Merge "MethodHandleStatics: Remove unused debugging code."
diff --git a/NativeCode.mk b/NativeCode.mk
index cc31819..7c3efbc 100644
--- a/NativeCode.mk
+++ b/NativeCode.mk
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
 LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional
 LOCAL_MODULE := libjavacore
 LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/NativeCode.mk
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += $(core_shared_libraries) libexpat libicuuc-host libicui18n-host libcrypto libz-host libziparchive
+LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += $(core_shared_libraries) libexpat libicuuc libicui18n libcrypto libz-host libziparchive
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES += $(core_static_libraries)
 LOCAL_MULTILIB := both
 LOCAL_CXX_STL := libc++
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
 LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(core_c_includes)
 LOCAL_CFLAGS := -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_GNU_SOURCE -DLINUX -D__GLIBC__ # Sigh.
 LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(openjdk_cflags)
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(core_shared_libraries) libicuuc-host libcrypto libz-host
+LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(core_shared_libraries) libicuuc libcrypto libz-host
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libopenjdkjvmd libnativehelper
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(core_static_libraries) libfdlibm
 LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
 LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(core_c_includes)
 LOCAL_CFLAGS := -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_GNU_SOURCE -DLINUX -D__GLIBC__ # Sigh.
 LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(openjdk_cflags)
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(core_shared_libraries) libicuuc-host libcrypto libz-host
+LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(core_shared_libraries) libicuuc libcrypto libz-host
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libopenjdkjvm libnativehelper
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := $(core_static_libraries) libfdlibm
 LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional
diff --git a/benchmarks/src/benchmarks/StringDexCacheBenchmark.java b/benchmarks/src/benchmarks/StringDexCacheBenchmark.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce72b4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/src/benchmarks/StringDexCacheBenchmark.java
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Google Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package benchmarks;
+
+/**
+ * How long does it take to access a string in the dex cache?
+ */
+public class StringDexCacheBenchmark {
+    public int timeStringDexCacheAccess(int reps) {
+        int v = 0;
+        for (int rep = 0; rep < reps; ++rep) {
+          // Deliberately obscured to make optimizations less likely.
+          String s = (rep >= 0) ? "hello, world!" : null;
+          v += s.length();
+        }
+        return v;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/annotation/optimization/CriticalNative.java b/dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/annotation/optimization/CriticalNative.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4564b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/annotation/optimization/CriticalNative.java
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package dalvik.annotation.optimization;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
+import java.lang.annotation.Target;
+
+/**
+ * Applied to native methods to enable an ART runtime built-in optimization:
+ * methods that are annotated this way can speed up JNI transitions for methods that contain no
+ * objects (in parameters or return values, or as an implicit {@code this}).
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * The native implementation must exclude the {@code JNIEnv} and {@code jclass} parameters from its
+ * function signature. As an additional limitation, the method must be explicitly registered with
+ * {@code RegisterNatives} instead of relying on the built-in dynamic JNI linking.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * Performance of JNI transitions:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>Regular JNI cost in nanoseconds: 115
+ * <li>Fast {@code (!)} JNI cost in nanoseconds: 60
+ * <li>{@literal @}{@link FastNative} cost in nanoseconds: 35
+ * <li>{@literal @}{@code CriticalNative} cost in nanoseconds: 25
+ * </ul>
+ * (Measured on angler-userdebug in 07/2016).
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * A similar annotation, {@literal @}{@link FastNative}, exists with similar performance guarantees.
+ * However, unlike {@code @CriticalNative} it supports non-statics, object return values, and object
+ * parameters. If a method absolutely must have access to a {@code jobject}, then use
+ * {@literal @}{@link FastNative} instead of this.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This has the side-effect of disabling all garbage collections while executing a critical native
+ * method. Use with extreme caution. Any long-running methods must not be marked with
+ * {@code @CriticalNative} (including usually-fast but generally unbounded methods)!
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * <b>Deadlock Warning:</b> As a rule of thumb, do not acquire any locks during a critical native
+ * call if they aren't also locally released [before returning to managed code].
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * Say some code does:
+ *
+ * <code>
+ * critical_native_call_to_grab_a_lock();
+ * does_some_java_work();
+ * critical_native_call_to_release_a_lock();
+ * </code>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This code can lead to deadlocks. Say thread 1 just finishes
+ * {@code critical_native_call_to_grab_a_lock()} and is in {@code does_some_java_work()}.
+ * GC kicks in and suspends thread 1. Thread 2 now is in
+ * {@code critical_native_call_to_grab_a_lock()} but is blocked on grabbing the
+ * native lock since it's held by thread 1. Now thread suspension can't finish
+ * since thread 2 can't be suspended since it's doing CriticalNative JNI.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * Normal natives don't have the issue since once it's executing in native code,
+ * it is considered suspended from the runtime's point of view.
+ * CriticalNative natives however don't do the state transition done by the normal natives.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This annotation has no effect when used with non-native methods.
+ * The runtime must throw a {@code VerifierError} upon class loading if this is used with a native
+ * method that contains object parameters, an object return value, or a non-static.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+@Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS)  // Save memory, don't instantiate as an object at runtime.
+@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
+public @interface CriticalNative {}
diff --git a/harmony-tests/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/tests/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatExceptionTest.java b/harmony-tests/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/tests/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatExceptionTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 10bb50e..0000000
--- a/harmony-tests/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/tests/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatExceptionTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-/* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.harmony.tests.java.util;
-
-import java.io.NotSerializableException;
-import java.util.InvalidPropertiesFormatException;
-
-import org.apache.harmony.testframework.serialization.SerializationTest;
-
-public class InvalidPropertiesFormatExceptionTest extends
-        junit.framework.TestCase {
-
-    /**
-     * java.util.InvalidPropertiesFormatException#SerializationTest()
-     */
-    public void test_Serialization() throws Exception {
-        InvalidPropertiesFormatException ipfe = new InvalidPropertiesFormatException(
-                "Hey, this is InvalidPropertiesFormatException");
-        try {
-            SerializationTest.verifySelf(ipfe);
-        } catch (NotSerializableException e) {
-            // expected
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * {@link java.util.InvalidPropertiesFormatException#InvalidPropertiesFormatException(Throwable)}
-     */
-    public void test_Constructor_Ljava_lang_Throwable() {
-        Throwable throwable = new Throwable();
-        InvalidPropertiesFormatException exception = new InvalidPropertiesFormatException(
-                throwable);
-        assertEquals("the casue did not equals argument passed in constructor",
-                throwable, exception.getCause());
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/include/LocalArray.h b/include/LocalArray.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ab708a..0000000
--- a/include/LocalArray.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2009 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef LOCAL_ARRAY_H_included
-#define LOCAL_ARRAY_H_included
-
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <new>
-
-/**
- * A fixed-size array with a size hint. That number of bytes will be allocated
- * on the stack, and used if possible, but if more bytes are requested at
- * construction time, a buffer will be allocated on the heap (and deallocated
- * by the destructor).
- *
- * The API is intended to be a compatible subset of C++0x's std::array.
- */
-template <size_t STACK_BYTE_COUNT>
-class LocalArray {
-public:
-    /**
-     * Allocates a new fixed-size array of the given size. If this size is
-     * less than or equal to the template parameter STACK_BYTE_COUNT, an
-     * internal on-stack buffer will be used. Otherwise a heap buffer will
-     * be allocated.
-     */
-    LocalArray(size_t desiredByteCount) : mSize(desiredByteCount) {
-        if (desiredByteCount > STACK_BYTE_COUNT) {
-            mPtr = new char[mSize];
-        } else {
-            mPtr = &mOnStackBuffer[0];
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Frees the heap-allocated buffer, if there was one.
-     */
-    ~LocalArray() {
-        if (mPtr != &mOnStackBuffer[0]) {
-            delete[] mPtr;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Capacity.
-    size_t size() { return mSize; }
-    bool empty() { return mSize == 0; }
-
-    // Element access.
-    char& operator[](size_t n) { return mPtr[n]; }
-    const char& operator[](size_t n) const { return mPtr[n]; }
-
-private:
-    char mOnStackBuffer[STACK_BYTE_COUNT];
-    char* mPtr;
-    size_t mSize;
-
-    // Disallow copy and assignment.
-    LocalArray(const LocalArray&);
-    void operator=(const LocalArray&);
-};
-
-#endif // LOCAL_ARRAY_H_included
diff --git a/libart/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/AbstractMethod.java b/libart/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/AbstractMethod.java
index 6e3e181..73cc60b 100644
--- a/libart/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/AbstractMethod.java
+++ b/libart/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/AbstractMethod.java
@@ -216,6 +216,10 @@
         }
     }
 
+    boolean hasGenericInformationInternal() {
+        return getSignatureAnnotation() != null;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns generic information associated with this method/constructor member.
      */
diff --git a/luni/src/main/java/libcore/io/Base64.java b/luni/src/main/java/libcore/io/Base64.java
index 236c166..f22bef4 100644
--- a/luni/src/main/java/libcore/io/Base64.java
+++ b/luni/src/main/java/libcore/io/Base64.java
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@
 /**
  * Perform encoding and decoding of Base64 byte arrays as described in
  * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt
+ *
+ * @deprecated use {@link java.util.Base64} instead
  */
+@Deprecated
 public final class Base64 {
     private static final byte[] BASE_64_ALPHABET = initializeBase64Alphabet();
 
diff --git a/luni/src/main/native/org_apache_harmony_xml_ExpatParser.cpp b/luni/src/main/native/org_apache_harmony_xml_ExpatParser.cpp
index 820bda62..e27af69 100644
--- a/luni/src/main/native/org_apache_harmony_xml_ExpatParser.cpp
+++ b/luni/src/main/native/org_apache_harmony_xml_ExpatParser.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include "JNIHelp.h"
 #include "JniConstants.h"
 #include "JniException.h"
-#include "LocalArray.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedPrimitiveArray.h"
 #include "ScopedStringChars.h"
@@ -33,6 +32,8 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <expat.h>
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+
 #define BUCKET_COUNT 128
 
 /**
@@ -519,9 +520,8 @@
         }
 
         // return prefix + ":" + localName
-        ::LocalArray<1024> qName(strlen(mPrefix) + 1 + strlen(mLocalName) + 1);
-        snprintf(&qName[0], qName.size(), "%s:%s", mPrefix, mLocalName);
-        return internString(mEnv, mParsingContext, &qName[0]);
+        auto qName = android::base::StringPrintf("%s:%s", mPrefix, mLocalName);
+        return internString(mEnv, mParsingContext, qName.c_str());
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/io/OsTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/io/OsTest.java
index 648ac2a..687d903 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/io/OsTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/io/OsTest.java
@@ -596,8 +596,6 @@
   }
 
   public void test_xattr_Errno() throws Exception {
-    File file = File.createTempFile("xattr", "test");
-    final String path = file.getAbsolutePath();
     final String NAME_TEST = "user.meow";
     final byte[] VALUE_CAKE = "cake cake cake".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
 
@@ -606,53 +604,54 @@
       Libcore.os.getxattr("", NAME_TEST);
       fail();
     } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-      assertEquals(OsConstants.ENOENT, e.errno);
+      assertEquals(ENOENT, e.errno);
     }
     try {
       Libcore.os.listxattr("");
       fail();
     } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-      assertEquals(OsConstants.ENOENT, e.errno);
+      assertEquals(ENOENT, e.errno);
     }
     try {
       Libcore.os.removexattr("", NAME_TEST);
       fail();
     } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-      assertEquals(OsConstants.ENOENT, e.errno);
+      assertEquals(ENOENT, e.errno);
     }
     try {
       Libcore.os.setxattr("", NAME_TEST, VALUE_CAKE, OsConstants.XATTR_CREATE);
       fail();
     } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-      assertEquals(OsConstants.ENOENT, e.errno);
+      assertEquals(ENOENT, e.errno);
     }
 
     // ENOTSUP, Extended attributes are not supported by the filesystem, or are disabled.
+    final boolean root = (Libcore.os.getuid() == 0);
+    final String path = "/proc/self/stat";
     try {
-      Libcore.os.getxattr("/proc/version", NAME_TEST);
+      Libcore.os.setxattr(path, NAME_TEST, VALUE_CAKE, OsConstants.XATTR_CREATE);
       fail();
     } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-      assertEquals(OsConstants.ENOTSUP, e.errno);
+      // setxattr(2) requires root permission for writing to this file, will get EACCES otherwise.
+      assertEquals(root ? ENOTSUP : EACCES, e.errno);
+    }
+    try {
+      Libcore.os.getxattr(path, NAME_TEST);
+      fail();
+    } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+      assertEquals(ENOTSUP, e.errno);
     }
     try {
       // Linux listxattr does not set errno.
-      Libcore.os.listxattr("/proc/version");
+      Libcore.os.listxattr(path);
     } catch (ErrnoException e) {
       fail();
     }
     try {
-      Libcore.os.removexattr("/proc/version", "security.selinux");
+      Libcore.os.removexattr(path, NAME_TEST);
       fail();
     } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-      assertEquals(OsConstants.ENOTSUP, e.errno);
-    }
-    try {
-      Libcore.os.setxattr("/proc/version", NAME_TEST, VALUE_CAKE, OsConstants.XATTR_CREATE);
-      fail();
-    } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-      // For setxattr, EACCES or ENOTSUP is set depending on whether running with root permission.
-      assertTrue(e.errno == OsConstants.EACCES ||
-                 e.errno == OsConstants.ENOTSUP);
+      assertEquals(ENOTSUP, e.errno);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/lang/OldSystemTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/lang/OldSystemTest.java
index f28c704..dc5741f 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/lang/OldSystemTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/lang/OldSystemTest.java
@@ -321,13 +321,14 @@
         } catch(NullPointerException expected) {
         }
 
-        // Trivial positive test for System.load: Attempt to load a libc++.so - it's guaranteed
-        // to exist and is whitelisted for use from applications.
+        // Trivial positive test for System.load: Attempt to load a liblog.so - it's guaranteed
+        // to exist and is whitelisted for use from applications. Also, it's in the library search
+        // path for host builds.
         final ClassLoader cl = getClass().getClassLoader();
         // ClassLoader.findLibrary has protected access, so it's guaranteed to exist.
         final Method m = ClassLoader.class.getDeclaredMethod("findLibrary", String.class);
         assertNotNull(m);
-        String libPath = (String) m.invoke(cl, "c++");
+        String libPath = (String) m.invoke(cl, "log");
         assertNotNull(libPath);
         System.load(new File(libPath).getAbsolutePath());
 
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/AbstractCookiesTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/AbstractCookiesTest.java
index d4d650f..63e252c 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/AbstractCookiesTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/AbstractCookiesTest.java
@@ -521,18 +521,9 @@
         HttpCookie cookieA = createCookie("a", "android", ".android.com", "/source");
         HttpCookie cookieB = createCookie("b", "banana", "code.google.com", "/p/android");
 
-        try {
-            cookieStore.add(null, cookieA);
-        } catch (NullPointerException expected) {
-            // the RI crashes even though the cookie does get added to the store; sigh
-            expected.printStackTrace();
-        }
+        cookieStore.add(null, cookieA);
         assertEquals(Arrays.asList(cookieA), cookieStore.getCookies());
-        try {
-            cookieStore.add(null, cookieB);
-            fail();
-        } catch (NullPointerException expected) {
-        }
+        cookieStore.add(null, cookieB);
         assertEquals(Arrays.asList(cookieA, cookieB), cookieStore.getCookies());
 
         try {
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/DatagramSocketTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/DatagramSocketTest.java
index ad5326b..86d9c58 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/DatagramSocketTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/DatagramSocketTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import java.lang.reflect.Field;
 import java.net.DatagramPacket;
 import java.net.DatagramSocket;
+import java.net.DatagramSocketImpl;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 import java.net.SocketException;
@@ -88,4 +89,31 @@
       }
     }
   }
+
+  public void test_setTrafficClass() throws Exception {
+    DatagramSocket s = new DatagramSocket();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i <= 255; ++i) {
+      s.setTrafficClass(i);
+      assertEquals(i, s.getTrafficClass());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Socket should become connected even if impl.connect() failed and threw exception.
+  public void test_b31218085() throws Exception {
+    final int port = 9999;
+
+    try (DatagramSocket s = new DatagramSocket()) {
+      // Set fd of DatagramSocket to null, forcing impl.connect() to throw.
+      Field f = DatagramSocket.class.getDeclaredField("impl");
+      f.setAccessible(true);
+      DatagramSocketImpl impl = (DatagramSocketImpl) f.get(s);
+      f = DatagramSocketImpl.class.getDeclaredField("fd");
+      f.setAccessible(true);
+      f.set(impl, null);
+
+      s.connect(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), port);
+      assertTrue(s.isConnected());
+    }
+  }
 }
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/SocketTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/SocketTest.java
index 6f1ce29..f273f8e 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/SocketTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/SocketTest.java
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@
     // This hostname is required to resolve to 127.0.0.1 and ::1 for all tests to pass.
     private static final String ALL_LOOPBACK_HOSTNAME = "loopback46.unittest.grpc.io";
 
