lib/Parser/Parser.cpp

//===- Parser.cpp - MLIR Parser Implementation ----------------------------===//
//
// Copyright 2019 The MLIR Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// =============================================================================
//
// This file implements the parser for the MLIR textual form.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "mlir/Parser.h"
#include "Lexer.h"
#include "mlir/IR/AffineExpr.h"
#include "mlir/IR/AffineMap.h"
#include "mlir/IR/Attributes.h"
#include "mlir/IR/Builders.h"
#include "mlir/IR/MLFunction.h"
#include "mlir/IR/Module.h"
#include "mlir/IR/OpImplementation.h"
#include "mlir/IR/OperationSet.h"
#include "mlir/IR/Statements.h"
#include "mlir/IR/Types.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
#include "llvm/Support/SourceMgr.h"
using namespace mlir;
using llvm::SMLoc;
using llvm::SourceMgr;

/// Simple enum to make code read better in cases that would otherwise return a
/// bool value.  Failure is "true" in a boolean context.
enum ParseResult { ParseSuccess, ParseFailure };

namespace {
class Parser;

/// This class refers to all of the state maintained globally by the parser,
/// such as the current lexer position etc.  The Parser base class provides
/// methods to access this.
class ParserState {
public:
  ParserState(llvm::SourceMgr &sourceMgr, Module *module,
              SMDiagnosticHandlerTy errorReporter)
      : context(module->getContext()), module(module),
        lex(sourceMgr, errorReporter), curToken(lex.lexToken()),
        errorReporter(errorReporter), operationSet(OperationSet::get(context)) {
  }

  // A map from affine map identifier to AffineMap.
  llvm::StringMap<AffineMap *> affineMapDefinitions;

private:
  ParserState(const ParserState &) = delete;
  void operator=(const ParserState &) = delete;

  friend class Parser;

  // The context we're parsing into.
  MLIRContext *const context;

  // This is the module we are parsing into.
  Module *const module;

  // The lexer for the source file we're parsing.
  Lexer lex;

  // This is the next token that hasn't been consumed yet.
  Token curToken;

  // The diagnostic error reporter.
  SMDiagnosticHandlerTy const errorReporter;

  // The active OperationSet we're parsing with.
  OperationSet &operationSet;
};
} // end anonymous namespace

namespace {

typedef std::function<Operation *(Identifier, ArrayRef<SSAValue *>,
                                  ArrayRef<Type *>, ArrayRef<NamedAttribute>)>
    CreateOperationFunction;

/// This class implement support for parsing global entities like types and
/// shared entities like SSA names.  It is intended to be subclassed by
/// specialized subparsers that include state, e.g. when a local symbol table.
class Parser {
public:
  Builder builder;

  Parser(ParserState &state) : builder(state.context), state(state) {}

  // Helper methods to get stuff from the parser-global state.
  ParserState &getState() const { return state; }
  MLIRContext *getContext() const { return state.context; }
  Module *getModule() { return state.module; }
  OperationSet &getOperationSet() const { return state.operationSet; }

  /// Return the current token the parser is inspecting.
  const Token &getToken() const { return state.curToken; }
  StringRef getTokenSpelling() const { return state.curToken.getSpelling(); }

  /// Emit an error and return failure.
  ParseResult emitError(const Twine &message) {
    return emitError(state.curToken.getLoc(), message);
  }
  ParseResult emitError(SMLoc loc, const Twine &message);

  /// Advance the current lexer onto the next token.
  void consumeToken() {
    assert(state.curToken.isNot(Token::eof, Token::error) &&
           "shouldn't advance past EOF or errors");
    state.curToken = state.lex.lexToken();
  }

  /// Advance the current lexer onto the next token, asserting what the expected
  /// current token is.  This is preferred to the above method because it leads
  /// to more self-documenting code with better checking.
  void consumeToken(Token::Kind kind) {
    assert(state.curToken.is(kind) && "consumed an unexpected token");
    consumeToken();
  }

  /// If the current token has the specified kind, consume it and return true.
  /// If not, return false.
  bool consumeIf(Token::Kind kind) {
    if (state.curToken.isNot(kind))
      return false;
    consumeToken(kind);
    return true;
  }

  /// Consume the specified token if present and return success.  On failure,
  /// output a diagnostic and return failure.
  ParseResult parseToken(Token::Kind expectedToken, const Twine &message);

  /// Parse a comma-separated list of elements up until the specified end token.
  ParseResult
  parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::Kind rightToken,
                               const std::function<ParseResult()> &parseElement,
                               bool allowEmptyList = true);

  /// Parse a comma separated list of elements that must have at least one entry
  /// in it.
  ParseResult
  parseCommaSeparatedList(const std::function<ParseResult()> &parseElement);

  // We have two forms of parsing methods - those that return a non-null
  // pointer on success, and those that return a ParseResult to indicate whether
  // they returned a failure.  The second class fills in by-reference arguments
  // as the results of their action.

  // Type parsing.
  Type *parsePrimitiveType();
  Type *parseElementType();
  VectorType *parseVectorType();
  ParseResult parseDimensionListRanked(SmallVectorImpl<int> &dimensions);
  Type *parseTensorType();
  Type *parseMemRefType();
  Type *parseFunctionType();
  Type *parseType();
  ParseResult parseTypeListNoParens(SmallVectorImpl<Type *> &elements);
  ParseResult parseTypeList(SmallVectorImpl<Type *> &elements);

  // Attribute parsing.
  Attribute *parseAttribute();
  ParseResult parseAttributeDict(SmallVectorImpl<NamedAttribute> &attributes);

  // Polyhedral structures.
  AffineMap *parseAffineMapInline();
  AffineMap *parseAffineMapReference();

private:
  // The Parser is subclassed and reinstantiated.  Do not add additional
  // non-trivial state here, add it to the ParserState class.
  ParserState &state;
};
} // end anonymous namespace

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Helper methods.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

ParseResult Parser::emitError(SMLoc loc, const Twine &message) {
  // If we hit a parse error in response to a lexer error, then the lexer
  // already reported the error.
  if (getToken().is(Token::error))
    return ParseFailure;

  auto &sourceMgr = state.lex.getSourceMgr();
  state.errorReporter(sourceMgr.GetMessage(loc, SourceMgr::DK_Error, message));
  return ParseFailure;
}

/// Consume the specified token if present and return success.  On failure,
/// output a diagnostic and return failure.
ParseResult Parser::parseToken(Token::Kind expectedToken,
                               const Twine &message) {
  if (consumeIf(expectedToken))
    return ParseSuccess;
  return emitError(message);
}

/// Parse a comma separated list of elements that must have at least one entry
/// in it.
ParseResult Parser::parseCommaSeparatedList(
    const std::function<ParseResult()> &parseElement) {
  // Non-empty case starts with an element.
  if (parseElement())
    return ParseFailure;

  // Otherwise we have a list of comma separated elements.
  while (consumeIf(Token::comma)) {
    if (parseElement())
      return ParseFailure;
  }
  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// Parse a comma-separated list of elements, terminated with an arbitrary
/// token.  This allows empty lists if allowEmptyList is true.
///
///   abstract-list ::= rightToken                  // if allowEmptyList == true
///   abstract-list ::= element (',' element)* rightToken
///
ParseResult Parser::parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(
    Token::Kind rightToken, const std::function<ParseResult()> &parseElement,
    bool allowEmptyList) {
  // Handle the empty case.
  if (getToken().is(rightToken)) {
    if (!allowEmptyList)
      return emitError("expected list element");
    consumeToken(rightToken);
    return ParseSuccess;
  }

  if (parseCommaSeparatedList(parseElement) ||
      parseToken(rightToken, "expected ',' or '" +
                                 Token::getTokenSpelling(rightToken) + "'"))
    return ParseFailure;

  return ParseSuccess;
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Type Parsing
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

/// Parse the low-level fixed dtypes in the system.
///
///   primitive-type ::= `f16` | `bf16` | `f32` | `f64`
///   primitive-type ::= integer-type
///   primitive-type ::= `affineint`
///
Type *Parser::parsePrimitiveType() {
  switch (getToken().getKind()) {
  default:
    return (emitError("expected type"), nullptr);
  case Token::kw_bf16:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_bf16);
    return builder.getBF16Type();
  case Token::kw_f16:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_f16);
    return builder.getF16Type();
  case Token::kw_f32:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_f32);
    return builder.getF32Type();
  case Token::kw_f64:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_f64);
    return builder.getF64Type();
  case Token::kw_affineint:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_affineint);
    return builder.getAffineIntType();
  case Token::kw_tf_control:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_tf_control);
    return builder.getTFControlType();
  case Token::inttype: {
    auto width = getToken().getIntTypeBitwidth();
    if (!width.hasValue())
      return (emitError("invalid integer width"), nullptr);
    consumeToken(Token::inttype);
    return builder.getIntegerType(width.getValue());
  }
  }
}

/// Parse the element type of a tensor or memref type.
///
///   element-type ::= primitive-type | vector-type
///
Type *Parser::parseElementType() {
  if (getToken().is(Token::kw_vector))
    return parseVectorType();

  return parsePrimitiveType();
}

/// Parse a vector type.
///
///   vector-type ::= `vector` `<` const-dimension-list primitive-type `>`
///   const-dimension-list ::= (integer-literal `x`)+
///
VectorType *Parser::parseVectorType() {
  consumeToken(Token::kw_vector);

  if (parseToken(Token::less, "expected '<' in vector type"))
    return nullptr;

  if (getToken().isNot(Token::integer))
    return (emitError("expected dimension size in vector type"), nullptr);

  SmallVector<unsigned, 4> dimensions;
  while (getToken().is(Token::integer)) {
    // Make sure this integer value is in bound and valid.
    auto dimension = getToken().getUnsignedIntegerValue();
    if (!dimension.hasValue())
      return (emitError("invalid dimension in vector type"), nullptr);
    dimensions.push_back(dimension.getValue());

    consumeToken(Token::integer);

    // Make sure we have an 'x' or something like 'xbf32'.
    if (getToken().isNot(Token::bare_identifier) ||
        getTokenSpelling()[0] != 'x')
      return (emitError("expected 'x' in vector dimension list"), nullptr);

