serial/tools/miniterm.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Very simple serial terminal
#
# This file is part of pySerial. https://github.com/pyserial/pyserial
# (C)2002-2015 Chris Liechti <cliechti@gmx.net>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier:    BSD-3-Clause

import codecs
import os
import sys
import threading

import serial
from serial.tools.list_ports import comports
from serial.tools import hexlify_codec

# pylint: disable=wrong-import-order,wrong-import-position

codecs.register(lambda c: hexlify_codec.getregentry() if c == 'hexlify' else None)

try:
    raw_input
except NameError:
    # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin,invalid-name
    raw_input = input   # in python3 it's "raw"
    unichr = chr


def key_description(character):
    """generate a readable description for a key"""
    ascii_code = ord(character)
    if ascii_code < 32:
        return 'Ctrl+{:c}'.format(ord('@') + ascii_code)
    else:
        return repr(character)


# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
class ConsoleBase(object):
    """OS abstraction for console (input/output codec, no echo)"""

    def __init__(self):
        if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
            self.byte_output = sys.stdout.buffer
        else:
            self.byte_output = sys.stdout
        self.output = sys.stdout

    def setup(self):
        """Set console to read single characters, no echo"""

    def cleanup(self):
        """Restore default console settings"""

    def getkey(self):
        """Read a single key from the console"""
        return None

    def write_bytes(self, byte_string):
        """Write bytes (already encoded)"""
        self.byte_output.write(byte_string)
        self.byte_output.flush()

    def write(self, text):
        """Write string"""
        self.output.write(text)
        self.output.flush()

    def cancel(self):
        """Cancel getkey operation"""

    #  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -
    # context manager:
    # switch terminal temporary to normal mode (e.g. to get user input)

    def __enter__(self):
        self.cleanup()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.setup()


if os.name == 'nt':  # noqa
    import msvcrt
    import ctypes

    class Out(object):
        """file-like wrapper that uses os.write"""

        def __init__(self, fd):
            self.fd = fd

        def flush(self):
            pass

        def write(self, s):
            os.write(self.fd, s)

    class Console(ConsoleBase):
        def __init__(self):
            super(Console, self).__init__()
            self._saved_ocp = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleOutputCP()
            self._saved_icp = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCP()
            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleOutputCP(65001)
            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCP(65001)
            self.output = codecs.getwriter('UTF-8')(Out(sys.stdout.fileno()), 'replace')
            # the change of the code page is not propagated to Python, manually fix it
            sys.stderr = codecs.getwriter('UTF-8')(Out(sys.stderr.fileno()), 'replace')
            sys.stdout = self.output
            self.output.encoding = 'UTF-8'  # needed for input

        def __del__(self):
            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleOutputCP(self._saved_ocp)
            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCP(self._saved_icp)

        def getkey(self):
            while True:
                z = msvcrt.getwch()
                if z == unichr(13):
                    return unichr(10)
                elif z in (unichr(0), unichr(0x0e)):    # functions keys, ignore
                    msvcrt.getwch()
                else:
                    return z

        def cancel(self):
            # CancelIo, CancelSynchronousIo do not seem to work when using
            # getwch, so instead, send a key to the window with the console
            hwnd = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleWindow()
            ctypes.windll.user32.PostMessageA(hwnd, 0x100, 0x0d, 0)

elif os.name == 'posix':
    import atexit
    import termios
    import fcntl

    class Console(ConsoleBase):
        def __init__(self):
            super(Console, self).__init__()
            self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
            self.old = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
            atexit.register(self.cleanup)
            if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
                self.enc_stdin = codecs.getreader(sys.stdin.encoding)(sys.stdin)
            else:
                self.enc_stdin = sys.stdin

        def setup(self):
            new = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
            new[3] = new[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO & ~termios.ISIG
            new[6][termios.VMIN] = 1
            new[6][termios.VTIME] = 0
            termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSANOW, new)

        def getkey(self):
            c = self.enc_stdin.read(1)
            if c == unichr(0x7f):
                c = unichr(8)    # map the BS key (which yields DEL) to backspace
            return c

        def cancel(self):
            fcntl.ioctl(self.fd, termios.TIOCSTI, b'\0')

        def cleanup(self):
            termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old)

else:
    raise NotImplementedError(
        'Sorry no implementation for your platform ({}) available.'.format(sys.platform))


# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

class Transform(object):
    """do-nothing: forward all data unchanged"""
    def rx(self, text):
        """text received from serial port"""
        return text

    def tx(self, text):
        """text to be sent to serial port"""
        return text

    def echo(self, text):
        """text to be sent but displayed on console"""
        return text


class CRLF(Transform):
    """ENTER sends CR+LF"""

    def tx(self, text):
        return text.replace('\n', '\r\n')


class CR(Transform):
    """ENTER sends CR"""

    def rx(self, text):
        return text.replace('\r', '\n')

    def tx(self, text):
        return text.replace('\n', '\r')


class LF(Transform):
    """ENTER sends LF"""


class NoTerminal(Transform):
    """remove typical terminal control codes from input"""

    REPLACEMENT_MAP = dict((x, 0x2400 + x) for x in range(32) if unichr(x) not in '\r\n\b\t')
    REPLACEMENT_MAP.update(
        {
            0x7F: 0x2421,  # DEL
            0x9B: 0x2425,  # CSI
        })

    def rx(self, text):
        return text.translate(self.REPLACEMENT_MAP)

    echo = rx


class NoControls(NoTerminal):
    """Remove all control codes, incl. CR+LF"""

    REPLACEMENT_MAP = dict((x, 0x2400 + x) for x in range(32))
    REPLACEMENT_MAP.update(
        {
            0x20: 0x2423,  # visual space
            0x7F: 0x2421,  # DEL
            0x9B: 0x2425,  # CSI
        })


class Printable(Transform):
    """Show decimal code for all non-ASCII characters and replace most control codes"""

    def rx(self, text):
        r = []
        for c in text:
            if ' ' <= c < '\x7f' or c in '\r\n\b\t':
                r.append(c)
            elif c < ' ':
                r.append(unichr(0x2400 + ord(c)))
            else:
                r.extend(unichr(0x2080 + ord(d) - 48) for d in '{:d}'.format(ord(c)))
                r.append(' ')
        return ''.join(r)

    echo = rx


class Colorize(Transform):
    """Apply different colors for received and echo"""

    def __init__(self):
        # XXX make it configurable, use colorama?
        self.input_color = '\x1b[37m'
        self.echo_color = '\x1b[31m'

    def rx(self, text):
        return self.input_color + text

    def echo(self, text):
        return self.echo_color + text


class DebugIO(Transform):
    """Print what is sent and received"""

    def rx(self, text):
        sys.stderr.write(' [RX:{}] '.format(repr(text)))
        sys.stderr.flush()
        return text

    def tx(self, text):
        sys.stderr.write(' [TX:{}] '.format(repr(text)))
        sys.stderr.flush()
        return text


# other ideas:
# - add date/time for each newline
# - insert newline after: a) timeout b) packet end character

EOL_TRANSFORMATIONS = {
    'crlf': CRLF,
    'cr': CR,
    'lf': LF,
}

TRANSFORMATIONS = {
    'direct': Transform,    # no transformation
    'default': NoTerminal,
    'nocontrol': NoControls,
    'printable': Printable,
    'colorize': Colorize,
    'debug': DebugIO,
}


# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
def ask_for_port():
    """\
    Show a list of ports and ask the user for a choice. To make selection
    easier on systems with long device names, also allow the input of an
    index.
    """
    sys.stderr.write('\n--- Available ports:\n')
    ports = []
    for n, (port, desc, hwid) in enumerate(sorted(comports()), 1):
        sys.stderr.write('--- {:2}: {:20} {}\n'.format(n, port, desc))
        ports.append(port)
    while True:
        port = raw_input('--- Enter port index or full name: ')
        try:
            index = int(port) - 1
            if not 0 <= index < len(ports):
                sys.stderr.write('--- Invalid index!\n')
                continue
        except ValueError:
            pass
        else:
            port = ports[index]
        return port


class Miniterm(object):
    """\
    Terminal application. Copy data from serial port to console and vice versa.
    Handle special keys from the console to show menu etc.
    """

