),
+            b("19:B3:05:26:2B:F8:F2:FF:0B:8F:21:07:A8:28:B8:75"))
+
+    def _extcert(self, pkey, extensions):
+        cert = X509()
+        cert.set_pubkey(pkey)
+        cert.get_subject().commonName = "Unit Tests"
+        cert.get_issuer().commonName = "Unit Tests"
+        when = b(datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"))
+        cert.set_notBefore(when)
+        cert.set_notAfter(when)
+
+        cert.add_extensions(extensions)
+        cert.sign(pkey, 'sha1')
+        return load_certificate(
+            FILETYPE_PEM, dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert))
+
+    def test_extension_count(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_extension_count` returns the number of extensions
+        that are present in the certificate.
+        """
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, client_key_pem)
+        ca = X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:FALSE'))
+        key = X509Extension(b('keyUsage'), True, b('digitalSignature'))
+        subjectAltName = X509Extension(
+            b('subjectAltName'), True, b('DNS:example.com'))
+
+        # Try a certificate with no extensions at all.
+        c = self._extcert(pkey, [])
+        self.assertEqual(c.get_extension_count(), 0)
+
+        # And a certificate with one
+        c = self._extcert(pkey, [ca])
+        self.assertEqual(c.get_extension_count(), 1)
+
+        # And a certificate with several
+        c = self._extcert(pkey, [ca, key, subjectAltName])
+        self.assertEqual(c.get_extension_count(), 3)
+
+    def test_get_extension(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_extension` takes an integer and returns an
+        :py:obj:`X509Extension` corresponding to the extension at that index.
+        """
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, client_key_pem)
+        ca = X509Extension(b('basicConstraints'), True, b('CA:FALSE'))
+        key = X509Extension(b('keyUsage'), True, b('digitalSignature'))
+        subjectAltName = X509Extension(
+            b('subjectAltName'), False, b('DNS:example.com'))
+
+        cert = self._extcert(pkey, [ca, key, subjectAltName])
+
+        ext = cert.get_extension(0)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ext, X509Extension))
+        self.assertTrue(ext.get_critical())
+        self.assertEqual(ext.get_short_name(), b('basicConstraints'))
+
+        ext = cert.get_extension(1)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ext, X509Extension))
+        self.assertTrue(ext.get_critical())
+        self.assertEqual(ext.get_short_name(), b('keyUsage'))
+
+        ext = cert.get_extension(2)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ext, X509Extension))
+        self.assertFalse(ext.get_critical())
+        self.assertEqual(ext.get_short_name(), b('subjectAltName'))
+
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, cert.get_extension, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, cert.get_extension, 4)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.get_extension, "hello")
+
+    def test_nullbyte_subjectAltName(self):
+        """
+        The fields of a `subjectAltName` extension on an X509 may contain NUL
+        bytes and this value is reflected in the string representation of the
+        extension object.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, nulbyteSubjectAltNamePEM)
+
+        ext = cert.get_extension(3)
+        self.assertEqual(ext.get_short_name(), b('subjectAltName'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            b("DNS:altnull.python.org\x00example.com, "
+              "email:null@python.org\x00user@example.org, "
+              "URI:http://null.python.org\x00http://example.org, "
+              "IP Address:192.0.2.1, IP Address:2001:DB8:0:0:0:0:0:1\n"),
+            b(str(ext)))
+
+    def test_invalid_digest_algorithm(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.digest` raises :py:obj:`ValueError` if called with an
+        unrecognized hash algorithm.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, cert.digest, BAD_DIGEST)
+
+    def test_get_subject_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_subject` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called with
+        any arguments.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.get_subject, None)
+
+    def test_get_subject(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_subject` returns an :py:obj:`X509Name` instance.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        subj = cert.get_subject()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(subj, X509Name))
+        self.assertEquals(
+            subj.get_components(),
+            [(b('C'), b('US')), (b('ST'), b('IL')), (b('L'), b('Chicago')),
+             (b('O'), b('Testing')), (b('CN'), b('Testing Root CA'))])
+
+    def test_set_subject_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.set_subject` raises a :py:obj:`TypeError` if called with
+        the wrong number of arguments or an argument not of type
+        :py:obj:`X509Name`.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.set_subject)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.set_subject, None)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cert.set_subject(cert.get_subject(), None)
+
+    def test_set_subject(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.set_subject` changes the subject of the certificate to
+        the one passed in.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        name = cert.get_subject()
+        name.C = 'AU'
+        name.O = 'Unit Tests'
+        cert.set_subject(name)
+        self.assertEquals(
+            cert.get_subject().get_components(),
+            [(b('C'), b('AU')), (b('O'), b('Unit Tests'))])
+
+    def test_get_issuer_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_issuer` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called with any
+        arguments.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.get_issuer, None)
+
+    def test_get_issuer(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_issuer` returns an :py:obj:`X509Name` instance.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        subj = cert.get_issuer()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(subj, X509Name))
+        comp = subj.get_components()
+        self.assertEquals(
+            comp,
+            [(b('C'), b('US')), (b('ST'), b('IL')), (b('L'), b('Chicago')),
+             (b('O'), b('Testing')), (b('CN'), b('Testing Root CA'))])
+
+    def test_set_issuer_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.set_issuer` raises a :py:obj:`TypeError` if called with
+        the wrong number of arguments or an argument not of type
+        :py:obj:`X509Name`.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.set_issuer)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.set_issuer, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.set_issuer, cert.get_issuer(), None)
+
+    def test_set_issuer(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.set_issuer` changes the issuer of the certificate to the
+        one passed in.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        name = cert.get_issuer()
+        name.C = 'AU'
+        name.O = 'Unit Tests'
+        cert.set_issuer(name)
+        self.assertEquals(
+            cert.get_issuer().get_components(),
+            [(b('C'), b('AU')), (b('O'), b('Unit Tests'))])
+
+    def test_get_pubkey_uninitialized(self):
+        """
+        When called on a certificate with no public key,
+        :py:obj:`X509.get_pubkey` raises :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error`.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(Error, cert.get_pubkey)
+
+    def test_subject_name_hash_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.subject_name_hash` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called
+        with any arguments.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cert.subject_name_hash, None)
+
+    def test_subject_name_hash(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509.subject_name_hash` returns the hash of the certificate's
+        subject name.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        self.assertIn(
+            cert.subject_name_hash(),
+            [3350047874,  # OpenSSL 0.9.8, MD5
+             3278919224,  # OpenSSL 1.0.0, SHA1
+             ])
+
+    def test_get_signature_algorithm(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.get_signature_algorithm` returns a string which means
+        the algorithm used to sign the certificate.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            b("sha1WithRSAEncryption"), cert.get_signature_algorithm())
+
+    def test_get_undefined_signature_algorithm(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Type.get_signature_algorithm` raises :py:obj:`ValueError`
+        if the signature algorithm is undefined or unknown.
+        """
+        # This certificate has been modified to indicate a bogus OID in the
+        # signature algorithm field so that OpenSSL does not recognize it.
