Import protobuf-codegen-2.14.0

* Add OWNERS, Android.bp, and README.android.
* Hard code version number in src/lib.rs for now.
  It could be in a smarter update_package.sh to get the
  new version number from Cargo.tom. But until then,
  the difference in lib.rs will be caught and fixed manually.
* Rename protoc_gen_rust to protoc-gen-rust for aprotoc plugin.

Bug: 143953733
Test: make
Change-Id: I9b3c3b9f2e7ad0eb203c26534f2b6ba5fac46eef
diff --git a/src/field/mod.rs b/src/field/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37d4fe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/field/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1996 @@
+use protobuf::descriptor::*;
+use protobuf::rt;
+use protobuf::rust;
+use protobuf::text_format;
+use protobuf::wire_format;
+
+use super::code_writer::CodeWriter;
+use super::enums::*;
+use super::rust_types_values::*;
+
+use super::customize::customize_from_rustproto_for_field;
+use super::customize::Customize;
+use oneof::OneofField;
+
+use float;
+use inside::protobuf_crate_path;
+use protobuf_name::ProtobufAbsolutePath;
+use rust_name::RustIdent;
+use scope::FieldWithContext;
+use scope::MessageOrEnumWithScope;
+use scope::RootScope;
+use scope::WithScope;
+use std::marker;
+use syntax::Syntax;
+
+fn type_is_copy(field_type: FieldDescriptorProto_Type) -> bool {
+    match field_type {
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE
+        | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING
+        | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES => false,
+        _ => true,
+    }
+}
+
+trait FieldDescriptorProtoTypeExt {
+    fn read(&self, is: &str, primitive_type_variant: PrimitiveTypeVariant) -> String;
+    fn is_s_varint(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl FieldDescriptorProtoTypeExt for FieldDescriptorProto_Type {
+    fn read(&self, is: &str, primitive_type_variant: PrimitiveTypeVariant) -> String {
+        match primitive_type_variant {
+            PrimitiveTypeVariant::Default => format!("{}.read_{}()", is, protobuf_name(*self)),
+            PrimitiveTypeVariant::Carllerche => {
+                let protobuf_name = match self {
+                    &FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING => "chars",
+                    _ => protobuf_name(*self),
+                };
+                format!("{}.read_carllerche_{}()", is, protobuf_name)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// True if self is signed integer with zigzag encoding
+    fn is_s_varint(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT32 | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT64 => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn field_type_wire_type(field_type: FieldDescriptorProto_Type) -> wire_format::WireType {
+    use protobuf::stream::wire_format::*;
+    match field_type {
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_INT32 => WireTypeVarint,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_INT64 => WireTypeVarint,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_UINT32 => WireTypeVarint,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_UINT64 => WireTypeVarint,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT32 => WireTypeVarint,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT64 => WireTypeVarint,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BOOL => WireTypeVarint,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_ENUM => WireTypeVarint,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FIXED32 => WireTypeFixed32,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FIXED64 => WireTypeFixed64,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SFIXED32 => WireTypeFixed32,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SFIXED64 => WireTypeFixed64,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FLOAT => WireTypeFixed32,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_DOUBLE => WireTypeFixed64,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING => WireTypeLengthDelimited,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES => WireTypeLengthDelimited,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE => WireTypeLengthDelimited,
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_GROUP => WireTypeLengthDelimited, // not true
+    }
+}
+
+fn type_protobuf_name(field_type: FieldDescriptorProto_Type) -> &'static str {
+    match field_type {
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_INT32 => "int32",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_INT64 => "int64",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_UINT32 => "uint32",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_UINT64 => "uint64",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT32 => "sint32",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT64 => "sint64",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BOOL => "bool",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FIXED32 => "fixed32",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FIXED64 => "fixed64",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SFIXED32 => "sfixed32",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SFIXED64 => "sfixed64",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FLOAT => "float",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_DOUBLE => "double",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING => "string",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES => "bytes",
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_ENUM
+        | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE
+        | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_GROUP => panic!(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn field_type_protobuf_name<'a>(field: &'a FieldDescriptorProto) -> &'a str {
+    if field.has_type_name() {
+        field.get_type_name()
+    } else {
+        type_protobuf_name(field.get_field_type())
+    }
+}
+
+// size of value for type, None if variable
+fn field_type_size(field_type: FieldDescriptorProto_Type) -> Option<u32> {
+    match field_type {
+        FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BOOL => Some(1),
+        t if field_type_wire_type(t) == wire_format::WireTypeFixed32 => Some(4),
+        t if field_type_wire_type(t) == wire_format::WireTypeFixed64 => Some(8),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SingularFieldFlag {
+    // proto2 or proto3 message
+    WithFlag { required: bool },
+    // proto3
+    WithoutFlag,
+}
+
+impl SingularFieldFlag {
+    pub fn is_required(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { required, .. } => required,
+            SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct SingularField<'a> {
+    pub flag: SingularFieldFlag,
+    pub elem: FieldElem<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> SingularField<'a> {
+    fn rust_storage_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        match self.flag {
+            SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. } => match self.elem.proto_type() {
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE => {
+                    RustType::SingularPtrField(Box::new(self.elem.rust_storage_type()))
+                }
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES
+                    if self.elem.primitive_type_variant() == PrimitiveTypeVariant::Default =>
+                {
+                    RustType::SingularField(Box::new(self.elem.rust_storage_type()))
+                }
+                _ => RustType::Option(Box::new(self.elem.rust_storage_type())),
+            },
+            SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag => self.elem.rust_storage_type(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct RepeatedField<'a> {
+    pub elem: FieldElem<'a>,
+    pub packed: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> RepeatedField<'a> {
+    fn rust_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        if !self.elem.is_copy()
+            && self.elem.primitive_type_variant() != PrimitiveTypeVariant::Carllerche
+        {
+            RustType::RepeatedField(Box::new(self.elem.rust_storage_type()))
+        } else {
+            RustType::Vec(Box::new(self.elem.rust_storage_type()))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct MapField<'a> {
+    name: String,
+    key: FieldElem<'a>,
+    value: FieldElem<'a>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum FieldKind<'a> {
+    // optional or required
+    Singular(SingularField<'a>),