    def __init__(self, serial_instance, echo=False, eol='crlf', filters=()):
        self.console = Console()
        self.serial = serial_instance
        self.echo = echo
        self.raw = False
        self.input_encoding = 'UTF-8'
        self.output_encoding = 'UTF-8'
        self.eol = eol
        self.filters = filters
        self.update_transformations()
        self.exit_character = 0x1d  # GS/CTRL+]
        self.menu_character = 0x14  # Menu: CTRL+T
        self.alive = None
        self._reader_alive = None
        self.receiver_thread = None
        self.rx_decoder = None
        self.tx_decoder = None

    def _start_reader(self):
        """Start reader thread"""
        self._reader_alive = True
        # start serial->console thread
        self.receiver_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reader, name='rx')
        self.receiver_thread.daemon = True
        self.receiver_thread.start()

    def _stop_reader(self):
        """Stop reader thread only, wait for clean exit of thread"""
        self._reader_alive = False
        if hasattr(self.serial, 'cancel_read'):
            self.serial.cancel_read()
        self.receiver_thread.join()

    def start(self):
        """start worker threads"""
        self.alive = True
        self._start_reader()
        # enter console->serial loop
        self.transmitter_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.writer, name='tx')
        self.transmitter_thread.daemon = True
        self.transmitter_thread.start()
        self.console.setup()

    def stop(self):
        """set flag to stop worker threads"""
        self.alive = False

    def join(self, transmit_only=False):
        """wait for worker threads to terminate"""
        self.transmitter_thread.join()
        if not transmit_only:
            if hasattr(self.serial, 'cancel_read'):
                self.serial.cancel_read()
            self.receiver_thread.join()

    def close(self):
        self.serial.close()

    def update_transformations(self):
        """take list of transformation classes and instantiate them for rx and tx"""
        transformations = [EOL_TRANSFORMATIONS[self.eol]] + [TRANSFORMATIONS[f]
                                                             for f in self.filters]
        self.tx_transformations = [t() for t in transformations]
        self.rx_transformations = list(reversed(self.tx_transformations))

    def set_rx_encoding(self, encoding, errors='replace'):
        """set encoding for received data"""
        self.input_encoding = encoding
        self.rx_decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(encoding)(errors)

    def set_tx_encoding(self, encoding, errors='replace'):
        """set encoding for transmitted data"""
        self.output_encoding = encoding
        self.tx_encoder = codecs.getincrementalencoder(encoding)(errors)

    def dump_port_settings(self):
        """Write current settings to sys.stderr"""
        sys.stderr.write("\n--- Settings: {p.name}  {p.baudrate},{p.bytesize},{p.parity},{p.stopbits}\n".format(
            p=self.serial))
        sys.stderr.write('--- RTS: {:8}  DTR: {:8}  BREAK: {:8}\n'.format(
            ('active' if self.serial.rts else 'inactive'),
            ('active' if self.serial.dtr else 'inactive'),
            ('active' if self.serial.break_condition else 'inactive')))
        try:
            sys.stderr.write('--- CTS: {:8}  DSR: {:8}  RI: {:8}  CD: {:8}\n'.format(
                ('active' if self.serial.cts else 'inactive'),
                ('active' if self.serial.dsr else 'inactive'),
                ('active' if self.serial.ri else 'inactive'),
                ('active' if self.serial.cd else 'inactive')))
        except serial.SerialException:
            # on RFC 2217 ports, it can happen if no modem state notification was
            # yet received. ignore this error.
            pass
        sys.stderr.write('--- software flow control: {}\n'.format('active' if self.serial.xonxoff else 'inactive'))
        sys.stderr.write('--- hardware flow control: {}\n'.format('active' if self.serial.rtscts else 'inactive'))
        sys.stderr.write('--- serial input encoding: {}\n'.format(self.input_encoding))
        sys.stderr.write('--- serial output encoding: {}\n'.format(self.output_encoding))
        sys.stderr.write('--- EOL: {}\n'.format(self.eol.upper()))
        sys.stderr.write('--- filters: {}\n'.format(' '.join(self.filters)))

    def reader(self):
        """loop and copy serial->console"""
        try:
            while self.alive and self._reader_alive:
                # read all that is there or wait for one byte
                data = self.serial.read(self.serial.in_waiting or 1)
                if data:
                    if self.raw:
                        self.console.write_bytes(data)
                    else:
                        text = self.rx_decoder.decode(data)
                        for transformation in self.rx_transformations:
                            text = transformation.rx(text)
                        self.console.write(text)
        except serial.SerialException:
            self.alive = False
            self.console.cancel()
            raise       # XXX handle instead of re-raise?

