services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/ApexManager.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.android.server.pm;

import android.annotation.IntDef;
import android.annotation.Nullable;
import android.apex.ApexInfo;
import android.apex.ApexInfoList;
import android.apex.ApexSessionInfo;
import android.apex.ApexSessionParams;
import android.apex.IApexService;
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.IntentFilter;
import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
import android.content.pm.PackageInstaller;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.content.pm.PackageParser;
import android.content.pm.parsing.AndroidPackage;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.os.RemoteException;
import android.os.ServiceManager;
import android.sysprop.ApexProperties;
import android.util.ArrayMap;
import android.util.ArraySet;
import android.util.Singleton;
import android.util.Slog;

import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.android.internal.os.BackgroundThread;
import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;

import com.google.android.collect.Lists;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

/**
 * ApexManager class handles communications with the apex service to perform operation and queries,
 * as well as providing caching to avoid unnecessary calls to the service.
 */
public abstract class ApexManager {

    private static final String TAG = "ApexManager";

    static final int MATCH_ACTIVE_PACKAGE = 1 << 0;
    static final int MATCH_FACTORY_PACKAGE = 1 << 1;

    private static final Singleton<ApexManager> sApexManagerSingleton =
            new Singleton<ApexManager>() {
                @Override
                protected ApexManager create() {
                    if (ApexProperties.updatable().orElse(false)) {
                        try {
                            return new ApexManagerImpl(IApexService.Stub.asInterface(
                                    ServiceManager.getServiceOrThrow("apexservice")));
                        } catch (ServiceManager.ServiceNotFoundException e) {
                            throw new IllegalStateException(
                                    "Required service apexservice not available");
                        }
                    } else {
                        return new ApexManagerFlattenedApex();
                    }
                }
            };

    /**
     * Returns an instance of either {@link ApexManagerImpl} or {@link ApexManagerFlattenedApex}
     * depending on whether this device supports APEX, i.e. {@link ApexProperties#updatable()}
     * evaluates to {@code true}.
     */
    static ApexManager getInstance() {
        return sApexManagerSingleton.get();
    }

    /**
     * Minimal information about APEX mount points and the original APEX package they refer to.
     */
    static class ActiveApexInfo {
        @Nullable public final String apexModuleName;
        public final File apexDirectory;
        public final File preInstalledApexPath;

        private ActiveApexInfo(File apexDirectory, File preInstalledApexPath) {
            this(null, apexDirectory, preInstalledApexPath);
        }

        private ActiveApexInfo(@Nullable String apexModuleName, File apexDirectory,
                File preInstalledApexPath) {
            this.apexModuleName = apexModuleName;
            this.apexDirectory = apexDirectory;
            this.preInstalledApexPath = preInstalledApexPath;
        }

        private ActiveApexInfo(ApexInfo apexInfo) {
            this(
                    apexInfo.moduleName,
                    new File(Environment.getApexDirectory() + File.separator
                            + apexInfo.moduleName),
                    new File(apexInfo.preinstalledModulePath));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@link ActiveApexInfo} records relative to all active APEX packages.
     */
    abstract List<ActiveApexInfo> getActiveApexInfos();

    abstract void systemReady(Context context);

    /**
     * Retrieves information about an APEX package.
     *
     * @param packageName the package name to look for. Note that this is the package name reported
     *                    in the APK container manifest (i.e. AndroidManifest.xml), which might
     *                    differ from the one reported in the APEX manifest (i.e.
     *                    apex_manifest.json).
     * @param flags the type of package to return. This may match to active packages
     *              and factory (pre-installed) packages.
     * @return a PackageInfo object with the information about the package, or null if the package
     *         is not found.
     */
    @Nullable
    abstract PackageInfo getPackageInfo(String packageName, @PackageInfoFlags int flags);

    /**
     * Retrieves information about all active APEX packages.
     *
     * @return a List of PackageInfo object, each one containing information about a different
     *         active package.
     */
    abstract List<PackageInfo> getActivePackages();

    /**
     * Retrieves information about all active pre-installed APEX packages.
     *
     * @return a List of PackageInfo object, each one containing information about a different
     *         active pre-installed package.
     */
    abstract List<PackageInfo> getFactoryPackages();

    /**
     * Retrieves information about all inactive APEX packages.
     *
     * @return a List of PackageInfo object, each one containing information about a different
     *         inactive package.
     */
    abstract List<PackageInfo> getInactivePackages();