+    // repeated except map
+    Repeated(RepeatedField<'a>),
+    // map
+    Map(MapField<'a>),
+    // part of oneof
+    Oneof(OneofField<'a>),
+}
+
+impl<'a> FieldKind<'a> {
+    fn elem(&self) -> &FieldElem {
+        match self {
+            &FieldKind::Singular(ref s) => &s.elem,
+            &FieldKind::Repeated(ref r) => &r.elem,
+            &FieldKind::Oneof(ref o) => &o.elem,
+            &FieldKind::Map(..) => {
+                panic!("no single elem type for map field");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn primitive_type_variant(&self) -> PrimitiveTypeVariant {
+        self.elem().primitive_type_variant()
+    }
+}
+
+// Representation of map entry: key type and value type
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct EntryKeyValue<'a>(FieldElem<'a>, FieldElem<'a>);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum FieldElem<'a> {
+    Primitive(FieldDescriptorProto_Type, PrimitiveTypeVariant),
+    // name, file name, entry
+    Message(
+        String,
+        String,
+        Option<Box<EntryKeyValue<'a>>>,
+        marker::PhantomData<&'a ()>,
+    ),
+    // name, file name, default value
+    Enum(String, String, RustIdent),
+    Group,
+}
+
+impl<'a> FieldElem<'a> {
+    fn proto_type(&self) -> FieldDescriptorProto_Type {
+        match *self {
+            FieldElem::Primitive(t, ..) => t,
+            FieldElem::Group => FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_GROUP,
+            FieldElem::Message(..) => FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE,
+            FieldElem::Enum(..) => FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_ENUM,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_copy(&self) -> bool {
+        type_is_copy(self.proto_type())
+    }
+
+    pub fn rust_storage_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        match *self {
+            FieldElem::Primitive(t, PrimitiveTypeVariant::Default) => rust_name(t),
+            FieldElem::Primitive(
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING,
+                PrimitiveTypeVariant::Carllerche,
+            ) => RustType::Chars,
+            FieldElem::Primitive(
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES,
+                PrimitiveTypeVariant::Carllerche,
+            ) => RustType::Bytes,
+            FieldElem::Primitive(.., PrimitiveTypeVariant::Carllerche) => unreachable!(),
+            FieldElem::Group => RustType::Group,
+            FieldElem::Message(ref name, ..) => RustType::Message(name.clone()),
+            FieldElem::Enum(ref name, _, ref default_value) => {
+                RustType::Enum(name.clone(), default_value.clone())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn protobuf_type_gen(&self) -> ProtobufTypeGen {
+        match *self {
+            FieldElem::Primitive(t, v) => ProtobufTypeGen::Primitive(t, v),
+            FieldElem::Message(ref name, ..) => ProtobufTypeGen::Message(name.clone()),
+            FieldElem::Enum(ref name, ..) => ProtobufTypeGen::Enum(name.clone()),
+            FieldElem::Group => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// implementation of ProtobufType trait
+    fn lib_protobuf_type(&self, customize: &Customize) -> String {
+        self.protobuf_type_gen().rust_type(customize)
+    }
+
+    fn primitive_type_variant(&self) -> PrimitiveTypeVariant {
+        match self {
+            &FieldElem::Primitive(_, v) => v,
+            _ => PrimitiveTypeVariant::Default,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn field_elem<'a>(
+    field: &FieldWithContext,
+    root_scope: &'a RootScope<'a>,
+    parse_map: bool,
+    customize: &Customize,
+) -> (FieldElem<'a>, Option<EnumValueGen>) {
+    if field.field.get_field_type() == FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_GROUP {
+        (FieldElem::Group, None)
+    } else if field.field.has_type_name() {
+        let message_or_enum = root_scope
+            .find_message_or_enum(&ProtobufAbsolutePath::from(field.field.get_type_name()));
+        let file_name = message_or_enum
+            .get_scope()
+            .file_scope
+            .file_descriptor
+            .get_name()
+            .to_owned();
+        let rust_relative_name = type_name_to_rust_relative(
+            &ProtobufAbsolutePath::from(field.field.get_type_name()),
+            field.message.get_scope().file_scope.file_descriptor,
+            false,
+            root_scope,
+        );
+        match (field.field.get_field_type(), message_or_enum) {
+            (
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE,
+                MessageOrEnumWithScope::Message(message_with_scope),
+            ) => {
+                let entry_key_value = if let (true, Some((key, value))) =
+                    (parse_map, message_with_scope.map_entry())
+                {
+                    Some(Box::new(EntryKeyValue(
+                        field_elem(&key, root_scope, false, customize).0,
+                        field_elem(&value, root_scope, false, customize).0,
+                    )))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+                (
+                    FieldElem::Message(
+                        rust_relative_name,
+                        file_name,
+                        entry_key_value,
+                        marker::PhantomData,
+                    ),
+                    None,
+                )
+            }
+            (
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_ENUM,
+                MessageOrEnumWithScope::Enum(enum_with_scope),
+            ) => {
+                let e = EnumGen::new(
+                    &enum_with_scope,
+                    field.message.get_scope().get_file_descriptor(),
+                    customize,
+                    root_scope,
+                );
+                let ev = if field.field.has_default_value() {
+                    e.value_by_name(field.field.get_default_value()).clone()
+                } else {
+                    e.values_unique().into_iter().next().unwrap()
+                };
+                (
+                    FieldElem::Enum(
+                        rust_relative_name,
+                        file_name,
+                        RustIdent::from(enum_with_scope.values()[0].rust_name().to_owned()),
+                    ),
+                    Some(ev),
+                )
+            }
+            _ => panic!("unknown named type: {:?}", field.field.get_field_type()),
+        }
+    } else if field.field.has_field_type() {
+        let carllerche_for_bytes = customize.carllerche_bytes_for_bytes.unwrap_or(false);
+        let carllerche_for_string = customize.carllerche_bytes_for_string.unwrap_or(false);
+
+        let elem = match field.field.get_field_type() {
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING if carllerche_for_string => {
+                FieldElem::Primitive(
+                    FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING,
+                    PrimitiveTypeVariant::Carllerche,
+                )
+            }
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES if carllerche_for_bytes => FieldElem::Primitive(
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES,
+                PrimitiveTypeVariant::Carllerche,
+            ),
+            t => FieldElem::Primitive(t, PrimitiveTypeVariant::Default),
+        };
+
+        (elem, None)
+    } else {
+        panic!(
+            "neither type_name, nor field_type specified for field: {}",
+            field.field.get_name()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum AccessorStyle {
+    Lambda,
+    HasGet,
+}
+
+pub struct AccessorFn {
+    name: String,
+    type_params: Vec<String>,
+    pub style: AccessorStyle,
+}
+
+impl AccessorFn {
+    pub fn sig(&self) -> String {
+        let mut s = self.name.clone();
+        s.push_str("::<_");
+        for p in &self.type_params {
+            s.push_str(", ");
+            s.push_str(&p);
+        }
+        s.push_str(">");
+        s
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct FieldGen<'a> {
+    root_scope: &'a RootScope<'a>,
+    syntax: Syntax,
+    pub proto_field: FieldWithContext<'a>,
+    // field name in generated code
+    pub rust_name: RustIdent,
+    pub proto_type: FieldDescriptorProto_Type,
+    wire_type: wire_format::WireType,
+    enum_default_value: Option<EnumValueGen>,
+    pub kind: FieldKind<'a>,
+    pub expose_field: bool,
+    pub generate_accessors: bool,