    def writer(self):
        """\
        Loop and copy console->serial until self.exit_character character is
        found. When self.menu_character is found, interpret the next key
        locally.
        """
        menu_active = False
        try:
            while self.alive:
                try:
                    c = self.console.getkey()
                except KeyboardInterrupt:
                    c = '\x03'
                if not self.alive:
                    break
                if menu_active:
                    self.handle_menu_key(c)
                    menu_active = False
                elif c == self.menu_character:
                    menu_active = True      # next char will be for menu
                elif c == self.exit_character:
                    self.stop()             # exit app
                    break
                else:
                    #~ if self.raw:
                    text = c
                    for transformation in self.tx_transformations:
                        text = transformation.tx(text)
                    self.serial.write(self.tx_encoder.encode(text))
                    if self.echo:
                        echo_text = c
                        for transformation in self.tx_transformations:
                            echo_text = transformation.echo(echo_text)
                        self.console.write(echo_text)
        except:
            self.alive = False
            raise

    def handle_menu_key(self, c):
        """Implement a simple menu / settings"""
        if c == self.menu_character or c == self.exit_character:
            # Menu/exit character again -> send itself
            self.serial.write(self.tx_encoder.encode(c))
            if self.echo:
                self.console.write(c)
        elif c == '\x15':                       # CTRL+U -> upload file
            sys.stderr.write('\n--- File to upload: ')
            sys.stderr.flush()
            with self.console:
                filename = sys.stdin.readline().rstrip('\r\n')
                if filename:
                    try:
                        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
                            sys.stderr.write('--- Sending file {} ---\n'.format(filename))
                            while True:
                                block = f.read(1024)
                                if not block:
                                    break
                                self.serial.write(block)
                                # Wait for output buffer to drain.
                                self.serial.flush()
                                sys.stderr.write('.')   # Progress indicator.
                        sys.stderr.write('\n--- File {} sent ---\n'.format(filename))
                    except IOError as e:
                        sys.stderr.write('--- ERROR opening file {}: {} ---\n'.format(filename, e))
        elif c in '\x08hH?':                    # CTRL+H, h, H, ? -> Show help
            sys.stderr.write(self.get_help_text())
        elif c == '\x12':                       # CTRL+R -> Toggle RTS
            self.serial.rts = not self.serial.rts
            sys.stderr.write('--- RTS {} ---\n'.format('active' if self.serial.rts else 'inactive'))
        elif c == '\x04':                       # CTRL+D -> Toggle DTR
            self.serial.dtr = not self.serial.dtr
            sys.stderr.write('--- DTR {} ---\n'.format('active' if self.serial.dtr else 'inactive'))
        elif c == '\x02':                       # CTRL+B -> toggle BREAK condition
            self.serial.break_condition = not self.serial.break_condition
            sys.stderr.write('--- BREAK {} ---\n'.format('active' if self.serial.break_condition else 'inactive'))
        elif c == '\x05':                       # CTRL+E -> toggle local echo
            self.echo = not self.echo
            sys.stderr.write('--- local echo {} ---\n'.format('active' if self.echo else 'inactive'))
        elif c == '\x06':                       # CTRL+F -> edit filters
            sys.stderr.write('\n--- Available Filters:\n')
            sys.stderr.write('\n'.join(
                '---   {:<10} = {.__doc__}'.format(k, v)
                for k, v in sorted(TRANSFORMATIONS.items())))
            sys.stderr.write('\n--- Enter new filter name(s) [{}]: '.format(' '.join(self.filters)))
            with self.console:
                new_filters = sys.stdin.readline().lower().split()
            if new_filters:
                for f in new_filters:
                    if f not in TRANSFORMATIONS:
                        sys.stderr.write('--- unknown filter: {}\n'.format(repr(f)))
                        break
                else:
                    self.filters = new_filters
                    self.update_transformations()
            sys.stderr.write('--- filters: {}\n'.format(' '.join(self.filters)))
        elif c == '\x0c':                       # CTRL+L -> EOL mode
            modes = list(EOL_TRANSFORMATIONS)  # keys
            eol = modes.index(self.eol) + 1
            if eol >= len(modes):
                eol = 0
            self.eol = modes[eol]
            sys.stderr.write('--- EOL: {} ---\n'.format(self.eol.upper()))
            self.update_transformations()
        elif c == '\x01':                       # CTRL+A -> set encoding
            sys.stderr.write('\n--- Enter new encoding name [{}]: '.format(self.input_encoding))
            with self.console:
                new_encoding = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
            if new_encoding:
                try:
                    codecs.lookup(new_encoding)
                except LookupError:
                    sys.stderr.write('--- invalid encoding name: {}\n'.format(new_encoding))
