| page.title=Investigating Your RAM Usage |
| page.tags="memory","OutOfMemoryError" |
| @jd:body |
| |
| <div id="qv-wrapper"> |
| <div id="qv"> |
| <h2>In this document</h2> |
| <ol> |
| <li><a href="#LogMessages">Interpreting Log Messages</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#ViewHeap">Viewing Heap Updates</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#TrackAllocations">Tracking Allocations</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#ViewingAllocations">Viewing Overall Memory Allocations</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#HeapDump">Capturing a Heap Dump</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#TriggerLeaks">Triggering Memory Leaks</a></li> |
| </ol> |
| <h2>See Also</h2> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="{@docRoot}training/articles/memory.html">Managing Your App's Memory</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| <p>Because Android is designed for mobile devices, you should always be careful about how much |
| random-access memory (RAM) your app uses. Although Android’s Dalvik virtual machine performs |
| routine garbage collection, this doesn’t mean you can ignore when and where your app allocates and |
| releases memory. In order to provide a stable user experience that allows the system to quickly |
| switch between apps, it’s important that your app does not needlessly consume memory when the user |
| is not interacting with it.</p> |
| |
| <p>Even if you follow all the best practices for <a href="{@docRoot}training/articles/memory.html" |
| >Managing Your App Memory</a> during |
| development (which you should), you still might leak objects or introduce other memory bugs. The |
| only way to be certain your app is using as little memory as possible is to analyze your app’s |
| memory usage with tools. This guide shows you how to do that.</p> |
| |
| |
| <h2 id="LogMessages">Interpreting Log Messages</h2> |
| |
| <p>The simplest place to begin investigating your apps memory usage is the Dalvik log messages. You'll |
| find these log messages in <a href="{@docRoot}tools/help/logcat.html">logcat</a> (the output is |
| available in the Device Monitor or directly in IDEs such as Eclipse and Android Studio).</p> |
| |
| <p>Every time a garbage collection occurs, logcat prints a message with the following information:</p> |
| |
| <pre class="no-pretty-print"> |
| D/dalvikvm: <GC_Reason> <Amount_freed>, <Heap_stats>, <External_memory_stats>, <Pause_time> |
| </pre> |
| |
| <dl> |
| <dt>GC Reason</dt> |
| <dd> |
| What triggered the garbage collection and what kind of collection it is. Reasons that may appear |
| include: |
| <dl> |
| <dt><code>GC_CONCURRENT</code></dt> |
| <dd>A concurrent garbage collection that frees up memory as your heap begins to fill up.</dd> |
| |
| <dt><code>GC_FOR_MALLOC</code></dt> |
| <dd>A garbage collection caused because your app attempted to allocate memory when your heap was |
| already full, so the system had to stop your app and reclaim memory.</dd> |
| |
| <dt><code>GC_HPROF_DUMP_HEAP</code></dt> |
| <dd>A garbage collection that occurs when you create an HPROF file to analyze your heap.</dd> |
| |
| <dt><code>GC_EXPLICIT</code> |
| <dd>An explicit garbage collection, such as when you call {@link java.lang.System#gc()} (which you |
| should avoid calling and instead trust the garbage collector to run when needed).</dd> |
| |
| <dt><code>GC_EXTERNAL_ALLOC</code></dt> |
| <dd>This happens only on API level 10 and lower (newer versions allocate everything in the Dalvik |
| heap). A garbage collection for externally allocated memory (such as the pixel data stored in |
| native memory or NIO byte buffers).</dd> |
| </dl> |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt>Amount freed</dt> |
| <dd>The amount of memory reclaimed from this garbage collection.</dd> |
| |
| <dt>Heap stats</dt> |
| <dd>Percentage free and (number of live objects)/(total heap size).</dd> |
| |
| <dt>External memory stats</dt> |
| <dd>Externally allocated memory on API level 10 and lower (amount of allocated memory) / (limit at |
| which collection will occur).</dd> |
| |
| <dt>Pause time</dt> |
| <dd>Larger heaps will have larger pause times. Concurrent pause times show two pauses: one at the |
| beginning of the collection and another near the end.</dd> |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p>For example:</p> |
| |
| <pre class="no-pretty-print"> |