+    pub(crate) customize: Customize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> FieldGen<'a> {
+    pub fn parse(
+        field: FieldWithContext<'a>,
+        root_scope: &'a RootScope<'a>,
+        customize: &Customize,
+    ) -> FieldGen<'a> {
+        let mut customize = customize.clone();
+        customize.update_with(&customize_from_rustproto_for_field(
+            &field.field.get_options(),
+        ));
+
+        let (elem, enum_default_value) = field_elem(&field, root_scope, true, &customize);
+
+        let generate_accessors = customize.generate_accessors.unwrap_or(true);
+
+        let default_expose_field =
+            field.message.scope.file_scope.syntax() == Syntax::PROTO3 || !generate_accessors;
+
+        let expose_field = customize.expose_fields.unwrap_or(default_expose_field);
+
+        let kind = if field.field.get_label() == FieldDescriptorProto_Label::LABEL_REPEATED {
+            match (elem, true) {
+                // map field
+                (FieldElem::Message(name, _, Some(key_value), _), true) => {
+                    FieldKind::Map(MapField {
+                        name: name,
+                        key: key_value.0.clone(),
+                        value: key_value.1.clone(),
+                    })
+                }
+                // regular repeated field
+                (elem, _) => FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField {
+                    elem,
+                    packed: field.field.get_options().get_packed(),
+                }),
+            }
+        } else if let Some(oneof) = field.oneof() {
+            FieldKind::Oneof(OneofField::parse(&oneof, &field, elem, root_scope))
+        } else {
+            let flag = if field.message.scope.file_scope.syntax() == Syntax::PROTO3
+                && field.field.get_field_type() != FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE
+            {
+                SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag
+            } else {
+                SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag {
+                    required: field.field.get_label() == FieldDescriptorProto_Label::LABEL_REQUIRED,
+                }
+            };
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField { elem, flag })
+        };
+
+        FieldGen {
+            root_scope,
+            syntax: field.message.get_scope().file_scope.syntax(),
+            rust_name: field.rust_name(),
+            proto_type: field.field.get_field_type(),
+            wire_type: field_type_wire_type(field.field.get_field_type()),
+            enum_default_value,
+            proto_field: field.clone(),
+            kind,
+            expose_field,
+            generate_accessors,
+            customize,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn tag_size(&self) -> u32 {
+        rt::tag_size(self.proto_field.number())
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_oneof(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Oneof(..) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn oneof(&self) -> &OneofField {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Oneof(ref oneof) => &oneof,
+            _ => panic!("not a oneof field: {}", self.reconstruct_def()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_singular(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Singular(..) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_repeated_not_map(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_repeated_or_map(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_repeated_packed(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { packed: true, .. }) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn repeated(&self) -> &RepeatedField {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(ref repeated) => &repeated,
+            _ => panic!("not a repeated field: {}", self.reconstruct_def()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn singular(&self) -> &SingularField {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Singular(ref singular) => &singular,
+            _ => panic!("not a singular field: {}", self.reconstruct_def()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn map(&self) -> &MapField {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Map(ref map) => &map,
+            _ => panic!("not a map field: {}", self.reconstruct_def()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn variant_path(&self) -> String {
+        // TODO: should reuse code from OneofVariantGen
+        format!(
+            "{}::{}",
+            self.oneof().oneof_type_name.to_code(&self.customize),
+            self.rust_name
+        )
+    }
+
+    // TODO: drop it
+    pub fn elem(&self) -> &FieldElem {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField { ref elem, .. }) => &elem,
+            FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { ref elem, .. }) => &elem,
+            FieldKind::Oneof(OneofField { ref elem, .. }) => &elem,
+            FieldKind::Map(..) => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // type of field in struct
+    pub fn full_storage_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(ref repeated) => repeated.rust_type(),
+            FieldKind::Map(MapField {
+                ref key, ref value, ..
+            }) => RustType::HashMap(
+                Box::new(key.rust_storage_type()),
+                Box::new(value.rust_storage_type()),
+            ),
+            FieldKind::Singular(ref singular) => singular.rust_storage_type(),
+            FieldKind::Oneof(..) => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // type of `v` in `for v in field`
+    fn full_storage_iter_elem_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        if let FieldKind::Oneof(ref oneof) = self.kind {
+            oneof.elem.rust_storage_type()
+        } else {
+            self.full_storage_type().iter_elem_type()
+        }
+    }
+
+    // suffix `xxx` as in `os.write_xxx_no_tag(..)`
+    fn os_write_fn_suffix(&self) -> &str {
+        protobuf_name(self.proto_type)
+    }
+
+    // type of `v` in `os.write_xxx_no_tag(v)`
+    fn os_write_fn_param_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        match self.proto_type {
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING => RustType::Ref(Box::new(RustType::Str)),
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES => {
+                RustType::Ref(Box::new(RustType::Slice(Box::new(RustType::Int(false, 8)))))
+            }
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_ENUM => RustType::Int(true, 32),
+            t => rust_name(t),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // for field `foo`, type of param of `fn set_foo(..)`
+    fn set_xxx_param_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField { ref elem, .. })
+            | FieldKind::Oneof(OneofField { ref elem, .. }) => elem.rust_storage_type(),
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => self.full_storage_type(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // for field `foo`, return type if `fn take_foo(..)`
+    fn take_xxx_return_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        self.set_xxx_param_type()
+    }
+
+    // for field `foo`, return type of `fn mut_foo(..)`
+    fn mut_xxx_return_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        RustType::Ref(Box::new(match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField { ref elem, .. })
+            | FieldKind::Oneof(OneofField { ref elem, .. }) => elem.rust_storage_type(),
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => self.full_storage_type(),
+        }))
+    }
+
+    // for field `foo`, return type of `fn get_foo(..)`
+    fn get_xxx_return_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField { ref elem, .. })
+            | FieldKind::Oneof(OneofField { ref elem, .. }) => match elem.is_copy() {
+                true => elem.rust_storage_type(),
+                false => elem.rust_storage_type().ref_type(),
+            },
+            FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { ref elem, .. }) => RustType::Ref(Box::new(
+                RustType::Slice(Box::new(elem.rust_storage_type())),
+            )),
+            FieldKind::Map(..) => RustType::Ref(Box::new(self.full_storage_type())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // fixed size type?
+    fn is_fixed(&self) -> bool {
+        field_type_size(self.proto_type).is_some()
+    }
+
+    // must use zigzag encoding?