+    // From net/inet_ecn.h
+    private static final int INET_ECN_MASK = 0x3;
+
     // See http://b/2980559.
     public void test_close() throws Exception {
         Socket s = new Socket();
@@ -249,8 +252,14 @@
 
     public void test_setTrafficClass() throws Exception {
         Socket s = new Socket();
-        s.setTrafficClass(123);
-        assertEquals(123, s.getTrafficClass());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 255; ++i) {
+            s.setTrafficClass(i);
+
+            // b/30909505
+            // Linux does not set ECN bits for STREAM sockets, so these bits should be zero.
+            assertEquals(i & ~INET_ECN_MASK, s.getTrafficClass());
+        }
     }
 
     public void testReadAfterClose() throws Exception {
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/URLConnectionTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/URLConnectionTest.java
index 1bc31d5..d1d26a8 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/URLConnectionTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/net/URLConnectionTest.java
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
         // allow (but strip) trailing \n, \r and \r\n
         // assertForbiddenRequestHeaderValue("\r");
         // End of workaround
-        assertForbiddenRequestHeaderValue("\t");
+        assertEquals("a valid\tvalue", setAndReturnRequestHeaderValue("a valid\tvalue"));
         assertForbiddenRequestHeaderValue("\u001f");
         assertForbiddenRequestHeaderValue("\u007f");
 
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannelMulticastTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannelMulticastTest.java
index 0951302..52146ee 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannelMulticastTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/nio/channels/DatagramChannelMulticastTest.java
@@ -490,6 +490,7 @@
         assertTrue(key.isValid());
         assertSame(networkInterface, key.networkInterface());
         assertNull(key.sourceAddress());
+        dc.close();
     }
 
     public void test_dropAnySource_twice_IPv4() throws Exception {
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/nio/file/Files2Test.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/nio/file/Files2Test.java
index 61b8878..d4f50a7 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/nio/file/Files2Test.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/nio/file/Files2Test.java
@@ -217,10 +217,12 @@
         FileAttribute<Set<PosixFilePermission>> attr = PosixFilePermissions.asFileAttribute(perm);
         try {
             Files.setPosixFilePermissions(null, perm);
+            fail();
         } catch(NullPointerException expected) {}
 
         try {
             Files.setPosixFilePermissions(filesSetup.getDataFilePath(), null);
+            fail();
         } catch(NullPointerException expected) {}
     }
 
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/PrivilegedActionExceptionTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/PrivilegedActionExceptionTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f74dd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/PrivilegedActionExceptionTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package libcore.java.security;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.security.PrivilegedActionException;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+
+public class PrivilegedActionExceptionTest {
+
+    /**
+     * PrivilegedActionException's constructor argument may be rethrown by getException() or
+     * getCause().
+     * b/31360928
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetException() {
+        Exception e = new Exception();
+        PrivilegedActionException pae = new PrivilegedActionException(e);
+
+        assertSame(e, pae.getException());
+        assertSame(e, pae.getCause());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/ProviderTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/ProviderTest.java
index d525cf0..d9d0d31 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/ProviderTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/ProviderTest.java
@@ -41,9 +41,12 @@
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
+import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 import javax.crypto.Cipher;
@@ -554,6 +557,46 @@
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("serial")
+    public void testProviderService_newInstance_PrivateClass_throws()
+            throws Exception {
+        MockProvider provider = new MockProvider("MockProvider");
+
+        provider.putServiceForTest(new Provider.Service(provider, "CertStore", "FOO",
+                CertStoreSpiPrivateClass.class.getName(), null, null));
+
+        Security.addProvider(provider);
+        // The class for the service is private, it must fail with NoSuchAlgorithmException
+        try {
+            Provider.Service service = provider.getService("CertStore", "FOO");
+            service.newInstance(null);
+            fail();
+        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException expected) {
+        } finally {
+            Security.removeProvider(provider.getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("serial")
+    public void testProviderService_newInstance_PrivateEmptyConstructor_throws()
+            throws Exception {
+        MockProvider provider = new MockProvider("MockProvider");
+
+        provider.putServiceForTest(new Provider.Service(provider, "CertStore", "FOO",
+                CertStoreSpiPrivateEmptyConstructor.class.getName(), null, null));
+
+        Security.addProvider(provider);
+        // The empty constructor is private, it must fail with NoSuchAlgorithmException
+        try {
+            Provider.Service service = provider.getService("CertStore", "FOO");
+            service.newInstance(null);
+            fail();
+        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException expected) {
+        } finally {
+            Security.removeProvider(provider.getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("serial")
     public void testProviderService_AliasDoesNotEraseCanonical_Success()
             throws Exception {
         // Make sure we start with a "known good" alias for this OID.
@@ -632,6 +675,45 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private static class CertStoreSpiPrivateClass extends CertStoreSpi {
+        public CertStoreSpiPrivateClass()
+                throws InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {
+            super(null);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Collection<? extends Certificate> engineGetCertificates(CertSelector selector)
+                throws CertStoreException {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Collection<? extends CRL> engineGetCRLs(CRLSelector selector)
+                throws CertStoreException {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class CertStoreSpiPrivateEmptyConstructor extends CertStoreSpi {
+        private CertStoreSpiPrivateEmptyConstructor(CertStoreParameters params)
+                throws InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {
+            super(null);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Collection<? extends Certificate> engineGetCertificates(CertSelector selector)
+                throws CertStoreException {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Collection<? extends CRL> engineGetCRLs(CRLSelector selector)
+                throws CertStoreException {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+    }
+
+
     public static class MyCertStoreParameters implements CertStoreParameters {
         public Object clone() {
             return new MyCertStoreParameters();
@@ -692,6 +774,118 @@
                 "class2.algorithm1",
                 mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
                 true /* mustChangeSecurityVersion */);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                COMPUTE,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                // It's really difficult to find an example of this that sounds realistic
+                // for a Provider...
+                new Pair("class1.algorithm1", CONCAT),
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "class1.algorithm1impl1"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                PUT_IF_ABSENT,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                new Pair("class1.algorithm1", "impl2"),
+                // Don't put because key is absent.
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                PUT_IF_ABSENT,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                new Pair("class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                PUT_IF_ABSENT,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                new Pair("class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                COMPUTE_IF_PRESENT,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                new Pair("class1.algorithm1", CONCAT),
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "class1.algorithm1impl1"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                COMPUTE_IF_PRESENT,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                new Pair("class2.algorithm2", CONCAT),
+                // Don't compute because is not present.
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                COMPUTE_IF_ABSENT,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                new Pair("class2.algorithm2", TO_UPPER_CASE),
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "CLASS2.ALGORITHM2"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                COMPUTE_IF_ABSENT,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                new Pair("class1.algorithm1", TO_UPPER_CASE),
+                // Don't compute because if not absent.
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                REPLACE_USING_KEY,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                new Pair("class1.algorithm1", "impl3"),
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl3", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                REPLACE_USING_KEY,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                new Pair("class1.algorithm3", "impl3"),
+                // Do not replace as the key is not present.
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                REPLACE_USING_KEY_AND_VALUE,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                new Pair(new Pair("class1.algorithm1", "impl1"), "impl3"),
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl3", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                REPLACE_USING_KEY_AND_VALUE,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                new Pair(new Pair("class1.algorithm1", "impl4"), "impl3"),
+                // Do not replace as the key/value pair is not present.
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                REPLACE_ALL,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                // Applying simply CONCAT will affect internal mappings of the provider (version,
+                // info, name, etc)
+                CONCAT_IF_STARTING_WITH_CLASS,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "class1.algorithm1impl1",
+                        "class2.algorithm2", "class2.algorithm2impl2"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                MERGE,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                new Pair(new Pair("class1.algorithm1", "impl3"), CONCAT),
+                // The key is present, so the function is used.
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1impl3",
+                        "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                true);
+        performHashMapOperationAndCheckResults(
+                MERGE,
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1", "class2.algorithm2", "impl2"),
+                new Pair(new Pair("class3.algorithm3", "impl3"), CONCAT),
+                // The key is not present, so the value is used.
+                mapOf("class1.algorithm1", "impl1",
+                        "class2.algorithm2", "impl2",
+                        "class3.algorithm3", "impl3"),
+                true);
+    }
+
+    public void test_getOrDefault() {
+        Provider p = new MockProvider("MockProvider");
+        p.put("class1.algorithm1", "impl1");
+        assertEquals("impl1", p.getOrDefault("class1.algorithm1", "default"));
+        assertEquals("default", p.getOrDefault("thisIsNotInTheProvider", "default"));
     }
 
     private static class Pair<A, B> {
@@ -714,17 +908,77 @@
     }
 
     private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<Pair<String, String>>> PUT =
-            (ProviderAndOperationParameter<Pair<String, String>> provAndParam) ->
-                {
-                    provAndParam.provider.put(provAndParam.operationParameters.first,
+            provAndParam ->
+                    provAndParam.provider.put(
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.first,
                             provAndParam.operationParameters.second);
-                };
+
     private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<Map<String, String>>> PUT_ALL =
-            (ProviderAndOperationParameter<Map<String, String>> provAndParam) ->
-                    provAndParam.provider.putAll(provAndParam.operationParameters);
+            provAndParam -> provAndParam.provider.putAll(provAndParam.operationParameters);
+
     private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<String>> REMOVE =
-            (ProviderAndOperationParameter<String> provAndParam) ->
-                    provAndParam.provider.remove(provAndParam.operationParameters);
+            provAndParam -> provAndParam.provider.remove(provAndParam.operationParameters);
+
+    private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<
+            Pair<String, BiFunction<Object, Object, Object>>>> COMPUTE =
+                    provAndParam -> provAndParam.provider.compute(
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.first,
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.second);
+
+    private static final BiFunction<Object, Object, Object> CONCAT =
+            (a, b) -> Objects.toString(a) + Objects.toString(b);
+
+    private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<Pair<String, String>>>
+            PUT_IF_ABSENT = provAndParam ->
+                    provAndParam.provider.putIfAbsent(
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.first,
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.second);
+
+    private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<
+            Pair<String, BiFunction<Object, Object, Object>>>> COMPUTE_IF_PRESENT =
+                    provAndParam -> provAndParam.provider.computeIfPresent(
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.first,
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.second);
+
+    private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<
+            Pair<String, Function<Object, Object>>>> COMPUTE_IF_ABSENT =
+                    provAndParam -> provAndParam.provider.computeIfAbsent(
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.first,
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.second);
+
+    private static final Function<Object, Object> TO_UPPER_CASE =
+            s -> Objects.toString(s).toUpperCase();
+
+    private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<Pair<String, String>>>
+            REPLACE_USING_KEY = provAndParam ->
+                    provAndParam.provider.replace(
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.first,
+                            provAndParam.operationParameters.second);
+
+    private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<Pair<Pair<String, String>, String>>>
+            REPLACE_USING_KEY_AND_VALUE = provAndParam ->
+            provAndParam.provider.replace(
+                    provAndParam.operationParameters.first.first,
+                    provAndParam.operationParameters.first.second,
+                    provAndParam.operationParameters.second);
+
+    private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<
+                BiFunction<Object, Object, Object>>> REPLACE_ALL =
+                        provAndParam -> provAndParam.provider.replaceAll(
+                                provAndParam.operationParameters);
+
+    private static final BiFunction<Object, Object, Object> CONCAT_IF_STARTING_WITH_CLASS =
+            (a, b) -> (Objects.toString(a).startsWith("class"))
+                    ? Objects.toString(a) + Objects.toString(b)
+                    : b;
+
+    private static final Consumer<ProviderAndOperationParameter<
+                    Pair<Pair<String, String>, BiFunction<Object, Object, Object>>>>
+            MERGE = provAndParam -> provAndParam.provider.merge(
+                    provAndParam.operationParameters.first.first,
+                    provAndParam.operationParameters.first.second,
+                    provAndParam.operationParameters.second);
+
 