| D/dalvikvm( 9050): GC_CONCURRENT freed 2049K, 65% free 3571K/9991K, external 4703K/5261K, paused 2ms+2ms |
| </pre> |
| |
| <p>As these log messages stack up, look out for increases in the heap stats (the |
| {@code 3571K/9991K} value in the above example). If this value |
| continues to increase and doesn't ever seem to get smaller, you could have a memory leak.</p> |
| |
| |
| <h2 id="ViewHeap">Viewing Heap Updates</h2> |
| |
| <p>To get a little information about what kind of memory your app is using and when, you can view |
| real-time updates to your app's heap in the Device Monitor:</p> |
| |
| <ol> |
| <li>Open the Device Monitor. |
| <p>From your <code><sdk>/tools/</code> directory, launch the <code>monitor</code> tool.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li>In the Debug Monitor window, select your app's process from the list on the left.</li> |
| <li>Click <strong>Update Heap</strong> above the process list.</li> |
| <li>In the right-side panel, select the <strong>Heap</strong> tab.</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <p>The Heap view shows some basic stats about your heap memory usage, updated after every |
| garbage collection. To see the first update, click the <strong>Cause GC</strong> button.</p> |
| |
| <img src="{@docRoot}images/tools/monitor-vmheap@2x.png" width="760" alt="" /> |
| <p class="img-caption"><strong>Figure 1.</strong> The Device Monitor tool, |
| showing the <strong>[1] Update Heap</strong> and <strong>[2] Cause GC</strong> buttons. |
| The Heap tab on the right shows the heap results.</p> |
| |
| <p>Continue interacting with your app to watch your heap allocation update with each garbage |
| collection. This can help you identify which actions in your app are likely causing too much |
| allocation and where you should try to reduce allocations and release |
| resources.</p> |
| |
| |
| |
| <h2 id="TrackAllocations">Tracking Allocations</h2> |
| |
| <p>As you start narrowing down memory issues, you should also use the Allocation Tracker to |
| get a better understanding of where your memory-hogging objects are allocated. The Allocation |
| Tracker can be useful not only for looking at specific uses of memory, but also to analyze critical |
| code paths in an app such as scrolling.</p> |
| |
| <p>For example, tracking allocations when flinging a list in your app allows you to see all the |
| allocations that need to be done for that behavior, what thread they are on, and where they came |
| from. This is extremely valuable for tightening up these paths to reduce the work they need and |
| improve the overall smoothness of the UI.</p> |
| |
| <p>To use Allocation Tracker:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>Open the Device Monitor. |
| <p>From your <code><sdk>/tools/</code> directory, launch the <code>monitor</code> tool.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li>In the DDMS window, select your app's process in the left-side panel.</li> |
| <li>In the right-side panel, select the <strong>Allocation Tracker</strong> tab.</li> |
| <li>Click <strong>Start Tracking</strong>.</li> |
| <li>Interact with your app to execute the code paths you want to analyze.</li> |
| <li>Click <strong>Get Allocations</strong> every time you want to update the |
| list of allocations.</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <p>The list shows all recent allocations, |
| currently limited by a 512-entry ring buffer. Click on a line to see the stack trace that led to |
| the allocation. The trace shows you not only what type of object was allocated, but also in which |
| thread, in which class, in which file and at which line.</p> |
| |
| <img src="{@docRoot}images/tools/monitor-tracker@2x.png" width="760" alt="" /> |
| <p class="img-caption"><strong>Figure 2.</strong> The Device Monitor tool, |
| showing recent app allocations and stack traces in the Allocation Tracker.</p> |
| |
| |
| <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> You will always see some allocations from {@code |
| DdmVmInternal} and else where that come from the allocation tracker itself.</p> |
| |
| <p>Although it's not necessary (nor possible) to remove all allocations for your performance |
| critical code paths, the allocation tracker can help you identify important issues in your code. |
| For instance, some apps might create a new {@link android.graphics.Paint} object on every draw. |