+    fn is_zigzag(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.proto_type {
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT32 | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT64 => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // data is enum
+    fn is_enum(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.proto_type {
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_ENUM => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // elem data is not stored in heap
+    pub fn elem_type_is_copy(&self) -> bool {
+        type_is_copy(self.proto_type)
+    }
+
+    fn defaut_value_from_proto_float(&self) -> String {
+        assert!(self.proto_field.field.has_default_value());
+
+        let type_name = match self.proto_type {
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FLOAT => "f32",
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_DOUBLE => "f64",
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let proto_default = self.proto_field.field.get_default_value();
+
+        let f = float::parse_protobuf_float(proto_default)
+            .expect(&format!("failed to parse float: {:?}", proto_default));
+
+        if f.is_nan() {
+            format!("::std::{}::NAN", type_name)
+        } else if f.is_infinite() {
+            if f > 0.0 {
+                format!("::std::{}::INFINITY", type_name)
+            } else {
+                format!("::std::{}::NEG_INFINITY", type_name)
+            }
+        } else {
+            format!("{:?}{}", f, type_name)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn default_value_from_proto(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        assert!(self.is_singular() || self.is_oneof());
+        if self.enum_default_value.is_some() {
+            Some(self.enum_default_value.as_ref().unwrap().rust_name_outer())
+        } else if self.proto_field.field.has_default_value() {
+            let proto_default = self.proto_field.field.get_default_value();
+            Some(match self.proto_type {
+                // For numeric types, contains the original text representation of the value
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_DOUBLE | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FLOAT => {
+                    self.defaut_value_from_proto_float()
+                }
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_INT32
+                | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT32
+                | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SFIXED32 => format!("{}i32", proto_default),
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_UINT32
+                | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FIXED32 => format!("{}u32", proto_default),
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_INT64
+                | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SINT64
+                | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_SFIXED64 => format!("{}i64", proto_default),
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_UINT64
+                | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_FIXED64 => format!("{}u64", proto_default),
+
+                // For booleans, "true" or "false"
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BOOL => format!("{}", proto_default),
+                // For strings, contains the default text contents (not escaped in any way)
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING => rust::quote_escape_str(proto_default),
+                // For bytes, contains the C escaped value.  All bytes >= 128 are escaped
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES => {
+                    rust::quote_escape_bytes(&text_format::unescape_string(proto_default))
+                }
+                // TODO: resolve outer message prefix
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_GROUP | FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_ENUM => {
+                    unreachable!()
+                }
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE => panic!(
+                    "default value is not implemented for type: {:?}",
+                    self.proto_type
+                ),
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn default_value_from_proto_typed(&self) -> Option<RustValueTyped> {
+        self.default_value_from_proto().map(|v| {
+            let default_value_type = match self.proto_type {
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING => RustType::Ref(Box::new(RustType::Str)),
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES => {
+                    RustType::Ref(Box::new(RustType::Slice(Box::new(RustType::u8()))))
+                }
+                _ => self.full_storage_iter_elem_type(),
+            };
+
+            RustValueTyped {
+                value: v,
+                rust_type: default_value_type,
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    // default value to be returned from fn get_xxx
+    fn get_xxx_default_value_rust(&self) -> String {
+        assert!(self.is_singular() || self.is_oneof());
+        self.default_value_from_proto()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_xxx_return_type().default_value(&self.customize))
+    }
+
+    // default to be assigned to field
+    fn element_default_value_rust(&self) -> RustValueTyped {
+        assert!(
+            self.is_singular() || self.is_oneof(),
+            "field is not singular: {}",
+            self.reconstruct_def()
+        );
+        self.default_value_from_proto_typed().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            self.elem()
+                .rust_storage_type()
+                .default_value_typed(&self.customize)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn reconstruct_def(&self) -> String {
+        let prefix = match (self.proto_field.field.get_label(), self.syntax) {
+            (FieldDescriptorProto_Label::LABEL_REPEATED, _) => "repeated ",
+            (_, Syntax::PROTO3) => "",
+            (FieldDescriptorProto_Label::LABEL_OPTIONAL, _) => "optional ",
+            (FieldDescriptorProto_Label::LABEL_REQUIRED, _) => "required ",
+        };
+        format!(
+            "{}{} {} = {}",
+            prefix,
+            field_type_protobuf_name(&self.proto_field.field),
+            self.proto_field.name(),
+            self.proto_field.number()
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn accessor_fn(&self) -> AccessorFn {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { ref elem, .. }) => {
+                let coll = match self.full_storage_type() {
+                    RustType::Vec(..) => "vec",
+                    RustType::RepeatedField(..) => "repeated_field",
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                let name = format!("make_{}_accessor", coll);
+                AccessorFn {
+                    name: name,
+                    type_params: vec![elem.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize)],
+                    style: AccessorStyle::Lambda,
+                }
+            }
+            FieldKind::Map(MapField {
+                ref key, ref value, ..
+            }) => AccessorFn {
+                name: "make_map_accessor".to_owned(),
+                type_params: vec![
+                    key.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize),
+                    value.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize),
+                ],
+                style: AccessorStyle::Lambda,
+            },
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                ref elem,
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag,
+            }) => {
+                if let &FieldElem::Message(ref name, ..) = elem {
+                    // TODO: old style, needed because of default instance
+
+                    AccessorFn {
+                        name: "make_singular_message_accessor".to_owned(),
+                        type_params: vec![name.clone()],
+                        style: AccessorStyle::HasGet,
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    AccessorFn {
+                        name: "make_simple_field_accessor".to_owned(),
+                        type_params: vec![elem.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize)],
+                        style: AccessorStyle::Lambda,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                ref elem,
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. },
+            }) => {
+                let coll = match self.full_storage_type() {
+                    RustType::Option(..) => "option",
+                    RustType::SingularField(..) => "singular_field",
+                    RustType::SingularPtrField(..) => "singular_ptr_field",
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                let name = format!("make_{}_accessor", coll);
+                AccessorFn {
+                    name: name,
+                    type_params: vec![elem.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize)],
+                    style: AccessorStyle::Lambda,
+                }
+            }
+            FieldKind::Oneof(OneofField { ref elem, .. }) => {
+                // TODO: uses old style
+
+                let suffix = match &self.elem().rust_storage_type() {
+                    t if t.is_primitive() => t.to_code(&self.customize),
+                    &RustType::String | &RustType::Chars => "string".to_string(),
+                    &RustType::Vec(ref t) if t.is_u8() => "bytes".to_string(),
+                    &RustType::Bytes => "bytes".to_string(),
+                    &RustType::Enum(..) => "enum".to_string(),
+                    &RustType::Message(..) => "message".to_string(),
+                    t => panic!("unexpected field type: {:?}", t),
+                };
+
+                let name = format!("make_singular_{}_accessor", suffix);
+
+                let mut type_params = Vec::new();
+                match elem {
+                    &FieldElem::Message(ref name, ..) | &FieldElem::Enum(ref name, ..) => {
+                        type_params.push(name.to_owned());
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                }
+
+                AccessorFn {
+                    name: name,
+                    type_params: type_params,
+                    style: AccessorStyle::HasGet,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_clear(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        if self.is_oneof() {
+            w.write_line(&format!(
+                "self.{} = ::std::option::Option::None;",
+                self.oneof().oneof_rust_field_name
+            ));
+        } else {
+            let clear_expr = self
+                .full_storage_type()
+                .clear(&self.self_field(), &self.customize);
+            w.write_line(&format!("{};", clear_expr));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // expression that returns size of data is variable
+    fn element_size(&self, var: &str, var_type: &RustType) -> String {
+        assert!(!self.is_repeated_packed());
+
+        match field_type_size(self.proto_type) {