+        certPEM = b("""\
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+""")
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, certPEM)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, cert.get_signature_algorithm)
+
+
+class X509StoreTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Test for :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.X509Store`.
+    """
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509StoreType` is a type object.
+        """
+        self.assertIdentical(X509Store, X509StoreType)
+        self.assertConsistentType(X509Store, 'X509Store')
+
+    def test_add_cert_wrong_args(self):
+        store = X509Store()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, store.add_cert)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, store.add_cert, object())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, store.add_cert, X509(), object())
+
+    def test_add_cert(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Store.add_cert` adds a :py:obj:`X509` instance to the
+        certificate store.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(cert)
+
+    def test_add_cert_rejects_duplicate(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`X509Store.add_cert` raises :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error` if
+        an attempt is made to add the same certificate to the store more than
+        once.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(cert)
+        self.assertRaises(Error, store.add_cert, cert)
+
+
+class PKCS12Tests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Test for :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.PKCS12` and
+    :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.load_pkcs12`.
+    """
+    pemData = cleartextCertificatePEM + cleartextPrivateKeyPEM
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS12Type` is a type object.
+        """
+        self.assertIdentical(PKCS12, PKCS12Type)
+        self.assertConsistentType(PKCS12, 'PKCS12')
+
+    def test_empty_construction(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS12` returns a new instance of :py:obj:`PKCS12` with no
+        certificate, private key, CA certificates, or friendly name.
+        """
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_certificate())
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_privatekey())
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_ca_certificates())
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_friendlyname())
+
+    def test_type_errors(self):
+        """
+        The :py:obj:`PKCS12` setter functions (:py:obj:`set_certificate`,
+        :py:obj:`set_privatekey`, :py:obj:`set_ca_certificates`, and
+        :py:obj:`set_friendlyname`) raise :py:obj:`TypeError` when passed
+        objects of types other than those expected.
+        """
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_certificate, 3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_certificate, PKey())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_certificate, X509)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_privatekey, 3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_privatekey, 'legbone')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_privatekey, X509())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_ca_certificates, 3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_ca_certificates, X509())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_ca_certificates, (3, 4))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_ca_certificates, (PKey(),))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_friendlyname, 6)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p12.set_friendlyname, ('foo', 'bar'))
+
+    def test_key_only(self):
+        """
+        A :py:obj:`PKCS12` with only a private key can be exported using
+        :py:obj:`PKCS12.export` and loaded again using :py:obj:`load_pkcs12`.
+        """
+        passwd = b"blah"
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        p12.set_privatekey(pkey)
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_certificate())
+        self.assertEqual(pkey, p12.get_privatekey())
+        try:
+            dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=passwd, iter=2, maciter=3)
+        except Error:
+            # Some versions of OpenSSL will throw an exception
+            # for this nearly useless PKCS12 we tried to generate:
+            # [('PKCS12 routines', 'PKCS12_create', 'invalid null argument')]
+            return
+        p12 = load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passwd)
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_ca_certificates())
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_certificate())
+
+        # OpenSSL fails to bring the key back to us.  So sad.  Perhaps in the
+        # future this will be improved.
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(p12.get_privatekey(), (PKey, type(None))))
+
+    def test_cert_only(self):
+        """
+        A :py:obj:`PKCS12` with only a certificate can be exported using
+        :py:obj:`PKCS12.export` and loaded again using :py:obj:`load_pkcs12`.
+        """
+        passwd = b"blah"
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+        p12.set_certificate(cert)
+        self.assertEqual(cert, p12.get_certificate())
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_privatekey())
+        try:
+            dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=passwd, iter=2, maciter=3)
+        except Error:
+            # Some versions of OpenSSL will throw an exception
+            # for this nearly useless PKCS12 we tried to generate:
+            # [('PKCS12 routines', 'PKCS12_create', 'invalid null argument')]
+            return
+        p12 = load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passwd)
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_privatekey())
+
+        # OpenSSL fails to bring the cert back to us.  Groany mcgroan.
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(p12.get_certificate(), (X509, type(None))))
+
+        # Oh ho.  It puts the certificate into the ca certificates list, in
+        # fact.  Totally bogus, I would think.  Nevertheless, let's exploit
+        # that to check to see if it reconstructed the certificate we expected
+        # it to.  At some point, hopefully this will change so that
+        # p12.get_certificate() is actually what returns the loaded
+        # certificate.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cleartextCertificatePEM,
+            dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, p12.get_ca_certificates()[0]))
+
+    def gen_pkcs12(self, cert_pem=None, key_pem=None, ca_pem=None,
+                   friendly_name=None):
+        """
+        Generate a PKCS12 object with components from PEM.  Verify that the set
+        functions return None.
+        """
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        if cert_pem:
+            ret = p12.set_certificate(load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert_pem))
+            self.assertEqual(ret, None)
+        if key_pem:
+            ret = p12.set_privatekey(load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key_pem))
+            self.assertEqual(ret, None)
+        if ca_pem:
+            ret = p12.set_ca_certificates(
+                (load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, ca_pem),)
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(ret, None)
+        if friendly_name:
+            ret = p12.set_friendlyname(friendly_name)
+            self.assertEqual(ret, None)
+        return p12
+
+    def check_recovery(self, p12_str, key=None, cert=None, ca=None, passwd=b"",
+                       extra=()):
+        """
+        Use openssl program to confirm three components are recoverable from a
+        PKCS12 string.
+        """
+        if key:
+            recovered_key = _runopenssl(
+                p12_str, b"pkcs12", b"-nocerts", b"-nodes", b"-passin",
+                b"pass:" + passwd, *extra)
+            self.assertEqual(recovered_key[-len(key):], key)
+        if cert:
+            recovered_cert = _runopenssl(
+                p12_str, b"pkcs12", b"-clcerts", b"-nodes", b"-passin",
+                b"pass:" + passwd, b"-nokeys", *extra)
+            self.assertEqual(recovered_cert[-len(cert):], cert)
+        if ca:
+            recovered_cert = _runopenssl(
+                p12_str, b"pkcs12", b"-cacerts", b"-nodes", b"-passin",
+                b"pass:" + passwd, b"-nokeys", *extra)
+            self.assertEqual(recovered_cert[-len(ca):], ca)
+
+    def verify_pkcs12_container(self, p12):
+        """
+        Verify that the PKCS#12 container contains the correct client
+        certificate and private key.
+
+        :param p12: The PKCS12 instance to verify.
+        :type p12: :py:class:`PKCS12`
+        """
+        cert_pem = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, p12.get_certificate())
+        key_pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, p12.get_privatekey())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (client_cert_pem, client_key_pem, None),
+            (cert_pem, key_pem, p12.get_ca_certificates()))
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string generated using the openssl command line can be loaded
+        with :py:obj:`load_pkcs12` and its components extracted and examined.
+        """
+        passwd = b"whatever"
+        pem = client_key_pem + client_cert_pem
+        p12_str = _runopenssl(
+            pem,
+            b"pkcs12",
+            b"-export",
+            b"-clcerts",
+            b"-passout",
+            b"pass:" + passwd
+        )
+        p12 = load_pkcs12(p12_str, passphrase=passwd)
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(p12)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_text_passphrase(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string generated using the openssl command line can be loaded
+        with :py:obj:`load_pkcs12` and its components extracted and examined.