    /**
     * Checks if {@code packageName} is an apex package.
     *
     * @param packageName package to check.
     * @return {@code true} if {@code packageName} is an apex package.
     */
    abstract boolean isApexPackage(String packageName);

    /**
     * Retrieves information about an apexd staged session i.e. the internal state used by apexd to
     * track the different states of a session.
     *
     * @param sessionId the identifier of the session.
     * @return an ApexSessionInfo object, or null if the session is not known.
     */
    @Nullable
    abstract ApexSessionInfo getStagedSessionInfo(int sessionId);

    /**
     * Submit a staged session to apex service. This causes the apex service to perform some initial
     * verification and accept or reject the session. Submitting a session successfully is not
     * enough for it to be activated at the next boot, the caller needs to call
     * {@link #markStagedSessionReady(int)}.
     *
     * @throws PackageManagerException if call to apexd fails
     */
    abstract ApexInfoList submitStagedSession(ApexSessionParams params)
            throws PackageManagerException;

    /**
     * Mark a staged session previously submitted using {@code submitStagedSession} as ready to be
     * applied at next reboot.
     *
     * @param sessionId the identifier of the {@link PackageInstallerSession} being marked as ready.
     * @throws PackageManagerException if call to apexd fails
     */
    abstract void markStagedSessionReady(int sessionId) throws PackageManagerException;

    /**
     * Marks a staged session as successful.
     *
     * <p>Only activated session can be marked as successful.
     *
     * @param sessionId the identifier of the {@link PackageInstallerSession} being marked as
     *                  successful.
     */
    abstract void markStagedSessionSuccessful(int sessionId);

    /**
     * Whether the current device supports the management of APEX packages.
     *
     * @return true if APEX packages can be managed on this device, false otherwise.
     */
    abstract boolean isApexSupported();

    /**
     * Abandons the (only) active session previously submitted.
     *
     * @return {@code true} upon success, {@code false} if any remote exception occurs
     */
    abstract boolean revertActiveSessions();

    /**
     * Abandons the staged session with the given sessionId.
     *
     * @return {@code true} upon success, {@code false} if any remote exception occurs
     */
    abstract boolean abortStagedSession(int sessionId) throws PackageManagerException;

    /**
     * Uninstalls given {@code apexPackage}.
     *
     * <p>NOTE. Device must be rebooted in order for uninstall to take effect.
     *
     * @param apexPackagePath package to uninstall.
     * @return {@code true} upon successful uninstall, {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    abstract boolean uninstallApex(String apexPackagePath);

    /**
     * Registers an APK package as an embedded apk of apex.
     */
    abstract void registerApkInApex(AndroidPackage pkg);

    /**
     * Returns list of {@code packageName} of apks inside the given apex.
     * @param apexPackageName Package name of the apk container of apex
     */
    abstract List<String> getApksInApex(String apexPackageName);

    /**
     * Returns the apex module name for the given package name, if the package is an APEX. Otherwise
     * returns {@code null}.
     */
    @Nullable
    public abstract String getApexModuleNameForPackageName(String apexPackageName);

    /**
     * Dumps various state information to the provided {@link PrintWriter} object.
     *
     * @param pw the {@link PrintWriter} object to send information to.
     * @param packageName a {@link String} containing a package name, or {@code null}. If set, only
     *                    information about that specific package will be dumped.
     */
    abstract void dump(PrintWriter pw, @Nullable String packageName);

    @IntDef(
            flag = true,
            prefix = { "MATCH_"},
            value = {MATCH_ACTIVE_PACKAGE, MATCH_FACTORY_PACKAGE})
    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
    @interface PackageInfoFlags{}

    /**
     * An implementation of {@link ApexManager} that should be used in case device supports updating
     * APEX packages.
     */
    @VisibleForTesting
    static class ApexManagerImpl extends ApexManager {
        private final IApexService mApexService;
        private final Object mLock = new Object();

        @GuardedBy("mLock")
        private Set<ActiveApexInfo> mActiveApexInfosCache;

        /**
         * Contains the list of {@code packageName}s of apks-in-apex for given
         * {@code apexModuleName}. See {@link #mPackageNameToApexModuleName} to understand the
         * difference between {@code packageName} and {@code apexModuleName}.
         */
        @GuardedBy("mLock")
        private Map<String, List<String>> mApksInApex = new ArrayMap<>();

        @GuardedBy("mLock")
        private List<PackageInfo> mAllPackagesCache;