+            Some(data_size) => format!("{}", data_size + self.tag_size()),
+            None => match self.proto_type {
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE => panic!("not a single-liner"),
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES => format!(
+                    "::protobuf::rt::bytes_size({}, &{})",
+                    self.proto_field.number(),
+                    var
+                ),
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING => format!(
+                    "::protobuf::rt::string_size({}, &{})",
+                    self.proto_field.number(),
+                    var
+                ),
+                FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_ENUM => {
+                    let param_type = match var_type {
+                        &RustType::Ref(ref t) => (**t).clone(),
+                        t => t.clone(),
+                    };
+                    format!(
+                        "::protobuf::rt::enum_size({}, {})",
+                        self.proto_field.number(),
+                        var_type.into_target(&param_type, var, &self.customize)
+                    )
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    let param_type = match var_type {
+                        &RustType::Ref(ref t) => (**t).clone(),
+                        t => t.clone(),
+                    };
+                    if self.proto_type.is_s_varint() {
+                        format!(
+                            "::protobuf::rt::value_varint_zigzag_size({}, {})",
+                            self.proto_field.number(),
+                            var_type.into_target(&param_type, var, &self.customize)
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        format!(
+                            "::protobuf::rt::value_size({}, {}, ::protobuf::wire_format::{:?})",
+                            self.proto_field.number(),
+                            var_type.into_target(&param_type, var, &self.customize),
+                            self.wire_type
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    // output code that writes single element to stream
+    pub fn write_write_element(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter, os: &str, var: &str, ty: &RustType) {
+        if let FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { packed: true, .. }) = self.kind {
+            unreachable!();
+        };
+
+        match self.proto_type {
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE => {
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "{}.write_tag({}, ::protobuf::wire_format::{:?})?;",
+                    os,
+                    self.proto_field.number(),
+                    wire_format::WireTypeLengthDelimited
+                ));
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "{}.write_raw_varint32({}.get_cached_size())?;",
+                    os, var
+                ));
+                w.write_line(&format!("{}.write_to_with_cached_sizes({})?;", var, os));
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let param_type = self.os_write_fn_param_type();
+                let os_write_fn_suffix = self.os_write_fn_suffix();
+                let number = self.proto_field.number();
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "{}.write_{}({}, {})?;",
+                    os,
+                    os_write_fn_suffix,
+                    number,
+                    ty.into_target(&param_type, var, &self.customize)
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn self_field(&self) -> String {
+        format!("self.{}", self.rust_name)
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_is_some(&self) -> String {
+        assert!(self.is_singular());
+        format!("{}.is_some()", self.self_field())
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_is_not_empty(&self) -> String {
+        assert!(self.is_repeated_or_map());
+        format!("!{}.is_empty()", self.self_field())
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_is_none(&self) -> String {
+        assert!(self.is_singular());
+        format!("{}.is_none()", self.self_field())
+    }
+
+    // type of expression returned by `as_option()`
+    fn as_option_type(&self) -> RustType {
+        assert!(self.is_singular());
+        match self.full_storage_type() {
+            RustType::Option(ref e) if e.is_copy() => RustType::Option(e.clone()),
+            RustType::Option(e) => RustType::Option(Box::new(e.ref_type())),
+            RustType::SingularField(ty) | RustType::SingularPtrField(ty) => {
+                RustType::Option(Box::new(RustType::Ref(ty)))
+            }
+            x => panic!("cannot convert {:?} to option", x),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // field data viewed as Option
+    fn self_field_as_option(&self) -> RustValueTyped {
+        assert!(self.is_singular());
+
+        let suffix = match self.full_storage_type() {
+            RustType::Option(ref e) if e.is_copy() => "",
+            _ => ".as_ref()",
+        };
+
+        self.as_option_type()
+            .value(format!("{}{}", self.self_field(), suffix))
+    }
+
+    fn write_if_let_self_field_is_some<F>(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter, cb: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&str, &RustType, &mut CodeWriter),
+    {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => panic!("field is not singular"),
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. },
+                ref elem,
+            }) => {
+                let var = "v";
+                let ref_prefix = match elem.rust_storage_type().is_copy() {
+                    true => "",
+                    false => "ref ",
+                };
+                let as_option = self.self_field_as_option();
+                w.if_let_stmt(
+                    &format!("Some({}{})", ref_prefix, var),
+                    &as_option.value,
+                    |w| {
+                        let v_type = as_option.rust_type.elem_type();
+                        cb(var, &v_type, w);
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag,
+                ref elem,
+            }) => match *elem {
+                FieldElem::Primitive(FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING, ..)
+                | FieldElem::Primitive(FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES, ..) => {
+                    w.if_stmt(format!("!{}.is_empty()", self.self_field()), |w| {
+                        cb(&self.self_field(), &self.full_storage_type(), w);
+                    });
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    w.if_stmt(
+                        format!(
+                            "{} != {}",
+                            self.self_field(),
+                            self.full_storage_type().default_value(&self.customize)
+                        ),
+                        |w| {
+                            cb(&self.self_field(), &self.full_storage_type(), w);
+                        },
+                    );
+                }
+            },
+            FieldKind::Oneof(..) => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_if_self_field_is_not_empty<F>(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter, cb: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut CodeWriter),
+    {
+        assert!(self.is_repeated_or_map());
+        let self_field_is_not_empty = self.self_field_is_not_empty();
+        w.if_stmt(self_field_is_not_empty, cb);
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_if_self_field_is_none<F>(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter, cb: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut CodeWriter),
+    {
+        let self_field_is_none = self.self_field_is_none();
+        w.if_stmt(self_field_is_none, cb)
+    }
+
+    // repeated or singular
+    pub fn write_for_self_field<F>(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter, varn: &str, cb: F)
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut CodeWriter, &RustType),
+    {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Oneof(OneofField {
+                ref elem,
+                ref oneof_type_name,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                let cond = format!(
+                    "Some({}::{}(ref {}))",
+                    oneof_type_name.to_code(&self.customize),
+                    self.rust_name,
+                    varn
+                );
+                w.if_let_stmt(&cond, &self.self_field_oneof(), |w| {
+                    cb(w, &elem.rust_storage_type())
+                })
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let v_type = self.full_storage_iter_elem_type();
+                let self_field = self.self_field();
+                w.for_stmt(&format!("&{}", self_field), varn, |w| cb(w, &v_type));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_self_field_assign(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter, value: &str) {
+        let self_field = self.self_field();
+        w.write_line(&format!("{} = {};", self_field, value));
+    }
+
+    fn write_self_field_assign_some(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter, value: &str) {
+        let full_storage_type = self.full_storage_type();
+        match self.singular() {
+            &SingularField {
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. },
+                ..
+            } => {
+                self.write_self_field_assign(w, &full_storage_type.wrap_value(value));
+            }
+            &SingularField {
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                self.write_self_field_assign(w, value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_self_field_assign_value(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter, value: &str, ty: &RustType) {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => {
+                let converted = ty.into_target(&self.full_storage_type(), value, &self.customize);
+                self.write_self_field_assign(w, &converted);
+            }
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField { ref elem, ref flag }) => {
+                let converted = ty.into_target(&elem.rust_storage_type(), value, &self.customize);
+                let wrapped = if *flag == SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag {
+                    converted
+                } else {
+                    self.full_storage_type().wrap_value(&converted)
+                };
+                self.write_self_field_assign(w, &wrapped);
+            }
+            FieldKind::Oneof(..) => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_self_field_assign_default(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        assert!(self.is_singular());
+        if self.is_oneof() {
+            let self_field_oneof = self.self_field_oneof();
+            w.write_line(format!(
+                "{} = ::std::option::Option::Some({}({}))",
+                self_field_oneof,
+                self.variant_path(),
+                // TODO: default from .proto is not needed here (?)