+        Using text as passphrase instead of bytes. DeprecationWarning expected.
+        """
+        pem = client_key_pem + client_cert_pem
+        passwd = b"whatever"
+        p12_str = _runopenssl(pem, b"pkcs12", b"-export", b"-clcerts",
+                              b"-passout", b"pass:" + passwd)
+        with catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            simplefilter("always")
+            p12 = load_pkcs12(p12_str, passphrase=b"whatever".decode("ascii"))
+
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "{0} for passphrase is no longer accepted, use bytes".format(
+                    WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED
+                ),
+                str(w[-1].message)
+            )
+            self.assertIs(w[-1].category, DeprecationWarning)
+
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(p12)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_no_passphrase(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string generated using openssl command line can be loaded with
+        :py:obj:`load_pkcs12` without a passphrase and its components extracted
+        and examined.
+        """
+        pem = client_key_pem + client_cert_pem
+        p12_str = _runopenssl(
+            pem, b"pkcs12", b"-export", b"-clcerts", b"-passout", b"pass:")
+        p12 = load_pkcs12(p12_str)
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(p12)
+
+    def _dump_and_load(self, dump_passphrase, load_passphrase):
+        """
+        A helper method to dump and load a PKCS12 object.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(client_cert_pem, client_key_pem)
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=dump_passphrase, iter=2, maciter=3)
+        return load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passphrase=load_passphrase)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_null_passphrase_load_empty(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string can be dumped with a null passphrase, loaded with an
+        empty passphrase with :py:obj:`load_pkcs12`, and its components
+        extracted and examined.
+        """
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(
+            self._dump_and_load(dump_passphrase=None, load_passphrase=b''))
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_null_passphrase_load_null(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string can be dumped with a null passphrase, loaded with a
+        null passphrase with :py:obj:`load_pkcs12`, and its components
+        extracted and examined.
+        """
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(
+            self._dump_and_load(dump_passphrase=None, load_passphrase=None))
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_empty_passphrase_load_empty(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string can be dumped with an empty passphrase, loaded with an
+        empty passphrase with :py:obj:`load_pkcs12`, and its components
+        extracted and examined.
+        """
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(
+            self._dump_and_load(dump_passphrase=b'', load_passphrase=b''))
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_empty_passphrase_load_null(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string can be dumped with an empty passphrase, loaded with a
+        null passphrase with :py:obj:`load_pkcs12`, and its components
+        extracted and examined.
+        """
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(
+            self._dump_and_load(dump_passphrase=b'', load_passphrase=None))
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_garbage(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_pkcs12` raises :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error` when passed
+        a string which is not a PKCS12 dump.
+        """
+        passwd = 'whatever'
+        e = self.assertRaises(Error, load_pkcs12, b'fruit loops', passwd)
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[0][0][0], 'asn1 encoding routines')
+        self.assertEqual(len(e.args[0][0]), 3)
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS12.set_certificate` replaces the certificate in a PKCS12
+        cluster. :py:obj:`PKCS12.set_privatekey` replaces the private key.
+        :py:obj:`PKCS12.set_ca_certificates` replaces the CA certificates.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(client_cert_pem, client_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        p12.set_certificate(load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, server_cert_pem))
+        p12.set_privatekey(load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, server_key_pem))
+        root_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        client_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, client_cert_pem)
+        p12.set_ca_certificates([root_cert])  # not a tuple
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(p12.get_ca_certificates()))
+        self.assertEqual(root_cert, p12.get_ca_certificates()[0])
+        p12.set_ca_certificates([client_cert, root_cert])
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(p12.get_ca_certificates()))
+        self.assertEqual(client_cert, p12.get_ca_certificates()[0])
+        self.assertEqual(root_cert, p12.get_ca_certificates()[1])
+
+    def test_friendly_name(self):
+        """
+        The *friendlyName* of a PKCS12 can be set and retrieved via
+        :py:obj:`PKCS12.get_friendlyname` and
+        :py:obj:`PKCS12_set_friendlyname`, and a :py:obj:`PKCS12` with a
+        friendly name set can be dumped with :py:obj:`PKCS12.export`.
+        """
+        passwd = b'Dogmeat[]{}!@#$%^&*()~`?/.,<>-_+=";:'
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        for friendly_name in [b('Serverlicious'), None, b('###')]:
+            p12.set_friendlyname(friendly_name)
+            self.assertEqual(p12.get_friendlyname(), friendly_name)
+            dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=passwd, iter=2, maciter=3)
+            reloaded_p12 = load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passwd)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                p12.get_friendlyname(), reloaded_p12.get_friendlyname())
+            # We would use the openssl program to confirm the friendly
+            # name, but it is not possible.  The pkcs12 command
+            # does not store the friendly name in the cert's
+            # alias, which we could then extract.
+            self.check_recovery(
+                dumped_p12, key=server_key_pem, cert=server_cert_pem,
+                ca=root_cert_pem, passwd=passwd)
+
+    def test_various_empty_passphrases(self):
+        """
+        Test that missing, None, and '' passphrases are identical for PKCS12
+        export.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(client_cert_pem, client_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        passwd = b""
+        dumped_p12_empty = p12.export(iter=2, maciter=0, passphrase=passwd)
+        dumped_p12_none = p12.export(iter=3, maciter=2, passphrase=None)
+        dumped_p12_nopw = p12.export(iter=9, maciter=4)
+        for dumped_p12 in [dumped_p12_empty, dumped_p12_none, dumped_p12_nopw]:
+            self.check_recovery(
+                dumped_p12, key=client_key_pem, cert=client_cert_pem,
+                ca=root_cert_pem, passwd=passwd)
+
+    def test_removing_ca_cert(self):
+        """
+        Passing :py:obj:`None` to :py:obj:`PKCS12.set_ca_certificates` removes
+        all CA certificates.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        p12.set_ca_certificates(None)
+        self.assertEqual(None, p12.get_ca_certificates())
+
+    def test_export_without_mac(self):
+        """
+        Exporting a PKCS12 with a :py:obj:`maciter` of ``-1`` excludes the MAC
+        entirely.
+        """
+        passwd = b"Lake Michigan"
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export(maciter=-1, passphrase=passwd, iter=2)
+        self.check_recovery(
+            dumped_p12, key=server_key_pem, cert=server_cert_pem,
+            passwd=passwd, extra=(b"-nomacver",))
+
+    def test_load_without_mac(self):
+        """
+        Loading a PKCS12 without a MAC does something other than crash.
+        """
+        passwd = b"Lake Michigan"
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export(maciter=-1, passphrase=passwd, iter=2)
+        try:
+            recovered_p12 = load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passwd)
+            # The person who generated this PCKS12 should be flogged,
+            # or better yet we should have a means to determine
+            # whether a PCKS12 had a MAC that was verified.
+            # Anyway, libopenssl chooses to allow it, so the
+            # pyopenssl binding does as well.