    // If we had a prefix of 'x', lex the next token immediately after the 'x'.
    if (getTokenSpelling().size() != 1)
      state.lex.resetPointer(getTokenSpelling().data() + 1);

    // Consume the 'x'.
    consumeToken(Token::bare_identifier);
  }

  // Parse the element type.
  auto *elementType = parsePrimitiveType();
  if (!elementType)
    return nullptr;

  if (parseToken(Token::greater, "expected '>' in vector type"))
    return nullptr;

  return VectorType::get(dimensions, elementType);
}

/// Parse a dimension list of a tensor or memref type.  This populates the
/// dimension list, returning -1 for the '?' dimensions.
///
///   dimension-list-ranked ::= (dimension `x`)*
///   dimension ::= `?` | integer-literal
///
ParseResult Parser::parseDimensionListRanked(SmallVectorImpl<int> &dimensions) {
  while (getToken().isAny(Token::integer, Token::question)) {
    if (consumeIf(Token::question)) {
      dimensions.push_back(-1);
    } else {
      // Make sure this integer value is in bound and valid.
      auto dimension = getToken().getUnsignedIntegerValue();
      if (!dimension.hasValue() || (int)dimension.getValue() < 0)
        return emitError("invalid dimension");
      dimensions.push_back((int)dimension.getValue());
      consumeToken(Token::integer);
    }

    // Make sure we have an 'x' or something like 'xbf32'.
    if (getToken().isNot(Token::bare_identifier) ||
        getTokenSpelling()[0] != 'x')
      return emitError("expected 'x' in dimension list");

    // If we had a prefix of 'x', lex the next token immediately after the 'x'.
    if (getTokenSpelling().size() != 1)
      state.lex.resetPointer(getTokenSpelling().data() + 1);

    // Consume the 'x'.
    consumeToken(Token::bare_identifier);
  }

  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// Parse a tensor type.
///
///   tensor-type ::= `tensor` `<` dimension-list element-type `>`
///   dimension-list ::= dimension-list-ranked | `??`
///
Type *Parser::parseTensorType() {
  consumeToken(Token::kw_tensor);

  if (parseToken(Token::less, "expected '<' in tensor type"))
    return nullptr;

  bool isUnranked;
  SmallVector<int, 4> dimensions;

  if (consumeIf(Token::questionquestion)) {
    isUnranked = true;
  } else {
    isUnranked = false;
    if (parseDimensionListRanked(dimensions))
      return nullptr;
  }

  // Parse the element type.
  auto elementType = parseElementType();
  if (!elementType)
    return nullptr;

  if (parseToken(Token::greater, "expected '>' in tensor type"))
    return nullptr;

  if (isUnranked)
    return builder.getTensorType(elementType);
  return builder.getTensorType(dimensions, elementType);
}

/// Parse a memref type.
///
///   memref-type ::= `memref` `<` dimension-list-ranked element-type
///                   (`,` semi-affine-map-composition)? (`,` memory-space)? `>`
///
///   semi-affine-map-composition ::= (semi-affine-map `,` )* semi-affine-map
///   memory-space ::= integer-literal /* | TODO: address-space-id */
///
Type *Parser::parseMemRefType() {
  consumeToken(Token::kw_memref);

  if (parseToken(Token::less, "expected '<' in memref type"))
    return nullptr;

  SmallVector<int, 4> dimensions;
  if (parseDimensionListRanked(dimensions))
    return nullptr;

  // Parse the element type.
  auto elementType = parseElementType();
  if (!elementType)
    return nullptr;

  // Parse semi-affine-map-composition.
  SmallVector<AffineMap *, 2> affineMapComposition;
  unsigned memorySpace = 0;
  bool parsedMemorySpace = false;

  auto parseElt = [&]() -> ParseResult {
    if (getToken().is(Token::integer)) {
      // Parse memory space.
      if (parsedMemorySpace)
        return emitError("multiple memory spaces specified in memref type");
      auto v = getToken().getUnsignedIntegerValue();
      if (!v.hasValue())
        return emitError("invalid memory space in memref type");
      memorySpace = v.getValue();
      consumeToken(Token::integer);
      parsedMemorySpace = true;
    } else {
      // Parse affine map.
      if (parsedMemorySpace)
        return emitError("affine map after memory space in memref type");
      auto *affineMap = parseAffineMapReference();
      if (affineMap == nullptr)
        return ParseFailure;
      affineMapComposition.push_back(affineMap);
    }
    return ParseSuccess;
  };

  // Parse a list of mappings and address space if present.
  if (consumeIf(Token::comma)) {
    // Parse comma separated list of affine maps, followed by memory space.
    if (parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::greater, parseElt,
                                     /*allowEmptyList=*/false)) {
      return nullptr;
    }
  } else {
    if (parseToken(Token::greater, "expected ',' or '>' in memref type"))
      return nullptr;
  }

  return MemRefType::get(dimensions, elementType, affineMapComposition,
                         memorySpace);
}

/// Parse a function type.
///
///   function-type ::= type-list-parens `->` type-list
///
Type *Parser::parseFunctionType() {
  assert(getToken().is(Token::l_paren));

  SmallVector<Type *, 4> arguments, results;
  if (parseTypeList(arguments) ||
      parseToken(Token::arrow, "expected '->' in function type") ||
      parseTypeList(results))
    return nullptr;

  return builder.getFunctionType(arguments, results);
}

/// Parse an arbitrary type.
///
///   type ::= primitive-type
///          | vector-type
///          | tensor-type
///          | memref-type
///          | function-type
///   element-type ::= primitive-type | vector-type
///
Type *Parser::parseType() {
  switch (getToken().getKind()) {
  case Token::kw_memref:
    return parseMemRefType();
  case Token::kw_tensor:
    return parseTensorType();
  case Token::kw_vector:
    return parseVectorType();
  case Token::l_paren:
    return parseFunctionType();
  default:
    return parsePrimitiveType();
  }
}

/// Parse a list of types without an enclosing parenthesis.  The list must have
/// at least one member.
///
///   type-list-no-parens ::=  type (`,` type)*
///
ParseResult Parser::parseTypeListNoParens(SmallVectorImpl<Type *> &elements) {
  auto parseElt = [&]() -> ParseResult {
    auto elt = parseType();
    elements.push_back(elt);
    return elt ? ParseSuccess : ParseFailure;
  };

  return parseCommaSeparatedList(parseElt);
}

/// Parse a "type list", which is a singular type, or a parenthesized list of
/// types.
///
///   type-list ::= type-list-parens | type
///   type-list-parens ::= `(` `)`
///                      | `(` type-list-no-parens `)`
///
ParseResult Parser::parseTypeList(SmallVectorImpl<Type *> &elements) {
  auto parseElt = [&]() -> ParseResult {
    auto elt = parseType();
    elements.push_back(elt);
    return elt ? ParseSuccess : ParseFailure;
  };

  // If there is no parens, then it must be a singular type.
  if (!consumeIf(Token::l_paren))
    return parseElt();

  if (parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::r_paren, parseElt))
    return ParseFailure;

  return ParseSuccess;
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Attribute parsing.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

/// Attribute parsing.
///
///  attribute-value ::= bool-literal
///                    | integer-literal
///                    | float-literal
///                    | string-literal
///                    | `[` (attribute-value (`,` attribute-value)*)? `]`
///
Attribute *Parser::parseAttribute() {
  switch (getToken().getKind()) {
  case Token::kw_true:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_true);
    return builder.getBoolAttr(true);
  case Token::kw_false:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_false);
    return builder.getBoolAttr(false);

  case Token::integer: {
    auto val = getToken().getUInt64IntegerValue();
    if (!val.hasValue() || (int64_t)val.getValue() < 0)
      return (emitError("integer too large for attribute"), nullptr);
    consumeToken(Token::integer);
    return builder.getIntegerAttr((int64_t)val.getValue());
  }

  case Token::minus: {
    consumeToken(Token::minus);
    if (getToken().is(Token::integer)) {
      auto val = getToken().getUInt64IntegerValue();
      if (!val.hasValue() || (int64_t)-val.getValue() >= 0)
        return (emitError("integer too large for attribute"), nullptr);
      consumeToken(Token::integer);
      return builder.getIntegerAttr((int64_t)-val.getValue());
    }

    return (emitError("expected constant integer or floating point value"),
            nullptr);
  }

  case Token::string: {
    auto val = getToken().getStringValue();
    consumeToken(Token::string);
    return builder.getStringAttr(val);
  }

  case Token::l_square: {
    consumeToken(Token::l_square);
    SmallVector<Attribute *, 4> elements;

    auto parseElt = [&]() -> ParseResult {
      elements.push_back(parseAttribute());
      return elements.back() ? ParseSuccess : ParseFailure;
    };

    if (parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::r_square, parseElt))
      return nullptr;
    return builder.getArrayAttr(elements);
  }
  default:
    // Try to parse affine map reference.
    auto *affineMap = parseAffineMapReference();
    if (affineMap != nullptr)
      return builder.getAffineMapAttr(affineMap);

    // TODO: Handle floating point.
    return (emitError("expected constant attribute value"), nullptr);
  }
}

/// Attribute dictionary.
///
///   attribute-dict ::= `{` `}`
///                    | `{` attribute-entry (`,` attribute-entry)* `}`
///   attribute-entry ::= bare-id `:` attribute-value
///
ParseResult
Parser::parseAttributeDict(SmallVectorImpl<NamedAttribute> &attributes) {
  consumeToken(Token::l_brace);

  auto parseElt = [&]() -> ParseResult {
    // We allow keywords as attribute names.
    if (getToken().isNot(Token::bare_identifier, Token::inttype) &&
        !getToken().isKeyword())
      return emitError("expected attribute name");
    auto nameId = builder.getIdentifier(getTokenSpelling());
    consumeToken();

    if (parseToken(Token::colon, "expected ':' in attribute list"))
      return ParseFailure;

    auto attr = parseAttribute();
    if (!attr)
      return ParseFailure;

    attributes.push_back({nameId, attr});
    return ParseSuccess;
  };

  if (parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::r_brace, parseElt))
    return ParseFailure;

  return ParseSuccess;
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Polyhedral structures.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