+                self.element_default_value_rust()
+                    .into_type(self.full_storage_iter_elem_type(), &self.customize)
+                    .value
+            ));
+        } else {
+            // Note it is different from C++ protobuf, where field is initialized
+            // with default value
+            match self.full_storage_type() {
+                RustType::SingularField(..) | RustType::SingularPtrField(..) => {
+                    let self_field = self.self_field();
+                    w.write_line(&format!("{}.set_default();", self_field));
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    self.write_self_field_assign_some(
+                        w,
+                        &self
+                            .elem()
+                            .rust_storage_type()
+                            .default_value_typed(&self.customize)
+                            .into_type(self.elem().rust_storage_type(), &self.customize)
+                            .value,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_vec_packed_fixed_data_size(&self) -> String {
+        assert!(self.is_fixed());
+        format!(
+            "({}.len() * {}) as u32",
+            self.self_field(),
+            field_type_size(self.proto_type).unwrap()
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_vec_packed_varint_data_size(&self) -> String {
+        assert!(!self.is_fixed());
+        let fn_name = if self.is_enum() {
+            "vec_packed_enum_data_size".to_string()
+        } else {
+            let zigzag_suffix = if self.is_zigzag() { "_zigzag" } else { "" };
+            format!("vec_packed_varint{}_data_size", zigzag_suffix)
+        };
+        format!(
+            "{}::rt::{}(&{})",
+            protobuf_crate_path(&self.customize),
+            fn_name,
+            self.self_field()
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_vec_packed_data_size(&self) -> String {
+        assert!(self.is_repeated_not_map());
+        if self.is_fixed() {
+            self.self_field_vec_packed_fixed_data_size()
+        } else {
+            self.self_field_vec_packed_varint_data_size()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_vec_packed_fixed_size(&self) -> String {
+        // zero is filtered outside
+        format!(
+            "{} + {}::rt::compute_raw_varint32_size({}) + {}",
+            self.tag_size(),
+            protobuf_crate_path(&self.customize),
+            self.self_field_vec_packed_fixed_data_size(),
+            self.self_field_vec_packed_fixed_data_size()
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_vec_packed_varint_size(&self) -> String {
+        // zero is filtered outside
+        assert!(!self.is_fixed());
+        let fn_name = if self.is_enum() {
+            "vec_packed_enum_size".to_string()
+        } else {
+            let zigzag_suffix = if self.is_zigzag() { "_zigzag" } else { "" };
+            format!("vec_packed_varint{}_size", zigzag_suffix)
+        };
+        format!(
+            "{}::rt::{}({}, &{})",
+            protobuf_crate_path(&self.customize),
+            fn_name,
+            self.proto_field.number(),
+            self.self_field()
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_oneof(&self) -> String {
+        format!("self.{}", self.oneof().oneof_rust_field_name)
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear_field_func(&self) -> String {
+        format!("clear_{}", self.rust_name)
+    }
+
+    // Write `merge_from` part for this singular or repeated field
+    // of type message, string or bytes
+    fn write_merge_from_field_message_string_bytes(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let singular_or_repeated = match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) => "repeated",
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. },
+                ..
+            }) => "singular",
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag,
+                ..
+            }) => "singular_proto3",
+            FieldKind::Map(..) | FieldKind::Oneof(..) => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let carllerche = match self.kind.primitive_type_variant() {
+            PrimitiveTypeVariant::Carllerche => "carllerche_",
+            PrimitiveTypeVariant::Default => "",
+        };
+        let type_name_for_fn = protobuf_name(self.proto_type);
+        w.write_line(&format!(
+            "::protobuf::rt::read_{}_{}{}_into(wire_type, is, &mut self.{})?;",
+            singular_or_repeated, carllerche, type_name_for_fn, self.rust_name
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn write_error_unexpected_wire_type(&self, wire_type_var: &str, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        w.write_line(&format!(
+            "return ::std::result::Result::Err({}::rt::unexpected_wire_type({}));",
+            protobuf_crate_path(&self.customize),
+            wire_type_var
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn write_assert_wire_type(&self, wire_type_var: &str, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        w.if_stmt(
+            &format!(
+                "{} != ::protobuf::wire_format::{:?}",
+                wire_type_var, self.wire_type
+            ),
+            |w| {
+                self.write_error_unexpected_wire_type(wire_type_var, w);
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Write `merge_from` part for this oneof field
+    fn write_merge_from_oneof(&self, f: &OneofField, wire_type_var: &str, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        self.write_assert_wire_type(wire_type_var, w);
+
+        let typed = RustValueTyped {
+            value: format!(
+                "{}?",
+                self.proto_type.read("is", f.elem.primitive_type_variant())
+            ),
+            rust_type: self.full_storage_iter_elem_type(),
+        };
+
+        let maybe_boxed = if f.boxed {
+            typed.boxed(&self.customize)
+        } else {
+            typed
+        };
+
+        w.write_line(&format!(
+            "self.{} = ::std::option::Option::Some({}({}));",
+            self.oneof().oneof_rust_field_name,
+            self.variant_path(),
+            maybe_boxed.value
+        )); // TODO: into_type
+    }
+
+    // Write `merge_from` part for this map field
+    fn write_merge_from_map(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let &MapField {
+            ref key, ref value, ..
+        } = self.map();
+        w.write_line(&format!(
+            "::protobuf::rt::read_map_into::<{}, {}>(wire_type, is, &mut {})?;",
+            key.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize),
+            value.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize),
+            self.self_field()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    // Write `merge_from` part for this singular field
+    fn write_merge_from_singular(&self, wire_type_var: &str, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let field = match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Singular(ref field) => field,
+            _ => panic!(),
+        };
+
+        match field.elem {
+            FieldElem::Message(..)
+            | FieldElem::Primitive(FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING, ..)
+            | FieldElem::Primitive(FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES, ..) => {
+                self.write_merge_from_field_message_string_bytes(w);
+            }
+            FieldElem::Enum(..) => {
+                let version = match field.flag {
+                    SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. } => "proto2",
+                    SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag => "proto3",
+                };
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "::protobuf::rt::read_{}_enum_with_unknown_fields_into({}, is, &mut self.{}, {}, &mut self.unknown_fields)?",
+                    version,
+                    wire_type_var,
+                    self.rust_name,
+                    self.proto_field.number()
+                ));
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let read_proc = format!(
+                    "{}?",
+                    self.proto_type.read("is", PrimitiveTypeVariant::Default)
+                );
+
+                self.write_assert_wire_type(wire_type_var, w);
+                w.write_line(&format!("let tmp = {};", read_proc));
+                self.write_self_field_assign_some(w, "tmp");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Write `merge_from` part for this repeated field
+    fn write_merge_from_repeated(&self, wire_type_var: &str, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let field = match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(ref field) => field,
+            _ => panic!(),
+        };
+
+        match field.elem {
+            FieldElem::Message(..)
+            | FieldElem::Primitive(FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_STRING, ..)