| Moving that object into a global member is a simple fix that helps improve performance.</p> |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| <h2 id="ViewingAllocations">Viewing Overall Memory Allocations</h2> |
| |
| <p>For further analysis, you may want to observe how that your app's memory is |
| divided between different categories, which you can do with the <code>adb meminfo</code> data.</p> |
| |
| <p>When talking about how much RAM your app is using with this data, the key metrics |
| discussed below are:</p> |
| |
| <dl> |
| <dt>Private (Clean and Dirty) RAM</dt> |
| <dd>This is memory that is being used by only your process. This is the bulk of the RAM that the system |
| can reclaim when your app’s process is destroyed. Generally, the most important portion of this is |
| “private dirty” RAM, which is the most expensive because it is used by only your process and its |
| contents exist only in RAM so can’t be paged to storage (because Android does not use swap). All |
| Dalvik and native heap allocations you make will be private dirty RAM; Dalvik and native |
| allocations you share with the Zygote process are shared dirty RAM.</dd> |
| |
| <dt>Proportional Set Size (PSS)</dt> |
| <dd>This is a measurement of your app’s RAM use that takes into account sharing pages across processes. |
| Any RAM pages that are unique to your process directly contribute to its PSS value, while pages |
| that are shared with other processes contribute to the PSS value only in proportion to the amount |
| of sharing. For example, a page that is shared between two processes will contribute half of its |
| size to the PSS of each process.</dd> |
| </dl> |
| |
| |
| <p>A nice characteristic of the PSS measurement is that you can add up the PSS across all processes to |
| determine the actual memory being used by all processes. This means PSS is a good measure for the |
| actual RAM weight of a process and for comparison against the RAM use of other processes and the |
| total available RAM.</p> |
| |
| <p>You can look at the memory use of your app (measured in kilobytes) with the |
| following adb command:</p> |
| |
| <pre class="no-pretty-print"> |
| adb shell dumpsys meminfo <package_name> |
| </pre> |
| |
| <p>For example, below is the the output for Gmail’s process on a tablet device. There is a lot of |
| information here, but key points for discussion are highlighted in different colors.</p> |
| |
| <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> The information you see may vary slightly from what is shown |
| here, as some details of the output differ across platform versions.</p> |
| |
| <pre class="no-pretty-print"> |
| ** MEMINFO in pid 9953 [com.google.android.gm] ** |
| Pss Pss Shared Private Shared Private Heap Heap Heap |
| Total Clean Dirty Dirty Clean Clean Size Alloc Free |
| ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ |
| Native Heap 0 0 0 0 0 0 7800 7637(6) 126 |
| Dalvik Heap 5110(3) 0 4136 4988(3) 0 0 9168 8958(6) 210 |
| Dalvik Other 2850 0 2684 2772 0 0 |
| Stack 36 0 8 36 0 0 |
| Cursor 136 0 0 136 0 0 |
| Ashmem 12 0 28 0 0 0 |
| Other dev 380 0 24 376 0 4 |
| .so mmap 5443(5) 1996 2584 2664(5) 5788 1996(5) |
| .apk mmap 235 32 0 0 1252 32 |
| .ttf mmap 36 12 0 0 88 12 |
| .dex mmap 3019(5) 2148 0 0 8936 2148(5) |
| Other mmap 107 0 8 8 324 68 |
| Unknown 6994(4) 0 252 6992(4) 0 0 |
| TOTAL 24358(1) 4188 9724 17972(2)16388 4260(2)16968 16595 336 |
| |
| Objects |
| Views: 426 ViewRootImpl: 3(8) |
| AppContexts: 6(7) Activities: 2(7) |
| Assets: 2 AssetManagers: 2 |
| Local Binders: 64 Proxy Binders: 34 |
| Death Recipients: 0 |
| OpenSSL Sockets: 1 |
| |
| SQL |
| MEMORY_USED: 1739 |
| PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW: 1164 MALLOC_SIZE: 62 |
| </pre> |
| |
| <p>Generally, you should be concerned with only the <code>Pss Total</code> and <code>Private Dirty</code> |
| columns. In some cases, the <code>Private Clean</code> and <code>Heap Alloc</code> columns also offer |
| interesting data. Here is some more information about the different memory allocations (the rows) |
| you should observe: |
| |
| <dl> |
| <dt><code>Dalvik Heap</code></dt> |
| <dd>The RAM used by Dalvik allocations in your app. The <code>Pss Total</code> includes all Zygote |
| allocations (weighted by their sharing across processes, as described in the PSS definition above). |
| The <code>Private Dirty</code> number is the actual RAM committed to only your app’s heap, composed of |