        /**
         * An APEX is a file format that delivers the apex-payload wrapped in an apk container. The
         * apk container has a reference name, called {@code packageName}, which is found inside the
         * {@code AndroidManifest.xml}. The apex payload inside the container also has a reference
         * name, called {@code apexModuleName}, which is found in {@code apex_manifest.json} file.
         *
         * {@link #mPackageNameToApexModuleName} contains the mapping from {@code packageName} of
         * the apk container to {@code apexModuleName} of the apex-payload inside.
         */
        @GuardedBy("mLock")
        private Map<String, String> mPackageNameToApexModuleName;

        ApexManagerImpl(IApexService apexService) {
            mApexService = apexService;
        }

        /**
         * Whether an APEX package is active or not.
         *
         * @param packageInfo the package to check
         * @return {@code true} if this package is active, {@code false} otherwise.
         */
        private static boolean isActive(PackageInfo packageInfo) {
            return (packageInfo.applicationInfo.flags & ApplicationInfo.FLAG_INSTALLED) != 0;
        }

        /**
         * Whether the APEX package is pre-installed or not.
         *
         * @param packageInfo the package to check
         * @return {@code true} if this package is pre-installed, {@code false} otherwise.
         */
        private static boolean isFactory(PackageInfo packageInfo) {
            return (packageInfo.applicationInfo.flags & ApplicationInfo.FLAG_SYSTEM) != 0;
        }

        @Override
        List<ActiveApexInfo> getActiveApexInfos() {
            synchronized (mLock) {
                if (mActiveApexInfosCache == null) {
                    try {
                        mActiveApexInfosCache = new ArraySet<>();
                        final ApexInfo[] activePackages = mApexService.getActivePackages();
                        for (int i = 0; i < activePackages.length; i++) {
                            ApexInfo apexInfo = activePackages[i];
                            mActiveApexInfosCache.add(new ActiveApexInfo(apexInfo));
                        }
                    } catch (RemoteException e) {
                        Slog.e(TAG, "Unable to retrieve packages from apexservice", e);
                    }
                }
                if (mActiveApexInfosCache != null) {
                    return new ArrayList<>(mActiveApexInfosCache);
                } else {
                    return Collections.emptyList();
                }
            }
        }

        @Override
        void systemReady(Context context) {
            context.registerReceiver(new BroadcastReceiver() {
                @Override
                public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
                    // Post populateAllPackagesCacheIfNeeded to a background thread, since it's
                    // expensive to run it in broadcast handler thread.
                    BackgroundThread.getHandler().post(() -> populateAllPackagesCacheIfNeeded());
                    context.unregisterReceiver(this);
                }
            }, new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED));
        }

        private void populatePackageNameToApexModuleNameIfNeeded() {
            synchronized (mLock) {
                if (mPackageNameToApexModuleName != null) {
                    return;
                }
                try {
                    mPackageNameToApexModuleName = new ArrayMap<>();
                    final ApexInfo[] allPkgs = mApexService.getAllPackages();
                    for (int i = 0; i < allPkgs.length; i++) {
                        ApexInfo ai = allPkgs[i];
                        PackageParser.PackageLite pkgLite;
                        try {
                            File apexFile = new File(ai.modulePath);
                            pkgLite = PackageParser.parsePackageLite(apexFile, 0);
                        } catch (PackageParser.PackageParserException pe) {
                            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to parse: "
                                    + ai.modulePath, pe);
                        }
                        mPackageNameToApexModuleName.put(pkgLite.packageName, ai.moduleName);
                    }
                } catch (RemoteException re) {
                    Slog.e(TAG, "Unable to retrieve packages from apexservice: ", re);
                    throw new RuntimeException(re);
                }
            }
        }

        private void populateAllPackagesCacheIfNeeded() {
            synchronized (mLock) {
                if (mAllPackagesCache != null) {
                    return;
                }
                try {
                    mAllPackagesCache = new ArrayList<>();
                    HashSet<String> activePackagesSet = new HashSet<>();
                    HashSet<String> factoryPackagesSet = new HashSet<>();
                    final ApexInfo[] allPkgs = mApexService.getAllPackages();
                    for (ApexInfo ai : allPkgs) {
                        // If the device is using flattened APEX, don't report any APEX
                        // packages since they won't be managed or updated by PackageManager.
                        if ((new File(ai.modulePath)).isDirectory()) {
                            break;
                        }
                        int flags = PackageManager.GET_META_DATA
                                | PackageManager.GET_SIGNING_CERTIFICATES
                                | PackageManager.GET_SIGNATURES;
                        PackageParser.Package pkg;
                        try {
                            File apexFile = new File(ai.modulePath);
                            PackageParser pp = new PackageParser();
                            pkg = pp.parsePackage(apexFile, flags, false);
                            PackageParser.collectCertificates(pkg, false);
                        } catch (PackageParser.PackageParserException pe) {
                            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to parse: " + ai, pe);
                        }