+            | FieldElem::Primitive(FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_BYTES, ..) => {
+                self.write_merge_from_field_message_string_bytes(w);
+            }
+            FieldElem::Enum(..) => {
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "::protobuf::rt::read_repeated_enum_with_unknown_fields_into({}, is, &mut self.{}, {}, &mut self.unknown_fields)?",
+                    wire_type_var,
+                    self.rust_name,
+                    self.proto_field.number()
+                ));
+            }
+            _ => {
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "{}::rt::read_repeated_{}_into({}, is, &mut self.{})?;",
+                    protobuf_crate_path(&self.customize),
+                    protobuf_name(self.proto_type),
+                    wire_type_var,
+                    self.rust_name
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Write `merge_from` part for this field
+    pub fn write_merge_from_field(&self, wire_type_var: &str, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Oneof(ref f) => self.write_merge_from_oneof(&f, wire_type_var, w),
+            FieldKind::Map(..) => self.write_merge_from_map(w),
+            FieldKind::Singular(..) => self.write_merge_from_singular(wire_type_var, w),
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) => self.write_merge_from_repeated(wire_type_var, w),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn self_field_vec_packed_size(&self) -> String {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { packed: true, .. }) => {
+                // zero is filtered outside
+                if self.is_fixed() {
+                    self.self_field_vec_packed_fixed_size()
+                } else {
+                    self.self_field_vec_packed_varint_size()
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                panic!("not packed");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_element_size(
+        &self,
+        w: &mut CodeWriter,
+        item_var: &str,
+        item_var_type: &RustType,
+        sum_var: &str,
+    ) {
+        assert!(!self.is_repeated_packed());
+
+        match self.proto_type {
+            FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE => {
+                w.write_line(&format!("let len = {}.compute_size();", item_var));
+                let tag_size = self.tag_size();
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "{} += {} + ::protobuf::rt::compute_raw_varint32_size(len) + len;",
+                    sum_var, tag_size
+                ));
+            }
+            _ => {
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "{} += {};",
+                    sum_var,
+                    self.element_size(item_var, item_var_type)
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_message_write_field(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Singular(..) => {
+                self.write_if_let_self_field_is_some(w, |v, v_type, w| {
+                    self.write_write_element(w, "os", v, v_type);
+                });
+            }
+            FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { packed: false, .. }) => {
+                self.write_for_self_field(w, "v", |w, v_type| {
+                    self.write_write_element(w, "os", "v", v_type);
+                });
+            }
+            FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { packed: true, .. }) => {
+                self.write_if_self_field_is_not_empty(w, |w| {
+                    let number = self.proto_field.number();
+                    w.write_line(&format!(
+                        "os.write_tag({}, {}::wire_format::{:?})?;",
+                        number,
+                        protobuf_crate_path(&self.customize),
+                        wire_format::WireTypeLengthDelimited
+                    ));
+                    w.comment("TODO: Data size is computed again, it should be cached");
+                    let data_size_expr = self.self_field_vec_packed_data_size();
+                    w.write_line(&format!("os.write_raw_varint32({})?;", data_size_expr));
+                    self.write_for_self_field(w, "v", |w, v_type| {
+                        let param_type = self.os_write_fn_param_type();
+                        let os_write_fn_suffix = self.os_write_fn_suffix();
+                        w.write_line(&format!(
+                            "os.write_{}_no_tag({})?;",
+                            os_write_fn_suffix,
+                            v_type.into_target(&param_type, "v", &self.customize)
+                        ));
+                    });
+                });
+            }
+            FieldKind::Map(MapField {
+                ref key, ref value, ..
+            }) => {
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "::protobuf::rt::write_map_with_cached_sizes::<{}, {}>({}, &{}, os)?;",
+                    key.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize),
+                    value.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize),
+                    self.proto_field.number(),
+                    self.self_field()
+                ));
+            }
+            FieldKind::Oneof(..) => unreachable!(),
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_message_compute_field_size(&self, sum_var: &str, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Singular(..) => {
+                self.write_if_let_self_field_is_some(w, |v, v_type, w| {
+                    match field_type_size(self.proto_type) {
+                        Some(s) => {
+                            let tag_size = self.tag_size();
+                            w.write_line(&format!("{} += {};", sum_var, (s + tag_size) as isize));
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            self.write_element_size(w, v, v_type, sum_var);
+                        }
+                    };
+                });
+            }
+            FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { packed: false, .. }) => {
+                match field_type_size(self.proto_type) {
+                    Some(s) => {
+                        let tag_size = self.tag_size();
+                        let self_field = self.self_field();
+                        w.write_line(&format!(
+                            "{} += {} * {}.len() as u32;",
+                            sum_var,
+                            (s + tag_size) as isize,
+                            self_field
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        self.write_for_self_field(w, "value", |w, value_type| {
+                            self.write_element_size(w, "value", value_type, sum_var);
+                        });
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+            FieldKind::Map(MapField {
+                ref key, ref value, ..
+            }) => {
+                w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "{} += {}::rt::compute_map_size::<{}, {}>({}, &{});",
+                    sum_var,
+                    protobuf_crate_path(&self.customize),
+                    key.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize),
+                    value.lib_protobuf_type(&self.customize),
+                    self.proto_field.number(),
+                    self.self_field()
+                ));
+            }
+            FieldKind::Repeated(RepeatedField { packed: true, .. }) => {
+                self.write_if_self_field_is_not_empty(w, |w| {
+                    let size_expr = self.self_field_vec_packed_size();
+                    w.write_line(&format!("{} += {};", sum_var, size_expr));
+                });
+            }
+            FieldKind::Oneof(..) => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_message_field_get_singular(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let get_xxx_return_type = self.get_xxx_return_type();
+
+        if self.proto_type == FieldDescriptorProto_Type::TYPE_MESSAGE {
+            let self_field = self.self_field();
+            let ref field_type_name = self.elem().rust_storage_type();
+            w.write_line(&format!(
+                "{}.as_ref().unwrap_or_else(|| {}::default_instance())",
+                self_field,
+                field_type_name.to_code(&self.customize)
+            ));
+        } else {
+            let get_xxx_default_value_rust = self.get_xxx_default_value_rust();
+            let self_field = self.self_field();
+            match self.singular() {
+                &SingularField {
+                    flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. },
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    if get_xxx_return_type.is_ref() {
+                        let as_option = self.self_field_as_option();
+                        w.match_expr(&as_option.value, |w| {
+                            let v_type = as_option.rust_type.elem_type();
+                            let r_type = self.get_xxx_return_type();
+                            w.case_expr(
+                                "Some(v)",
+                                v_type.into_target(&r_type, "v", &self.customize),
+                            );
+                            let get_xxx_default_value_rust = self.get_xxx_default_value_rust();
+                            w.case_expr("None", get_xxx_default_value_rust);
+                        });
+                    } else {
+                        w.write_line(&format!(
+                            "{}.unwrap_or({})",
+                            self_field, get_xxx_default_value_rust
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                &SingularField {
+                    flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag,
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    w.write_line(self.full_storage_type().into_target(
+                        &get_xxx_return_type,
+                        &self_field,
+                        &self.customize,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_message_field_get(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let get_xxx_return_type = self.get_xxx_return_type();
+        let fn_def = format!(
+            "get_{}(&self) -> {}",
+            self.rust_name,
+            get_xxx_return_type.to_code(&self.customize)
+        );
+
+        w.pub_fn(&fn_def, |w| match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Oneof(OneofField { ref elem, .. }) => {
+                let self_field_oneof = self.self_field_oneof();
+                w.match_expr(self_field_oneof, |w| {
+                    let (refv, vtype) = if !self.elem_type_is_copy() {
+                        ("ref v", elem.rust_storage_type().ref_type())
+                    } else {
+                        ("v", elem.rust_storage_type())
+                    };
+                    w.case_expr(
+                        format!(
+                            "::std::option::Option::Some({}({}))",
+                            self.variant_path(),
+                            refv
+                        ),
+                        vtype.into_target(&get_xxx_return_type, "v", &self.customize),
+                    );
+                    w.case_expr("_", self.get_xxx_default_value_rust());
+                })
+            }
+            FieldKind::Singular(..) => {
+                self.write_message_field_get_singular(w);
+            }
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => {
+                let self_field = self.self_field();
+                w.write_line(&format!("&{}", self_field));
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn has_has(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => false,
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. },
+                ..
+            }) => true,
+            FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag,
+                ..