                else:
                    self.set_rx_encoding(new_encoding)
                    self.set_tx_encoding(new_encoding)
            sys.stderr.write('--- serial input encoding: {}\n'.format(self.input_encoding))
            sys.stderr.write('--- serial output encoding: {}\n'.format(self.output_encoding))
        elif c == '\x09':                       # CTRL+I -> info
            self.dump_port_settings()
        #~ elif c == '\x01':                       # CTRL+A -> cycle escape mode
        #~ elif c == '\x0c':                       # CTRL+L -> cycle linefeed mode
        elif c in 'pP':                         # P -> change port
            with self.console:
                try:
                    port = ask_for_port()
                except KeyboardInterrupt:
                    port = None
            if port and port != self.serial.port:
                # reader thread needs to be shut down
                self._stop_reader()
                # save settings
                settings = self.serial.getSettingsDict()
                try:
                    new_serial = serial.serial_for_url(port, do_not_open=True)
                    # restore settings and open
                    new_serial.applySettingsDict(settings)
                    new_serial.rts = self.serial.rts
                    new_serial.dtr = self.serial.dtr
                    new_serial.open()
                    new_serial.break_condition = self.serial.break_condition
                except Exception as e:
                    sys.stderr.write('--- ERROR opening new port: {} ---\n'.format(e))
                    new_serial.close()
                else:
                    self.serial.close()
                    self.serial = new_serial
                    sys.stderr.write('--- Port changed to: {} ---\n'.format(self.serial.port))
                # and restart the reader thread
                self._start_reader()
        elif c in 'sS':                         # S -> suspend / open port temporarily
            # reader thread needs to be shut down
            self._stop_reader()
            self.serial.close()
            sys.stderr.write('\n--- Port closed: {} ---\n'.format(self.serial.port))
            while not self.serial.is_open:
                sys.stderr.write('--- press {exit} to exit or any other key to reconnect ---\n'.format(
                    exit=key_description(self.exit_character)))
                k = self.console.getkey()
                if k == self.exit_character:
                    self.stop()             # exit app
                    break
                try:
                    self.serial.open()
                except Exception as e:
                    sys.stderr.write('--- ERROR opening port: {} ---\n'.format(e))
            # and restart the reader thread
            self._start_reader()
            sys.stderr.write('--- Port opened: {} ---\n'.format(self.serial.port))
        elif c in 'bB':                         # B -> change baudrate
            sys.stderr.write('\n--- Baudrate: ')
            sys.stderr.flush()
            with self.console:
                backup = self.serial.baudrate
                try:
                    self.serial.baudrate = int(sys.stdin.readline().strip())
                except ValueError as e:
                    sys.stderr.write('--- ERROR setting baudrate: {} ---\n'.format(e))
                    self.serial.baudrate = backup
                else:
                    self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c == '8':                          # 8 -> change to 8 bits
            self.serial.bytesize = serial.EIGHTBITS
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c == '7':                          # 7 -> change to 8 bits
            self.serial.bytesize = serial.SEVENBITS
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c in 'eE':                         # E -> change to even parity
            self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_EVEN
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c in 'oO':                         # O -> change to odd parity
            self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_ODD
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c in 'mM':                         # M -> change to mark parity
            self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_MARK
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c in 'sS':                         # S -> change to space parity
            self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_SPACE
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c in 'nN':                         # N -> change to no parity
            self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_NONE
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c == '1':                          # 1 -> change to 1 stop bits
            self.serial.stopbits = serial.STOPBITS_ONE
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c == '2':                          # 2 -> change to 2 stop bits
            self.serial.stopbits = serial.STOPBITS_TWO
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c == '3':                          # 3 -> change to 1.5 stop bits
            self.serial.stopbits = serial.STOPBITS_ONE_POINT_FIVE
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c in 'xX':                         # X -> change software flow control
            self.serial.xonxoff = (c == 'X')
            self.dump_port_settings()
        elif c in 'rR':                         # R -> change hardware flow control
            self.serial.rtscts = (c == 'R')
            self.dump_port_settings()
        else:
            sys.stderr.write('--- unknown menu character {} --\n'.format(key_description(c)))