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(recovered_p12, PKCS12))
+        except Error:
+            # Failing here with an exception is preferred as some openssl
+            # versions do.
+            pass
+
+    def test_zero_len_list_for_ca(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 with an empty CA certificates list can be exported.
+        """
+        passwd = b'Hobie 18'
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem)
+        p12.set_ca_certificates([])
+        self.assertEqual((), p12.get_ca_certificates())
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=passwd, iter=3)
+        self.check_recovery(
+            dumped_p12, key=server_key_pem, cert=server_cert_pem,
+            passwd=passwd)
+
+    def test_export_without_args(self):
+        """
+        All the arguments to :py:obj:`PKCS12.export` are optional.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export()  # no args
+        self.check_recovery(
+            dumped_p12, key=server_key_pem, cert=server_cert_pem, passwd=b"")
+
+    def test_export_without_bytes(self):
+        """
+        Test :py:obj:`PKCS12.export` with text not bytes as passphrase
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+
+        with catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            simplefilter("always")
+            dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=b"randomtext".decode("ascii"))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "{0} for passphrase is no longer accepted, use bytes".format(
+                    WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED
+                ),
+                str(w[-1].message)
+            )
+            self.assertIs(w[-1].category, DeprecationWarning)
+        self.check_recovery(
+            dumped_p12,
+            key=server_key_pem,
+            cert=server_cert_pem,
+            passwd=b"randomtext"
+        )
+
+    def test_key_cert_mismatch(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS12.export` raises an exception when a key and certificate
+        mismatch.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, client_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        self.assertRaises(Error, p12.export)
+
+
+# These quoting functions taken directly from Twisted's twisted.python.win32.
+_cmdLineQuoteRe = re.compile(br'(\\*)"')
+_cmdLineQuoteRe2 = re.compile(br'(\\+)\Z')
+
+
+def cmdLineQuote(s):
+    """
+    Internal method for quoting a single command-line argument.
+
+    See http://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=764004
+
+    :type: :py:obj:`str`
+    :param s: A single unquoted string to quote for something that is expecting
+        cmd.exe-style quoting
+
+    :rtype: :py:obj:`str`
+    :return: A cmd.exe-style quoted string
+    """
+    s = _cmdLineQuoteRe2.sub(br"\1\1", _cmdLineQuoteRe.sub(br'\1\1\\"', s))
+    return b'"' + s + b'"'
+
+
+def quoteArguments(arguments):
+    """
+    Quote an iterable of command-line arguments for passing to CreateProcess or
+    a similar API.  This allows the list passed to
+    :py:obj:`reactor.spawnProcess` to match the child process's
+    :py:obj:`sys.argv` properly.
+
+    :type arguments: :py:obj:`iterable` of :py:obj:`str`
+    :param arguments: An iterable of unquoted arguments to quote
+
+    :rtype: :py:obj:`str`
+    :return: A space-delimited string containing quoted versions of
+        :py:obj:`arguments`
+    """
+    return b' '.join(map(cmdLineQuote, arguments))
+
+
+def _runopenssl(pem, *args):
+    """
+    Run the command line openssl tool with the given arguments and write
+    the given PEM to its stdin.  Not safe for quotes.
+    """
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        command = b"openssl " + b" ".join([
+            (b"'" + arg.replace(b"'", b"'\\''") + b"'")
+            for arg in args
+        ])
+    else:
+        command = b"openssl " + quoteArguments(args)
+    proc = Popen(native(command), shell=True, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
+    proc.stdin.write(pem)
+    proc.stdin.close()
+    output = proc.stdout.read()
+    proc.stdout.close()
+    proc.wait()
+    return output
+
+
+class FunctionTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for free-functions in the :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto` module.
+    """
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_invalid_format(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`ValueError` if passed an
+        unknown filetype.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, load_privatekey, 100, root_key_pem)
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_invalid_passphrase_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if passed a
+        passphrase that is neither a :py:obj:`str` nor a callable.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(
+            TypeError,
+            load_privatekey,
+            FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEMPassphrase, object())
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called with the
+        wrong number of arguments.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, load_privatekey)
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_wrongPassphrase(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error` when it
+        is passed an encrypted PEM and an incorrect passphrase.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(
+            Error,
+            load_privatekey, FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, b("quack"))
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphraseWrongType(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`ValueError` when it is passed
+        a passphrase with a private key encoded in a format, that doesn't
+        support encryption.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        blob = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
+                          load_privatekey, FILETYPE_ASN1, blob, "secret")
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphrase(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_privatekey` can create a :py:obj:`PKey` object from an
+        encrypted PEM string if given the passphrase.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(
+            FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM,
+            encryptedPrivateKeyPEMPassphrase)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(key, PKeyType))
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphrase_exception(self):
+        """
+        If the passphrase callback raises an exception, that exception is
+        raised by :py:obj:`load_privatekey`.
+        """
+        def cb(ignored):
+            raise ArithmeticError
+
+        with pytest.raises(ArithmeticError):
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, cb)
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_wrongPassphraseCallback(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error` when it
+        is passed an encrypted PEM and a passphrase callback which returns an
+        incorrect passphrase.
+        """
+        called = []
+
+        def cb(*a):
+            called.append(None)
+            return b("quack")
+        self.assertRaises(
+            Error,
+            load_privatekey, FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, cb)
+        self.assertTrue(called)
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphraseCallback(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_privatekey` can create a :py:obj:`PKey` object from an
+        encrypted PEM string if given a passphrase callback which returns the
+        correct password.
+        """
+        called = []
+
+        def cb(writing):
+            called.append(writing)
+            return encryptedPrivateKeyPEMPassphrase
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, cb)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(key, PKeyType))
+        self.assertEqual(called, [False])
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphrase_wrong_return_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`ValueError` if the passphrase
+        callback returns something other than a byte string.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError,
+            load_privatekey,
+            FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, lambda *args: 3)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called with the
+        wrong number of arguments.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, dump_privatekey)
+        # If cipher name is given, password is required.
+        self.assertRaises(
+            TypeError, dump_privatekey, FILETYPE_PEM, PKey(), GOOD_CIPHER)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_unknown_cipher(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`ValueError` if called with an
+        unrecognized cipher name.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError, dump_privatekey,
+            FILETYPE_PEM, key, BAD_CIPHER, "passphrase")
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_invalid_passphrase_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called with a
+        passphrase which is neither a :py:obj:`str` nor a callable.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            TypeError,
+            dump_privatekey, FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, object())
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_invalid_filetype(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`ValueError` if called with an
+        unrecognized filetype.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, dump_privatekey, 100, key)
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphraseCallbackLength(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`crypto.load_privatekey` should raise an error when the
+        passphrase provided by the callback is too long, not silently truncate
+        it.
+        """
+        def cb(ignored):
+            return "a" * 1025
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, cb)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphrase(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` writes an encrypted PEM when given a
+        passphrase.