+            }) => false,
+            FieldKind::Oneof(..) => true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_mut(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => true,
+            // TODO: string should be public, and mut is not needed
+            FieldKind::Singular(..) | FieldKind::Oneof(..) => !self.elem_type_is_copy(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_take(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => true,
+            // TODO: string should be public, and mut is not needed
+            FieldKind::Singular(..) | FieldKind::Oneof(..) => !self.elem_type_is_copy(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_name(&self) -> String {
+        format!("has_{}", self.rust_name)
+    }
+
+    fn write_message_field_has(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        w.pub_fn(&format!("{}(&self) -> bool", self.has_name()), |w| {
+            if !self.is_oneof() {
+                let self_field_is_some = self.self_field_is_some();
+                w.write_line(self_field_is_some);
+            } else {
+                let self_field_oneof = self.self_field_oneof();
+                w.match_expr(self_field_oneof, |w| {
+                    w.case_expr(
+                        format!("::std::option::Option::Some({}(..))", self.variant_path()),
+                        "true",
+                    );
+                    w.case_expr("_", "false");
+                });
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn write_message_field_set(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let set_xxx_param_type = self.set_xxx_param_type();
+        w.comment("Param is passed by value, moved");
+        let ref name = self.rust_name;
+        w.pub_fn(
+            &format!(
+                "set_{}(&mut self, v: {})",
+                name,
+                set_xxx_param_type.to_code(&self.customize)
+            ),
+            |w| {
+                if !self.is_oneof() {
+                    self.write_self_field_assign_value(w, "v", &set_xxx_param_type);
+                } else {
+                    let self_field_oneof = self.self_field_oneof();
+                    let v = set_xxx_param_type.into_target(
+                        &self.oneof().rust_type(),
+                        "v",
+                        &self.customize,
+                    );
+                    w.write_line(&format!(
+                        "{} = ::std::option::Option::Some({}({}))",
+                        self_field_oneof,
+                        self.variant_path(),
+                        v
+                    ));
+                }
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn write_message_field_mut(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let mut_xxx_return_type = self.mut_xxx_return_type();
+        w.comment("Mutable pointer to the field.");
+        if self.is_singular() {
+            w.comment("If field is not initialized, it is initialized with default value first.");
+        }
+        let fn_def = match mut_xxx_return_type {
+            RustType::Ref(ref param) => format!(
+                "mut_{}(&mut self) -> &mut {}",
+                self.rust_name,
+                param.to_code(&self.customize)
+            ),
+            _ => panic!(
+                "not a ref: {}",
+                mut_xxx_return_type.to_code(&self.customize)
+            ),
+        };
+        w.pub_fn(&fn_def, |w| {
+            match self.kind {
+                FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => {
+                    let self_field = self.self_field();
+                    w.write_line(&format!("&mut {}", self_field));
+                }
+                FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                    flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. },
+                    ..
+                }) => {
+                    self.write_if_self_field_is_none(w, |w| {
+                        self.write_self_field_assign_default(w);
+                    });
+                    let self_field = self.self_field();
+                    w.write_line(&format!("{}.as_mut().unwrap()", self_field));
+                }
+                FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                    flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag,
+                    ..
+                }) => w.write_line(&format!("&mut {}", self.self_field())),
+                FieldKind::Oneof(..) => {
+                    let self_field_oneof = self.self_field_oneof();
+
+                    // if oneof does not contain current field
+                    w.if_let_else_stmt(
+                        &format!("::std::option::Option::Some({}(_))", self.variant_path())[..],
+                        &self_field_oneof[..],
+                        |w| {
+                            // initialize it with default value
+                            w.write_line(&format!(
+                                "{} = ::std::option::Option::Some({}({}));",
+                                self_field_oneof,
+                                self.variant_path(),
+                                self.element_default_value_rust()
+                                    .into_type(self.oneof().rust_type(), &self.customize)
+                                    .value
+                            ));
+                        },
+                    );
+
+                    // extract field
+                    w.match_expr(self_field_oneof, |w| {
+                        w.case_expr(
+                            format!(
+                                "::std::option::Option::Some({}(ref mut v))",
+                                self.variant_path()
+                            ),
+                            "v",
+                        );
+                        w.case_expr("_", "panic!()");
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn write_message_field_take_oneof(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let take_xxx_return_type = self.take_xxx_return_type();
+
+        // TODO: replace with if let
+        w.write_line(&format!("if self.{}() {{", self.has_name()));
+        w.indented(|w| {
+            let self_field_oneof = self.self_field_oneof();
+            w.match_expr(format!("{}.take()", self_field_oneof), |w| {
+                let value_in_some = self.oneof().rust_type().value("v".to_owned());
+                let converted =
+                    value_in_some.into_type(self.take_xxx_return_type(), &self.customize);
+                w.case_expr(
+                    format!("::std::option::Option::Some({}(v))", self.variant_path()),
+                    &converted.value,
+                );
+                w.case_expr("_", "panic!()");
+            });
+        });
+        w.write_line("} else {");
+        w.indented(|w| {
+            w.write_line(
+                self.elem()
+                    .rust_storage_type()
+                    .default_value_typed(&self.customize)
+                    .into_type(take_xxx_return_type.clone(), &self.customize)
+                    .value,
+            );
+        });
+        w.write_line("}");
+    }
+
+    fn write_message_field_take(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        let take_xxx_return_type = self.take_xxx_return_type();
+        w.comment("Take field");
+        w.pub_fn(
+            &format!(
+                "take_{}(&mut self) -> {}",
+                self.rust_name,
+                take_xxx_return_type.to_code(&self.customize)
+            ),
+            |w| match self.kind {
+                FieldKind::Oneof(..) => {
+                    self.write_message_field_take_oneof(w);
+                }
+                FieldKind::Repeated(..) | FieldKind::Map(..) => {
+                    w.write_line(&format!(
+                        "::std::mem::replace(&mut self.{}, {})",
+                        self.rust_name,
+                        take_xxx_return_type.default_value(&self.customize)
+                    ));
+                }
+                FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                    ref elem,
+                    flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithFlag { .. },
+                }) => {
+                    if !elem.is_copy() {
+                        w.write_line(&format!(
+                            "{}.take().unwrap_or_else(|| {})",
+                            self.self_field(),
+                            elem.rust_storage_type().default_value(&self.customize)
+                        ));
+                    } else {
+                        w.write_line(&format!(
+                            "{}.take().unwrap_or({})",
+                            self.self_field(),
+                            self.element_default_value_rust().value
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                FieldKind::Singular(SingularField {
+                    flag: SingularFieldFlag::WithoutFlag,
+                    ..
+                }) => w.write_line(&format!(
+                    "::std::mem::replace(&mut {}, {})",
+                    self.self_field(),
+                    self.full_storage_type().default_value(&self.customize)
+                )),
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_message_single_field_accessors(&self, w: &mut CodeWriter) {
+        // TODO: do not generate `get` when !proto2 and !generate_accessors`
+        w.write_line("");
+        self.write_message_field_get(w);
+
+        if !self.generate_accessors {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let clear_field_func = self.clear_field_func();
+        w.pub_fn(&format!("{}(&mut self)", clear_field_func), |w| {
+            self.write_clear(w);
+        });
+
+        if self.has_has() {
+            w.write_line("");
+            self.write_message_field_has(w);
+        }
+
+        w.write_line("");
+        self.write_message_field_set(w);
+
+        if self.has_mut() {
+            w.write_line("");
+            self.write_message_field_mut(w);
+        }
+
+        if self.has_take() {
+            w.write_line("");
+            self.write_message_field_take(w);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn rust_field_name_for_protobuf_field_name(name: &str) -> RustIdent {
+    if rust::is_rust_keyword(name) {
+        RustIdent::new(&format!("field_{}", name))
+    } else {
+        RustIdent::new(name)
+    }
+}