    def get_help_text(self):
        """return the help text"""
        # help text, starts with blank line!
        return """
--- pySerial ({version}) - miniterm - help
---
--- {exit:8} Exit program
--- {menu:8} Menu escape key, followed by:
--- Menu keys:
---    {menu:7} Send the menu character itself to remote
---    {exit:7} Send the exit character itself to remote
---    {info:7} Show info
---    {upload:7} Upload file (prompt will be shown)
---    {repr:7} encoding
---    {filter:7} edit filters
--- Toggles:
---    {rts:7} RTS   {dtr:7} DTR   {brk:7} BREAK
---    {echo:7} echo  {eol:7} EOL
---
--- Port settings ({menu} followed by the following):
---    p          change port
---    7 8        set data bits
---    N E O S M  change parity (None, Even, Odd, Space, Mark)
---    1 2 3      set stop bits (1, 2, 1.5)
---    b          change baud rate
---    x X        disable/enable software flow control
---    r R        disable/enable hardware flow control
""".format(version=getattr(serial, 'VERSION', 'unknown version'),
           exit=key_description(self.exit_character),
           menu=key_description(self.menu_character),
           rts=key_description('\x12'),
           dtr=key_description('\x04'),
           brk=key_description('\x02'),
           echo=key_description('\x05'),
           info=key_description('\x09'),
           upload=key_description('\x15'),
           repr=key_description('\x01'),
           filter=key_description('\x06'),
           eol=key_description('\x0c'))


# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# default args can be used to override when calling main() from an other script
# e.g to create a miniterm-my-device.py
def main(default_port=None, default_baudrate=9600, default_rts=None, default_dtr=None):
    """Command line tool, entry point"""

    import argparse

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Miniterm - A simple terminal program for the serial port.")

    parser.add_argument(
        "port",
        nargs='?',
        help="serial port name ('-' to show port list)",
        default=default_port)

    parser.add_argument(
        "baudrate",
        nargs='?',
        type=int,
        help="set baud rate, default: %(default)s",
        default=default_baudrate)

    group = parser.add_argument_group("port settings")

    group.add_argument(
        "--parity",
        choices=['N', 'E', 'O', 'S', 'M'],
        type=lambda c: c.upper(),
        help="set parity, one of {N E O S M}, default: N",
        default='N')

    group.add_argument(
        "--rtscts",
        action="store_true",
        help="enable RTS/CTS flow control (default off)",
        default=False)

    group.add_argument(
        "--xonxoff",
        action="store_true",
        help="enable software flow control (default off)",
        default=False)

    group.add_argument(
        "--rts",
        type=int,
        help="set initial RTS line state (possible values: 0, 1)",
        default=default_rts)

    group.add_argument(
        "--dtr",
        type=int,
        help="set initial DTR line state (possible values: 0, 1)",
        default=default_dtr)

    group.add_argument(
        "--ask",
        action="store_true",
        help="ask again for port when open fails",
        default=False)

    group = parser.add_argument_group("data handling")

    group.add_argument(
        "-e", "--echo",
        action="store_true",
        help="enable local echo (default off)",
        default=False)

    group.add_argument(
        "--encoding",
        dest="serial_port_encoding",
        metavar="CODEC",
        help="set the encoding for the serial port (e.g. hexlify, Latin1, UTF-8), default: %(default)s",
        default='UTF-8')