 
     private static Map<String, String> mapOf(String... elements) {
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/util/Base64Test.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/util/Base64Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30aa177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/util/Base64Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1138 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package libcore.java.util;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Base64;
+import java.util.Base64.Decoder;
+import java.util.Base64.Encoder;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.US_ASCII;
+import static java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange;
+
+public class Base64Test extends TestCase {
+
+    /**
+     * The base 64 alphabet from RFC 4648 Table 1.
+     */
+    private static final Set<Character> TABLE_1 =
+            Collections.unmodifiableSet(new LinkedHashSet<>(Arrays.asList(
+                    'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M',
+                    'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',
+                    'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm',
+                    'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',
+                    '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/'
+            )));
+
+    /**
+     * The "URL and Filename safe" Base 64 Alphabet from RFC 4648 Table 2.
+     */
+    private static final Set<Character> TABLE_2 =
+            Collections.unmodifiableSet(new LinkedHashSet<>(Arrays.asList(
+                    'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M',
+                    'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',
+                    'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm',
+                    'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',
+                    '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-', '_'
+            )));
+
+    public void testAlphabet_plain() {
+        checkAlphabet(TABLE_1, "", Base64.getEncoder());
+    }
+
+    public void testAlphabet_mime() {
+        checkAlphabet(TABLE_1, "\r\n", Base64.getMimeEncoder());
+    }
+
+    public void testAlphabet_url() {
+        checkAlphabet(TABLE_2, "", Base64.getUrlEncoder());
+    }
+
+    private static void checkAlphabet(Set<Character> expectedAlphabet, String lineSeparator,
+            Encoder encoder) {
+        assertEquals("Base64 alphabet size must be 64 characters", 64, expectedAlphabet.size());
+        byte[] bytes = new byte[256];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+            bytes[i] = (byte) i;
+        }
+        Set<Character> actualAlphabet = new HashSet<>();
+
+        byte[] encodedBytes = encoder.encode(bytes);
+        // ignore the padding
+        int endIndex = encodedBytes.length;
+        while (endIndex > 0 && encodedBytes[endIndex - 1] == '=') {
+            endIndex--;
+        }
+        for (byte b : Arrays.copyOfRange(encodedBytes, 0, endIndex)) {
+            char c = (char) b;
+            actualAlphabet.add(c);
+        }
+        for (char c : lineSeparator.toCharArray()) {
+            assertTrue(actualAlphabet.remove(c));
+        }
+        assertEquals(expectedAlphabet, actualAlphabet);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks decoding of bytes containing a value outside of the allowed
+     * {@link #TABLE_1 "basic" alphabet}.
+     */
+    public void testDecoder_extraChars_basic() throws Exception {
+        Decoder basicDecoder = Base64.getDecoder(); // uses Table 1
+        // Check failure cases common to both RFC4648 Table 1 and Table 2 decoding.
+        checkDecoder_extraChars_common(basicDecoder);
+
+        // Tests characters that are part of RFC4848 Table 2 but not Table 1.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(basicDecoder, "_aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(basicDecoder, "aGV_sbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(basicDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx_");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks decoding of bytes containing a value outside of the allowed
+     * {@link #TABLE_2 url alphabet}.
+     */
+    public void testDecoder_extraChars_url() throws Exception {
+        Decoder urlDecoder = Base64.getUrlDecoder(); // uses Table 2
+        // Check failure cases common to both RFC4648 table 1 and table 2 decoding.
+        checkDecoder_extraChars_common(urlDecoder);
+
+        // Tests characters that are part of RFC4848 Table 1 but not Table 2.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(urlDecoder, "/aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(urlDecoder, "aGV/sbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(urlDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx/");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks characters that are bad both in RFC4648 {@link #TABLE_1} and
+     * in {@link #TABLE_2} based decoding.
+     */
+    private static void checkDecoder_extraChars_common(Decoder decoder) throws Exception {
+        // Characters outside alphabet before padding.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, " aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGV sbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx ");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "*aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGV*sbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx*");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "\r\naGVsbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGV\r\nsbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx\r\n");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "\naGVsbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGV\nsbG8sIHdvcmx");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx\n");
+
+        // padding 0
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        // Extra padding
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk=");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk==");
+        // Characters outside alphabet intermixed with (too much) padding.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk =");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk = = ");
+
+        // padding 1
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE="));
+        // Missing padding
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE"));
+        // Characters outside alphabet before padding.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE =");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE*=");
+        // Trailing characters, otherwise valid.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE= ");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=*");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=X");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=XY");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=XYZ");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=XYZA");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=\n");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=\r\n");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE= ");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE==");
+        // Characters outside alphabet intermixed with (too much) padding.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE ==");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE = = ");
+
+        // padding 2
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=="));
+        // Missing padding
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg"));
+        // Partially missing padding
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=");
+        // Characters outside alphabet before padding.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg ==");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg*==");
+        // Trailing characters, otherwise valid.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg== ");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==*");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==X");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==XY");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==XYZ");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==XYZA");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==\n");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==\r\n");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg== ");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg===");
+        // Characters outside alphabet inside padding.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg= =");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=*=");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=\r\n=");
+        // Characters inside alphabet inside padding.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(decoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=X=");
+    }
+
+    public void testDecoder_extraChars_mime() throws Exception {
+        Decoder mimeDecoder = Base64.getMimeDecoder();
+
+        // Characters outside alphabet before padding.
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, " aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGV sbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk "));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "_aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGV_sbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk_"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "*aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGV*sbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk*"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "\r\naGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGV\r\nsbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk\r\n"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "\naGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGV\nsbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk\n"));
+
+        // padding 0
+        assertEquals("hello, world", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk"));
+        // Extra padding
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk=");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk==");
+        // Characters outside alphabet intermixed with (too much) padding.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk =");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk = = ");
+
+        // padding 1
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE="));
+        // Missing padding
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE"));
+        // Characters outside alphabet before padding.
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE ="));
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE*="));
+        // Trailing characters, otherwise valid.
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE= "));
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=*"));
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=X");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=XY");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=XYZ");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=XYZA");
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=\n"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=\r\n"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE= "));
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE=="));
+        // Characters outside alphabet intermixed with (too much) padding.
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE =="));
+        assertEquals("hello, world?!", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkPyE = = "));
+
+        // padding 2
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=="));
+        // Missing padding
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg"));
+        // Partially missing padding
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=");
+        // Characters outside alphabet before padding.
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg =="));
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg*=="));
+        // Trailing characters, otherwise valid.
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg== "));
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==*"));
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==X");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==XY");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==XYZ");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==XYZA");
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==\n"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==\r\n"));
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg== "));
+        assertEquals("hello, world.", decodeToAscii(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg==="));
+
+        // Characters outside alphabet inside padding are not allowed by the MIME decoder.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg= =");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=*=");
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=\r\n=");
+
+        // Characters inside alphabet inside padding.
+        assertDecodeThrowsIAe(mimeDecoder, "aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkLg=X=");
+    }
+
+    public void testDecoder_nonPrintableBytes_basic() throws Exception {
+        checkDecoder_nonPrintableBytes_table1(Base64.getDecoder());
+    }
+
+    public void testDecoder_nonPrintableBytes_mime() throws Exception {
+        checkDecoder_nonPrintableBytes_table1(Base64.getMimeDecoder());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check decoding sample non-ASCII byte[] values from a {@link #TABLE_1}
+     * encoded String.
+     */
+    private static void checkDecoder_nonPrintableBytes_table1(Decoder decoder) throws Exception {
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, decoder.decode(""));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 1, decoder.decode("/w=="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 2, decoder.decode("/+4="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 3, decoder.decode("/+7d"));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 4, decoder.decode("/+7dzA=="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 5, decoder.decode("/+7dzLs="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 6, decoder.decode("/+7dzLuq"));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 7, decoder.decode("/+7dzLuqmQ=="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 8, decoder.decode("/+7dzLuqmYg="));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check decoding sample non-ASCII byte[] values from a {@link #TABLE_2}
+     * (url safe) encoded String.
+     */
+    public void testDecoder_nonPrintableBytes_url() throws Exception {
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getUrlDecoder();
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, decoder.decode(""));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 1, decoder.decode("_w=="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 2, decoder.decode("_-4="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 3, decoder.decode("_-7d"));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 4, decoder.decode("_-7dzA=="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 5, decoder.decode("_-7dzLs="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 6, decoder.decode("_-7dzLuq"));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 7, decoder.decode("_-7dzLuqmQ=="));
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 8, decoder.decode("_-7dzLuqmYg="));
+    }
+
+    private static final byte[] SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES = { (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xee, (byte) 0xdd,
+            (byte) 0xcc, (byte) 0xbb, (byte) 0xaa,
+            (byte) 0x99, (byte) 0x88, (byte) 0x77 };
+
+    public void testDecoder_closedStream() {
+        try {
+            closedDecodeStream().available();
+            fail("Should have thrown");
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+        try {
+            closedDecodeStream().read();
+            fail("Should have thrown");
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+        try {
+            closedDecodeStream().read(new byte[23]);
+            fail("Should have thrown");
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            closedDecodeStream().read(new byte[23], 0, 1);
+            fail("Should have thrown");
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static InputStream closedDecodeStream() {
+        InputStream result = Base64.getDecoder().wrap(new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]));
+        try {
+            result.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            fail(e.getMessage());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests {@link Decoder#decode(byte[], byte[])} for correctness as well as
+     * for consistency with other methods tested elsewhere.
+     */
+    public void testDecoder_decodeArrayToArray() {
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getDecoder();
+
+        // Empty input
+        assertEquals(0, decoder.decode(new byte[0], new byte[0]));
+
+        // Test data for non-empty input
+        String inputString = "YWJjZWZnaGk=";
+        byte[] input = inputString.getBytes(US_ASCII);
+        String expectedString = "abcefghi";
+        byte[] decodedBytes = expectedString.getBytes(US_ASCII);
+        // check test data consistency with other methods that are tested elsewhere
+        assertRoundTrip(Base64.getEncoder(), decoder, inputString, decodedBytes);
+
+        // Non-empty input: output array too short
+        byte[] tooShort = new byte[decodedBytes.length - 1];
+        try {
+            decoder.decode(input, tooShort);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        // Non-empty input: output array longer than required
+        byte[] tooLong = new byte[decodedBytes.length + 1];
+        int tooLongBytesDecoded = decoder.decode(input, tooLong);
+        assertEquals(decodedBytes.length, tooLongBytesDecoded);
+        assertEquals(0, tooLong[tooLong.length - 1]);
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(tooLong, decodedBytes.length, decodedBytes);
+
+        // Non-empty input: output array has exact minimum required size
+        byte[] justRight = new byte[decodedBytes.length];
+        int justRightBytesDecoded = decoder.decode(input, justRight);
+        assertEquals(decodedBytes.length, justRightBytesDecoded);
+        assertArrayEquals(decodedBytes, justRight);
+
+    }
+
+    public void testDecoder_decodeByteBuffer() {
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getDecoder();
+
+        byte[] emptyByteArray = new byte[0];
+        ByteBuffer emptyByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(emptyByteArray);
+        ByteBuffer emptyDecodedBuffer = decoder.decode(emptyByteBuffer);
+        assertEquals(emptyByteBuffer, emptyDecodedBuffer);
+        assertNotSame(emptyByteArray, emptyDecodedBuffer);
+
+        // Test the two types of byte buffer.
+        String inputString = "YWJjZWZnaGk=";
+        byte[] input = inputString.getBytes(US_ASCII);
+        String expectedString = "abcefghi";
+        byte[] expectedBytes = expectedString.getBytes(US_ASCII);
+
+        ByteBuffer inputBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(input.length);
+        inputBuffer.put(input);
+        inputBuffer.position(0);
+        checkDecoder_decodeByteBuffer(decoder, inputBuffer, expectedBytes);
+
+        inputBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(input.length);
+        inputBuffer.put(input);
+        inputBuffer.position(0);
+        checkDecoder_decodeByteBuffer(decoder, inputBuffer, expectedBytes);
+    }
+
+    private static void checkDecoder_decodeByteBuffer(
+            Decoder decoder, ByteBuffer inputBuffer, byte[] expectedBytes) {
+        assertEquals(0, inputBuffer.position());
+        assertEquals(inputBuffer.remaining(), inputBuffer.limit());
+        int inputLength = inputBuffer.remaining();
+
+        ByteBuffer decodedBuffer = decoder.decode(inputBuffer);
+
+        assertEquals(inputLength, inputBuffer.position());
+        assertEquals(0, inputBuffer.remaining());
+        assertEquals(inputLength, inputBuffer.limit());
+        assertEquals(0, decodedBuffer.position());
+        assertEquals(expectedBytes.length, decodedBuffer.remaining());
+        assertEquals(expectedBytes.length, decodedBuffer.limit());
+    }
+
+    public void testDecoder_decodeByteBuffer_invalidData() {
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getDecoder();
+
+        // Test the two types of byte buffer.
+        String inputString = "AAAA AAAA";
+        byte[] input = inputString.getBytes(US_ASCII);
+
+        ByteBuffer inputBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(input.length);
+        inputBuffer.put(input);
+        inputBuffer.position(0);
+        checkDecoder_decodeByteBuffer_invalidData(decoder, inputBuffer);
+
+        inputBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(input.length);
+        inputBuffer.put(input);
+        inputBuffer.position(0);
+        checkDecoder_decodeByteBuffer_invalidData(decoder, inputBuffer);
+    }
+
+    private static void checkDecoder_decodeByteBuffer_invalidData(
+            Decoder decoder, ByteBuffer inputBuffer) {
+        assertEquals(0, inputBuffer.position());
+        assertEquals(inputBuffer.remaining(), inputBuffer.limit());
+        int limit = inputBuffer.limit();
+
+        try {
+            decoder.decode(inputBuffer);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(0, inputBuffer.position());
+        assertEquals(limit, inputBuffer.remaining());
+        assertEquals(limit, inputBuffer.limit());
+    }
+
+    public void testDecoder_nullArgs() {
+        checkDecoder_nullArgs(Base64.getDecoder());
+        checkDecoder_nullArgs(Base64.getMimeDecoder());
+        checkDecoder_nullArgs(Base64.getUrlDecoder());
+    }
+
+    private static void checkDecoder_nullArgs(Decoder decoder) {
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> decoder.decode((byte[]) null));
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> decoder.decode((String) null));
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> decoder.decode(null, null));
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> decoder.decode((ByteBuffer) null));
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> decoder.wrap(null));
+    }
+
+    public void testEncoder_nullArgs() {
+        checkEncoder_nullArgs(Base64.getEncoder());
+        checkEncoder_nullArgs(Base64.getMimeEncoder());
+        checkEncoder_nullArgs(Base64.getUrlEncoder());
+        checkEncoder_nullArgs(Base64.getMimeEncoder(20, new byte[] { '*' }));
+        checkEncoder_nullArgs(Base64.getEncoder().withoutPadding());
+        checkEncoder_nullArgs(Base64.getMimeEncoder().withoutPadding());
+        checkEncoder_nullArgs(Base64.getUrlEncoder().withoutPadding());
+        checkEncoder_nullArgs(Base64.getMimeEncoder(20, new byte[] { '*' }).withoutPadding());
+
+    }
+
+    private static void checkEncoder_nullArgs(Encoder encoder) {
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> encoder.encode((byte[]) null));
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> encoder.encodeToString(null));
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> encoder.encode(null, null));
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> encoder.encode((ByteBuffer) null));
+        assertThrowsNpe(() -> encoder.wrap(null));
+    }
+
+    public void testEncoder_nonPrintableBytes() throws Exception {
+        Encoder encoder = Base64.getUrlEncoder();
+        assertEquals("", encoder.encodeToString(copyOfRange(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, 0)));
+        assertEquals("_w==", encoder.encodeToString(copyOfRange(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, 1)));
+        assertEquals("_-4=", encoder.encodeToString(copyOfRange(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, 2)));
+        assertEquals("_-7d", encoder.encodeToString(copyOfRange(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, 3)));
+        assertEquals("_-7dzA==", encoder.encodeToString(copyOfRange(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, 4)));
+        assertEquals("_-7dzLs=", encoder.encodeToString(copyOfRange(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, 5)));
+        assertEquals("_-7dzLuq", encoder.encodeToString(copyOfRange(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, 6)));
+        assertEquals("_-7dzLuqmQ==", encoder.encodeToString(copyOfRange(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, 7)));
+        assertEquals("_-7dzLuqmYg=", encoder.encodeToString(copyOfRange(SAMPLE_NON_ASCII_BYTES, 0, 8)));
+    }
+
+    public void testEncoder_lineLength() throws Exception {
+        String in_56 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcd";
+        String in_57 = in_56 + "e";
+        String in_58 = in_56 + "ef";
+        String in_59 = in_56 + "efg";
+        String in_60 = in_56 + "efgh";
+        String in_61 = in_56 + "efghi";
+
+        String prefix = "YWJjZGVmZ2hpamtsbW5vcHFyc3R1dnd4eXphYmNkZWZnaGlqa2xtbm9wcXJzdHV2d3h5emFi";
+        String out_56 = prefix + "Y2Q=";
+        String out_57 = prefix + "Y2Rl";
+        String out_58 = prefix + "Y2Rl\r\nZg==";
+        String out_59 = prefix + "Y2Rl\r\nZmc=";
+        String out_60 = prefix + "Y2Rl\r\nZmdo";
+        String out_61 = prefix + "Y2Rl\r\nZmdoaQ==";
+
+        Encoder encoder = Base64.getMimeEncoder();
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getMimeDecoder();
+        assertEquals("", encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, ""));
+        assertEquals(out_56, encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_56));
+        assertEquals(out_57, encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_57));
+        assertEquals(out_58, encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_58));
+        assertEquals(out_59, encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_59));
+        assertEquals(out_60, encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_60));
+        assertEquals(out_61, encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_61));
+
+        encoder = Base64.getUrlEncoder();
+        decoder = Base64.getUrlDecoder();
+        assertEquals(out_56.replaceAll("\r\n", ""), encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_56));
+        assertEquals(out_57.replaceAll("\r\n", ""), encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_57));
+        assertEquals(out_58.replaceAll("\r\n", ""), encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_58));
+        assertEquals(out_59.replaceAll("\r\n", ""), encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_59));
+        assertEquals(out_60.replaceAll("\r\n", ""), encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_60));
+        assertEquals(out_61.replaceAll("\r\n", ""), encodeFromAscii(encoder, decoder, in_61));
+    }
+
+    public void testGetMimeEncoder_invalidLineSeparator() {
+        byte[] invalidLineSeparator = { 'A' };
+        try {
+            Base64.getMimeEncoder(20, invalidLineSeparator);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Base64.getMimeEncoder(0, invalidLineSeparator);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Base64.getMimeEncoder(20, null);
+            fail();
+        } catch (NullPointerException expected) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Base64.getMimeEncoder(0, null);
+            fail();
+        } catch (NullPointerException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEncoder_closedStream() {
+        try {
+            closedEncodeStream().write(100);
+            fail("Should have thrown");
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+        try {
+            closedEncodeStream().write(new byte[100]);
+            fail("Should have thrown");
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            closedEncodeStream().write(new byte[100], 0, 1);
+            fail("Should have thrown");
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static OutputStream closedEncodeStream() {
+        OutputStream result = Base64.getEncoder().wrap(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+        try {
+            result.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            fail(e.getMessage());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Tests {@link Decoder#decode(byte[], byte[])} for correctness.
+     */
+    public void testEncoder_encodeArrayToArray() {
+        Encoder encoder = Base64.getEncoder();
+
+        // Empty input
+        assertEquals(0, encoder.encode(new byte[0], new byte[0]));
+
+        // Test data for non-empty input
+        byte[] input = "abcefghi".getBytes(US_ASCII);