+        """
+        passphrase = b("foo")
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, passphrase)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(pem, binary_type))
+        loadedKey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, pem, passphrase)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(loadedKey, PKeyType))
+        self.assertEqual(loadedKey.type(), key.type())
+        self.assertEqual(loadedKey.bits(), key.bits())
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphraseWrongType(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` raises :py:obj:`ValueError` when it is passed
+        a passphrase with a private key encoded in a format, that doesn't
+        support encryption.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key, GOOD_CIPHER, "secret")
+
+    def test_dump_certificate(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_certificate` writes PEM, DER, and text.
+        """
+        pemData = cleartextCertificatePEM + cleartextPrivateKeyPEM
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, pemData)
+        dumped_pem = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert)
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_pem, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+        dumped_der = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_ASN1, cert)
+        good_der = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"x509", b"-outform", b"DER")
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_der, good_der)
+        cert2 = load_certificate(FILETYPE_ASN1, dumped_der)
+        dumped_pem2 = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert2)
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_pem2, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+        dumped_text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, cert)
+        good_text = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"x509", b"-noout", b"-text")
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_text, good_text)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_pem(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` writes a PEM
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        self.assertTrue(key.check())
+        dumped_pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key)
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_pem, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_asn1(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` writes a DER
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        dumped_pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key)
+
+        dumped_der = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key)
+        # XXX This OpenSSL call writes "writing RSA key" to standard out.  Sad.
+        good_der = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"rsa", b"-outform", b"DER")
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_der, good_der)
+        key2 = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, dumped_der)
+        dumped_pem2 = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key2)
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_pem2, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_text(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` writes a text
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        dumped_pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key)
+
+        dumped_text = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_TEXT, key)
+        good_text = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"rsa", b"-noout", b"-text")
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_text, good_text)
+
+    def test_dump_certificate_request(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_certificate_request` writes a PEM, DER, and text.
+        """
+        req = load_certificate_request(
+            FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificateRequestPEM)
+        dumped_pem = dump_certificate_request(FILETYPE_PEM, req)
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_pem, cleartextCertificateRequestPEM)
+        dumped_der = dump_certificate_request(FILETYPE_ASN1, req)
+        good_der = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"req", b"-outform", b"DER")
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_der, good_der)
+        req2 = load_certificate_request(FILETYPE_ASN1, dumped_der)
+        dumped_pem2 = dump_certificate_request(FILETYPE_PEM, req2)
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_pem2, cleartextCertificateRequestPEM)
+        dumped_text = dump_certificate_request(FILETYPE_TEXT, req)
+        good_text = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"req", b"-noout", b"-text")
+        self.assertEqual(dumped_text, good_text)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, dump_certificate_request, 100, req)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphraseCallback(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` writes an encrypted PEM when given a callback
+        which returns the correct passphrase.
+        """
+        passphrase = b("foo")
+        called = []
+
+        def cb(writing):
+            called.append(writing)
+            return passphrase
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, cb)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(pem, binary_type))
+        self.assertEqual(called, [True])
+        loadedKey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, pem, passphrase)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(loadedKey, PKeyType))
+        self.assertEqual(loadedKey.type(), key.type())
+        self.assertEqual(loadedKey.bits(), key.bits())
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphrase_exception(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`dump_privatekey` should not overwrite the exception raised
+        by the passphrase callback.
+        """
+        def cb(ignored):
+            raise ArithmeticError
+
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        with pytest.raises(ArithmeticError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, cb)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphraseCallbackLength(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`crypto.dump_privatekey` should raise an error when the
+        passphrase provided by the callback is too long, not silently truncate
+        it.
+        """
+        def cb(ignored):
+            return "a" * 1025
+
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, cb)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs7_data_pem(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_pkcs7_data` accepts a PKCS#7 string and returns an
+        instance of :py:obj:`PKCS7Type`.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(pkcs7, PKCS7Type))
+
+    def test_load_pkcs7_data_asn1(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`load_pkcs7_data` accepts a bytes containing ASN1 data
+        representing PKCS#7 and returns an instance of :py:obj`PKCS7Type`.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_ASN1, pkcs7DataASN1)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(pkcs7, PKCS7Type))
+
+    def test_load_pkcs7_data_invalid(self):
+        """
+        If the data passed to :py:obj:`load_pkcs7_data` is invalid,
+        :py:obj:`Error` is raised.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(Error, load_pkcs7_data, FILETYPE_PEM, b"foo")
+
+
+class LoadCertificateTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:obj:`load_certificate_request`.
+    """
+
+    def test_badFileType(self):
+        """
+        If the file type passed to :py:obj:`load_certificate_request` is
+        neither :py:obj:`FILETYPE_PEM` nor :py:obj:`FILETYPE_ASN1` then
+        :py:class:`ValueError` is raised.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, load_certificate_request, object(), b"")
+
+
+class PKCS7Tests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:obj:`PKCS7Type`.
+    """
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type` is a type object.
+        """
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(PKCS7Type, type))
+        self.assertEqual(PKCS7Type.__name__, 'PKCS7')
+
+        # XXX This doesn't currently work.
+        # self.assertIdentical(PKCS7, PKCS7Type)
+
+    # XXX Opposite results for all these following methods
+
+    def test_type_is_signed_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.type_is_signed` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called
+        with any arguments.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pkcs7.type_is_signed, None)
+
+    def test_type_is_signed(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.type_is_signed` returns :py:obj:`True` if the PKCS7
+        object is of the type *signed*.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertTrue(pkcs7.type_is_signed())
+
+    def test_type_is_enveloped_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.type_is_enveloped` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if
+        called with any arguments.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pkcs7.type_is_enveloped, None)
+
+    def test_type_is_enveloped(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.type_is_enveloped` returns :py:obj:`False` if the
+        PKCS7 object is not of the type *enveloped*.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertFalse(pkcs7.type_is_enveloped())
+
+    def test_type_is_signedAndEnveloped_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.type_is_signedAndEnveloped` raises
+        :py:obj:`TypeError` if called with any arguments.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pkcs7.type_is_signedAndEnveloped, None)
+
+    def test_type_is_signedAndEnveloped(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.type_is_signedAndEnveloped` returns :py:obj:`False`
+        if the PKCS7 object is not of the type *signed and enveloped*.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertFalse(pkcs7.type_is_signedAndEnveloped())
+
+    def test_type_is_data(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.type_is_data` returns :py:obj:`False` if the PKCS7
+        object is not of the type data.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertFalse(pkcs7.type_is_data())
+
+    def test_type_is_data_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.type_is_data` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called
+        with any arguments.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pkcs7.type_is_data, None)
+
+    def test_get_type_name_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.get_type_name` raises :py:obj:`TypeError` if called
+        with any arguments.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pkcs7.get_type_name, None)
+
+    def test_get_type_name(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`PKCS7Type.get_type_name` returns a :py:obj:`str` giving the
+        type name.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertEquals(pkcs7.get_type_name(), b('pkcs7-signedData'))
+
+    def test_attribute(self):
+        """
+        If an attribute other than one of the methods tested here is accessed
+        on an instance of :py:obj:`PKCS7Type`, :py:obj:`AttributeError` is
+        raised.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, pkcs7, "foo")
+
+
+class NetscapeSPKITests(TestCase, _PKeyInteractionTestsMixin):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.NetscapeSPKI`.