| your own allocations and any Zygote allocation pages that have been modified since forking your |
| app’s process from Zygote. |
| |
| <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> On newer platform versions that have the <code>Dalvik |
| Other</code> section, the <code>Pss Total</code> and <code>Private Dirty</code> numbers for Dalvik Heap do |
| not include Dalvik overhead such as the just-in-time compilation (JIT) and garbage collection (GC) |
| bookkeeping, whereas older versions list it all combined under <code>Dalvik</code>.</p> |
| |
| <p>The <code>Heap Alloc</code> is the amount of memory that the Dalvik and native heap allocators keep |
| track of for your app. This value is larger than <code>Pss Total</code> and <code>Private Dirty</code> |
| because your process was forked from Zygote and it includes allocations that your process shares |
| with all the others.</p> |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><code>.so mmap</code> and <code>.dex mmap</code></dt> |
| <dd>The RAM being used for mmapped <code>.so</code> (native) and <code>.dex</code> (Dalvik) code. The |
| <code>Pss Total</code> number includes platform code shared across apps; the <code>Private Clean</code> is |
| your app’s own code. Generally, the actual mapped size will be much larger—the RAM here is only |
| what currently needs to be in RAM for code that has been executed by the app. However, the .so mmap |
| has a large private dirty, which is due to fix-ups to the native code when it was loaded into its |
| final address. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><code>Unknown</code></dt> |
| <dd>Any RAM pages that the system could not classify into one of the other more specific items. |
| Currently, this contains mostly native allocations, which cannot be identified by the tool when |
| collecting this data due to Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR). As with the Dalvik heap, the |
| <code>Pss Total</code> for Unknown takes into account sharing with Zygote, and <code>Private Dirty</code> |
| is unknown RAM dedicated to only your app. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><code>TOTAL</code></dt> |
| <dd>The total Proportional Set Size (PSS) RAM used by your process. This is the sum of all PSS fields |
| above it. It indicates the overall memory weight of your process, which can be directly compared |
| with other processes and the total available RAM. |
| |
| <p>The <code>Private Dirty</code> and <code>Private Clean</code> are the total allocations within your |
| process, which are not shared with other processes. Together (especially <code>Private Dirty</code>), |
| this is the amount of RAM that will be released back to the system when your process is destroyed. |
| Dirty RAM is pages that have been modified and so must stay committed to RAM (because there is no |
| swap); clean RAM is pages that have been mapped from a persistent file (such as code being |
| executed) and so can be paged out if not used for a while.</p> |
| |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><code>ViewRootImpl</code></dt> |
| <dd>The number of root views that are active in your process. Each root view is associated with a |
| window, so this can help you identify memory leaks involving dialogs or other windows. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><code>AppContexts</code> and <code>Activities</code></dt> |
| <dd>The number of app {@link android.content.Context} and {@link android.app.Activity} objects that |
| currently live in your process. This can be useful to quickly identify leaked {@link |
| android.app.Activity} objects that can’t be garbage collected due to static references on them, |
| which is common. These objects often have a lot of other allocations associated with them and so |
| are a good way to track large memory leaks.</dd> |
| |
| <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> A {@link android.view.View} or {@link |
| android.graphics.drawable.Drawable} object also holds a reference to the {@link |
| android.app.Activity} that it's from, so holding a {@link android.view.View} or {@link |
| android.graphics.drawable.Drawable} object can also lead to your app leaking an {@link |
| android.app.Activity}.</p> |
| |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| <h2 id="HeapDump">Capturing a Heap Dump</h2> |
| |
| <p>A heap dump is a snapshot of all the objects in your app's heap, stored in a binary format called |