/// Lower precedence ops (all at the same precedence level). LNoOp is false in
/// the boolean sense.
enum AffineLowPrecOp {
  /// Null value.
  LNoOp,
  Add,
  Sub
};

/// Higher precedence ops - all at the same precedence level. HNoOp is false in
/// the boolean sense.
enum AffineHighPrecOp {
  /// Null value.
  HNoOp,
  Mul,
  FloorDiv,
  CeilDiv,
  Mod
};

namespace {
/// This is a specialized parser for AffineMap's, maintaining the state
/// transient to their bodies.
class AffineMapParser : public Parser {
public:
  explicit AffineMapParser(ParserState &state) : Parser(state) {}

  AffineMap *parseAffineMapInline();

private:
  // Binary affine op parsing.
  AffineLowPrecOp consumeIfLowPrecOp();
  AffineHighPrecOp consumeIfHighPrecOp();

  // Identifier lists for polyhedral structures.
  ParseResult parseDimIdList(unsigned &numDims);
  ParseResult parseSymbolIdList(unsigned &numSymbols);
  ParseResult parseIdentifierDefinition(AffineExpr *idExpr);

  AffineExpr *parseAffineExpr();
  AffineExpr *parseParentheticalExpr();
  AffineExpr *parseNegateExpression(AffineExpr *lhs);
  AffineExpr *parseIntegerExpr();
  AffineExpr *parseBareIdExpr();

  AffineExpr *getBinaryAffineOpExpr(AffineHighPrecOp op, AffineExpr *lhs,
                                    AffineExpr *rhs, SMLoc opLoc);
  AffineExpr *getBinaryAffineOpExpr(AffineLowPrecOp op, AffineExpr *lhs,
                                    AffineExpr *rhs);
  AffineExpr *parseAffineOperandExpr(AffineExpr *lhs);
  AffineExpr *parseAffineLowPrecOpExpr(AffineExpr *llhs,
                                       AffineLowPrecOp llhsOp);
  AffineExpr *parseAffineHighPrecOpExpr(AffineExpr *llhs,
                                        AffineHighPrecOp llhsOp,
                                        SMLoc llhsOpLoc);

private:
  SmallVector<std::pair<StringRef, AffineExpr *>, 4> dimsAndSymbols;
};
} // end anonymous namespace

/// Create an affine binary high precedence op expression (mul's, div's, mod).
/// opLoc is the location of the op token to be used to report errors
/// for non-conforming expressions.
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::getBinaryAffineOpExpr(AffineHighPrecOp op,
                                                   AffineExpr *lhs,
                                                   AffineExpr *rhs,
                                                   SMLoc opLoc) {
  // TODO: make the error location info accurate.
  switch (op) {
  case Mul:
    if (!lhs->isSymbolicOrConstant() && !rhs->isSymbolicOrConstant()) {
      emitError(opLoc, "non-affine expression: at least one of the multiply "
                       "operands has to be either a constant or symbolic");
      return nullptr;
    }
    return builder.getMulExpr(lhs, rhs);
  case FloorDiv:
    if (!rhs->isSymbolicOrConstant()) {
      emitError(opLoc, "non-affine expression: right operand of floordiv "
                       "has to be either a constant or symbolic");
      return nullptr;
    }
    return builder.getFloorDivExpr(lhs, rhs);
  case CeilDiv:
    if (!rhs->isSymbolicOrConstant()) {
      emitError(opLoc, "non-affine expression: right operand of ceildiv "
                       "has to be either a constant or symbolic");
      return nullptr;
    }
    return builder.getCeilDivExpr(lhs, rhs);
  case Mod:
    if (!rhs->isSymbolicOrConstant()) {
      emitError(opLoc, "non-affine expression: right operand of mod "
                       "has to be either a constant or symbolic");
      return nullptr;
    }
    return builder.getModExpr(lhs, rhs);
  case HNoOp:
    llvm_unreachable("can't create affine expression for null high prec op");
    return nullptr;
  }
}

/// Create an affine binary low precedence op expression (add, sub).
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::getBinaryAffineOpExpr(AffineLowPrecOp op,
                                                   AffineExpr *lhs,
                                                   AffineExpr *rhs) {
  switch (op) {
  case AffineLowPrecOp::Add:
    return builder.getAddExpr(lhs, rhs);
  case AffineLowPrecOp::Sub:
    return builder.getAddExpr(
        lhs, builder.getMulExpr(rhs, builder.getConstantExpr(-1)));
  case AffineLowPrecOp::LNoOp:
    llvm_unreachable("can't create affine expression for null low prec op");
    return nullptr;
  }
}

/// Consume this token if it is a lower precedence affine op (there are only two
/// precedence levels).
AffineLowPrecOp AffineMapParser::consumeIfLowPrecOp() {
  switch (getToken().getKind()) {
  case Token::plus:
    consumeToken(Token::plus);
    return AffineLowPrecOp::Add;
  case Token::minus:
    consumeToken(Token::minus);
    return AffineLowPrecOp::Sub;
  default:
    return AffineLowPrecOp::LNoOp;
  }
}

/// Consume this token if it is a higher precedence affine op (there are only
/// two precedence levels)
AffineHighPrecOp AffineMapParser::consumeIfHighPrecOp() {
  switch (getToken().getKind()) {
  case Token::star:
    consumeToken(Token::star);
    return Mul;
  case Token::kw_floordiv:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_floordiv);
    return FloorDiv;
  case Token::kw_ceildiv:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_ceildiv);
    return CeilDiv;
  case Token::kw_mod:
    consumeToken(Token::kw_mod);
    return Mod;
  default:
    return HNoOp;
  }
}

/// Parse a high precedence op expression list: mul, div, and mod are high
/// precedence binary ops, i.e., parse a
///   expr_1 op_1 expr_2 op_2 ... expr_n
/// where op_1, op_2 are all a AffineHighPrecOp (mul, div, mod).
/// All affine binary ops are left associative.
/// Given llhs, returns (llhs llhsOp lhs) op rhs, or (lhs op rhs) if llhs is
/// null. If no rhs can be found, returns (llhs llhsOp lhs) or lhs if llhs is
/// null. llhsOpLoc is the location of the llhsOp token that will be used to
/// report an error for non-conforming expressions.
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::parseAffineHighPrecOpExpr(AffineExpr *llhs,
                                                       AffineHighPrecOp llhsOp,
                                                       SMLoc llhsOpLoc) {
  AffineExpr *lhs = parseAffineOperandExpr(llhs);
  if (!lhs)
    return nullptr;

  // Found an LHS. Parse the remaining expression.
  auto opLoc = getToken().getLoc();
  if (AffineHighPrecOp op = consumeIfHighPrecOp()) {
    if (llhs) {
      AffineExpr *expr = getBinaryAffineOpExpr(llhsOp, llhs, lhs, opLoc);
      if (!expr)
        return nullptr;
      return parseAffineHighPrecOpExpr(expr, op, opLoc);
    }
    // No LLHS, get RHS
    return parseAffineHighPrecOpExpr(lhs, op, opLoc);
  }

  // This is the last operand in this expression.
  if (llhs)
    return getBinaryAffineOpExpr(llhsOp, llhs, lhs, llhsOpLoc);

  // No llhs, 'lhs' itself is the expression.
  return lhs;
}

/// Parse an affine expression inside parentheses.
///
///   affine-expr ::= `(` affine-expr `)`
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::parseParentheticalExpr() {
  if (parseToken(Token::l_paren, "expected '('"))
    return nullptr;
  if (getToken().is(Token::r_paren))
    return (emitError("no expression inside parentheses"), nullptr);

  auto *expr = parseAffineExpr();
  if (!expr)
    return nullptr;
  if (parseToken(Token::r_paren, "expected ')'"))
    return nullptr;

  return expr;
}

/// Parse the negation expression.
///
///   affine-expr ::= `-` affine-expr
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::parseNegateExpression(AffineExpr *lhs) {
  if (parseToken(Token::minus, "expected '-'"))
    return nullptr;

  AffineExpr *operand = parseAffineOperandExpr(lhs);
  // Since negation has the highest precedence of all ops (including high
  // precedence ops) but lower than parentheses, we are only going to use
  // parseAffineOperandExpr instead of parseAffineExpr here.
  if (!operand)
    // Extra error message although parseAffineOperandExpr would have
    // complained. Leads to a better diagnostic.
    return (emitError("missing operand of negation"), nullptr);
  auto *minusOne = builder.getConstantExpr(-1);
  return builder.getMulExpr(minusOne, operand);
}

/// Parse a bare id that may appear in an affine expression.
///
///   affine-expr ::= bare-id
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::parseBareIdExpr() {
  if (getToken().isNot(Token::bare_identifier))
    return (emitError("expected bare identifier"), nullptr);

  StringRef sRef = getTokenSpelling();
  for (auto entry : dimsAndSymbols) {
    if (entry.first == sRef) {
      consumeToken(Token::bare_identifier);
      return entry.second;
    }
  }

  return (emitError("use of undeclared identifier"), nullptr);
}

/// Parse a positive integral constant appearing in an affine expression.
///
///   affine-expr ::= integer-literal
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::parseIntegerExpr() {
  // No need to handle negative numbers separately here. They are naturally
  // handled via the unary negation operator, although (FIXME) MININT_64 still
  // not correctly handled.
  if (getToken().isNot(Token::integer))
    return (emitError("expected integer"), nullptr);

  auto val = getToken().getUInt64IntegerValue();
  if (!val.hasValue() || (int64_t)val.getValue() < 0) {
    return (emitError("constant too large for affineint"), nullptr);
  }
  consumeToken(Token::integer);
  return builder.getConstantExpr((int64_t)val.getValue());
}