+        String expectedString = "YWJjZWZnaGk=";
+        byte[] encodedBytes = expectedString.getBytes(US_ASCII);
+
+        // Non-empty input: output array too short
+        byte[] tooShort = new byte[encodedBytes.length - 1];
+        try {
+            encoder.encode(input, tooShort);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
+        }
+
+        // Non-empty input: output array longer than required
+        byte[] tooLong = new byte[encodedBytes.length + 1];
+        int tooLongBytesEncoded = encoder.encode(input, tooLong);
+        assertEquals(encodedBytes.length, tooLongBytesEncoded);
+        assertEquals(0, tooLong[tooLong.length - 1]);
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(tooLong, encodedBytes.length, encodedBytes);
+
+        // Non-empty input: output array has exact minimum required size
+        byte[] justRight = new byte[encodedBytes.length];
+        int justRightBytesEncoded = encoder.encode(input, justRight);
+        assertEquals(encodedBytes.length, justRightBytesEncoded);
+        assertArrayEquals(encodedBytes, justRight);
+    }
+
+    public void testEncoder_encodeByteBuffer() {
+        Encoder encoder = Base64.getEncoder();
+
+        byte[] emptyByteArray = new byte[0];
+        ByteBuffer emptyByteBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(emptyByteArray);
+        ByteBuffer emptyEncodedBuffer = encoder.encode(emptyByteBuffer);
+        assertEquals(emptyByteBuffer, emptyEncodedBuffer);
+        assertNotSame(emptyByteArray, emptyEncodedBuffer);
+
+        // Test the two types of byte buffer.
+        byte[] input = "abcefghi".getBytes(US_ASCII);
+        String expectedString = "YWJjZWZnaGk=";
+        byte[] expectedBytes = expectedString.getBytes(US_ASCII);
+
+        ByteBuffer inputBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(input.length);
+        inputBuffer.put(input);
+        inputBuffer.position(0);
+        testEncoder_encodeByteBuffer(encoder, inputBuffer, expectedBytes);
+
+        inputBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(input.length);
+        inputBuffer.put(input);
+        inputBuffer.position(0);
+        testEncoder_encodeByteBuffer(encoder, inputBuffer, expectedBytes);
+    }
+
+    private static void testEncoder_encodeByteBuffer(
+            Encoder encoder, ByteBuffer inputBuffer, byte[] expectedBytes) {
+        assertEquals(0, inputBuffer.position());
+        assertEquals(inputBuffer.remaining(), inputBuffer.limit());
+        int inputLength = inputBuffer.remaining();
+
+        ByteBuffer encodedBuffer = encoder.encode(inputBuffer);
+
+        assertEquals(inputLength, inputBuffer.position());
+        assertEquals(0, inputBuffer.remaining());
+        assertEquals(inputLength, inputBuffer.limit());
+        assertEquals(0, encodedBuffer.position());
+        assertEquals(expectedBytes.length, encodedBuffer.remaining());
+        assertEquals(expectedBytes.length, encodedBuffer.limit());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that all encoders/decoders map {@code new byte[0]} to "" and vice versa.
+     */
+    public void testRoundTrip_empty() {
+        checkRoundTrip_empty(Base64.getEncoder(), Base64.getDecoder());
+        checkRoundTrip_empty(Base64.getMimeEncoder(), Base64.getMimeDecoder());
+        byte[] sep = new byte[] { '\r', '\n' };
+        checkRoundTrip_empty(Base64.getMimeEncoder(-1, sep), Base64.getMimeDecoder());
+        checkRoundTrip_empty(Base64.getMimeEncoder(20, new byte[0]), Base64.getMimeDecoder());
+        checkRoundTrip_empty(Base64.getMimeEncoder(23, sep), Base64.getMimeDecoder());
+        checkRoundTrip_empty(Base64.getMimeEncoder(76, sep), Base64.getMimeDecoder());
+        checkRoundTrip_empty(Base64.getUrlEncoder(), Base64.getUrlDecoder());
+    }
+
+    private static void checkRoundTrip_empty(Encoder encoder, Decoder decoder) {
+        assertRoundTrip(encoder, decoder, "", new byte[0]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encoding of byte values 0..255 using the non-URL alphabet.
+     */
+    private static final String ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED =
+            "AAECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODxAREhMUFRYXGBkaGxwdHh8gISIjJCUmJygpKissLS4vMDEyMzQ1Njc4" +
+                    "OTo7PD0+P0BBQkNERUZHSElKS0xNTk9QUVJTVFVWV1hZWltcXV5fYGFiY2RlZmdoaWprbG1ub3Bx" +
+                    "cnN0dXZ3eHl6e3x9fn+AgYKDhIWGh4iJiouMjY6PkJGSk5SVlpeYmZqbnJ2en6ChoqOkpaanqKmq" +
+                    "q6ytrq+wsbKztLW2t7i5uru8vb6/wMHCw8TFxsfIycrLzM3Oz9DR0tPU1dbX2Nna29zd3t/g4eLj" +
+                    "5OXm5+jp6uvs7e7v8PHy8/T19vf4+fr7/P3+/w==";
+
+    public void testRoundTrip_allBytes_plain() {
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getEncoder(), Base64.getDecoder());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that if the lineSeparator is empty or the line length is {@code <= 3}
+     * or larger than the data to be encoded, a single line is returned.
+     */
+    public void testRoundTrip_allBytes_mime_singleLine() {
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getMimeDecoder();
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getMimeEncoder(76, new byte[0]), decoder);
+
+        // Line lengths <= 3 mean no wrapping; the separator is ignored in that case.
+        byte[] separator = new byte[] { '*' };
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getMimeEncoder(Integer.MIN_VALUE, separator),
+                decoder);
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getMimeEncoder(-1, separator), decoder);
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getMimeEncoder(0, separator), decoder);
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getMimeEncoder(1, separator), decoder);
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getMimeEncoder(2, separator), decoder);
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getMimeEncoder(3, separator), decoder);
+
+        // output fits into the permitted line length
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getMimeEncoder(
+                ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED.length(), separator), decoder);
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Base64.getMimeEncoder(Integer.MAX_VALUE, separator),
+                decoder);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks round-trip encoding/decoding for a few simple examples that
+     * should work the same across three Encoder/Decoder pairs: This is
+     * because they only use characters that are in both RFC 4648 Table 1
+     * and Table 2, and are short enough to fit into a single line.
+     */
+    public void testRoundTrip_simple_basic() throws Exception {
+        // uses Table 1, never adds linebreaks
+        checkRoundTrip_simple(Base64.getEncoder(), Base64.getDecoder());
+        // uses Table 1, allows 76 chars in a line
+        checkRoundTrip_simple(Base64.getMimeEncoder(), Base64.getMimeDecoder());
+        // uses Table 2, never adds linebreaks
+        checkRoundTrip_simple(Base64.getUrlEncoder(), Base64.getUrlDecoder());
+    }
+
+    private static void checkRoundTrip_simple(Encoder encoder, Decoder decoder) throws Exception {
+        assertRoundTrip(encoder, decoder, "YQ==", "a".getBytes(US_ASCII));
+        assertRoundTrip(encoder, decoder, "YWI=", "ab".getBytes(US_ASCII));
+        assertRoundTrip(encoder, decoder, "YWJj", "abc".getBytes(US_ASCII));
+        assertRoundTrip(encoder, decoder, "YWJjZA==", "abcd".getBytes(US_ASCII));
+    }
+
+    /** check a range of possible line lengths */
+    public void testRoundTrip_allBytes_mime_lineLength() {
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getMimeDecoder();
+        byte[] separator = new byte[] { '*' };
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(4, separator), decoder,
+                wrapLines("*", ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED, 4));
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(8, separator), decoder,
+                wrapLines("*", ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED, 8));
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(20, separator), decoder,
+                wrapLines("*", ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED, 20));
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(100, separator), decoder,
+                wrapLines("*", ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED, 100));
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(Integer.MAX_VALUE & ~3, separator), decoder,
+                wrapLines("*", ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED, Integer.MAX_VALUE & ~3));
+    }
+
+    public void testRoundTrip_allBytes_mime_lineLength_defaultsTo76Chars() {
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(), Base64.getMimeDecoder(),
+                wrapLines("\r\n", ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED, 76));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * checks that the specified line length is rounded down to the nearest multiple of 4.
+     */
+    public void testRoundTrip_allBytes_mime_lineLength_isRoundedDown() {
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getMimeDecoder();
+        byte[] separator = new byte[] { '\r', '\n' };
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(60, separator), decoder,
+                wrapLines("\r\n", ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED, 60));
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(63, separator), decoder,
+                wrapLines("\r\n", ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED, 60));
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(10, separator), decoder,
+                wrapLines("\r\n", ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED, 8));
+    }
+
+    public void testRoundTrip_allBytes_url() {
+        String encodedUrl = ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED.replace('+', '-').replace('/', '_');
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Base64.getUrlEncoder(), Base64.getUrlDecoder(), encodedUrl);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks round-trip encoding/decoding of all byte values 0..255 for
+     * the case where the Encoder doesn't add any linebreaks.
+     */
+    private static void checkRoundTrip_allBytes_singleLine(Encoder encoder, Decoder decoder) {
+        checkRoundTrip_allBytes(encoder, decoder, ALL_BYTE_VALUES_ENCODED);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that byte values 0..255, in order, are encoded to exactly
+     * the given String (including any linebreaks, if present) and that
+     * that String can be decoded back to the same byte values.
+     *
+     * @param encoded the expected encoded representation of the (unsigned)
+     *        byte values 0..255, in order.
+     */
+    private static void checkRoundTrip_allBytes(Encoder encoder, Decoder decoder, String encoded) {
+        byte[] bytes = new byte[256];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+            bytes[i] = (byte) i;
+        }
+        assertRoundTrip(encoder, decoder, encoded, bytes);
+    }
+
+    public void testRoundTrip_variousSizes_plain() {
+        checkRoundTrip_variousSizes(Base64.getEncoder(), Base64.getDecoder());
+    }
+
+    public void testRoundTrip_variousSizes_mime() {
+        checkRoundTrip_variousSizes(Base64.getMimeEncoder(), Base64.getMimeDecoder());
+    }
+
+    public void testRoundTrip_variousSizes_url() {
+        checkRoundTrip_variousSizes(Base64.getUrlEncoder(), Base64.getUrlDecoder());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that various-sized inputs survive a round trip.
+     */
+    private static void checkRoundTrip_variousSizes(Encoder encoder, Decoder decoder) {
+        Random random = new Random(7654321);
+        for (int numBytes : new int [] { 0, 1, 2, 75, 76, 77, 80, 100, 1234 }) {
+            byte[] bytes = new byte[numBytes];
+            random.nextBytes(bytes);
+            byte[] result = decoder.decode(encoder.encode(bytes));
+            assertArrayEquals(bytes, result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testRoundtrip_wrap_basic() throws Exception {
+        Encoder encoder = Base64.getEncoder();
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getDecoder();
+        checkRoundTrip_wrapInputStream(encoder, decoder);
+    }
+
+    public void testRoundtrip_wrap_mime() throws Exception {
+        Encoder encoder = Base64.getMimeEncoder();
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getMimeDecoder();
+        checkRoundTrip_wrapInputStream(encoder, decoder);
+    }
+
+    public void testRoundTrip_wrap_url() throws Exception {
+        Encoder encoder = Base64.getUrlEncoder();
+        Decoder decoder = Base64.getUrlDecoder();
+        checkRoundTrip_wrapInputStream(encoder, decoder);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that the {@link Decoder#wrap(InputStream) wrapping} an
+     * InputStream of encoded data yields the plain data that was
+     * previously {@link Encoder#encode(byte[]) encoded}.
+     */
+    private static void checkRoundTrip_wrapInputStream(Encoder encoder, Decoder decoder)
+            throws IOException {
+        Random random = new Random(32176L);
+        int[] writeLengths = { -10, -5, -1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 10, 100 };
+
+        // Test input needs to be at least 2048 bytes to fill up the
+        // read buffer of Base64InputStream.
+        byte[] plain = new byte[4567];
+        random.nextBytes(plain);
+        byte[] encoded = encoder.encode(plain);
+        byte[] actual = new byte[plain.length * 2];
+        int b;
+
+        // ----- test decoding ("encoded" -> "plain") -----
+
+        // read as much as it will give us in one chunk
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        InputStream b64is = decoder.wrap(bais);
+        int ap = 0;
+        while ((b = b64is.read(actual, ap, actual.length - ap)) != -1) {
+            ap += b;
+        }
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(actual, ap, plain);
+
+        // read individual bytes
+        bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        b64is = decoder.wrap(bais);
+        ap = 0;
+        while ((b = b64is.read()) != -1) {
+            actual[ap++] = (byte) b;
+        }
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(actual, ap, plain);
+
+        // mix reads of variously-sized arrays with one-byte reads
+        bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        b64is = decoder.wrap(bais);
+        ap = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            int l = writeLengths[random.nextInt(writeLengths.length)];
+            if (l >= 0) {
+                b = b64is.read(actual, ap, l);
+                if (b == -1) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                ap += b;
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < -l; ++i) {
+                    if ((b = b64is.read()) == -1) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    actual[ap++] = (byte) b;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertArrayPrefixEquals(actual, ap, plain);
+    }
+
+    public void testDecoder_wrap_singleByteReads() throws IOException {
+        InputStream in = Base64.getDecoder().wrap(new ByteArrayInputStream("/v8=".getBytes()));
+        assertEquals(254, in.read());
+        assertEquals(255, in.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, in.read());
+    }
+
+    public void testEncoder_withoutPadding() {
+        byte[] bytes = new byte[] { (byte) 0xFE, (byte) 0xFF };
+        assertEquals("/v8=", Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(bytes));
+        assertEquals("/v8", Base64.getEncoder().withoutPadding().encodeToString(bytes));
+
+        assertEquals("/v8=", Base64.getMimeEncoder().encodeToString(bytes));
+        assertEquals("/v8", Base64.getMimeEncoder().withoutPadding().encodeToString(bytes));
+
+        assertEquals("_v8=", Base64.getUrlEncoder().encodeToString(bytes));
+        assertEquals("_v8", Base64.getUrlEncoder().withoutPadding().encodeToString(bytes));
+    }
+
+    public void testEncoder_wrap_plain() throws Exception {
+        checkWrapOutputStreamConsistentWithEncode(Base64.getEncoder());
+    }
+
+    public void testEncoder_wrap_url() throws Exception {
+        checkWrapOutputStreamConsistentWithEncode(Base64.getUrlEncoder());
+    }
+
+    public void testEncoder_wrap_mime() throws Exception {
+        checkWrapOutputStreamConsistentWithEncode(Base64.getMimeEncoder());
+    }
+
+    /** A way of writing bytes to an OutputStream. */
+    interface WriteStrategy {
+        void write(byte[] bytes, OutputStream out) throws IOException;
+    }
+
+    private static void checkWrapOutputStreamConsistentWithEncode(Encoder encoder)
+            throws Exception {
+        final Random random = new Random(32176L);
+
+        // one large write(byte[]) of the whole input
+        WriteStrategy allAtOnce = (bytes, out) -> out.write(bytes);
+        checkWrapOutputStreamConsistentWithEncode(encoder, allAtOnce);
+
+        // many calls to write(int)
+        WriteStrategy byteWise = (bytes, out) -> {
+            for (byte b : bytes) {
+                out.write(b);
+            }
+        };
+        checkWrapOutputStreamConsistentWithEncode(encoder, byteWise);
+
+        // intermixed sequences of write(int) with
+        // write(byte[],int,int) of various lengths.
+        WriteStrategy mixed = (bytes, out) -> {
+            int[] writeLengths = { -10, -5, -1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 10, 100 };
+            int p = 0;
+            while (p < bytes.length) {
+                int l = writeLengths[random.nextInt(writeLengths.length)];
+                l = Math.min(l, bytes.length - p);
+                if (l >= 0) {
+                    out.write(bytes, p, l);
+                    p += l;
+                } else {
+                    l = Math.min(-l, bytes.length - p);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < l; ++i) {
+                        out.write(bytes[p + i]);
+                    }
+                    p += l;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        checkWrapOutputStreamConsistentWithEncode(encoder, mixed);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that writing to a wrap()ping OutputStream produces the same
+     * output on the wrapped stream as {@link Encoder#encode(byte[])}.
+     */
+    private static void checkWrapOutputStreamConsistentWithEncode(Encoder encoder,
+            WriteStrategy writeStrategy) throws IOException {
+        Random random = new Random(32176L);
+        // Test input needs to be at least 1024 bytes to test filling
+        // up the write(int) buffer of Base64OutputStream.
+        byte[] plain = new byte[1234];
+        random.nextBytes(plain);
+        byte[] encodeResult = encoder.encode(plain);
+        ByteArrayOutputStream wrappedOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        try (OutputStream plainOutputStream = encoder.wrap(wrappedOutputStream)) {
+            writeStrategy.write(plain, plainOutputStream);
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(encodeResult, wrappedOutputStream.toByteArray());
+    }
+
+    /** Decodes a string, returning the resulting bytes interpreted as an ASCII String. */
+    private static String decodeToAscii(Decoder decoder, String encoded) throws Exception {
+        byte[] plain = decoder.decode(encoded);
+        return new String(plain, US_ASCII);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks round-trip encoding/decoding of {@code plain}.
+     *
+     * @param plain an ASCII String
+     * @return the Base64-encoded value of the ASCII codepoints from {@code plain}
+     */
+    private static String encodeFromAscii(Encoder encoder, Decoder decoder, String plain)
+            throws Exception {
+        String encoded = encoder.encodeToString(plain.getBytes(US_ASCII));
+        String decoded = decodeToAscii(decoder, encoded);
+        assertEquals(plain, decoded);
+        return encoded;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rewraps {@code s} by inserting {@lineSeparator} every {@code lineLength} characters,
+     * but not at the end.
+     */
+    private static String wrapLines(String lineSeparator, String s, int lineLength) {
+        return String.join(lineSeparator, breakLines(s, lineLength));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Splits {@code s} into a list of substrings, each except possibly the last one
+     * exactly {@code lineLength} characters long.
+     */
+    private static List<String> breakLines(String longString, int lineLength) {
+        List<String> lines = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int pos = 0; pos < longString.length(); pos += lineLength) {
+            lines.add(longString.substring(pos, Math.min(longString.length(), pos + lineLength)));
+        }
+        return lines;
+    }
+
+    /** Assert that decoding the specific String throws IllegalArgumentException. */
+    private static void assertDecodeThrowsIAe(Decoder decoder, String invalidEncoded)
+            throws Exception {
+        try {
+            decoder.decode(invalidEncoded);
+            fail("should have failed to decode");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the given String decodes to the bytes, and that the bytes encode
+     * to the given String.
+     */
+    private static void assertRoundTrip(Encoder encoder, Decoder decoder, String encoded,
+            byte[] bytes) {
+        assertEquals(encoded, encoder.encodeToString(bytes));
+        assertArrayEquals(bytes, decoder.decode(encoded));
+    }
+
+    /** Asserts that actual equals the first len bytes of expected. */
+    private static void assertArrayPrefixEquals(byte[] expected, int len, byte[] actual) {
+        assertArrayEquals(copyOfRange(expected, 0, len), actual);
+    }
+
+    /** Checks array contents. */
+    private static void assertArrayEquals(byte[] expected, byte[] actual) {
+        if (!Arrays.equals(expected, actual)) {
+            fail("Expected " + hexString(expected) + ", got " + hexString(actual));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String hexString(byte[] bytes) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0x");
+        for (byte b : bytes) {
+            sb.append(Integer.toHexString(b & 0xff));
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static void assertThrowsNpe(Runnable runnable) {
+        try {
+            runnable.run();
+            fail("Should have thrown NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatExceptionTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatExceptionTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..694c069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatExceptionTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package libcore.java.util;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.NotSerializableException;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.InvalidPropertiesFormatException;
+import libcore.util.SerializationTester;
+
+public class InvalidPropertiesFormatExceptionTest extends TestCase {
+
+    public void testConstructorArgs() {
+        InvalidPropertiesFormatException e = new InvalidPropertiesFormatException("testing");
+        assertEquals("testing", e.getMessage());
+        assertNull(e.getCause());
+
+        InvalidPropertiesFormatException e2 = new InvalidPropertiesFormatException(e);
+        assertSame(e, e2.getCause());
+        assertEquals(e.toString(), e2.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    public void testDeserialize_notSupported() throws Exception {
+        // Result of
+        // SerializationTester.serializeHex(new InvalidPropertiesFormatException("testing"))
+        // using a InvalidPropertiesFormatException class that had its
+        // writeObject() method commented out.
+        String hex = "aced00057372002a6a6176612e7574696c2e496e76616c696450726f"
+                + "70657274696573466f726d6174457863657074696f6e6bbbea5ee5f9cb5"
+                + "b020000787200136a6176612e696f2e494f457863657074696f6e6c8073"
+                + "646525f0ab020000787200136a6176612e6c616e672e457863657074696"
+                + "f6ed0fd1f3e1a3b1cc4020000787200136a6176612e6c616e672e546872"
+                + "6f7761626c65d5c635273977b8cb0300044c000563617573657400154c6"
+                + "a6176612f6c616e672f5468726f7761626c653b4c000d64657461696c4d"
+                + "6573736167657400124c6a6176612f6c616e672f537472696e673b5b000"
+                + "a737461636b547261636574001e5b4c6a6176612f6c616e672f53746163"
+                + "6b5472616365456c656d656e743b4c00147375707072657373656445786"
+                + "3657074696f6e737400104c6a6176612f7574696c2f4c6973743b787071"
+                + "007e000874000774657374696e677572001e5b4c6a6176612e6c616e672"
+                + "e537461636b5472616365456c656d656e743b02462a3c3cfd2239020000"
+                + "78700000000a7372001b6a6176612e6c616e672e537461636b547261636"
+                + "5456c656d656e746109c59a2636dd8502000449000a6c696e654e756d62"
+                + "65724c000e6465636c6172696e67436c61737371007e00054c000866696"
+                + "c654e616d6571007e00054c000a6d6574686f644e616d6571007e000578"
+                + "70000000457400366c6962636f72652e6a6176612e7574696c2e496e766"
+                + "16c696450726f70657274696573466f726d6174457863657074696f6e54"
+                + "657374740029496e76616c696450726f70657274696573466f726d61744"
+                + "57863657074696f6e546573742e6a61766174001a746573745365726961"
+                + "6c697a655f6e6f74537570706f727465647371007e000cfffffffe74001"
+                + "86a6176612e6c616e672e7265666c6563742e4d6574686f6474000b4d65"
+                + "74686f642e6a617661740006696e766f6b657371007e000c000000c2740"
+                + "028766f6761722e7461726765742e6a756e69742e4a756e69743324566f"
+                + "6761724a556e69745465737474000b4a756e6974332e6a6176617400037"
+                + "2756e7371007e000c0000003b740024766f6761722e7461726765742e6a"
+                + "756e69742e566f6761725465737452756e6e65722431740014566f67617"
+                + "25465737452756e6e65722e6a6176617400086576616c75617465737100"
+                + "7e000c0000004874002b766f6761722e7461726765742e6a756e69742e5"
+                + "4696d656f7574416e6441626f727452756e52756c65243274001b54696d"
+                + "656f7574416e6441626f727452756e52756c652e6a61766174000463616"
+                + "c6c7371007e000c0000004474002b766f6761722e7461726765742e6a75"
+                + "6e69742e54696d656f7574416e6441626f727452756e52756c652432740"
+                + "01b54696d656f7574416e6441626f727452756e52756c652e6a61766174"
+                + "000463616c6c7371007e000c000000ed74001f6a6176612e7574696c2e6"
+                + "36f6e63757272656e742e4675747572655461736b74000f467574757265"
+                + "5461736b2e6a61766174000372756e7371007e000c0000046d7400276a6"
+                + "176612e7574696c2e636f6e63757272656e742e546872656164506f6f6c"
+                + "4578656375746f72740017546872656164506f6f6c4578656375746f722"
+                + "e6a61766174000972756e576f726b65727371007e000c0000025f74002e"
+                + "6a6176612e7574696c2e636f6e63757272656e742e546872656164506f6"
+                + "f6c4578656375746f7224576f726b6572740017546872656164506f6f6c"
+                + "4578656375746f722e6a61766174000372756e7371007e000c000002f87"
+                + "400106a6176612e6c616e672e54687265616474000b5468726561642e6a"
+                + "61766174000372756e7372001f6a6176612e7574696c2e436f6c6c65637"
+                + "4696f6e7324456d7074794c6973747ab817b43ca79ede020000787078";
+        try {
+            Object obj = SerializationTester.deserializeHex(hex);
+            fail("Deserialized to " + obj);
+        } catch (NotSerializableException expected) {
+            // Sanity check that this is the right exception that we expected.
+            assertEquals("Not serializable.", expected.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSerialize_notSupported() throws Exception {
+        Serializable notActuallySerializable = new InvalidPropertiesFormatException("testing");
+        try {
+            try (ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(new ByteArrayOutputStream())) {
+                out.writeObject(notActuallySerializable);
+            }
+            fail();
+        } catch (NotSerializableException expected) {
+            // Sanity check that this is the right exception that we expected.
+            assertEquals("Not serializable.", expected.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/javax/crypto/CipherTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/javax/crypto/CipherTest.java
index 4bb0c07..1127559 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/javax/crypto/CipherTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/javax/crypto/CipherTest.java
@@ -3731,6 +3731,9 @@
         }
     }
 