    group.add_argument(
        "-f", "--filter",
        action="append",
        metavar="NAME",
        help="add text transformation",
        default=[])

    group.add_argument(
        "--eol",
        choices=['CR', 'LF', 'CRLF'],
        type=lambda c: c.upper(),
        help="end of line mode",
        default='CRLF')

    group.add_argument(
        "--raw",
        action="store_true",
        help="Do no apply any encodings/transformations",
        default=False)

    group = parser.add_argument_group("hotkeys")

    group.add_argument(
        "--exit-char",
        type=int,
        metavar='NUM',
        help="Unicode of special character that is used to exit the application, default: %(default)s",
        default=0x1d)  # GS/CTRL+]

    group.add_argument(
        "--menu-char",
        type=int,
        metavar='NUM',
        help="Unicode code of special character that is used to control miniterm (menu), default: %(default)s",
        default=0x14)  # Menu: CTRL+T

    group = parser.add_argument_group("diagnostics")

    group.add_argument(
        "-q", "--quiet",
        action="store_true",
        help="suppress non-error messages",
        default=False)

    group.add_argument(
        "--develop",
        action="store_true",
        help="show Python traceback on error",
        default=False)

    args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.menu_char == args.exit_char:
        parser.error('--exit-char can not be the same as --menu-char')

    if args.filter:
        if 'help' in args.filter:
            sys.stderr.write('Available filters:\n')
            sys.stderr.write('\n'.join(
                '{:<10} = {.__doc__}'.format(k, v)
                for k, v in sorted(TRANSFORMATIONS.items())))
            sys.stderr.write('\n')
            sys.exit(1)
        filters = args.filter
    else:
        filters = ['default']

    while True:
        # no port given on command line -> ask user now
        if args.port is None or args.port == '-':
            try:
                args.port = ask_for_port()
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                sys.stderr.write('\n')
                parser.error('user aborted and port is not given')
            else:
                if not args.port:
                    parser.error('port is not given')
        try:
            serial_instance = serial.serial_for_url(
                args.port,
                args.baudrate,
                parity=args.parity,
                rtscts=args.rtscts,
                xonxoff=args.xonxoff,
                do_not_open=True)

            if not hasattr(serial_instance, 'cancel_read'):
                # enable timeout for alive flag polling if cancel_read is not available
                serial_instance.timeout = 1

            if args.dtr is not None:
                if not args.quiet:
                    sys.stderr.write('--- forcing DTR {}\n'.format('active' if args.dtr else 'inactive'))
                serial_instance.dtr = args.dtr
            if args.rts is not None:
                if not args.quiet:
                    sys.stderr.write('--- forcing RTS {}\n'.format('active' if args.rts else 'inactive'))
                serial_instance.rts = args.rts

            serial_instance.open()
        except serial.SerialException as e:
            sys.stderr.write('could not open port {}: {}\n'.format(repr(args.port), e))
            if args.develop:
                raise
            if not args.ask:
                sys.exit(1)
            else:
                args.port = '-'
        else:
            break

    miniterm = Miniterm(
        serial_instance,
        echo=args.echo,
        eol=args.eol.lower(),
        filters=filters)
    miniterm.exit_character = unichr(args.exit_char)
    miniterm.menu_character = unichr(args.menu_char)
    miniterm.raw = args.raw
    miniterm.set_rx_encoding(args.serial_port_encoding)
    miniterm.set_tx_encoding(args.serial_port_encoding)

    if not args.quiet:
        sys.stderr.write('--- Miniterm on {p.name}  {p.baudrate},{p.bytesize},{p.parity},{p.stopbits} ---\n'.format(
            p=miniterm.serial))
        sys.stderr.write('--- Quit: {} | Menu: {} | Help: {} followed by {} ---\n'.format(
            key_description(miniterm.exit_character),
            key_description(miniterm.menu_character),
            key_description(miniterm.menu_character),
            key_description('\x08')))

    miniterm.start()
    try:
        miniterm.join(True)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        pass
    if not args.quiet:
        sys.stderr.write("\n--- exit ---\n")
    miniterm.join()
    miniterm.close()

# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()