/// Parses an expression that can be a valid operand of an affine expression.
/// lhs: if non-null, lhs is an affine expression that is the lhs of a binary
/// operator, the rhs of which is being parsed. This is used to determine
/// whether an error should be emitted for a missing right operand.
//  Eg: for an expression without parentheses (like i + j + k + l), each
//  of the four identifiers is an operand. For i + j*k + l, j*k is not an
//  operand expression, it's an op expression and will be parsed via
//  parseAffineHighPrecOpExpression(). However, for i + (j*k) + -l, (j*k) and -l
//  are valid operands that will be parsed by this function.
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::parseAffineOperandExpr(AffineExpr *lhs) {
  switch (getToken().getKind()) {
  case Token::bare_identifier:
    return parseBareIdExpr();
  case Token::integer:
    return parseIntegerExpr();
  case Token::l_paren:
    return parseParentheticalExpr();
  case Token::minus:
    return parseNegateExpression(lhs);
  case Token::kw_ceildiv:
  case Token::kw_floordiv:
  case Token::kw_mod:
  case Token::plus:
  case Token::star:
    if (lhs)
      emitError("missing right operand of binary operator");
    else
      emitError("missing left operand of binary operator");
    return nullptr;
  default:
    if (lhs)
      emitError("missing right operand of binary operator");
    else
      emitError("expected affine expression");
    return nullptr;
  }
}

/// Parse affine expressions that are bare-id's, integer constants,
/// parenthetical affine expressions, and affine op expressions that are a
/// composition of those.
///
/// All binary op's associate from left to right.
///
/// {add, sub} have lower precedence than {mul, div, and mod}.
///
/// Add, sub'are themselves at the same precedence level. Mul, floordiv,
/// ceildiv, and mod are at the same higher precedence level. Negation has
/// higher precedence than any binary op.
///
/// llhs: the affine expression appearing on the left of the one being parsed.
/// This function will return ((llhs llhsOp lhs) op rhs) if llhs is non null,
/// and lhs op rhs otherwise; if there is no rhs, llhs llhsOp lhs is returned if
/// llhs is non-null; otherwise lhs is returned. This is to deal with left
/// associativity.
///
/// Eg: when the expression is e1 + e2*e3 + e4, with e1 as llhs, this function
/// will return the affine expr equivalent of (e1 + (e2*e3)) + e4, where (e2*e3)
/// will be parsed using parseAffineHighPrecOpExpr().
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::parseAffineLowPrecOpExpr(AffineExpr *llhs,
                                                      AffineLowPrecOp llhsOp) {
  AffineExpr *lhs;
  if (!(lhs = parseAffineOperandExpr(llhs)))
    return nullptr;

  // Found an LHS. Deal with the ops.
  if (AffineLowPrecOp lOp = consumeIfLowPrecOp()) {
    if (llhs) {
      AffineExpr *sum = getBinaryAffineOpExpr(llhsOp, llhs, lhs);
      return parseAffineLowPrecOpExpr(sum, lOp);
    }
    // No LLHS, get RHS and form the expression.
    return parseAffineLowPrecOpExpr(lhs, lOp);
  }
  auto opLoc = getToken().getLoc();
  if (AffineHighPrecOp hOp = consumeIfHighPrecOp()) {
    // We have a higher precedence op here. Get the rhs operand for the llhs
    // through parseAffineHighPrecOpExpr.
    AffineExpr *highRes = parseAffineHighPrecOpExpr(lhs, hOp, opLoc);
    if (!highRes)
      return nullptr;

    // If llhs is null, the product forms the first operand of the yet to be
    // found expression. If non-null, the op to associate with llhs is llhsOp.
    AffineExpr *expr =
        llhs ? getBinaryAffineOpExpr(llhsOp, llhs, highRes) : highRes;

    // Recurse for subsequent low prec op's after the affine high prec op
    // expression.
    if (AffineLowPrecOp nextOp = consumeIfLowPrecOp())
      return parseAffineLowPrecOpExpr(expr, nextOp);
    return expr;
  }
  // Last operand in the expression list.
  if (llhs)
    return getBinaryAffineOpExpr(llhsOp, llhs, lhs);
  // No llhs, 'lhs' itself is the expression.
  return lhs;
}

/// Parse an affine expression.
///  affine-expr ::= `(` affine-expr `)`
///                | `-` affine-expr
///                | affine-expr `+` affine-expr
///                | affine-expr `-` affine-expr
///                | affine-expr `*` affine-expr
///                | affine-expr `floordiv` affine-expr
///                | affine-expr `ceildiv` affine-expr
///                | affine-expr `mod` affine-expr
///                | bare-id
///                | integer-literal
///
/// Additional conditions are checked depending on the production. For eg., one
/// of the operands for `*` has to be either constant/symbolic; the second
/// operand for floordiv, ceildiv, and mod has to be a positive integer.
AffineExpr *AffineMapParser::parseAffineExpr() {
  return parseAffineLowPrecOpExpr(nullptr, AffineLowPrecOp::LNoOp);
}

/// Parse a dim or symbol from the lists appearing before the actual expressions
/// of the affine map. Update our state to store the dimensional/symbolic
/// identifier.
ParseResult AffineMapParser::parseIdentifierDefinition(AffineExpr *idExpr) {
  if (getToken().isNot(Token::bare_identifier))
    return emitError("expected bare identifier");

  auto name = getTokenSpelling();
  for (auto entry : dimsAndSymbols) {
    if (entry.first == name)
      return emitError("redefinition of identifier '" + Twine(name) + "'");
  }
  consumeToken(Token::bare_identifier);

  dimsAndSymbols.push_back({name, idExpr});
  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// Parse the list of symbolic identifiers to an affine map.
ParseResult AffineMapParser::parseSymbolIdList(unsigned &numSymbols) {
  consumeToken(Token::l_square);
  auto parseElt = [&]() -> ParseResult {
    auto *symbol = AffineSymbolExpr::get(numSymbols++, getContext());
    return parseIdentifierDefinition(symbol);
  };
  return parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::r_square, parseElt);
}

/// Parse the list of dimensional identifiers to an affine map.
ParseResult AffineMapParser::parseDimIdList(unsigned &numDims) {
  if (parseToken(Token::l_paren,
                 "expected '(' at start of dimensional identifiers list"))
    return ParseFailure;

  auto parseElt = [&]() -> ParseResult {
    auto *dimension = AffineDimExpr::get(numDims++, getContext());
    return parseIdentifierDefinition(dimension);
  };
  return parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::r_paren, parseElt);
}

/// Parse an affine map definition.
///
///  affine-map-inline ::= dim-and-symbol-id-lists `->` multi-dim-affine-expr
///                        (`size` `(` dim-size (`,` dim-size)* `)`)?
///  dim-size ::= affine-expr | `min` `(` affine-expr ( `,` affine-expr)+ `)`
///
///  multi-dim-affine-expr ::= `(` affine-expr (`,` affine-expr)* `)
AffineMap *AffineMapParser::parseAffineMapInline() {
  unsigned numDims = 0, numSymbols = 0;

  // List of dimensional identifiers.
  if (parseDimIdList(numDims))
    return nullptr;

  // Symbols are optional.
  if (getToken().is(Token::l_square)) {
    if (parseSymbolIdList(numSymbols))
      return nullptr;
  }

  if (parseToken(Token::arrow, "expected '->' or '['") ||
      parseToken(Token::l_paren, "expected '(' at start of affine map range"))
    return nullptr;

  SmallVector<AffineExpr *, 4> exprs;
  auto parseElt = [&]() -> ParseResult {
    auto *elt = parseAffineExpr();
    ParseResult res = elt ? ParseSuccess : ParseFailure;
    exprs.push_back(elt);
    return res;
  };

  // Parse a multi-dimensional affine expression (a comma-separated list of 1-d
  // affine expressions); the list cannot be empty.
  // Grammar: multi-dim-affine-expr ::= `(` affine-expr (`,` affine-expr)* `)
  if (parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::r_paren, parseElt, false))
    return nullptr;

  // Parse optional range sizes.
  //  range-sizes ::= (`size` `(` dim-size (`,` dim-size)* `)`)?
  //  dim-size ::= affine-expr | `min` `(` affine-expr (`,` affine-expr)+ `)`
  // TODO(bondhugula): support for min of several affine expressions.
  // TODO: check if sizes are non-negative whenever they are constant.
  SmallVector<AffineExpr *, 4> rangeSizes;
  if (consumeIf(Token::kw_size)) {
    // Location of the l_paren token (if it exists) for error reporting later.
    auto loc = getToken().getLoc();
    if (parseToken(Token::l_paren, "expected '(' at start of affine map range"))
      return nullptr;

    auto parseRangeSize = [&]() -> ParseResult {
      auto loc = getToken().getLoc();
      auto *elt = parseAffineExpr();
      if (!elt)
        return ParseFailure;

      if (!elt->isSymbolicOrConstant())
        return emitError(loc,
                         "size expressions cannot refer to dimension values");

      rangeSizes.push_back(elt);
      return ParseSuccess;
    };

    if (parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::r_paren, parseRangeSize, false))
      return nullptr;
    if (exprs.size() > rangeSizes.size())
      return (emitError(loc, "fewer range sizes than range expressions"),
              nullptr);
    if (exprs.size() < rangeSizes.size())
      return (emitError(loc, "more range sizes than range expressions"),
              nullptr);
  }

  // Parsed a valid affine map.
  return builder.getAffineMap(numDims, numSymbols, exprs, rangeSizes);
}

AffineMap *Parser::parseAffineMapInline() {
  return AffineMapParser(state).parseAffineMapInline();
}

AffineMap *Parser::parseAffineMapReference() {
  if (getToken().is(Token::hash_identifier)) {
    // Parse affine map identifier and verify that it exists.
    StringRef affineMapId = getTokenSpelling().drop_front();
    if (getState().affineMapDefinitions.count(affineMapId) == 0)
      return (emitError("undefined affine map id '" + affineMapId + "'"),
              nullptr);
    consumeToken(Token::hash_identifier);
    return getState().affineMapDefinitions[affineMapId];
  }
  // Try to parse inline affine map.
  return parseAffineMapInline();
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// FunctionParser
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {
/// This class contains parser state that is common across CFG and ML functions,
/// notably for dealing with operations and SSA values.
class FunctionParser : public Parser {
public:
  enum class Kind { CFGFunc, MLFunc };

  Kind getKind() const { return kind; }

  /// After the function is finished parsing, this function checks to see if
  /// there are any remaining issues.
  ParseResult finalizeFunction(Function *func, SMLoc loc);

  /// This represents a use of an SSA value in the program.  The first two
  /// entries in the tuple are the name and result number of a reference.  The
  /// third is the location of the reference, which is used in case this ends up
  /// being a use of an undefined value.
  struct SSAUseInfo {
    StringRef name;  // Value name, e.g. %42 or %abc
    unsigned number; // Number, specified with #12
    SMLoc loc;       // Location of first definition or use.
  };