+    // Test that when reading GCM parameters encoded using ASN1, a value for the tag size
+    // not present indicates a value of 12.
+    // https://b/29876633
     public void test_DefaultGCMTagSizeAlgorithmParameterSpec() throws Exception {
         final String AES = "AES";
         final String AES_GCM = "AES/GCM/NoPadding";
@@ -3743,14 +3746,12 @@
             (byte) 14,    // DER encoding : total length
             (byte) 4,     // DER encoding : tag_OctetString
             (byte) 12,    // DER encoding : counter length
-            // Note that IV's size 12 bytes is recommended, but authentication tag size should be 16
-            // bytes.
             (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0,
             (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0 });
         cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, new SecretKeySpec(key, AES), param);
         byte[] ciphertext = cipher.update(input);
         byte[] tag = cipher.doFinal();
-        assertEquals(16, tag.length);
+        assertEquals(12, tag.length);
     }
 
     public void testAES_ECB_PKCS5Padding_ShortBuffer_Failure() throws Exception {
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocketTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocketTest.java
index d17e32b..5e94b21 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/libcore/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocketTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/libcore/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocketTest.java
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@
 import libcore.tlswire.handshake.CipherSuite;
 import libcore.tlswire.handshake.ClientHello;
 import libcore.tlswire.handshake.CompressionMethod;
+import libcore.tlswire.handshake.EllipticCurve;
+import libcore.tlswire.handshake.EllipticCurvesHelloExtension;
 import libcore.tlswire.handshake.HandshakeMessage;
 import libcore.tlswire.handshake.HelloExtension;
 import libcore.tlswire.handshake.ServerNameHelloExtension;
@@ -1693,6 +1695,31 @@
         }, getSSLSocketFactoriesToTest());
     }
 
+    public void test_SSLSocket_ClientHello_supportedCurves() throws Exception {
+        ForEachRunner.runNamed(new ForEachRunner.Callback<SSLSocketFactory>() {
+            @Override
+            public void run(SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory) throws Exception {
+                ClientHello clientHello = captureTlsHandshakeClientHello(sslSocketFactory);
+
+                EllipticCurvesHelloExtension ecExtension = (EllipticCurvesHelloExtension)
+                        clientHello.findExtensionByType(HelloExtension.TYPE_ELLIPTIC_CURVES);
+                final String[] supportedCurves;
+                if (ecExtension == null) {
+                    supportedCurves = new String[0];
+                } else {
+                    assertTrue(ecExtension.wellFormed);
+                    supportedCurves = new String[ecExtension.supported.size()];
+                    for (int i = 0; i < ecExtension.supported.size(); i++) {
+                        EllipticCurve curve = ecExtension.supported.get(i);
+                        supportedCurves[i] = curve.toString();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                StandardNames.assertDefaultEllipticCurves(supportedCurves);
+            }
+        }, getSSLSocketFactoriesToTest());
+    }
+
     public void test_SSLSocket_ClientHello_clientProtocolVersion() throws Exception {
         ForEachRunner.runNamed(new ForEachRunner.Callback<SSLSocketFactory>() {
             @Override
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/crypto/tests/javax/crypto/CipherOutputStream1Test.java b/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/crypto/tests/javax/crypto/CipherOutputStream1Test.java
index 359ac66..5c88e71 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/crypto/tests/javax/crypto/CipherOutputStream1Test.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/crypto/tests/javax/crypto/CipherOutputStream1Test.java
@@ -23,20 +23,27 @@
 package org.apache.harmony.crypto.tests.javax.crypto;
 
 import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
-import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.security.AlgorithmParameters;
+import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
 import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
 import java.security.Key;
 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
 import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.security.Security;
+import java.security.spec.AlgorithmParameterSpec;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 
+import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
+import javax.crypto.CipherSpi;
+import javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException;
 import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
 import javax.crypto.NoSuchPaddingException;
 import javax.crypto.NullCipher;
 import javax.crypto.CipherOutputStream;
 import javax.crypto.Cipher;
+import javax.crypto.ShortBufferException;
 
 import junit.framework.TestCase;
 
@@ -205,5 +212,121 @@
 
         assertNotNull(cos);
     }
+
+    private static class CipherSpiThatThrowsOnSecondDoFinal extends CipherSpi {
+
+        private boolean wasDoFinalCalled = false;
+
+        @Override
+        protected void engineSetMode(String mode) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void engineSetPadding(String padding) throws NoSuchPaddingException {
+
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected int engineGetBlockSize() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected int engineGetOutputSize(int inputLen) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected byte[] engineGetIV() {
+            return new byte[0];
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected AlgorithmParameters engineGetParameters() {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void engineInit(int opmode, Key key, SecureRandom random)
+                throws InvalidKeyException {
+
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void engineInit(int opmode, Key key, AlgorithmParameterSpec params,
+                SecureRandom random)
+                throws InvalidKeyException, InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {
+
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void engineInit(int opmode, Key key, AlgorithmParameters params,
+                SecureRandom random)
+                throws InvalidKeyException, InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {
+
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected byte[] engineUpdate(byte[] input, int inputOffset, int inputLen) {
+            return new byte[0];
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected int engineUpdate(byte[] input, int inputOffset, int inputLen, byte[] output,
+                int outputOffset) throws ShortBufferException {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected byte[] engineDoFinal(byte[] input, int inputOffset, int inputLen)
+                throws IllegalBlockSizeException, BadPaddingException {
+            // Just call the other overriding for engineDoFinal.
+            try {
+                engineDoFinal(input, inputOffset, inputLen, new byte[10], 0);
+            } catch (ShortBufferException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+            return new byte[0];
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected int engineDoFinal(byte[] input, int inputOffset, int inputLen, byte[] output,
+                int outputOffset)
+                throws ShortBufferException, IllegalBlockSizeException, BadPaddingException {
+            if (wasDoFinalCalled) {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                        "doFinal not supposed to be called two times");
+            }
+            wasDoFinalCalled = true;
+            return 0;
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    public void test_close_doubleCloseDoesntCallDoFinal() throws Exception {
+        CipherSpi cipherSpiThatThrowsOnSecondDoFinal = new CipherSpiThatThrowsOnSecondDoFinal();
+        Cipher cipherThatThrowsOnSecondDoFinal = new Cipher(
+                cipherSpiThatThrowsOnSecondDoFinal,
+                Security.getProviders()[0],
+                "SomeTransformation") {
+        };
+
+        TestOutputStream testOutputStream = new TestOutputStream();
+        CipherOutputStream cipherOutputStream = new CipherOutputStream(
+                testOutputStream, cipherThatThrowsOnSecondDoFinal);
+
+        cipherThatThrowsOnSecondDoFinal.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, (Key) null);
+
+        cipherOutputStream.close();
+        // Should just check that it's already closed and return, without calling doFinal, thus
+        // throwing any exception
+        cipherOutputStream.close();
+
+        // Check that the spi didn't change, as it might be changed dynamically by the Cipher
+        // methods.
+        assertEquals(cipherSpiThatThrowsOnSecondDoFinal,
+                cipherThatThrowsOnSecondDoFinal.getCurrentSpi());
+    }
 }
 