| HPROF. Your app's heap dump provides information about the overall state of your app's heap so you |
| can track down problems you might have identified while viewing heap updates.</p> |
| |
| <p>To retrieve your heap dump:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>Open the Device Monitor. |
| <p>From your <code><sdk>/tools/</code> directory, launch the <code>monitor</code> tool.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li>In the DDMS window, select your app's process in the left-side panel.</li> |
| <li>Click <strong>Dump HPROF file</strong>, shown in figure 3.</li> |
| <li>In the window that appears, name your HPROF file, select the save location, |
| then click <strong>Save</strong>.</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <img src="{@docRoot}images/tools/monitor-hprof@2x.png" width="760" alt="" /> |
| <p class="img-caption"><strong>Figure 3.</strong> The Device Monitor tool, |
| showing the <strong>[1] Dump HPROF file</strong> button.</p> |
| |
| <p>If you need to be more precise about when the dump is created, you can also create a heap dump |
| at the critical point in your app code by calling {@link android.os.Debug#dumpHprofData |
| dumpHprofData()}.</p> |
| |
| <p>The heap dump is provided in a format that's similar to, but not identical to one from the Java |
| HPROF tool. The major difference in an Android heap dump is due to the fact that there are a large |
| number of allocations in the Zygote process. But because the Zygote allocations are shared across |
| all app processes, they don’t matter very much to your own heap analysis.</p> |
| |
| <p>To analyze your heap dump, you can use a standard tool like jhat or the <a href= |
| "http://www.eclipse.org/mat/downloads.php">Eclipse Memory Analyzer Tool</a> (MAT). However, first |
| you'll need to convert the HPROF file from Android's format to the J2SE HPROF format. You can do |
| this using the <code>hprof-conv</code> tool provided in the <code><sdk>/tools/</code> |
| directory. Simply run the <code>hprof-conv</code> command with two arguments: the original HPROF |
| file and the location to write the converted HPROF file. For example:</p> |
| |
| <pre class="no-pretty-print"> |
| hprof-conv heap-original.hprof heap-converted.hprof |
| </pre> |
| |
| <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> If you're using the version of DDMS that's integrated into |
| Eclipse, you do not need to perform the HPROF converstion—it performs the conversion by |
| default.</p> |
| |
| <p>You can now load the converted file in MAT or another heap analysis tool that understands |
| the J2SE HPROF format.</p> |
| |
| <p>When analyzing your heap, you should look for memory leaks caused by:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Long-lived references to an Activity, Context, View, Drawable, and other objects that may hold a |
| reference to the container Activity or Context.</li> |
| <li>Non-static inner classes (such as a Runnable, which can hold the Activity instance).</li> |
| <li>Caches that hold objects longer than necessary.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| |
| <h3 id="EclipseMat">Using the Eclipse Memory Analyzer Tool</h3> |
| |
| <p>The <a href= |
| "http://www.eclipse.org/mat/downloads.php">Eclipse Memory Analyzer Tool</a> (MAT) is just one |
| tool that you can use to analyze your heap dump. It's also quite powerful so most of its |
| capabilities are beyond the scope of this document, but here are a few tips to get you started. |
| |
| <p>Once you open your converted HPROF file in MAT, you'll see a pie chart in the Overview, |
| showing what your largest objects are. Below this chart, are links to couple of useful features:</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>The <strong>Histogram view</strong> shows a list of all classes and how many instances |
| there are of each. |
| <p>You might want to use this view to find extra instances of classes for which you know there |
| should be only a certain number. For example, a common source of leaks is additional instance of |
| your {@link android.app.Activity} class, for which you should usually have only one instance |
| at a time. To find a specific class instance, type the class name into the <em><Regex></em> |
| field at the top of the list. |
| <p>When you find a class with too many instances, right-click it and select |
| <strong>List objects</strong> > <strong>with incoming references</strong>. In the list that |