                        final PackageInfo packageInfo =
                                PackageParser.generatePackageInfo(pkg, ai, flags);
                        mAllPackagesCache.add(packageInfo);
                        if (ai.isActive) {
                            if (activePackagesSet.contains(packageInfo.packageName)) {
                                throw new IllegalStateException(
                                        "Two active packages have the same name: "
                                                + packageInfo.packageName);
                            }
                            activePackagesSet.add(packageInfo.packageName);
                        }
                        if (ai.isFactory) {
                            if (factoryPackagesSet.contains(packageInfo.packageName)) {
                                throw new IllegalStateException(
                                        "Two factory packages have the same name: "
                                                + packageInfo.packageName);
                            }
                            factoryPackagesSet.add(packageInfo.packageName);
                        }
                    }
                } catch (RemoteException re) {
                    Slog.e(TAG, "Unable to retrieve packages from apexservice: " + re.toString());
                    throw new RuntimeException(re);
                }
            }
        }

        @Override
        @Nullable PackageInfo getPackageInfo(String packageName, @PackageInfoFlags int flags) {
            populateAllPackagesCacheIfNeeded();
            boolean matchActive = (flags & MATCH_ACTIVE_PACKAGE) != 0;
            boolean matchFactory = (flags & MATCH_FACTORY_PACKAGE) != 0;
            for (PackageInfo packageInfo: mAllPackagesCache) {
                if (!packageInfo.packageName.equals(packageName)) {
                    continue;
                }
                if ((matchActive && isActive(packageInfo))
                        || (matchFactory && isFactory(packageInfo))) {
                    return packageInfo;
                }
            }
            return null;
        }

        @Override
        List<PackageInfo> getActivePackages() {
            populateAllPackagesCacheIfNeeded();
            return mAllPackagesCache
                    .stream()
                    .filter(item -> isActive(item))
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
        }

        @Override
        List<PackageInfo> getFactoryPackages() {
            populateAllPackagesCacheIfNeeded();
            return mAllPackagesCache
                    .stream()
                    .filter(item -> isFactory(item))
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
        }

        @Override
        List<PackageInfo> getInactivePackages() {
            populateAllPackagesCacheIfNeeded();
            return mAllPackagesCache
                    .stream()
                    .filter(item -> !isActive(item))
                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
        }

        @Override
        boolean isApexPackage(String packageName) {
            if (!isApexSupported()) return false;
            populateAllPackagesCacheIfNeeded();
            for (PackageInfo packageInfo : mAllPackagesCache) {
                if (packageInfo.packageName.equals(packageName)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        @Override
        @Nullable ApexSessionInfo getStagedSessionInfo(int sessionId) {
            try {
                ApexSessionInfo apexSessionInfo = mApexService.getStagedSessionInfo(sessionId);
                if (apexSessionInfo.isUnknown) {
                    return null;
                }
                return apexSessionInfo;
            } catch (RemoteException re) {
                Slog.e(TAG, "Unable to contact apexservice", re);
                throw new RuntimeException(re);
            }
        }

        @Override
        ApexInfoList submitStagedSession(ApexSessionParams params) throws PackageManagerException {
            try {
                final ApexInfoList apexInfoList = new ApexInfoList();
                mApexService.submitStagedSession(params, apexInfoList);
                return apexInfoList;
            } catch (RemoteException re) {
                Slog.e(TAG, "Unable to contact apexservice", re);
                throw new RuntimeException(re);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new PackageManagerException(
                        PackageInstaller.SessionInfo.STAGED_SESSION_VERIFICATION_FAILED,
                        "apexd verification failed : " + e.getMessage());
            }
        }

        @Override
        void markStagedSessionReady(int sessionId) throws PackageManagerException {
            try {
                mApexService.markStagedSessionReady(sessionId);
            } catch (RemoteException re) {
                Slog.e(TAG, "Unable to contact apexservice", re);
                throw new RuntimeException(re);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new PackageManagerException(
                        PackageInstaller.SessionInfo.STAGED_SESSION_VERIFICATION_FAILED,
                        "Failed to mark apexd session as ready : " + e.getMessage());
            }
        }