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/security/tests/java/security/DigestOutputStreamTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/security/tests/java/security/DigestOutputStreamTest.java
index d90c8ec..2fc09c6 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/security/tests/java/security/DigestOutputStreamTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/security/tests/java/security/DigestOutputStreamTest.java
@@ -594,6 +594,67 @@
                        Arrays.equals(digestResult, expected));
     }
 
+    private class MessageDigestWithUnsupportedUpdate extends MessageDigest {
+        private MessageDigestWithUnsupportedUpdate() {
+            super("SomeAlgorithm");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void engineUpdate(byte input) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void engineUpdate(byte[] input, int offset, int len) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected byte[] engineDigest() {
+            return new byte[0];
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void engineReset() {
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void test_write_writeToUnderlyingStreamBeforeUpdatingDigest() {
+        MessageDigest messageDigestWithUnsupportedUpdate = new MessageDigestWithUnsupportedUpdate();
+        OutputStream outputStreamThatThrowsIOException = new OutputStream() {
+            @Override
+            public void write(int b) throws IOException {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        };
+
+        DigestOutputStream digestOutputStream = new DigestOutputStream(
+                outputStreamThatThrowsIOException, messageDigestWithUnsupportedUpdate);
+
+        // Writing throws an IOException (and not an UnsupportedOperationException) meaning than
+        // it tried to write to the underlying stream before updating the digest.
+        digestOutputStream.on(true);
+        try {
+            digestOutputStream.write(3);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+
+        digestOutputStream.on(true);
+        try {
+            digestOutputStream.write(new byte[10], 0, 10);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+
+        digestOutputStream.on(true);
+        try {
+            digestOutputStream.write(new byte[10]);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+    }
 
     private class MyOutputStream extends OutputStream {
         @Override
diff --git a/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/security/tests/java/security/SignatureTest.java b/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/security/tests/java/security/SignatureTest.java
index d00e18a..1f9aa4b 100644
--- a/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/security/tests/java/security/SignatureTest.java
+++ b/luni/src/test/java/org/apache/harmony/security/tests/java/security/SignatureTest.java
@@ -558,7 +558,9 @@
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unused")
-    protected static class MySignature extends Signature implements Cloneable {
+    // Needs to be public as this is checked by the provider class when providing an instance of
+    // a class
+    public static class MySignature extends Signature implements Cloneable {
 
         public MySignature() {
             super("TestSignature");
diff --git a/non_openjdk_java_files.mk b/non_openjdk_java_files.mk
index 839067e..9a3ef03 100644
--- a/non_openjdk_java_files.mk
+++ b/non_openjdk_java_files.mk
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
   dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/annotation/TestTarget.java \
   dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/annotation/TestTargetClass.java \
   dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/annotation/Throws.java \
+  dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/annotation/optimization/CriticalNative.java \
   dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/annotation/optimization/FastNative.java \
   dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/bytecode/OpcodeInfo.java \
   dalvik/src/main/java/dalvik/bytecode/Opcodes.java \
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/io/DataInput.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/io/DataInput.java
index e4b7e83..3e0f0dd 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/io/DataInput.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/io/DataInput.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 1995, 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1995, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@
 package java.io;
 
 /**
- * The <code>DataInput</code> interface provides
+ * The {@code DataInput} interface provides
  * for reading bytes from a binary stream and
  * reconstructing from them data in any of
  * the Java primitive types. There is also
  * a
- * facility for reconstructing a <code>String</code>
+ * facility for reconstructing a {@code String}
  * from data in
  * <a href="#modified-utf-8">modified UTF-8</a>
  * format.
@@ -39,146 +39,101 @@
  * It is generally true of all the reading
  * routines in this interface that if end of
  * file is reached before the desired number
- * of bytes has been read, an <code>EOFException</code>
- * (which is a kind of <code>IOException</code>)
+ * of bytes has been read, an {@code EOFException}
+ * (which is a kind of {@code IOException})
  * is thrown. If any byte cannot be read for
- * any reason other than end of file, an <code>IOException</code>
- * other than <code>EOFException</code> is
- * thrown. In particular, an <code>IOException</code>
+ * any reason other than end of file, an {@code IOException}
+ * other than {@code EOFException} is
+ * thrown. In particular, an {@code IOException}
  * may be thrown if the input stream has been
  * closed.
  *
- * <h4><a name="modified-utf-8">Modified UTF-8</a></h4>
+ * <h3><a name="modified-utf-8">Modified UTF-8</a></h3>
  * <p>
  * Implementations of the DataInput and DataOutput interfaces represent
  * Unicode strings in a format that is a slight modification of UTF-8.
  * (For information regarding the standard UTF-8 format, see section
  * <i>3.9 Unicode Encoding Forms</i> of <i>The Unicode Standard, Version
  * 4.0</i>).
- * Note that in the following tables, the most significant bit appears in the
+ * Note that in the following table, the most significant bit appears in the
  * far left-hand column.
- * <p>
- * All characters in the range <code>'&#92;u0001'</code> to
- * <code>'&#92;u007F'</code> are represented by a single byte:
  *
  * <blockquote>
- *   <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="8" width="50%"
+ *   <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="8"
  *          summary="Bit values and bytes">
  *     <tr>
- *       <td></td>
- *       <th id="bit">Bit Values</th>
+ *       <th colspan="9"><span style="font-weight:normal">
+ *         All characters in the range {@code '\u005Cu0001'} to
+ *         {@code '\u005Cu007F'} are represented by a single byte:</span></th>
  *     </tr>
  *     <tr>
- *       <th id="byte1">Byte 1</th>
- *       <td>
- *         <table border="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
- *           <tr>
- *             <td width="12%"><center>0</center>
- *             <td colspan="7"><center>bits 6-0</center>
- *           </tr>
- *         </table>
- *       </td>
- *     </tr>
- *   </table>
- * </blockquote>
- *
- * <p>
- * The null character <code>'&#92;u0000'</code> and characters in the
- * range <code>'&#92;u0080'</code> to <code>'&#92;u07FF'</code> are
- * represented by a pair of bytes:
- *
- * <blockquote>
- *   <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="8" width="50%"
- *          summary="Bit values and bytes">
- *     <tr>
  *       <td></td>
- *       <th id="bit">Bit Values</th>
+ *       <th colspan="8" id="bit_a">Bit Values</th>
  *     </tr>
  *     <tr>
- *       <th id="byte1">Byte 1</th>
- *       <td>
- *         <table border="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
- *           <tr>
- *             <td width="12%"><center>1</center>
- *             <td width="13%"><center>1</center>
- *             <td width="12%"><center>0</center>
- *             <td colspan="5"><center>bits 10-6</center>
- *           </tr>
- *         </table>
- *       </td>
+ *       <th id="byte1_a">Byte 1</th>
+ *       <td><center>0</center>
+ *       <td colspan="7"><center>bits 6-0</center>
  *     </tr>
  *     <tr>
- *       <th id="byte2">Byte 2</th>
- *       <td>
- *         <table border="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
- *           <tr>
- *             <td width="12%"><center>1</center>
- *             <td width="13%"><center>0</center>
- *             <td colspan="6"><center>bits 5-0</center>
- *           </tr>
- *         </table>
- *       </td>
+ *       <th colspan="9"><span style="font-weight:normal">
+ *         The null character {@code '\u005Cu0000'} and characters
+ *         in the range {@code '\u005Cu0080'} to {@code '\u005Cu07FF'} are
+ *         represented by a pair of bytes:</span></th>
  *     </tr>
- *   </table>
- *  </blockquote>
- *
- * <br>
- * <code>char</code> values in the range <code>'&#92;u0800'</code> to
- * <code>'&#92;uFFFF'</code> are represented by three bytes:
- *
- * <blockquote>
- *   <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="8" width="50%"
- *          summary="Bit values and bytes">
  *     <tr>
  *       <td></td>
- *       <th id="bit">Bit Values</th>
+ *       <th colspan="8" id="bit_b">Bit Values</th>
  *     </tr>
  *     <tr>
- *       <th id="byte1">Byte 1</th>
- *       <td>
- *         <table border="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
- *           <tr>
- *             <td width="12%"><center>1</center>
- *             <td width="13%"><center>1</center>
- *             <td width="12%"><center>1</center>
- *             <td width="13%"><center>0</center>
- *             <td colspan="4"><center>bits 15-12</center>
- *           </tr>
- *         </table>
- *       </td>
+ *       <th id="byte1_b">Byte 1</th>
+ *       <td><center>1</center>
+ *       <td><center>1</center>
+ *       <td><center>0</center>
+ *       <td colspan="5"><center>bits 10-6</center>
  *     </tr>
  *     <tr>
- *       <th id="byte2">Byte 2</th>
- *       <td>
- *         <table border="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
- *           <tr>
- *             <td width="12%"><center>1</center>
- *             <td width="13%"><center>0</center>
- *             <td colspan="6"><center>bits 11-6</center>
- *           </tr>
- *         </table>
- *       </td>
+ *       <th id="byte2_a">Byte 2</th>
+ *       <td><center>1</center>
+ *       <td><center>0</center>
+ *       <td colspan="6"><center>bits 5-0</center>
+ *     </tr>
+ *     <tr>
+ *       <th colspan="9"><span style="font-weight:normal">
+ *         {@code char} values in the range {@code '\u005Cu0800'}
+ *         to {@code '\u005CuFFFF'} are represented by three bytes:</span></th>
+ *     </tr>
+ *     <tr>
+ *       <td></td>
+ *       <th colspan="8"id="bit_c">Bit Values</th>
+ *     </tr>
+ *     <tr>
+ *       <th id="byte1_c">Byte 1</th>
+ *       <td><center>1</center>
+ *       <td><center>1</center>
+ *       <td><center>1</center>
+ *       <td><center>0</center>
+ *       <td colspan="4"><center>bits 15-12</center>
+ *     </tr>
+ *     <tr>
+ *       <th id="byte2_b">Byte 2</th>
+ *       <td><center>1</center>
+ *       <td><center>0</center>
+ *       <td colspan="6"><center>bits 11-6</center>
  *     </tr>
  *     <tr>
  *       <th id="byte3">Byte 3</th>
- *       <td>
- *         <table border="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
- *           <tr>
- *             <td width="12%"><center>1</center>
- *             <td width="13%"><center>0</center>
- *             <td colspan="6"><center>bits 5-0</center>
- *           </tr>
- *         </table>
- *       </td>
+ *       <td><center>1</center>
+ *       <td><center>0</center>
+ *       <td colspan="6"><center>bits 5-0</center>
  *     </tr>
  *   </table>
- *  </blockquote>
- *
+ * </blockquote>
  * <p>
  * The differences between this format and the
  * standard UTF-8 format are the following:
  * <ul>
- * <li>The null byte <code>'&#92;u0000'</code> is encoded in 2-byte format
+ * <li>The null byte {@code '\u005Cu0000'} is encoded in 2-byte format
  *     rather than 1-byte, so that the encoded strings never have
  *     embedded nulls.
  * <li>Only the 1-byte, 2-byte, and 3-byte formats are used.
@@ -195,36 +150,36 @@
     /**
      * Reads some bytes from an input
      * stream and stores them into the buffer
-     * array <code>b</code>. The number of bytes
+     * array {@code b}. The number of bytes
      * read is equal
-     * to the length of <code>b</code>.
+     * to the length of {@code b}.
      * <p>
      * This method blocks until one of the
-     * following conditions occurs:<p>
+     * following conditions occurs:
      * <ul>
-     * <li><code>b.length</code>
+     * <li>{@code b.length}
      * bytes of input data are available, in which
      * case a normal return is made.
      *
      * <li>End of
-     * file is detected, in which case an <code>EOFException</code>
+     * file is detected, in which case an {@code EOFException}
      * is thrown.
      *
      * <li>An I/O error occurs, in
-     * which case an <code>IOException</code> other
-     * than <code>EOFException</code> is thrown.
+     * which case an {@code IOException} other
+     * than {@code EOFException} is thrown.
      * </ul>
      * <p>
-     * If <code>b</code> is <code>null</code>,
-     * a <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown.
-     * If <code>b.length</code> is zero, then
+     * If {@code b} is {@code null},
+     * a {@code NullPointerException} is thrown.
+     * If {@code b.length} is zero, then
      * no bytes are read. Otherwise, the first
-     * byte read is stored into element <code>b[0]</code>,
-     * the next one into <code>b[1]</code>, and
+     * byte read is stored into element {@code b[0]},
+     * the next one into {@code b[1]}, and
      * so on.
      * If an exception is thrown from
      * this method, then it may be that some but
-     * not all bytes of <code>b</code> have been
+     * not all bytes of {@code b} have been
      * updated with data from the input stream.
      *
      * @param     b   the buffer into which the data is read.
@@ -236,40 +191,40 @@
 
     /**
      *
-     * Reads <code>len</code>
+     * Reads {@code len}
      * bytes from
      * an input stream.
      * <p>
      * This method
      * blocks until one of the following conditions
-     * occurs:<p>
+     * occurs:
      * <ul>
-     * <li><code>len</code> bytes
+     * <li>{@code len} bytes
      * of input data are available, in which case
      * a normal return is made.
      *
      * <li>End of file
-     * is detected, in which case an <code>EOFException</code>
+     * is detected, in which case an {@code EOFException}
      * is thrown.
      *
      * <li>An I/O error occurs, in
-     * which case an <code>IOException</code> other
-     * than <code>EOFException</code> is thrown.
+     * which case an {@code IOException} other
+     * than {@code EOFException} is thrown.
      * </ul>
      * <p>
-     * If <code>b</code> is <code>null</code>,
-     * a <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown.
-     * If <code>off</code> is negative, or <code>len</code>
-     * is negative, or <code>off+len</code> is
-     * greater than the length of the array <code>b</code>,
-     * then an <code>IndexOutOfBoundsException</code>
+     * If {@code b} is {@code null},
+     * a {@code NullPointerException} is thrown.
+     * If {@code off} is negative, or {@code len}
+     * is negative, or {@code off+len} is
+     * greater than the length of the array {@code b},
+     * then an {@code IndexOutOfBoundsException}
      * is thrown.
-     * If <code>len</code> is zero,
+     * If {@code len} is zero,
      * then no bytes are read. Otherwise, the first
-     * byte read is stored into element <code>b[off]</code>,
-     * the next one into <code>b[off+1]</code>,
+     * byte read is stored into element {@code b[off]},
+     * the next one into {@code b[off+1]},
      * and so on. The number of bytes read is,
-     * at most, equal to <code>len</code>.
+     * at most, equal to {@code len}.
      *
      * @param     b   the buffer into which the data is read.
      * @param off  an int specifying the offset into the data.
@@ -282,7 +237,7 @@
 
     /**
      * Makes an attempt to skip over
-     * <code>n</code> bytes
+     * {@code n} bytes
      * of data from the input
      * stream, discarding the skipped bytes. However,
      * it may skip
@@ -290,10 +245,10 @@
      * bytes, possibly zero. This may result from
      * any of a
      * number of conditions; reaching
-     * end of file before <code>n</code> bytes
+     * end of file before {@code n} bytes
      * have been skipped is
      * only one possibility.
-     * This method never throws an <code>EOFException</code>.
+     * This method never throws an {@code EOFException}.
      * The actual
      * number of bytes skipped is returned.
      *
@@ -305,13 +260,13 @@
 