+    """
+
+    def signable(self):
+        """
+        Return a new :py:obj:`NetscapeSPKI` for use with signing tests.
+        """
+        return NetscapeSPKI()
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`NetscapeSPKI` and :py:obj:`NetscapeSPKIType` refer to the same
+        type object and can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        self.assertIdentical(NetscapeSPKI, NetscapeSPKIType)
+        self.assertConsistentType(NetscapeSPKI, 'NetscapeSPKI')
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`NetscapeSPKI` returns an instance of
+        :py:obj:`NetscapeSPKIType`.
+        """
+        nspki = NetscapeSPKI()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(nspki, NetscapeSPKIType))
+
+    def test_invalid_attribute(self):
+        """
+        Accessing a non-existent attribute of a :py:obj:`NetscapeSPKI` instance
+        causes an :py:obj:`AttributeError` to be raised.
+        """
+        nspki = NetscapeSPKI()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: nspki.foo)
+
+    def test_b64_encode(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`NetscapeSPKI.b64_encode` encodes the certificate to a base64
+        blob.
+        """
+        nspki = NetscapeSPKI()
+        blob = nspki.b64_encode()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(blob, binary_type))
+
+
+class RevokedTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`
+    """
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can create :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`.  Check
+        that it is empty.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(revoked, Revoked))
+        self.assertEquals(type(revoked), Revoked)
+        self.assertEquals(revoked.get_serial(), b('00'))
+        self.assertEquals(revoked.get_rev_date(), None)
+        self.assertEquals(revoked.get_reason(), None)
+
+    def test_construction_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked` with any arguments results
+        in a :py:obj:`TypeError` being raised.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Revoked, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Revoked, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Revoked, "foo")
+
+    def test_serial(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can set and get serial numbers from
+        :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`.  Confirm errors are handled
+        with grace.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        ret = revoked.set_serial(b('10b'))
+        self.assertEquals(ret, None)
+        ser = revoked.get_serial()
+        self.assertEquals(ser, b('010B'))
+
+        revoked.set_serial(b('31ppp'))  # a type error would be nice
+        ser = revoked.get_serial()
+        self.assertEquals(ser, b('31'))
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, revoked.set_serial, b('pqrst'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, revoked.set_serial, 100)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, revoked.get_serial, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, revoked.get_serial, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, revoked.get_serial, "")
+
+    def test_date(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can set and get revocation dates from
+        :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`.  Confirm errors are handled
+        with grace.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        date = revoked.get_rev_date()
+        self.assertEquals(date, None)
+
+        now = b(datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"))
+        ret = revoked.set_rev_date(now)
+        self.assertEqual(ret, None)
+        date = revoked.get_rev_date()
+        self.assertEqual(date, now)
+
+    def test_reason(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can set and get revocation reasons from
+        :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`.  The "get" need to work
+        as "set".  Likewise, each reason of all_reasons() must work.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        for r in revoked.all_reasons():
+            for x in range(2):
+                ret = revoked.set_reason(r)
+                self.assertEquals(ret, None)
+                reason = revoked.get_reason()
+                self.assertEquals(
+                    reason.lower().replace(b(' '), b('')),
+                    r.lower().replace(b(' '), b('')))
+                r = reason  # again with the resp of get
+
+        revoked.set_reason(None)
+        self.assertEqual(revoked.get_reason(), None)
+
+    def test_set_reason_wrong_arguments(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked.set_reason` with other than
+        one argument, or an argument which isn't a valid reason,
+        results in :py:obj:`TypeError` or :py:obj:`ValueError` being raised.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, revoked.set_reason, 100)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, revoked.set_reason, b('blue'))
+
+    def test_get_reason_wrong_arguments(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked.get_reason` with any
+        arguments results in :py:obj:`TypeError` being raised.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, revoked.get_reason, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, revoked.get_reason, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, revoked.get_reason, "foo")
+
+
+class CRLTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.CRL`
+    """
+    cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificatePEM)
+    pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can create :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.CRL`.  Check
+        that it is empty
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(crl, CRL))
+        self.assertEqual(crl.get_revoked(), None)
+
+    def test_construction_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.CRL` with any number of arguments
+        results in a :py:obj:`TypeError` being raised.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, CRL, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, CRL, "")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, CRL, None)
+
+    def _get_crl(self):
+        """
+        Get a new ``CRL`` with a revocation.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        now = b(datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"))
+        revoked.set_rev_date(now)
+        revoked.set_serial(b('3ab'))
+        revoked.set_reason(b('sUpErSeDEd'))
+        crl.add_revoked(revoked)
+        return crl
+
+    def test_export_pem(self):
+        """
+        If not passed a format, ``CRL.export`` returns a "PEM" format string
+        representing a serial number, a revoked reason, and certificate issuer
+        information.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+        # PEM format
+        dumped_crl = crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, days=20)
+        text = _runopenssl(dumped_crl, b"crl", b"-noout", b"-text")
+
+        # These magic values are based on the way the CRL above was constructed
+        # and with what certificate it was exported.