  /// Given a reference to an SSA value and its type, return a reference.  This
  /// returns null on failure.
  SSAValue *resolveSSAUse(SSAUseInfo useInfo, Type *type);

  /// Register a definition of a value with the symbol table.
  ParseResult addDefinition(SSAUseInfo useInfo, SSAValue *value);

  // SSA parsing productions.
  ParseResult parseSSAUse(SSAUseInfo &result);
  ParseResult parseOptionalSSAUseList(SmallVectorImpl<SSAUseInfo> &results);

  template <typename ResultType>
  ResultType parseSSADefOrUseAndType(
      const std::function<ResultType(SSAUseInfo, Type *)> &action);

  SSAValue *parseSSAUseAndType() {
    return parseSSADefOrUseAndType<SSAValue *>(
        [&](SSAUseInfo useInfo, Type *type) -> SSAValue * {
          return resolveSSAUse(useInfo, type);
        });
  }

  template <typename ValueTy>
  ParseResult
  parseOptionalSSAUseAndTypeList(SmallVectorImpl<ValueTy *> &results,
                                 bool isParenthesized);

  // Operations
  ParseResult parseOperation(const CreateOperationFunction &createOpFunc);
  Operation *parseVerboseOperation(const CreateOperationFunction &createOpFunc);
  Operation *parseCustomOperation(const CreateOperationFunction &createOpFunc);

protected:
  FunctionParser(ParserState &state, Kind kind) : Parser(state), kind(kind) {}

private:
  /// Kind indicates if this is CFG or ML function parser.
  Kind kind;
  /// This keeps track of all of the SSA values we are tracking, indexed by
  /// their name.  This has one entry per result number.
  llvm::StringMap<SmallVector<std::pair<SSAValue *, SMLoc>, 1>> values;

  /// These are all of the placeholders we've made along with the location of
  /// their first reference, to allow checking for use of undefined values.
  DenseMap<SSAValue *, SMLoc> forwardReferencePlaceholders;

  SSAValue *createForwardReferencePlaceholder(SMLoc loc, Type *type);

  /// Return true if this is a forward reference.
  bool isForwardReferencePlaceholder(SSAValue *value) {
    return forwardReferencePlaceholders.count(value);
  }
};
} // end anonymous namespace

/// Create and remember a new placeholder for a forward reference.
SSAValue *FunctionParser::createForwardReferencePlaceholder(SMLoc loc,
                                                            Type *type) {
  // Forward references are always created as instructions, even in ML
  // functions, because we just need something with a def/use chain.
  //
  // We create these placeholders as having an empty name, which we know cannot
  // be created through normal user input, allowing us to distinguish them.
  auto name = Identifier::get("placeholder", getContext());
  auto *inst = OperationInst::create(name, /*operands*/ {}, type, /*attrs*/ {},
                                     getContext());
  forwardReferencePlaceholders[inst->getResult(0)] = loc;
  return inst->getResult(0);
}

/// Given an unbound reference to an SSA value and its type, return the value
/// it specifies.  This returns null on failure.
SSAValue *FunctionParser::resolveSSAUse(SSAUseInfo useInfo, Type *type) {
  auto &entries = values[useInfo.name];

  // If we have already seen a value of this name, return it.
  if (useInfo.number < entries.size() && entries[useInfo.number].first) {
    auto *result = entries[useInfo.number].first;
    // Check that the type matches the other uses.
    if (result->getType() == type)
      return result;

    emitError(useInfo.loc, "use of value '" + useInfo.name.str() +
                               "' expects different type than prior uses");
    emitError(entries[useInfo.number].second, "prior use here");
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Make sure we have enough slots for this.
  if (entries.size() <= useInfo.number)
    entries.resize(useInfo.number + 1);

  // If the value has already been defined and this is an overly large result
  // number, diagnose that.
  if (entries[0].first && !isForwardReferencePlaceholder(entries[0].first))
    return (emitError(useInfo.loc, "reference to invalid result number"),
            nullptr);

  if (getKind() == Kind::MLFunc)
    return (
        emitError(useInfo.loc, "use of undefined SSA value " + useInfo.name),
        nullptr);

  // Otherwise, this is a forward reference.  If we are in ML function return
  // an error. In CFG function, create a placeholder and remember
  // that we did so.
  auto *result = createForwardReferencePlaceholder(useInfo.loc, type);
  entries[useInfo.number].first = result;
  entries[useInfo.number].second = useInfo.loc;
  return result;
}

/// Register a definition of a value with the symbol table.
ParseResult FunctionParser::addDefinition(SSAUseInfo useInfo, SSAValue *value) {
  auto &entries = values[useInfo.name];

  // Make sure there is a slot for this value.
  if (entries.size() <= useInfo.number)
    entries.resize(useInfo.number + 1);

  // If we already have an entry for this, check to see if it was a definition
  // or a forward reference.
  if (auto *existing = entries[useInfo.number].first) {
    if (!isForwardReferencePlaceholder(existing)) {
      emitError(useInfo.loc,
                "redefinition of SSA value '" + useInfo.name + "'");
      return emitError(entries[useInfo.number].second,
                       "previously defined here");
    }

    // If it was a forward reference, update everything that used it to use the
    // actual definition instead, delete the forward ref, and remove it from our
    // set of forward references we track.
    existing->replaceAllUsesWith(value);
    existing->getDefiningInst()->destroy();
    forwardReferencePlaceholders.erase(existing);
  }

  entries[useInfo.number].first = value;
  entries[useInfo.number].second = useInfo.loc;
  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// After the function is finished parsing, this function checks to see if
/// there are any remaining issues.
ParseResult FunctionParser::finalizeFunction(Function *func, SMLoc loc) {
  // Check for any forward references that are left.  If we find any, error out.
  if (!forwardReferencePlaceholders.empty()) {
    SmallVector<std::pair<const char *, SSAValue *>, 4> errors;
    // Iteration over the map isn't determinstic, so sort by source location.
    for (auto entry : forwardReferencePlaceholders)
      errors.push_back({entry.second.getPointer(), entry.first});
    llvm::array_pod_sort(errors.begin(), errors.end());

    for (auto entry : errors)
      emitError(SMLoc::getFromPointer(entry.first),
                "use of undeclared SSA value name");
    return ParseFailure;
  }

  // Run the verifier on this function.  If an error is detected, report it.
  std::string errorString;
  if (func->verify(&errorString))
    return emitError(loc, errorString);

  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// Parse a SSA operand for an instruction or statement.
///
///   ssa-use ::= ssa-id
///
ParseResult FunctionParser::parseSSAUse(SSAUseInfo &result) {
  result.name = getTokenSpelling();
  result.number = 0;
  result.loc = getToken().getLoc();
  if (parseToken(Token::percent_identifier, "expected SSA operand"))
    return ParseFailure;

  // If we have an affine map ID, it is a result number.
  if (getToken().is(Token::hash_identifier)) {
    if (auto value = getToken().getHashIdentifierNumber())
      result.number = value.getValue();
    else
      return emitError("invalid SSA value result number");
    consumeToken(Token::hash_identifier);
  }

  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// Parse a (possibly empty) list of SSA operands.
///
///   ssa-use-list ::= ssa-use (`,` ssa-use)*
///   ssa-use-list-opt ::= ssa-use-list?
///
ParseResult
FunctionParser::parseOptionalSSAUseList(SmallVectorImpl<SSAUseInfo> &results) {
  if (getToken().isNot(Token::percent_identifier))
    return ParseSuccess;
  return parseCommaSeparatedList([&]() -> ParseResult {
    SSAUseInfo result;
    if (parseSSAUse(result))
      return ParseFailure;
    results.push_back(result);
    return ParseSuccess;
  });
}

/// Parse an SSA use with an associated type.
///
///   ssa-use-and-type ::= ssa-use `:` type
template <typename ResultType>
ResultType FunctionParser::parseSSADefOrUseAndType(
    const std::function<ResultType(SSAUseInfo, Type *)> &action) {

  SSAUseInfo useInfo;
  if (parseSSAUse(useInfo) ||
      parseToken(Token::colon, "expected ':' and type for SSA operand"))
    return nullptr;

  auto *type = parseType();
  if (!type)
    return nullptr;

  return action(useInfo, type);
}

/// Parse a (possibly empty) list of SSA operands, followed by a colon, then
/// followed by a type list.  If hasParens is true, then the operands are
/// surrounded by parens.
///
///   ssa-use-and-type-list[parens]
///     ::= `(` ssa-use-list `)` ':' type-list-no-parens
///
///   ssa-use-and-type-list[!parens]
///     ::= ssa-use-list ':' type-list-no-parens
///
template <typename ValueTy>
ParseResult FunctionParser::parseOptionalSSAUseAndTypeList(
    SmallVectorImpl<ValueTy *> &results, bool isParenthesized) {

  // If we are in the parenthesized form and no paren exists, then we succeed
  // with an empty list.
  if (isParenthesized && !consumeIf(Token::l_paren))
    return ParseSuccess;

  SmallVector<SSAUseInfo, 4> valueIDs;
  if (parseOptionalSSAUseList(valueIDs))
    return ParseFailure;

  if (isParenthesized && !consumeIf(Token::r_paren))
    return emitError("expected ')' in operand list");

  // If there were no operands, then there is no colon or type lists.
  if (valueIDs.empty())
    return ParseSuccess;

  SmallVector<Type *, 4> types;
  if (parseToken(Token::colon, "expected ':' in operand list") ||
      parseTypeListNoParens(types))
    return ParseFailure;

  if (valueIDs.size() != types.size())
    return emitError("expected " + Twine(valueIDs.size()) +
                     " types to match operand list");

  results.reserve(valueIDs.size());
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = valueIDs.size(); i != e; ++i) {
    if (auto *value = resolveSSAUse(valueIDs[i], types[i]))
      results.push_back(cast<ValueTy>(value));
    else
      return ParseFailure;
  }

  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// Parse the CFG or MLFunc operation.
///
///  operation ::=
///    (ssa-id `=`)? string '(' ssa-use-list? ')' attribute-dict?
///    `:` function-type
///
ParseResult
FunctionParser::parseOperation(const CreateOperationFunction &createOpFunc) {
  auto loc = getToken().getLoc();