     /**
      * Reads one input byte and returns
-     * <code>true</code> if that byte is nonzero,
-     * <code>false</code> if that byte is zero.
+     * {@code true} if that byte is nonzero,
+     * {@code false} if that byte is zero.
      * This method is suitable for reading
-     * the byte written by the <code>writeBoolean</code>
-     * method of interface <code>DataOutput</code>.
+     * the byte written by the {@code writeBoolean}
+     * method of interface {@code DataOutput}.
      *
-     * @return     the <code>boolean</code> value read.
+     * @return     the {@code boolean} value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
      *               all the bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -321,11 +276,11 @@
     /**
      * Reads and returns one input byte.
      * The byte is treated as a signed value in
-     * the range <code>-128</code> through <code>127</code>,
+     * the range {@code -128} through {@code 127},
      * inclusive.
      * This method is suitable for
-     * reading the byte written by the <code>writeByte</code>
-     * method of interface <code>DataOutput</code>.
+     * reading the byte written by the {@code writeByte}
+     * method of interface {@code DataOutput}.
      *
      * @return     the 8-bit value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
@@ -336,16 +291,16 @@
 
     /**
      * Reads one input byte, zero-extends
-     * it to type <code>int</code>, and returns
+     * it to type {@code int}, and returns
      * the result, which is therefore in the range
-     * <code>0</code>
-     * through <code>255</code>.
+     * {@code 0}
+     * through {@code 255}.
      * This method is suitable for reading
-     * the byte written by the <code>writeByte</code>
-     * method of interface <code>DataOutput</code>
-     * if the argument to <code>writeByte</code>
+     * the byte written by the {@code writeByte}
+     * method of interface {@code DataOutput}
+     * if the argument to {@code writeByte}
      * was intended to be a value in the range
-     * <code>0</code> through <code>255</code>.
+     * {@code 0} through {@code 255}.
      *
      * @return     the unsigned 8-bit value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
@@ -356,17 +311,17 @@
 
     /**
      * Reads two input bytes and returns
-     * a <code>short</code> value. Let <code>a</code>
-     * be the first byte read and <code>b</code>
+     * a {@code short} value. Let {@code a}
+     * be the first byte read and {@code b}
      * be the second byte. The value
      * returned
      * is:
-     * <p><pre><code>(short)((a &lt;&lt; 8) | (b &amp; 0xff))
-     * </code></pre>
+     * <pre>{@code (short)((a << 8) | (b & 0xff))
+     * }</pre>
      * This method
      * is suitable for reading the bytes written
-     * by the <code>writeShort</code> method of
-     * interface <code>DataOutput</code>.
+     * by the {@code writeShort} method of
+     * interface {@code DataOutput}.
      *
      * @return     the 16-bit value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
@@ -377,19 +332,19 @@
 
     /**
      * Reads two input bytes and returns
-     * an <code>int</code> value in the range <code>0</code>
-     * through <code>65535</code>. Let <code>a</code>
+     * an {@code int} value in the range {@code 0}
+     * through {@code 65535}. Let {@code a}
      * be the first byte read and
-     * <code>b</code>
+     * {@code b}
      * be the second byte. The value returned is:
-     * <p><pre><code>(((a &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 8) | (b &amp; 0xff))
-     * </code></pre>
+     * <pre>{@code (((a & 0xff) << 8) | (b & 0xff))
+     * }</pre>
      * This method is suitable for reading the bytes
-     * written by the <code>writeShort</code> method
-     * of interface <code>DataOutput</code>  if
-     * the argument to <code>writeShort</code>
+     * written by the {@code writeShort} method
+     * of interface {@code DataOutput}  if
+     * the argument to {@code writeShort}
      * was intended to be a value in the range
-     * <code>0</code> through <code>65535</code>.
+     * {@code 0} through {@code 65535}.
      *
      * @return     the unsigned 16-bit value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
@@ -399,19 +354,19 @@
     int readUnsignedShort() throws IOException;
 
     /**
-     * Reads two input bytes and returns a <code>char</code> value.
-     * Let <code>a</code>
-     * be the first byte read and <code>b</code>
+     * Reads two input bytes and returns a {@code char} value.
+     * Let {@code a}
+     * be the first byte read and {@code b}
      * be the second byte. The value
      * returned is:
-     * <p><pre><code>(char)((a &lt;&lt; 8) | (b &amp; 0xff))
-     * </code></pre>
+     * <pre>{@code (char)((a << 8) | (b & 0xff))
+     * }</pre>
      * This method
      * is suitable for reading bytes written by
-     * the <code>writeChar</code> method of interface
-     * <code>DataOutput</code>.
+     * the {@code writeChar} method of interface
+     * {@code DataOutput}.
      *
-     * @return     the <code>char</code> value read.
+     * @return     the {@code char} value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
      *               all the bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -420,18 +375,17 @@
 
     /**
      * Reads four input bytes and returns an
-     * <code>int</code> value. Let <code>a-d</code>
+     * {@code int} value. Let {@code a-d}
      * be the first through fourth bytes read. The value returned is:
-     * <p><pre>
-     * <code>
-     * (((a &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 24) | ((b &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 16) |
-     * &#32;((c &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 8) | (d &amp; 0xff))
-     * </code></pre>
+     * <pre>{@code
+     * (((a & 0xff) << 24) | ((b & 0xff) << 16) |
+     *  ((c & 0xff) <<  8) | (d & 0xff))
+     * }</pre>
      * This method is suitable
-     * for reading bytes written by the <code>writeInt</code>
-     * method of interface <code>DataOutput</code>.
+     * for reading bytes written by the {@code writeInt}
+     * method of interface {@code DataOutput}.
      *
-     * @return     the <code>int</code> value read.
+     * @return     the {@code int} value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
      *               all the bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -440,25 +394,25 @@
 
     /**
      * Reads eight input bytes and returns
-     * a <code>long</code> value. Let <code>a-h</code>
+     * a {@code long} value. Let {@code a-h}
      * be the first through eighth bytes read.
      * The value returned is:
-     * <p><pre> <code>
-     * (((long)(a &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 56) |
-     *  ((long)(b &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 48) |
-     *  ((long)(c &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 40) |
-     *  ((long)(d &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 32) |
-     *  ((long)(e &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 24) |
-     *  ((long)(f &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt; 16) |
-     *  ((long)(g &amp; 0xff) &lt;&lt;  8) |
-     *  ((long)(h &amp; 0xff)))
-     * </code></pre>
+     * <pre>{@code
+     * (((long)(a & 0xff) << 56) |
+     *  ((long)(b & 0xff) << 48) |
+     *  ((long)(c & 0xff) << 40) |
+     *  ((long)(d & 0xff) << 32) |
+     *  ((long)(e & 0xff) << 24) |
+     *  ((long)(f & 0xff) << 16) |
+     *  ((long)(g & 0xff) <<  8) |
+     *  ((long)(h & 0xff)))
+     * }</pre>
      * <p>
      * This method is suitable
-     * for reading bytes written by the <code>writeLong</code>
-     * method of interface <code>DataOutput</code>.
+     * for reading bytes written by the {@code writeLong}
+     * method of interface {@code DataOutput}.
      *
-     * @return     the <code>long</code> value read.
+     * @return     the {@code long} value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
      *               all the bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -467,18 +421,18 @@
 
     /**
      * Reads four input bytes and returns
-     * a <code>float</code> value. It does this
-     * by first constructing an <code>int</code>
+     * a {@code float} value. It does this
+     * by first constructing an {@code int}
      * value in exactly the manner
-     * of the <code>readInt</code>
-     * method, then converting this <code>int</code>
-     * value to a <code>float</code> in
-     * exactly the manner of the method <code>Float.intBitsToFloat</code>.
+     * of the {@code readInt}
+     * method, then converting this {@code int}
+     * value to a {@code float} in
+     * exactly the manner of the method {@code Float.intBitsToFloat}.
      * This method is suitable for reading
-     * bytes written by the <code>writeFloat</code>
-     * method of interface <code>DataOutput</code>.
+     * bytes written by the {@code writeFloat}
+     * method of interface {@code DataOutput}.
      *
-     * @return     the <code>float</code> value read.
+     * @return     the {@code float} value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
      *               all the bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -487,18 +441,18 @@
 
     /**
      * Reads eight input bytes and returns
-     * a <code>double</code> value. It does this
-     * by first constructing a <code>long</code>
+     * a {@code double} value. It does this
+     * by first constructing a {@code long}
      * value in exactly the manner
-     * of the <code>readlong</code>
-     * method, then converting this <code>long</code>
-     * value to a <code>double</code> in exactly
-     * the manner of the method <code>Double.longBitsToDouble</code>.
+     * of the {@code readLong}
+     * method, then converting this {@code long}
+     * value to a {@code double} in exactly
+     * the manner of the method {@code Double.longBitsToDouble}.
      * This method is suitable for reading
-     * bytes written by the <code>writeDouble</code>
-     * method of interface <code>DataOutput</code>.
+     * bytes written by the {@code writeDouble}
+     * method of interface {@code DataOutput}.
      *
-     * @return     the <code>double</code> value read.
+     * @return     the {@code double} value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this stream reaches the end before reading
      *               all the bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -512,35 +466,35 @@
      * until it encounters a line terminator or
      * end of
      * file; the characters read are then
-     * returned as a <code>String</code>. Note
+     * returned as a {@code String}. Note
      * that because this
      * method processes bytes,
      * it does not support input of the full Unicode
      * character set.
      * <p>
      * If end of file is encountered
-     * before even one byte can be read, then <code>null</code>
+     * before even one byte can be read, then {@code null}
      * is returned. Otherwise, each byte that is
-     * read is converted to type <code>char</code>
-     * by zero-extension. If the character <code>'\n'</code>
+     * read is converted to type {@code char}
+     * by zero-extension. If the character {@code '\n'}
      * is encountered, it is discarded and reading
-     * ceases. If the character <code>'\r'</code>
+     * ceases. If the character {@code '\r'}
      * is encountered, it is discarded and, if
      * the following byte converts &#32;to the
-     * character <code>'\n'</code>, then that is
+     * character {@code '\n'}, then that is
      * discarded also; reading then ceases. If
      * end of file is encountered before either
-     * of the characters <code>'\n'</code> and
-     * <code>'\r'</code> is encountered, reading
-     * ceases. Once reading has ceased, a <code>String</code>
+     * of the characters {@code '\n'} and
+     * {@code '\r'} is encountered, reading
+     * ceases. Once reading has ceased, a {@code String}
      * is returned that contains all the characters
      * read and not discarded, taken in order.
      * Note that every character in this string
-     * will have a value less than <code>&#92;u0100</code>,
-     * that is, <code>(char)256</code>.
+     * will have a value less than {@code \u005Cu0100},
+     * that is, {@code (char)256}.
      *
      * @return the next line of text from the input stream,
-     *         or <CODE>null</CODE> if the end of file is
+     *         or {@code null} if the end of file is
      *         encountered before a byte can be read.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      */
@@ -550,15 +504,15 @@
      * Reads in a string that has been encoded using a
      * <a href="#modified-utf-8">modified UTF-8</a>
      * format.
-     * The general contract of <code>readUTF</code>
+     * The general contract of {@code readUTF}
      * is that it reads a representation of a Unicode
      * character string encoded in modified
      * UTF-8 format; this string of characters
-     * is then returned as a <code>String</code>.
+     * is then returned as a {@code String}.
      * <p>
      * First, two bytes are read and used to
      * construct an unsigned 16-bit integer in
-     * exactly the manner of the <code>readUnsignedShort</code>
+     * exactly the manner of the {@code readUnsignedShort}
      * method . This integer value is called the
      * <i>UTF length</i> and specifies the number
      * of additional bytes to be read. These bytes
@@ -570,58 +524,58 @@
      * next group.
      * <p>
      * If the first byte of a group
-     * matches the bit pattern <code>0xxxxxxx</code>
-     * (where <code>x</code> means "may be <code>0</code>
-     * or <code>1</code>"), then the group consists
+     * matches the bit pattern {@code 0xxxxxxx}
+     * (where {@code x} means "may be {@code 0}
+     * or {@code 1}"), then the group consists
      * of just that byte. The byte is zero-extended
      * to form a character.
      * <p>
      * If the first byte
-     * of a group matches the bit pattern <code>110xxxxx</code>,
-     * then the group consists of that byte <code>a</code>
-     * and a second byte <code>b</code>. If there
-     * is no byte <code>b</code> (because byte
-     * <code>a</code> was the last of the bytes
-     * to be read), or if byte <code>b</code> does
-     * not match the bit pattern <code>10xxxxxx</code>,
-     * then a <code>UTFDataFormatException</code>
+     * of a group matches the bit pattern {@code 110xxxxx},
+     * then the group consists of that byte {@code a}
+     * and a second byte {@code b}. If there
+     * is no byte {@code b} (because byte
+     * {@code a} was the last of the bytes
+     * to be read), or if byte {@code b} does
+     * not match the bit pattern {@code 10xxxxxx},
+     * then a {@code UTFDataFormatException}
      * is thrown. Otherwise, the group is converted
-     * to the character:<p>
-     * <pre><code>(char)(((a&amp; 0x1F) &lt;&lt; 6) | (b &amp; 0x3F))
-     * </code></pre>
+     * to the character:
+     * <pre>{@code (char)(((a & 0x1F) << 6) | (b & 0x3F))
+     * }</pre>
      * If the first byte of a group
-     * matches the bit pattern <code>1110xxxx</code>,
-     * then the group consists of that byte <code>a</code>
-     * and two more bytes <code>b</code> and <code>c</code>.
-     * If there is no byte <code>c</code> (because
-     * byte <code>a</code> was one of the last
+     * matches the bit pattern {@code 1110xxxx},
+     * then the group consists of that byte {@code a}
+     * and two more bytes {@code b} and {@code c}.
+     * If there is no byte {@code c} (because
+     * byte {@code a} was one of the last
      * two of the bytes to be read), or either
-     * byte <code>b</code> or byte <code>c</code>
-     * does not match the bit pattern <code>10xxxxxx</code>,
-     * then a <code>UTFDataFormatException</code>
+     * byte {@code b} or byte {@code c}
+     * does not match the bit pattern {@code 10xxxxxx},
+     * then a {@code UTFDataFormatException}
      * is thrown. Otherwise, the group is converted
-     * to the character:<p>
-     * <pre><code>
-     * (char)(((a &amp; 0x0F) &lt;&lt; 12) | ((b &amp; 0x3F) &lt;&lt; 6) | (c &amp; 0x3F))
-     * </code></pre>
+     * to the character:
+     * <pre>{@code
+     * (char)(((a & 0x0F) << 12) | ((b & 0x3F) << 6) | (c & 0x3F))
+     * }</pre>
      * If the first byte of a group matches the
-     * pattern <code>1111xxxx</code> or the pattern
-     * <code>10xxxxxx</code>, then a <code>UTFDataFormatException</code>
+     * pattern {@code 1111xxxx} or the pattern
+     * {@code 10xxxxxx}, then a {@code UTFDataFormatException}
      * is thrown.
      * <p>
      * If end of file is encountered
      * at any time during this entire process,
-     * then an <code>EOFException</code> is thrown.
+     * then an {@code EOFException} is thrown.
      * <p>
      * After every group has been converted to
      * a character by this process, the characters
      * are gathered, in the same order in which
      * their corresponding groups were read from
-     * the input stream, to form a <code>String</code>,
+     * the input stream, to form a {@code String},
      * which is returned.
      * <p>
-     * The <code>writeUTF</code>
-     * method of interface <code>DataOutput</code>
+     * The {@code writeUTF}
+     * method of interface {@code DataOutput}
      * may be used to write data that is suitable
      * for reading by this method.
      * @return     a Unicode string.
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/io/RandomAccessFile.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/io/RandomAccessFile.java
index 6008d0f..fc645cf 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/io/RandomAccessFile.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/io/RandomAccessFile.java
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 
 import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
 import sun.nio.ch.FileChannelImpl;
-import sun.misc.IoTrace;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import dalvik.system.CloseGuard;
 import libcore.io.IoBridge;
@@ -48,16 +47,16 @@
  * the file pointer past the bytes written. Output operations that write
  * past the current end of the implied array cause the array to be
  * extended. The file pointer can be read by the
- * <code>getFilePointer</code> method and set by the <code>seek</code>
+ * {@code getFilePointer} method and set by the {@code seek}
  * method.
  * <p>
  * It is generally true of all the reading routines in this class that
  * if end-of-file is reached before the desired number of bytes has been
- * read, an <code>EOFException</code> (which is a kind of
- * <code>IOException</code>) is thrown. If any byte cannot be read for
- * any reason other than end-of-file, an <code>IOException</code> other
- * than <code>EOFException</code> is thrown. In particular, an
- * <code>IOException</code> may be thrown if the stream has been closed.
+ * read, an {@code EOFException} (which is a kind of
+ * {@code IOException}) is thrown. If any byte cannot be read for
+ * any reason other than end-of-file, an {@code IOException} other
+ * than {@code EOFException} is thrown. In particular, an
+ * {@code IOException} may be thrown if the stream has been closed.
  *
  * @author  unascribed
  * @since   JDK1.0
@@ -74,7 +73,10 @@
     private FileChannel channel = null;
     private boolean rw;
 