+        text.index(b('Serial Number: 03AB'))
+        text.index(b('Superseded'))
+        text.index(
+            b('Issuer: /C=US/ST=IL/L=Chicago/O=Testing/CN=Testing Root CA')
+        )
+
+    def test_export_der(self):
+        """
+        If passed ``FILETYPE_ASN1`` for the format, ``CRL.export`` returns a
+        "DER" format string representing a serial number, a revoked reason, and
+        certificate issuer information.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+
+        # DER format
+        dumped_crl = crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, FILETYPE_ASN1)
+        text = _runopenssl(
+            dumped_crl, b"crl", b"-noout", b"-text", b"-inform", b"DER"
+        )
+        text.index(b('Serial Number: 03AB'))
+        text.index(b('Superseded'))
+        text.index(
+            b('Issuer: /C=US/ST=IL/L=Chicago/O=Testing/CN=Testing Root CA')
+        )
+
+    def test_export_text(self):
+        """
+        If passed ``FILETYPE_TEXT`` for the format, ``CRL.export`` returns a
+        text format string like the one produced by the openssl command line
+        tool.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+
+        dumped_crl = crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, FILETYPE_ASN1)
+        text = _runopenssl(
+            dumped_crl, b"crl", b"-noout", b"-text", b"-inform", b"DER"
+        )
+
+        # text format
+        dumped_text = crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, type=FILETYPE_TEXT)
+        self.assertEqual(text, dumped_text)
+
+    def test_export_custom_digest(self):
+        """
+        If passed the name of a digest function, ``CRL.export`` uses a
+        signature algorithm based on that digest function.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+        dumped_crl = crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, digest=b"sha1")
+        text = _runopenssl(dumped_crl, b"crl", b"-noout", b"-text")
+        text.index(b('Signature Algorithm: sha1'))
+
+    def test_export_md5_digest(self):
+        """
+        If passed md5 as the digest function, ``CRL.export`` uses md5 and does
+        not emit a deprecation warning.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+        with catch_warnings(record=True) as catcher:
+            simplefilter("always")
+            self.assertEqual(0, len(catcher))
+        dumped_crl = crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, digest=b"md5")
+        text = _runopenssl(dumped_crl, b"crl", b"-noout", b"-text")
+        text.index(b('Signature Algorithm: md5'))
+
+    def test_export_default_digest(self):
+        """
+        If not passed the name of a digest function, ``CRL.export`` uses a
+        signature algorithm based on MD5 and emits a deprecation warning.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+        with catch_warnings(record=True) as catcher:
+            simplefilter("always")
+            dumped_crl = crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "The default message digest (md5) is deprecated.  "
+                "Pass the name of a message digest explicitly.",
+                str(catcher[0].message),
+            )
+        text = _runopenssl(dumped_crl, b"crl", b"-noout", b"-text")
+        text.index(b('Signature Algorithm: md5'))
+
+    def test_export_invalid(self):
+        """
+        If :py:obj:`CRL.export` is used with an uninitialized :py:obj:`X509`
+        instance, :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error` is raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        self.assertRaises(Error, crl.export, X509(), PKey())
+
+    def test_add_revoked_keyword(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`OpenSSL.CRL.add_revoked` accepts its single argument as the
+        ``revoked`` keyword argument.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        crl.add_revoked(revoked=revoked)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(crl.get_revoked()[0], Revoked))
+
+    def test_export_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.CRL.export` with fewer than two or more than
+        four arguments, or with arguments other than the certificate,
+        private key, integer file type, and integer number of days it
+        expects, results in a :py:obj:`TypeError` being raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.export)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.export, self.cert)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, FILETYPE_PEM, 10, "md5", "foo")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            crl.export(None, self.pkey, FILETYPE_PEM, 10)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            crl.export(self.cert, None, FILETYPE_PEM, 10)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, None, 10)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.export, self.cert, FILETYPE_PEM, None)
+
+    def test_export_unknown_filetype(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.CRL.export` with a file type other than
+        :py:obj:`FILETYPE_PEM`, :py:obj:`FILETYPE_ASN1`, or
+        :py:obj:`FILETYPE_TEXT` results in a :py:obj:`ValueError` being raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, 100, 10)
+
+    def test_export_unknown_digest(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.CRL.export` with an unsupported digest results
+        in a :py:obj:`ValueError` being raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError,
+            crl.export,
+            self.cert, self.pkey, FILETYPE_PEM, 10, b"strange-digest"
+        )
+
+    def test_get_revoked(self):
+        """
+        Use python to create a simple CRL with two revocations.
+        Get back the :py:obj:`Revoked` using :py:obj:`OpenSSL.CRL.get_revoked`
+        and verify them.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        now = b(datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"))
+        revoked.set_rev_date(now)
+        revoked.set_serial(b('3ab'))
+        crl.add_revoked(revoked)
+        revoked.set_serial(b('100'))
+        revoked.set_reason(b('sUpErSeDEd'))
+        crl.add_revoked(revoked)
+
+        revs = crl.get_revoked()
+        self.assertEqual(len(revs), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(type(revs[0]), Revoked)
+        self.assertEqual(type(revs[1]), Revoked)
+        self.assertEqual(revs[0].get_serial(), b('03AB'))
+        self.assertEqual(revs[1].get_serial(), b('0100'))
+        self.assertEqual(revs[0].get_rev_date(), now)
+        self.assertEqual(revs[1].get_rev_date(), now)
+
+    def test_get_revoked_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.CRL.get_revoked` with any arguments results
+        in a :py:obj:`TypeError` being raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.get_revoked, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.get_revoked, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.get_revoked, "")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.get_revoked, "", 1, None)
+
+    def test_add_revoked_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.CRL.add_revoked` with other than one
+        argument results in a :py:obj:`TypeError` being raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.add_revoked)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.add_revoked, 1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, crl.add_revoked, "foo", "bar")
+
+    def test_load_crl(self):
+        """
+        Load a known CRL and inspect its revocations.  Both
+        PEM and DER formats are loaded.
+        """
+        crl = load_crl(FILETYPE_PEM, crlData)
+        revs = crl.get_revoked()
+        self.assertEqual(len(revs), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(revs[0].get_serial(), b('03AB'))
+        self.assertEqual(revs[0].get_reason(), None)
+        self.assertEqual(revs[1].get_serial(), b('0100'))
+        self.assertEqual(revs[1].get_reason(), b('Superseded'))
+
+        der = _runopenssl(crlData, b"crl", b"-outform", b"DER")
+        crl = load_crl(FILETYPE_ASN1, der)
+        revs = crl.get_revoked()
+        self.assertEqual(len(revs), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(revs[0].get_serial(), b('03AB'))
+        self.assertEqual(revs[0].get_reason(), None)
+        self.assertEqual(revs[1].get_serial(), b('0100'))
+        self.assertEqual(revs[1].get_reason(), b('Superseded'))
+
+    def test_load_crl_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.load_crl` with other than two
+        arguments results in a :py:obj:`TypeError` being raised.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, load_crl)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, load_crl, FILETYPE_PEM)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, load_crl, FILETYPE_PEM, crlData, None)
+
+    def test_load_crl_bad_filetype(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.load_crl` with an unknown file type
+        raises a :py:obj:`ValueError`.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, load_crl, 100, crlData)
+
+    def test_load_crl_bad_data(self):
+        """
+        Calling :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.load_crl` with file data which can't
+        be loaded raises a :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.Error`.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(Error, load_crl, FILETYPE_PEM, b"hello, world")
+
+
+class X509StoreContextTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.X509StoreContext`.
+    """
+    root_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+    intermediate_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_cert_pem)
+    intermediate_server_cert = load_certificate(
+        FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_server_cert_pem)
+
+    def test_valid(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`verify_certificate` returns ``None`` when called with a
+        certificate and valid chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        self.assertEqual(store_ctx.verify_certificate(), None)
+
+    def test_reuse(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`verify_certificate` can be called multiple times with the same
+        ``X509StoreContext`` instance to produce the same result.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        self.assertEqual(store_ctx.verify_certificate(), None)
+        self.assertEqual(store_ctx.verify_certificate(), None)
+
+    def test_trusted_self_signed(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`verify_certificate` returns ``None`` when called with a
+        self-signed certificate and itself in the chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.root_cert)
+        self.assertEqual(store_ctx.verify_certificate(), None)
+
+    def test_untrusted_self_signed(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`verify_certificate` raises error when a self-signed
+        certificate is verified without itself in the chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.root_cert)
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == 'self signed certificate'
+        assert exc.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == 'Testing Root CA'
+
+    def test_invalid_chain_no_root(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`verify_certificate` raises error when a root certificate is
+        missing from the chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == 'unable to get issuer certificate'
+        assert exc.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == 'intermediate'
+
+    def test_invalid_chain_no_intermediate(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`verify_certificate` raises error when an intermediate
+        certificate is missing from the chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == 'unable to get local issuer certificate'
+        assert exc.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == 'intermediate-service'
+
+    def test_modification_pre_verify(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`verify_certificate` can use a store context modified after
+        instantiation.