  StringRef resultID;
  if (getToken().is(Token::percent_identifier)) {
    resultID = getTokenSpelling();
    consumeToken(Token::percent_identifier);
    if (parseToken(Token::equal, "expected '=' after SSA name"))
      return ParseFailure;
  }

  Operation *op;
  if (getToken().is(Token::bare_identifier) || getToken().isKeyword())
    op = parseCustomOperation(createOpFunc);
  else if (getToken().is(Token::string))
    op = parseVerboseOperation(createOpFunc);
  else
    return emitError("expected operation name in quotes");

  // If parsing of the basic operation failed, then this whole thing fails.
  if (!op)
    return ParseFailure;

  // We just parsed an operation.  If it is a recognized one, verify that it
  // is structurally as we expect.  If not, produce an error with a reasonable
  // source location.
  if (auto *opInfo = op->getAbstractOperation(builder.getContext())) {
    if (auto error = opInfo->verifyInvariants(op))
      return emitError(loc, Twine("'") + op->getName().str() + "' op " + error);
  }

  // If the instruction had a name, register it.
  if (!resultID.empty()) {
    if (op->getNumResults() == 0)
      return emitError(loc, "cannot name an operation with no results");

    for (unsigned i = 0, e = op->getNumResults(); i != e; ++i)
      addDefinition({resultID, i, loc}, op->getResult(i));
  }

  return ParseSuccess;
}

Operation *FunctionParser::parseVerboseOperation(
    const CreateOperationFunction &createOpFunc) {
  auto name = getToken().getStringValue();
  if (name.empty())
    return (emitError("empty operation name is invalid"), nullptr);

  consumeToken(Token::string);

  // Parse the operand list.
  SmallVector<SSAUseInfo, 8> operandInfos;

  if (parseToken(Token::l_paren, "expected '(' to start operand list") ||
      parseOptionalSSAUseList(operandInfos) ||
      parseToken(Token::r_paren, "expected ')' to end operand list")) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  SmallVector<NamedAttribute, 4> attributes;
  if (getToken().is(Token::l_brace)) {
    if (parseAttributeDict(attributes))
      return nullptr;
  }

  if (parseToken(Token::colon, "expected ':' followed by instruction type"))
    return nullptr;

  auto typeLoc = getToken().getLoc();
  auto type = parseType();
  if (!type)
    return nullptr;
  auto fnType = dyn_cast<FunctionType>(type);
  if (!fnType)
    return (emitError(typeLoc, "expected function type"), nullptr);

  // Check that we have the right number of types for the operands.
  auto operandTypes = fnType->getInputs();
  if (operandTypes.size() != operandInfos.size()) {
    auto plural = "s"[operandInfos.size() == 1];
    return (emitError(typeLoc, "expected " + llvm::utostr(operandInfos.size()) +
                                   " operand type" + plural + " but had " +
                                   llvm::utostr(operandTypes.size())),
            nullptr);
  }

  // Resolve all of the operands.
  SmallVector<SSAValue *, 8> operands;
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = operandInfos.size(); i != e; ++i) {
    operands.push_back(resolveSSAUse(operandInfos[i], operandTypes[i]));
    if (!operands.back())
      return nullptr;
  }

  auto nameId = builder.getIdentifier(name);
  return createOpFunc(nameId, operands, fnType->getResults(), attributes);
}

namespace {
class CustomOpAsmParser : public OpAsmParser {
public:
  CustomOpAsmParser(SMLoc nameLoc, StringRef opName, FunctionParser &parser)
      : nameLoc(nameLoc), opName(opName), parser(parser) {}

  /// This is an internal helper to parser a colon, we don't want to expose
  /// this to clients.
  bool internalParseColon(llvm::SMLoc *loc) {
    if (loc)
      *loc = parser.getToken().getLoc();
    return parser.parseToken(Token::colon, "expected ':'");
  }

  //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
  // High level parsing methods.
  //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//

  bool parseComma(llvm::SMLoc *loc = nullptr) override {
    if (loc)
      *loc = parser.getToken().getLoc();
    return parser.parseToken(Token::comma, "expected ','");
  }

  bool parseColonType(Type *&result, llvm::SMLoc *loc = nullptr) override {
    return internalParseColon(loc) || !(result = parser.parseType());
  }

  bool parseColonTypeList(SmallVectorImpl<Type *> &result,
                          llvm::SMLoc *loc = nullptr) override {
    if (internalParseColon(loc))
      return true;

    do {
      if (auto *type = parser.parseType())
        result.push_back(type);
      else
        return true;

    } while (parser.consumeIf(Token::comma));
    return false;
  }

  bool parseAttribute(Attribute *&result, llvm::SMLoc *loc = nullptr) override {
    if (loc)
      *loc = parser.getToken().getLoc();
    result = parser.parseAttribute();
    return result == nullptr;
  }

  bool parseOperand(OperandType &result) override {
    FunctionParser::SSAUseInfo useInfo;
    if (parser.parseSSAUse(useInfo))
      return true;

    result = {useInfo.loc, useInfo.name, useInfo.number};
    return false;
  }

  bool parseOperandList(SmallVectorImpl<OperandType> &result,
                        int requiredOperandCount = -1,
                        Delimeter delimeter = Delimeter::NoDelimeter) override {
    auto startLoc = parser.getToken().getLoc();

    // Handle delimeters.
    switch (delimeter) {
    case Delimeter::NoDelimeter:
      break;
    case Delimeter::ParenDelimeter:
      if (parser.parseToken(Token::l_paren, "expected '(' in operand list"))
        return true;
      break;
    case Delimeter::SquareDelimeter:
      if (parser.parseToken(Token::l_square, "expected '[' in operand list"))
        return true;
      break;
    }

    // Check for zero operands.
    if (parser.getToken().is(Token::percent_identifier)) {
      do {
        OperandType operand;
        if (parseOperand(operand))
          return true;
        result.push_back(operand);
      } while (parser.consumeIf(Token::comma));
    }

    // Handle delimeters.
    switch (delimeter) {
    case Delimeter::NoDelimeter:
      break;
    case Delimeter::ParenDelimeter:
      if (parser.parseToken(Token::r_paren, "expected ')' in operand list"))
        return true;
      break;
    case Delimeter::SquareDelimeter:
      if (parser.parseToken(Token::r_square, "expected ']' in operand list"))
        return true;
      break;
    }

    if (requiredOperandCount != -1 && result.size() != requiredOperandCount)
      emitError(startLoc,
                "expected " + Twine(requiredOperandCount) + " operands");
    return false;
  }

  //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
  // Methods for interacting with the parser
  //===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//

  Builder &getBuilder() const override { return parser.builder; }

  llvm::SMLoc getNameLoc() const override { return nameLoc; }

  bool resolveOperand(OperandType operand, Type *type,
                      SSAValue *&result) override {
    FunctionParser::SSAUseInfo operandInfo = {operand.name, operand.number,
                                              operand.location};
    result = parser.resolveSSAUse(operandInfo, type);
    return result == nullptr;
  }

  /// Emit a diagnostic at the specified location.
  void emitError(llvm::SMLoc loc, const Twine &message) override {
    parser.emitError(loc, "custom op '" + Twine(opName) + "' " + message);
    emittedError = true;
  }

  bool didEmitError() const { return emittedError; }

private:
  SMLoc nameLoc;
  StringRef opName;
  FunctionParser &parser;
  bool emittedError = false;
};
} // end anonymous namespace.

Operation *FunctionParser::parseCustomOperation(
    const CreateOperationFunction &createOpFunc) {
  auto opLoc = getToken().getLoc();
  auto opName = getTokenSpelling();
  CustomOpAsmParser opAsmParser(opLoc, opName, *this);

  auto *opDefinition = getOperationSet().lookup(opName);
  if (!opDefinition) {
    opAsmParser.emitError(opLoc, "is unknown");
    return nullptr;
  }

  consumeToken();

  // Have the op implementation take a crack and parsing this.
  auto result = opDefinition->parseAssembly(&opAsmParser);

  // If it emitted an error, we failed.
  if (opAsmParser.didEmitError())
    return nullptr;

  // Otherwise, we succeeded.  Use the state it parsed as our op information.
  auto nameId = builder.getIdentifier(opName);
  return createOpFunc(nameId, result.operands, result.types, result.attributes);
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// CFG Functions
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {
/// This is a specialized parser for CFGFunction's, maintaining the state
/// transient to their bodies.
class CFGFunctionParser : public FunctionParser {
public:
  CFGFunctionParser(ParserState &state, CFGFunction *function)
      : FunctionParser(state, Kind::CFGFunc), function(function),
        builder(function) {}

  ParseResult parseFunctionBody();

private:
  CFGFunction *function;
  llvm::StringMap<std::pair<BasicBlock *, SMLoc>> blocksByName;

  /// This builder intentionally shadows the builder in the base class, with a
  /// more specific builder type.
  CFGFuncBuilder builder;

  /// Get the basic block with the specified name, creating it if it doesn't
  /// already exist.  The location specified is the point of use, which allows
  /// us to diagnose references to blocks that are not defined precisely.
  BasicBlock *getBlockNamed(StringRef name, SMLoc loc) {
    auto &blockAndLoc = blocksByName[name];
    if (!blockAndLoc.first) {
      blockAndLoc.first = new BasicBlock();
      blockAndLoc.second = loc;
    }
    return blockAndLoc.first;
  }

  ParseResult
  parseOptionalBasicBlockArgList(SmallVectorImpl<BBArgument *> &results,
                                 BasicBlock *owner);
  ParseResult parseBranchBlockAndUseList(BasicBlock *&block,
                                         SmallVectorImpl<CFGValue *> &values);

  ParseResult parseBasicBlock();
  OperationInst *parseCFGOperation();
  TerminatorInst *parseTerminator();
};
} // end anonymous namespace