        @Override
        void markStagedSessionSuccessful(int sessionId) {
            try {
                mApexService.markStagedSessionSuccessful(sessionId);
            } catch (RemoteException re) {
                Slog.e(TAG, "Unable to contact apexservice", re);
                throw new RuntimeException(re);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                // It is fine to just log an exception in this case. APEXd will be able to recover
                // in case markStagedSessionSuccessful fails.
                Slog.e(TAG, "Failed to mark session " + sessionId + " as successful", e);
            }
        }

        @Override
        boolean isApexSupported() {
            return true;
        }

        @Override
        boolean revertActiveSessions() {
            try {
                mApexService.revertActiveSessions();
                return true;
            } catch (RemoteException re) {
                Slog.e(TAG, "Unable to contact apexservice", re);
                return false;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                Slog.e(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                return false;
            }
        }

        @Override
        boolean abortStagedSession(int sessionId) throws PackageManagerException {
            try {
                mApexService.abortStagedSession(sessionId);
                return true;
            } catch (RemoteException re) {
                Slog.e(TAG, "Unable to contact apexservice", re);
                return false;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new PackageManagerException(
                        PackageInstaller.SessionInfo.STAGED_SESSION_VERIFICATION_FAILED,
                        "Failed to abort staged session : " + e.getMessage());
            }
        }

        @Override
        boolean uninstallApex(String apexPackagePath) {
            try {
                mApexService.unstagePackages(Collections.singletonList(apexPackagePath));
                return true;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        @Override
        void registerApkInApex(AndroidPackage pkg) {
            synchronized (mLock) {
                final Iterator<ActiveApexInfo> it = mActiveApexInfosCache.iterator();
                while (it.hasNext()) {
                    final ActiveApexInfo aai = it.next();
                    if (pkg.getBaseCodePath().startsWith(aai.apexDirectory.getAbsolutePath())) {
                        List<String> apks = mApksInApex.get(aai.apexModuleName);
                        if (apks == null) {
                            apks = Lists.newArrayList();
                            mApksInApex.put(aai.apexModuleName, apks);
                        }
                        apks.add(pkg.getPackageName());
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        @Override
        List<String> getApksInApex(String apexPackageName) {
            populatePackageNameToApexModuleNameIfNeeded();
            synchronized (mLock) {
                String moduleName = mPackageNameToApexModuleName.get(apexPackageName);
                if (moduleName == null) {
                    return Collections.emptyList();
                }
                return mApksInApex.getOrDefault(moduleName, Collections.emptyList());
            }
        }

        @Override
        @Nullable
        public String getApexModuleNameForPackageName(String apexPackageName) {
            populatePackageNameToApexModuleNameIfNeeded();
            synchronized (mLock) {
                return mPackageNameToApexModuleName.get(apexPackageName);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Dump information about the packages contained in a particular cache
         * @param packagesCache the cache to print information about.
         * @param packageName a {@link String} containing a package name, or {@code null}. If set,
         *                    only information about that specific package will be dumped.
         * @param ipw the {@link IndentingPrintWriter} object to send information to.
         */
        void dumpFromPackagesCache(
                List<PackageInfo> packagesCache,
                @Nullable String packageName,
                IndentingPrintWriter ipw) {
            ipw.println();
            ipw.increaseIndent();
            for (PackageInfo pi : packagesCache) {
                if (packageName != null && !packageName.equals(pi.packageName)) {
                    continue;
                }
                ipw.println(pi.packageName);
                ipw.increaseIndent();
                ipw.println("Version: " + pi.versionCode);
                ipw.println("Path: " + pi.applicationInfo.sourceDir);
                ipw.println("IsActive: " + isActive(pi));
                ipw.println("IsFactory: " + isFactory(pi));
                ipw.decreaseIndent();
            }
            ipw.decreaseIndent();
            ipw.println();
        }