| appears, you can determine where an instance is retained by right-clicking it and selecting |
| <strong>Path To GC Roots</strong> > <strong>exclude weak references</strong>.</p> |
| </li> |
| |
| <li>The <strong>Dominator tree</strong> shows a list of objects organized by the amount |
| of retained heap. |
| <p>What you should look for is anything that's retaining a portion of heap that's roughly |
| equivalent to the memory size you observed leaking from the <a href="#LogMessages">GC logs</a>, |
| <a href="#ViewHeap">heap updates</a>, or <a href="#TrackAllocations">allocation |
| tracker</a>. |
| <p>When you see something suspicious, right-click on the item and select |
| <strong>Path To GC Roots</strong> > <strong>exclude weak references</strong>. This opens a |
| new tab that traces the references to that object which is causing the alleged leak.</p> |
| |
| <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> Most apps will show an instance of |
| {@link android.content.res.Resources} near the top with a good chunk of heap, but this is |
| usually expected when your app uses lots of resources from your {@code res/} directory.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| |
| <img src="{@docRoot}images/tools/mat-histogram@2x.png" width="760" alt="" /> |
| <p class="img-caption"><strong>Figure 4.</strong> The Eclipse Memory Analyzer Tool (MAT), |
| showing the Histogram view and a search for "MainActivity".</p> |
| |
| <p>For more information about MAT, watch the Google I/O 2011 presentation, |
| <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CruQY55HOk">Memory management for Android apps</a>, |
| which includes a walkthrough using MAT beginning at about <a href= |
| "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CruQY55HOk&feature=player_detailpage#t=1270">21:10</a>. |
| Also refer to the <a href="http://wiki.eclipse.org/index.php/MemoryAnalyzer">Eclipse Memory |
| Analyzer documentation</a>.</p> |
| |
| <h4 id="MatCompare">Comparing heap dumps</h4> |
| |
| <p>You may find it useful to compare your app's heap state at two different points in time in order |
| to inspect the changes in memory allocation. To compare two heap dumps using MAT:</p> |
| |
| <ol> |
| <li>Create two HPROF files as described above, in <a href="#HeapDump">Capturing a Heap Dump</a>. |
| <li>Open the first HPROF file in MAT (<strong>File</strong> > <strong>Open Heap Dump</strong>). |
| <li>In the Navigation History view (if not visible, select <strong>Window</strong> > |
| <strong>Navigation History</strong>), right-click on <strong>Histogram</strong> and select |
| <strong>Add to Compare Basket</strong>. |
| <li>Open the second HPROF file and repeat steps 2 and 3. |
| <li>Switch to the <em>Compare Basket</em> view and click <strong>Compare the Results</strong> |
| (the red "!" icon in the top-right corner of the view). |
| </ol> |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| <h2 id="TriggerLeaks">Triggering Memory Leaks</h2> |
| |
| <p>While using the tools described above, you should aggressively stress your app code and try |
| forcing memory leaks. One way to provoke memory leaks in your app is to let it |
| run for a while before inspecting the heap. Leaks will trickle up to the top of the allocations in |
| the heap. However, the smaller the leak, the longer you need to run the app in order to see it.</p> |
| |
| <p>You can also trigger a memory leak in one of the following ways:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>Rotate the device from portrait to landscape and back again multiple times while in different |
| activity states. Rotating the device can often cause an app to leak an {@link android.app.Activity}, |
| {@link android.content.Context}, or {@link android.view.View} object because the system |
| recreates the {@link android.app.Activity} and if your app holds a reference |
| to one of those objects somewhere else, the system can't garbage collect it.</li> |
| <li>Switch between your app and another app while in different activity states (navigate to |
| the Home screen, then return to your app).</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <p class="note"><strong>Tip:</strong> You can also perform the above steps by using the "monkey" |
| test framework. For more information on running the monkey test framework, read the <a href= |
| "{@docRoot}tools/help/monkeyrunner_concepts.html">monkeyrunner</a> |
| documentation.</p> |