/// Parse a (possibly empty) list of SSA operands with types as basic block
/// arguments.
///
///   ssa-id-and-type-list ::= ssa-id-and-type (`,` ssa-id-and-type)*
///
ParseResult CFGFunctionParser::parseOptionalBasicBlockArgList(
    SmallVectorImpl<BBArgument *> &results, BasicBlock *owner) {
  if (getToken().is(Token::r_brace))
    return ParseSuccess;

  return parseCommaSeparatedList([&]() -> ParseResult {
    auto type = parseSSADefOrUseAndType<Type *>(
        [&](SSAUseInfo useInfo, Type *type) -> Type * {
          BBArgument *arg = owner->addArgument(type);
          if (addDefinition(useInfo, arg) == ParseFailure)
            return nullptr;
          return type;
        });
    return type ? ParseSuccess : ParseFailure;
  });
}

ParseResult CFGFunctionParser::parseFunctionBody() {
  auto braceLoc = getToken().getLoc();
  if (parseToken(Token::l_brace, "expected '{' in CFG function"))
    return ParseFailure;

  // Make sure we have at least one block.
  if (getToken().is(Token::r_brace))
    return emitError("CFG functions must have at least one basic block");

  // Parse the list of blocks.
  while (!consumeIf(Token::r_brace))
    if (parseBasicBlock())
      return ParseFailure;

  // Verify that all referenced blocks were defined.  Iteration over a
  // StringMap isn't determinstic, but this is good enough for our purposes.
  for (auto &elt : blocksByName) {
    auto *bb = elt.second.first;
    if (!bb->getFunction())
      return emitError(elt.second.second,
                       "reference to an undefined basic block '" + elt.first() +
                           "'");
  }

  getModule()->getFunctions().push_back(function);

  return finalizeFunction(function, braceLoc);
}

/// Basic block declaration.
///
///   basic-block ::= bb-label instruction* terminator-stmt
///   bb-label    ::= bb-id bb-arg-list? `:`
///   bb-id       ::= bare-id
///   bb-arg-list ::= `(` ssa-id-and-type-list? `)`
///
ParseResult CFGFunctionParser::parseBasicBlock() {
  SMLoc nameLoc = getToken().getLoc();
  auto name = getTokenSpelling();
  if (parseToken(Token::bare_identifier, "expected basic block name"))
    return ParseFailure;

  auto *block = getBlockNamed(name, nameLoc);

  // If this block has already been parsed, then this is a redefinition with the
  // same block name.
  if (block->getFunction())
    return emitError(nameLoc, "redefinition of block '" + name.str() + "'");

  // If an argument list is present, parse it.
  if (consumeIf(Token::l_paren)) {
    SmallVector<BBArgument *, 8> bbArgs;
    if (parseOptionalBasicBlockArgList(bbArgs, block) ||
        parseToken(Token::r_paren, "expected ')' to end argument list"))
      return ParseFailure;
  }

  // Add the block to the function.
  function->push_back(block);

  if (parseToken(Token::colon, "expected ':' after basic block name"))
    return ParseFailure;

  // Set the insertion point to the block we want to insert new operations into.
  builder.setInsertionPoint(block);

  auto createOpFunc = [&](Identifier name, ArrayRef<SSAValue *> operands,
                          ArrayRef<Type *> resultTypes,
                          ArrayRef<NamedAttribute> attrs) -> Operation * {
    SmallVector<CFGValue *, 8> cfgOperands;
    cfgOperands.reserve(operands.size());
    for (auto *op : operands)
      cfgOperands.push_back(cast<CFGValue>(op));
    return builder.createOperation(name, cfgOperands, resultTypes, attrs);
  };

  // Parse the list of operations that make up the body of the block.
  while (getToken().isNot(Token::kw_return, Token::kw_br, Token::kw_cond_br)) {
    if (parseOperation(createOpFunc))
      return ParseFailure;
  }

  if (!parseTerminator())
    return ParseFailure;

  return ParseSuccess;
}

ParseResult CFGFunctionParser::parseBranchBlockAndUseList(
    BasicBlock *&block, SmallVectorImpl<CFGValue *> &values) {
  block = getBlockNamed(getTokenSpelling(), getToken().getLoc());
  if (parseToken(Token::bare_identifier, "expected basic block name"))
    return ParseFailure;

  if (!consumeIf(Token::l_paren))
    return ParseSuccess;
  if (parseOptionalSSAUseAndTypeList(values, /*isParenthesized*/ false) ||
      parseToken(Token::r_paren, "expected ')' to close argument list"))
    return ParseFailure;
  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// Parse the terminator instruction for a basic block.
///
///   terminator-stmt ::= `br` bb-id branch-use-list?
///   branch-use-list ::= `(` ssa-use-list `)` ':' type-list-no-parens
///   terminator-stmt ::=
///     `cond_br` ssa-use `,` bb-id branch-use-list? `,` bb-id branch-use-list?
///   terminator-stmt ::= `return` ssa-use-and-type-list?
///
TerminatorInst *CFGFunctionParser::parseTerminator() {
  switch (getToken().getKind()) {
  default:
    return (emitError("expected terminator at end of basic block"), nullptr);

  case Token::kw_return: {
    consumeToken(Token::kw_return);

    // Parse any operands.
    SmallVector<CFGValue *, 8> operands;
    if (parseOptionalSSAUseAndTypeList(operands, /*isParenthesized*/ false))
      return nullptr;
    return builder.createReturnInst(operands);
  }

  case Token::kw_br: {
    consumeToken(Token::kw_br);
    BasicBlock *destBB;
    SmallVector<CFGValue *, 4> values;
    if (parseBranchBlockAndUseList(destBB, values))
      return nullptr;
    auto branch = builder.createBranchInst(destBB);
    branch->addOperands(values);
    return branch;
  }

  case Token::kw_cond_br: {
    consumeToken(Token::kw_cond_br);
    SSAUseInfo ssaUse;
    if (parseSSAUse(ssaUse))
      return nullptr;
    auto *cond = resolveSSAUse(ssaUse, builder.getIntegerType(1));
    if (!cond)
      return (emitError("expected type was boolean (i1)"), nullptr);
    if (parseToken(Token::comma, "expected ',' in conditional branch"))
      return nullptr;

    BasicBlock *trueBlock;
    SmallVector<CFGValue *, 4> trueOperands;
    if (parseBranchBlockAndUseList(trueBlock, trueOperands))
      return nullptr;

    if (parseToken(Token::comma, "expected ',' in conditional branch"))
      return nullptr;

    BasicBlock *falseBlock;
    SmallVector<CFGValue *, 4> falseOperands;
    if (parseBranchBlockAndUseList(falseBlock, falseOperands))
      return nullptr;

    auto branch = builder.createCondBranchInst(cast<CFGValue>(cond), trueBlock,
                                               falseBlock);
    branch->addTrueOperands(trueOperands);
    branch->addFalseOperands(falseOperands);
    return branch;
  }
  }
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// ML Functions
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {
/// Refined parser for MLFunction bodies.
class MLFunctionParser : public FunctionParser {
public:
  MLFunctionParser(ParserState &state, MLFunction *function)
      : FunctionParser(state, Kind::MLFunc), function(function),
        builder(function) {}

  ParseResult parseFunctionBody();

private:
  MLFunction *function;

  /// This builder intentionally shadows the builder in the base class, with a
  /// more specific builder type.
  MLFuncBuilder builder;

  ParseResult parseForStmt();
  AffineConstantExpr *parseIntConstant();
  ParseResult parseIfStmt();
  ParseResult parseElseClause(IfClause *elseClause);
  ParseResult parseStatements(StmtBlock *block);
  ParseResult parseStmtBlock(StmtBlock *block);
};
} // end anonymous namespace

ParseResult MLFunctionParser::parseFunctionBody() {
  auto braceLoc = getToken().getLoc();
  // Parse statements in this function

  if (parseToken(Token::l_brace, "expected '{' in ML function") ||
      parseStatements(function)) {
    return ParseFailure;
  }

  // TODO: store return operands in the IR.
  SmallVector<SSAUseInfo, 4> dummyUseInfo;

  if (parseToken(Token::kw_return,
                 "ML function must end with return statement") ||
      parseOptionalSSAUseList(dummyUseInfo) ||
      parseToken(Token::r_brace, "expected '}' to end mlfunc"))
    return ParseFailure;

  getModule()->getFunctions().push_back(function);

  return finalizeFunction(function, braceLoc);
}

/// For statement.
///
///    ml-for-stmt ::= `for` ssa-id `=` lower-bound `to` upper-bound
///                   (`step` integer-literal)? `{` ml-stmt* `}`
///
ParseResult MLFunctionParser::parseForStmt() {
  consumeToken(Token::kw_for);

  // Parse induction variable
  if (getToken().isNot(Token::percent_identifier))
    return emitError("expected SSA identifier for the loop variable");

  // TODO: create SSA value definition from name
  StringRef name = getTokenSpelling().drop_front();
  (void)name;

  consumeToken(Token::percent_identifier);

  if (parseToken(Token::equal, "expected ="))
    return ParseFailure;

  // Parse loop bounds
  AffineConstantExpr *lowerBound = parseIntConstant();
  if (!lowerBound)
    return ParseFailure;

  if (parseToken(Token::kw_to, "expected 'to' between bounds"))
    return ParseFailure;

  AffineConstantExpr *upperBound = parseIntConstant();
  if (!upperBound)
    return ParseFailure;

  // Parse step
  AffineConstantExpr *step = nullptr;
  if (consumeIf(Token::kw_step)) {
    step = parseIntConstant();
    if (!step)
      return ParseFailure;
  }

  // Create for statement.
  ForStmt *stmt = builder.createFor(lowerBound, upperBound, step);

  // If parsing of the for statement body fails,
  // MLIR contains for statement with those nested statements that have been
  // successfully parsed.
  if (parseStmtBlock(static_cast<StmtBlock *>(stmt)))
    return ParseFailure;

  return ParseSuccess;
}

// This method is temporary workaround to parse simple loop bounds and
// step.
// TODO: remove this method once it's no longer used.
AffineConstantExpr *MLFunctionParser::parseIntConstant() {
  if (getToken().isNot(Token::integer))
    return (emitError("expected non-negative integer for now"), nullptr);

  auto val = getToken().getUInt64IntegerValue();
  if (!val.hasValue() || (int64_t)val.getValue() < 0) {
    return (emitError("constant too large for affineint"), nullptr);
  }
  consumeToken(Token::integer);
  return builder.getConstantExpr((int64_t)val.getValue());
}