        @Override
        void dump(PrintWriter pw, @Nullable String packageName) {
            final IndentingPrintWriter ipw = new IndentingPrintWriter(pw, "  ", 120);
            try {
                populateAllPackagesCacheIfNeeded();
                ipw.println();
                ipw.println("Active APEX packages:");
                dumpFromPackagesCache(getActivePackages(), packageName, ipw);
                ipw.println("Inactive APEX packages:");
                dumpFromPackagesCache(getInactivePackages(), packageName, ipw);
                ipw.println("Factory APEX packages:");
                dumpFromPackagesCache(getFactoryPackages(), packageName, ipw);
                ipw.increaseIndent();
                ipw.println("APEX session state:");
                ipw.increaseIndent();
                final ApexSessionInfo[] sessions = mApexService.getSessions();
                for (ApexSessionInfo si : sessions) {
                    ipw.println("Session ID: " + si.sessionId);
                    ipw.increaseIndent();
                    if (si.isUnknown) {
                        ipw.println("State: UNKNOWN");
                    } else if (si.isVerified) {
                        ipw.println("State: VERIFIED");
                    } else if (si.isStaged) {
                        ipw.println("State: STAGED");
                    } else if (si.isActivated) {
                        ipw.println("State: ACTIVATED");
                    } else if (si.isActivationFailed) {
                        ipw.println("State: ACTIVATION FAILED");
                    } else if (si.isSuccess) {
                        ipw.println("State: SUCCESS");
                    } else if (si.isRevertInProgress) {
                        ipw.println("State: REVERT IN PROGRESS");
                    } else if (si.isReverted) {
                        ipw.println("State: REVERTED");
                    } else if (si.isRevertFailed) {
                        ipw.println("State: REVERT FAILED");
                    }
                    ipw.decreaseIndent();
                }
                ipw.decreaseIndent();
            } catch (RemoteException e) {
                ipw.println("Couldn't communicate with apexd.");
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * An implementation of {@link ApexManager} that should be used in case device does not support
     * updating APEX packages.
     */
    private static final class ApexManagerFlattenedApex extends ApexManager {
        @Override
        List<ActiveApexInfo> getActiveApexInfos() {
            // There is no apexd running in case of flattened apex
            // We look up the /apex directory and identify the active APEX modules from there.
            // As "preinstalled" path, we just report /system since in the case of flattened APEX
            // the /apex directory is just a symlink to /system/apex.
            List<ActiveApexInfo> result = new ArrayList<>();
            File apexDir = Environment.getApexDirectory();
            // In flattened configuration, init special-case the art directory and bind-mounts
            // com.android.art.{release|debug} to com.android.art. At the time of writing, these
            // directories are copied from the kArtApexDirNames variable in
            // system/core/init/mount_namespace.cpp.
            String[] skipDirs = {"com.android.art.release", "com.android.art.debug"};
            if (apexDir.isDirectory()) {
                File[] files = apexDir.listFiles();
                // listFiles might be null if system server doesn't have permission to read
                // a directory.
                if (files != null) {
                    for (File file : files) {
                        if (file.isDirectory() && !file.getName().contains("@")) {
                            for (String skipDir : skipDirs) {
                                if (file.getName().equals(skipDir)) {
                                    continue;
                                }
                            }
                            result.add(new ActiveApexInfo(file, Environment.getRootDirectory()));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return result;
        }

        @Override
        void systemReady(Context context) {
            // No-op
        }

        @Override
        PackageInfo getPackageInfo(String packageName, int flags) {
            return null;
        }

        @Override
        List<PackageInfo> getActivePackages() {
            return Collections.emptyList();
        }

        @Override
        List<PackageInfo> getFactoryPackages() {
            return Collections.emptyList();
        }

        @Override
        List<PackageInfo> getInactivePackages() {
            return Collections.emptyList();
        }

        @Override
        boolean isApexPackage(String packageName) {
            return false;
        }

        @Override
        ApexSessionInfo getStagedSessionInfo(int sessionId) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        @Override
        ApexInfoList submitStagedSession(ApexSessionParams params)
                throws PackageManagerException {
            throw new PackageManagerException(PackageManager.INSTALL_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                    "Device doesn't support updating APEX");
        }

        @Override
        void markStagedSessionReady(int sessionId) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        @Override
        void markStagedSessionSuccessful(int sessionId) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        @Override
        boolean isApexSupported() {
            return false;
        }

        @Override
        boolean revertActiveSessions() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        @Override
        boolean abortStagedSession(int sessionId) throws PackageManagerException {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        @Override
        boolean uninstallApex(String apexPackagePath) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        @Override
        void registerApkInApex(AndroidPackage pkg) {
            // No-op
        }

        @Override
        List<String> getApksInApex(String apexPackageName) {
            return Collections.emptyList();
        }

        @Override
        @Nullable
        public String getApexModuleNameForPackageName(String apexPackageName) {
            return null;
        }

        @Override
        void dump(PrintWriter pw, String packageName) {
            // No-op
        }
    }
}