+        """
+        store_bad = X509Store()
+        store_bad.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_good = X509Store()
+        store_good.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store_good.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store_bad, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == 'unable to get issuer certificate'
+        assert exc.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == 'intermediate'
+
+        store_ctx.set_store(store_good)
+        self.assertEqual(store_ctx.verify_certificate(), None)
+
+
+class SignVerifyTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.sign` and
+    :py:obj:`OpenSSL.crypto.verify`.
+    """
+
+    def test_sign_verify(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`sign` generates a cryptographic signature which
+        :py:obj:`verify` can check.
+        """
+        content = b(
+            "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking "
+            "thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an "
+            "effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the "
+            "glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to "
+            "prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him.")
+
+        # sign the content with this private key
+        priv_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        # verify the content with this cert
+        good_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        # certificate unrelated to priv_key, used to trigger an error
+        bad_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, server_cert_pem)
+
+        for digest in ['md5', 'sha1']:
+            sig = sign(priv_key, content, digest)
+
+            # Verify the signature of content, will throw an exception if
+            # error.
+            verify(good_cert, sig, content, digest)
+
+            # This should fail because the certificate doesn't match the
+            # private key that was used to sign the content.
+            self.assertRaises(Error, verify, bad_cert, sig, content, digest)
+
+            # This should fail because we've "tainted" the content after
+            # signing it.
+            self.assertRaises(
+                Error, verify,
+                good_cert, sig, content + b("tainted"), digest)
+
+        # test that unknown digest types fail
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError, sign, priv_key, content, "strange-digest")
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError, verify, good_cert, sig, content, "strange-digest")
+
+    def test_sign_verify_with_text(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`sign` generates a cryptographic signature which
+        :py:obj:`verify` can check. Deprecation warnings raised because using
+        text instead of bytes as content
+        """
+        content = (
+            b"It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking "
+            b"thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an "
+            b"effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the "
+            b"glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to "
+            b"prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him."
+        ).decode("ascii")
+
+        priv_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        for digest in ['md5', 'sha1']:
+            with catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+                simplefilter("always")
+                sig = sign(priv_key, content, digest)
+
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "{0} for data is no longer accepted, use bytes".format(
+                        WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED
+                    ),
+                    str(w[-1].message)
+                )
+                self.assertIs(w[-1].category, DeprecationWarning)
+
+            with catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+                simplefilter("always")
+                verify(cert, sig, content, digest)
+
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "{0} for data is no longer accepted, use bytes".format(
+                        WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED
+                    ),
+                    str(w[-1].message)
+                )
+                self.assertIs(w[-1].category, DeprecationWarning)
+
+    def test_sign_nulls(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`sign` produces a signature for a string with embedded nulls.
+        """
+        content = b("Watch out!  \0  Did you see it?")
+        priv_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        good_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        sig = sign(priv_key, content, "sha1")
+        verify(good_cert, sig, content, "sha1")
+
+
+class EllipticCurveTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:class:`_EllipticCurve`, :py:obj:`get_elliptic_curve`, and
+    :py:obj:`get_elliptic_curves`.
+    """
+
+    def test_set(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`get_elliptic_curves` returns a :py:obj:`set`.
+        """
+        self.assertIsInstance(get_elliptic_curves(), set)
+
+    def test_some_curves(self):
+        """
+        If :py:mod:`cryptography` has elliptic curve support then the set
+        returned by :py:obj:`get_elliptic_curves` has some elliptic curves in
+        it.
+
+        There could be an OpenSSL that violates this assumption.  If so, this
+        test will fail and we'll find out.
+        """
+        curves = get_elliptic_curves()
+        if lib.Cryptography_HAS_EC:
+            self.assertTrue(curves)
+        else:
+            self.assertFalse(curves)
+
+    def test_a_curve(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`get_elliptic_curve` can be used to retrieve a particular
+        supported curve.
+        """
+        curves = get_elliptic_curves()
+        if curves:
+            curve = next(iter(curves))
+            self.assertEqual(curve.name, get_elliptic_curve(curve.name).name)
+        else:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, get_elliptic_curve, u("prime256v1"))
+
+    def test_not_a_curve(self):
+        """
+        :py:obj:`get_elliptic_curve` raises :py:class:`ValueError` if called
+        with a name which does not identify a supported curve.
+        """
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError, get_elliptic_curve, u("this curve was just invented"))
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        """
+        The string representation of a curve object includes simply states the
+        object is a curve and what its name is.
+        """
+        curves = get_elliptic_curves()
+        if curves:
+            curve = next(iter(curves))
+            self.assertEqual("<Curve %r>" % (curve.name,), repr(curve))
+
+    def test_to_EC_KEY(self):
+        """
+        The curve object can export a version of itself as an EC_KEY* via the
+        private :py:meth:`_EllipticCurve._to_EC_KEY`.
+        """
+        curves = get_elliptic_curves()
+        if curves:
+            curve = next(iter(curves))
+            # It's not easy to assert anything about this object.  However, see
+            # leakcheck/crypto.py for a test that demonstrates it at least does
+            # not leak memory.
+            curve._to_EC_KEY()
+
+
+class EllipticCurveFactory(object):
+    """
+    A helper to get the names of two curves.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        curves = iter(get_elliptic_curves())
+        try:
+            self.curve_name = next(curves).name
+            self.another_curve_name = next(curves).name
+        except StopIteration:
+            self.curve_name = self.another_curve_name = None
+
+
+class EllipticCurveEqualityTests(TestCase, EqualityTestsMixin):
+    """
+    Tests :py:type:`_EllipticCurve`\ 's implementation of ``==`` and ``!=``.
+    """
+    curve_factory = EllipticCurveFactory()
+
+    if curve_factory.curve_name is None:
+        skip = "There are no curves available there can be no curve objects."
+
+    def anInstance(self):
+        """
+        Get the curve object for an arbitrary curve supported by the system.
+        """
+        return get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.curve_name)
+
+    def anotherInstance(self):
+        """
+        Get the curve object for an arbitrary curve supported by the system -
+        but not the one returned by C{anInstance}.
+        """
+        return get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.another_curve_name)
+
+
+class EllipticCurveHashTests(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for :py:type:`_EllipticCurve`\ 's implementation of hashing (thus use
+    as an item in a :py:type:`dict` or :py:type:`set`).
+    """
+    curve_factory = EllipticCurveFactory()
+
+    if curve_factory.curve_name is None:
+        skip = "There are no curves available there can be no curve objects."
+
+    def test_contains(self):
+        """
+        The ``in`` operator reports that a :py:type:`set` containing a curve
+        does contain that curve.
+        """
+        curve = get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.curve_name)
+        curves = set([curve])
+        self.assertIn(curve, curves)
+
+    def test_does_not_contain(self):
+        """
+        The ``in`` operator reports that a :py:type:`set` not containing a
+        curve does not contain that curve.
+        """
+        curve = get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.curve_name)
+        curves = set([
+            get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.another_curve_name)
+        ])
+        self.assertNotIn(curve, curves)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()