/// If statement.
///
///   ml-if-head ::= `if` ml-if-cond `{` ml-stmt* `}`
///               | ml-if-head `else` `if` ml-if-cond `{` ml-stmt* `}`
///   ml-if-stmt ::= ml-if-head
///               | ml-if-head `else` `{` ml-stmt* `}`
///
ParseResult MLFunctionParser::parseIfStmt() {
  consumeToken(Token::kw_if);
  if (parseToken(Token::l_paren, "expected ("))
    return ParseFailure;

  // TODO: parse condition

  if (parseToken(Token::r_paren, "expected )"))
    return ParseFailure;

  IfStmt *ifStmt = builder.createIf();
  IfClause *thenClause = ifStmt->getThenClause();

  // When parsing of an if statement body fails, the IR contains
  // the if statement with the portion of the body that has been
  // successfully parsed.
  if (parseStmtBlock(thenClause))
    return ParseFailure;

  if (consumeIf(Token::kw_else)) {
    auto *elseClause = ifStmt->createElseClause();
    if (parseElseClause(elseClause))
      return ParseFailure;
  }

  return ParseSuccess;
}

ParseResult MLFunctionParser::parseElseClause(IfClause *elseClause) {
  if (getToken().is(Token::kw_if)) {
    builder.setInsertionPoint(elseClause);
    return parseIfStmt();
  }

  return parseStmtBlock(elseClause);
}

///
/// Parse a list of statements ending with `return` or `}`
///
ParseResult MLFunctionParser::parseStatements(StmtBlock *block) {
  auto createOpFunc = [&](Identifier name, ArrayRef<SSAValue *> operands,
                          ArrayRef<Type *> resultTypes,
                          ArrayRef<NamedAttribute> attrs) -> Operation * {
    SmallVector<MLValue *, 8> stmtOperands;
    stmtOperands.reserve(operands.size());
    for (auto *op : operands)
      stmtOperands.push_back(cast<MLValue>(op));
    return builder.createOperation(name, stmtOperands, resultTypes, attrs);
  };

  builder.setInsertionPoint(block);

  while (getToken().isNot(Token::kw_return, Token::r_brace)) {
    switch (getToken().getKind()) {
    default:
      if (parseOperation(createOpFunc))
        return ParseFailure;
      break;
    case Token::kw_for:
      if (parseForStmt())
        return ParseFailure;
      break;
    case Token::kw_if:
      if (parseIfStmt())
        return ParseFailure;
      break;
    } // end switch
  }

  return ParseSuccess;
}

///
/// Parse `{` ml-stmt* `}`
///
ParseResult MLFunctionParser::parseStmtBlock(StmtBlock *block) {
  if (parseToken(Token::l_brace, "expected '{' before statement list") ||
      parseStatements(block) ||
      parseToken(Token::r_brace,
                 "expected '}' at the end of the statement block"))
    return ParseFailure;

  return ParseSuccess;
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Top-level entity parsing.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {
/// This parser handles entities that are only valid at the top level of the
/// file.
class ModuleParser : public Parser {
public:
  explicit ModuleParser(ParserState &state) : Parser(state) {}

  ParseResult parseModule();

private:
  ParseResult parseAffineMapDef();

  // Functions.
  ParseResult parseMLArgumentList(SmallVectorImpl<Type *> &argTypes,
                                  SmallVectorImpl<StringRef> &argNames);
  ParseResult parseFunctionSignature(StringRef &name, FunctionType *&type,
                                     SmallVectorImpl<StringRef> *argNames);
  ParseResult parseExtFunc();
  ParseResult parseCFGFunc();
  ParseResult parseMLFunc();
};
} // end anonymous namespace

/// Affine map declaration.
///
///   affine-map-def ::= affine-map-id `=` affine-map-inline
///
ParseResult ModuleParser::parseAffineMapDef() {
  assert(getToken().is(Token::hash_identifier));

  StringRef affineMapId = getTokenSpelling().drop_front();

  // Check for redefinitions.
  auto *&entry = getState().affineMapDefinitions[affineMapId];
  if (entry)
    return emitError("redefinition of affine map id '" + affineMapId + "'");

  consumeToken(Token::hash_identifier);

  // Parse the '='
  if (parseToken(Token::equal,
                 "expected '=' in affine map outlined definition"))
    return ParseFailure;

  entry = parseAffineMapInline();
  if (!entry)
    return ParseFailure;

  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// Parse a (possibly empty) list of MLFunction arguments with types.
///
/// ml-argument      ::= ssa-id `:` type
/// ml-argument-list ::= ml-argument (`,` ml-argument)* | /*empty*/
///
ParseResult
ModuleParser::parseMLArgumentList(SmallVectorImpl<Type *> &argTypes,
                                  SmallVectorImpl<StringRef> &argNames) {
  consumeToken(Token::l_paren);

  auto parseElt = [&]() -> ParseResult {
    // Parse argument name
    if (getToken().isNot(Token::percent_identifier))
      return emitError("expected SSA identifier");

    StringRef name = getTokenSpelling().drop_front();
    consumeToken(Token::percent_identifier);
    argNames.push_back(name);

    if (parseToken(Token::colon, "expected ':'"))
      return ParseFailure;

    // Parse argument type
    auto elt = parseType();
    if (!elt)
      return ParseFailure;
    argTypes.push_back(elt);

    return ParseSuccess;
  };

  return parseCommaSeparatedListUntil(Token::r_paren, parseElt);
}

/// Parse a function signature, starting with a name and including the parameter
/// list.
///
///   argument-list ::= type (`,` type)* | /*empty*/ | ml-argument-list
///   function-signature ::= function-id `(` argument-list `)` (`->` type-list)?
///
ParseResult
ModuleParser::parseFunctionSignature(StringRef &name, FunctionType *&type,
                                     SmallVectorImpl<StringRef> *argNames) {
  if (getToken().isNot(Token::at_identifier))
    return emitError("expected a function identifier like '@foo'");

  name = getTokenSpelling().drop_front();
  consumeToken(Token::at_identifier);

  if (getToken().isNot(Token::l_paren))
    return emitError("expected '(' in function signature");

  SmallVector<Type *, 4> argTypes;
  ParseResult parseResult;

  if (argNames)
    parseResult = parseMLArgumentList(argTypes, *argNames);
  else
    parseResult = parseTypeList(argTypes);

  if (parseResult)
    return ParseFailure;

  // Parse the return type if present.
  SmallVector<Type *, 4> results;
  if (consumeIf(Token::arrow)) {
    if (parseTypeList(results))
      return ParseFailure;
  }
  type = builder.getFunctionType(argTypes, results);
  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// External function declarations.
///
///   ext-func ::= `extfunc` function-signature
///
ParseResult ModuleParser::parseExtFunc() {
  consumeToken(Token::kw_extfunc);

  StringRef name;
  FunctionType *type = nullptr;
  if (parseFunctionSignature(name, type, /*arguments*/ nullptr))
    return ParseFailure;

  // Okay, the external function definition was parsed correctly.
  getModule()->getFunctions().push_back(new ExtFunction(name, type));
  return ParseSuccess;
}

/// CFG function declarations.
///
///   cfg-func ::= `cfgfunc` function-signature `{` basic-block+ `}`
///
ParseResult ModuleParser::parseCFGFunc() {
  consumeToken(Token::kw_cfgfunc);

  StringRef name;
  FunctionType *type = nullptr;
  if (parseFunctionSignature(name, type, /*arguments*/ nullptr))
    return ParseFailure;

  // Okay, the CFG function signature was parsed correctly, create the function.
  auto function = new CFGFunction(name, type);

  return CFGFunctionParser(getState(), function).parseFunctionBody();
}

/// ML function declarations.
///
///   ml-func ::= `mlfunc` ml-func-signature `{` ml-stmt* ml-return-stmt `}`
///
ParseResult ModuleParser::parseMLFunc() {
  consumeToken(Token::kw_mlfunc);

  StringRef name;
  FunctionType *type = nullptr;
  SmallVector<StringRef, 4> argNames;
  // FIXME: Parse ML function signature (args + types)
  // by passing pointer to SmallVector<identifier> into parseFunctionSignature

  if (parseFunctionSignature(name, type, &argNames))
    return ParseFailure;

  // Okay, the ML function signature was parsed correctly, create the function.
  auto function = new MLFunction(name, type);

  return MLFunctionParser(getState(), function).parseFunctionBody();
}

/// This is the top-level module parser.
ParseResult ModuleParser::parseModule() {
  while (1) {
    switch (getToken().getKind()) {
    default:
      emitError("expected a top level entity");
      return ParseFailure;

      // If we got to the end of the file, then we're done.
    case Token::eof:
      return ParseSuccess;

    // If we got an error token, then the lexer already emitted an error, just
    // stop.  Someday we could introduce error recovery if there was demand for
    // it.
    case Token::error:
      return ParseFailure;

    case Token::hash_identifier:
      if (parseAffineMapDef())
        return ParseFailure;
      break;

    case Token::kw_extfunc:
      if (parseExtFunc())
        return ParseFailure;
      break;

    case Token::kw_cfgfunc:
      if (parseCFGFunc())
        return ParseFailure;
      break;

    case Token::kw_mlfunc:
      if (parseMLFunc())
        return ParseFailure;
      break;
    }
  }
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

void mlir::defaultErrorReporter(const llvm::SMDiagnostic &error) {
  const auto &sourceMgr = *error.getSourceMgr();
  sourceMgr.PrintMessage(error.getLoc(), error.getKind(), error.getMessage());
}

/// This parses the file specified by the indicated SourceMgr and returns an
/// MLIR module if it was valid.  If not, it emits diagnostics and returns null.
Module *mlir::parseSourceFile(llvm::SourceMgr &sourceMgr, MLIRContext *context,
                              SMDiagnosticHandlerTy errorReporter) {
  // This is the result module we are parsing into.
  std::unique_ptr<Module> module(new Module(context));

  ParserState state(sourceMgr, module.get(),
                    errorReporter ? errorReporter : defaultErrorReporter);
  if (ModuleParser(state).parseModule())
    return nullptr;

  // Make sure the parse module has no other structural problems detected by the
  // verifier.
  module->verify();
  return module.release();
}