-    /* The path of the referenced file */
+    /**
+     * The path of the referenced file
+     * (null if the stream is created with a file descriptor)
+     */
     private final String path;
 
     private Object closeLock = new Object();
@@ -92,12 +94,12 @@
      * href="#mode"><tt>RandomAccessFile(File,String)</tt></a> constructor.
      *
      * <p>
-     * If there is a security manager, its <code>checkRead</code> method
-     * is called with the <code>name</code> argument
+     * If there is a security manager, its {@code checkRead} method
+     * is called with the {@code name} argument
      * as its argument to see if read access to the file is allowed.
      * If the mode allows writing, the security manager's
-     * <code>checkWrite</code> method
-     * is also called with the <code>name</code> argument
+     * {@code checkWrite} method
+     * is also called with the {@code name} argument
      * as its argument to see if write access to the file is allowed.
      *
      * @param      name   the system-dependent filename
@@ -113,9 +115,9 @@
      *            that name cannot be created, or if some other error occurs
      *            while opening or creating the file
      * @exception  SecurityException         if a security manager exists and its
-     *               <code>checkRead</code> method denies read access to the file
+     *               {@code checkRead} method denies read access to the file
      *               or the mode is "rw" and the security manager's
-     *               <code>checkWrite</code> method denies write access to the file
+     *               {@code checkWrite} method denies write access to the file
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)
@@ -133,12 +135,12 @@
      * write to, the file specified by the {@link File} argument.  A new {@link
      * FileDescriptor} object is created to represent this file connection.
      *
-     * <a name="mode"><p> The <tt>mode</tt> argument specifies the access mode
+     * <p>The <a name="mode"><tt>mode</tt></a> argument specifies the access mode
      * in which the file is to be opened.  The permitted values and their
      * meanings are:
      *
-     * <blockquote><table summary="Access mode permitted values and meanings">
-     * <tr><th><p align="left">Value</p></th><th><p align="left">Meaning</p></th></tr>
+     * <table summary="Access mode permitted values and meanings">
+     * <tr><th align="left">Value</th><th align="left">Meaning</th></tr>
      * <tr><td valign="top"><tt>"r"</tt></td>
      *     <td> Open for reading only.  Invoking any of the <tt>write</tt>
      *     methods of the resulting object will cause an {@link
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@
      *     <td> Open for reading and writing, as with <tt>"rw"</tt>, and also
      *     require that every update to the file's content be written
      *     synchronously to the underlying storage device. </td></tr>
-     * </table></blockquote>
+     * </table>
      *
      * The <tt>"rws"</tt> and <tt>"rwd"</tt> modes work much like the {@link
      * java.nio.channels.FileChannel#force(boolean) force(boolean)} method of
@@ -168,16 +170,16 @@
      * event of a system crash.  If the file does not reside on a local device
      * then no such guarantee is made.
      *
-     * <p> The <tt>"rwd"</tt> mode can be used to reduce the number of I/O
+     * <p>The <tt>"rwd"</tt> mode can be used to reduce the number of I/O
      * operations performed.  Using <tt>"rwd"</tt> only requires updates to the
      * file's content to be written to storage; using <tt>"rws"</tt> requires
      * updates to both the file's content and its metadata to be written, which
      * generally requires at least one more low-level I/O operation.
      *
-     * <p> If there is a security manager, its <code>checkRead</code> method is
-     * called with the pathname of the <code>file</code> argument as its
+     * <p>If there is a security manager, its {@code checkRead} method is
+     * called with the pathname of the {@code file} argument as its
      * argument to see if read access to the file is allowed.  If the mode
-     * allows writing, the security manager's <code>checkWrite</code> method is
+     * allows writing, the security manager's {@code checkWrite} method is
      * also called with the path argument to see if write access to the file is
      * allowed.
      *
@@ -195,9 +197,9 @@
      *            that name cannot be created, or if some other error occurs
      *            while opening or creating the file
      * @exception  SecurityException         if a security manager exists and its
-     *               <code>checkRead</code> method denies read access to the file
+     *               {@code checkRead} method denies read access to the file
      *               or the mode is "rw" and the security manager's
-     *               <code>checkWrite</code> method denies write access to the file
+     *               {@code checkWrite} method denies write access to the file
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkRead(java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkWrite(java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.nio.channels.FileChannel#force(boolean)
@@ -257,14 +259,16 @@
 
     /**
      * Returns the opaque file descriptor object associated with this
-     * stream. </p>
+     * stream.
      *
      * @return     the file descriptor object associated with this stream.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see        java.io.FileDescriptor
      */
     public final FileDescriptor getFD() throws IOException {
-        if (fd != null) return fd;
+        if (fd != null) {
+            return fd;
+        }
         throw new IOException();
     }
 
@@ -273,7 +277,7 @@
      * object associated with this file.
      *
      * <p> The {@link java.nio.channels.FileChannel#position()
-     * </code>position<code>} of the returned channel will always be equal to
+     * position} of the returned channel will always be equal to
      * this object's file-pointer offset as returned by the {@link
      * #getFilePointer getFilePointer} method.  Changing this object's
      * file-pointer offset, whether explicitly or by reading or writing bytes,
@@ -297,15 +301,15 @@
 
     /**
      * Reads a byte of data from this file. The byte is returned as an
-     * integer in the range 0 to 255 (<code>0x00-0x0ff</code>). This
+     * integer in the range 0 to 255 ({@code 0x00-0x0ff}). This
      * method blocks if no input is yet available.
      * <p>
-     * Although <code>RandomAccessFile</code> is not a subclass of
-     * <code>InputStream</code>, this method behaves in exactly the same
+     * Although {@code RandomAccessFile} is not a subclass of
+     * {@code InputStream}, this method behaves in exactly the same
      * way as the {@link InputStream#read()} method of
-     * <code>InputStream</code>.
+     * {@code InputStream}.
      *
-     * @return     the next byte of data, or <code>-1</code> if the end of the
+     * @return     the next byte of data, or {@code -1} if the end of the
      *             file has been reached.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs. Not thrown if
      *                          end-of-file has been reached.
@@ -326,59 +330,59 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Reads up to <code>len</code> bytes of data from this file into an
+     * Reads up to {@code len} bytes of data from this file into an
      * array of bytes. This method blocks until at least one byte of input
      * is available.
      * <p>
-     * Although <code>RandomAccessFile</code> is not a subclass of
-     * <code>InputStream</code>, this method behaves in exactly the
+     * Although {@code RandomAccessFile} is not a subclass of
+     * {@code InputStream}, this method behaves in exactly the
      * same way as the {@link InputStream#read(byte[], int, int)} method of
-     * <code>InputStream</code>.
+     * {@code InputStream}.
      *
      * @param      b     the buffer into which the data is read.
-     * @param      off   the start offset in array <code>b</code>
+     * @param      off   the start offset in array {@code b}
      *                   at which the data is written.
      * @param      len   the maximum number of bytes read.
      * @return     the total number of bytes read into the buffer, or
-     *             <code>-1</code> if there is no more data because the end of
+     *             {@code -1} if there is no more data because the end of
      *             the file has been reached.
      * @exception  IOException If the first byte cannot be read for any reason
      * other than end of file, or if the random access file has been closed, or if
      * some other I/O error occurs.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException If <code>b</code> is <code>null</code>.
-     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException If <code>off</code> is negative,
-     * <code>len</code> is negative, or <code>len</code> is greater than
-     * <code>b.length - off</code>
+     * @exception  NullPointerException If {@code b} is {@code null}.
+     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException If {@code off} is negative,
+     * {@code len} is negative, or {@code len} is greater than
+     * {@code b.length - off}
      */
     public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
         return readBytes(b, off, len);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Reads up to <code>b.length</code> bytes of data from this file
+     * Reads up to {@code b.length} bytes of data from this file
      * into an array of bytes. This method blocks until at least one byte
      * of input is available.
      * <p>
-     * Although <code>RandomAccessFile</code> is not a subclass of
-     * <code>InputStream</code>, this method behaves in exactly the
+     * Although {@code RandomAccessFile} is not a subclass of
+     * {@code InputStream}, this method behaves in exactly the
      * same way as the {@link InputStream#read(byte[])} method of
-     * <code>InputStream</code>.
+     * {@code InputStream}.
      *
      * @param      b   the buffer into which the data is read.
      * @return     the total number of bytes read into the buffer, or
-     *             <code>-1</code> if there is no more data because the end of
+     *             {@code -1} if there is no more data because the end of
      *             this file has been reached.
      * @exception  IOException If the first byte cannot be read for any reason
      * other than end of file, or if the random access file has been closed, or if
      * some other I/O error occurs.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException If <code>b</code> is <code>null</code>.
+     * @exception  NullPointerException If {@code b} is {@code null}.
      */
     public int read(byte b[]) throws IOException {
         return readBytes(b, 0, b.length);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Reads <code>b.length</code> bytes from this file into the byte
+     * Reads {@code b.length} bytes from this file into the byte
      * array, starting at the current file pointer. This method reads
      * repeatedly from the file until the requested number of bytes are
      * read. This method blocks until the requested number of bytes are
@@ -394,7 +398,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Reads exactly <code>len</code> bytes from this file into the byte
+     * Reads exactly {@code len} bytes from this file into the byte
      * array, starting at the current file pointer. This method reads
      * repeatedly from the file until the requested number of bytes are
      * read. This method blocks until the requested number of bytes are
@@ -418,15 +422,15 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Attempts to skip over <code>n</code> bytes of input discarding the
+     * Attempts to skip over {@code n} bytes of input discarding the
      * skipped bytes.
      * <p>
      *
      * This method may skip over some smaller number of bytes, possibly zero.
      * This may result from any of a number of conditions; reaching end of
-     * file before <code>n</code> bytes have been skipped is only one
-     * possibility. This method never throws an <code>EOFException</code>.
-     * The actual number of bytes skipped is returned.  If <code>n</code>
+     * file before {@code n} bytes have been skipped is only one
+     * possibility. This method never throws an {@code EOFException}.
+     * The actual number of bytes skipped is returned.  If {@code n}
      * is negative, no bytes are skipped.
      *
      * @param      n   the number of bytes to be skipped.
@@ -459,7 +463,7 @@
      * Writes the specified byte to this file. The write starts at
      * the current file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      b   the <code>byte</code> to be written.
+     * @param      b   the {@code byte} to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public void write(int b) throws IOException {
@@ -483,7 +487,7 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Writes <code>b.length</code> bytes from the specified byte array
+     * Writes {@code b.length} bytes from the specified byte array
      * to this file, starting at the current file pointer.
      *
      * @param      b   the data.
@@ -494,8 +498,8 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Writes <code>len</code> bytes from the specified byte array
-     * starting at offset <code>off</code> to this file.
+     * Writes {@code len} bytes from the specified byte array
+     * starting at offset {@code off} to this file.
      *
      * @param      b     the data.
      * @param      off   the start offset in the data.
@@ -534,8 +538,8 @@
      * @param      offset   the offset position, measured in bytes from the
      *                   beginning of the file, at which to set the file
      *                   pointer.
-     * @exception  IOException  if <code>pos</code> is less than
-     *                          <code>0</code> or if an I/O error occurs.
+     * @exception  IOException  if {@code pos} is less than
+     *                          {@code 0} or if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public void seek(long offset) throws IOException {
         if (offset < 0) {
@@ -566,14 +570,14 @@
      * Sets the length of this file.
      *
      * <p> If the present length of the file as returned by the
-     * <code>length</code> method is greater than the <code>newLength</code>
+     * {@code length} method is greater than the {@code newLength}
      * argument then the file will be truncated.  In this case, if the file
-     * offset as returned by the <code>getFilePointer</code> method is greater
-     * than <code>newLength</code> then after this method returns the offset
-     * will be equal to <code>newLength</code>.
+     * offset as returned by the {@code getFilePointer} method is greater
+     * than {@code newLength} then after this method returns the offset
+     * will be equal to {@code newLength}.
      *
      * <p> If the present length of the file as returned by the
-     * <code>length</code> method is smaller than the <code>newLength</code>
+     * {@code length} method is smaller than the {@code newLength}
      * argument then the file will be extended.  In this case, the contents of
      * the extended portion of the file are not defined.
      *
@@ -637,14 +641,14 @@
     //
 
     /**
-     * Reads a <code>boolean</code> from this file. This method reads a
+     * Reads a {@code boolean} from this file. This method reads a
      * single byte from the file, starting at the current file pointer.
-     * A value of <code>0</code> represents
-     * <code>false</code>. Any other value represents <code>true</code>.
+     * A value of {@code 0} represents
+     * {@code false}. Any other value represents {@code true}.
      * This method blocks until the byte is read, the end of the stream
      * is detected, or an exception is thrown.
      *
-     * @return     the <code>boolean</code> value read.
+     * @return     the {@code boolean} value read.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this file has reached the end.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
      */
@@ -658,7 +662,7 @@
     /**
      * Reads a signed eight-bit value from this file. This method reads a
      * byte from the file, starting from the current file pointer.
-     * If the byte read is <code>b</code>, where
+     * If the byte read is {@code b}, where
      * <code>0&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;b&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;255</code>,
      * then the result is:
      * <blockquote><pre>
@@ -669,7 +673,7 @@
      * is detected, or an exception is thrown.
      *
      * @return     the next byte of this file as a signed eight-bit
-     *             <code>byte</code>.
+     *             {@code byte}.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this file has reached the end.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
      */
@@ -704,8 +708,8 @@
      * Reads a signed 16-bit number from this file. The method reads two
      * bytes from this file, starting at the current file pointer.
      * If the two bytes read, in order, are
-     * <code>b1</code> and <code>b2</code>, where each of the two values is
-     * between <code>0</code> and <code>255</code>, inclusive, then the
+     * {@code b1} and {@code b2}, where each of the two values is
+     * between {@code 0} and {@code 255}, inclusive, then the
      * result is equal to:
      * <blockquote><pre>
      *     (short)((b1 &lt;&lt; 8) | b2)
@@ -732,7 +736,7 @@
      * Reads an unsigned 16-bit number from this file. This method reads
      * two bytes from the file, starting at the current file pointer.
      * If the bytes read, in order, are
-     * <code>b1</code> and <code>b2</code>, where
+     * {@code b1} and {@code b2}, where
      * <code>0&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;b1, b2&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;255</code>,
      * then the result is equal to:
      * <blockquote><pre>
@@ -760,7 +764,7 @@
      * Reads a character from this file. This method reads two
      * bytes from the file, starting at the current file pointer.
      * If the bytes read, in order, are
-     * <code>b1</code> and <code>b2</code>, where
+     * {@code b1} and {@code b2}, where
      * <code>0&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;b1,&nbsp;b2&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;255</code>,
      * then the result is equal to:
      * <blockquote><pre>
@@ -771,7 +775,7 @@
      * stream is detected, or an exception is thrown.
      *
      * @return     the next two bytes of this file, interpreted as a
-     *                  <code>char</code>.
+     *                  {@code char}.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this file reaches the end before reading
      *               two bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -787,8 +791,8 @@
     /**
      * Reads a signed 32-bit integer from this file. This method reads 4
      * bytes from the file, starting at the current file pointer.
-     * If the bytes read, in order, are <code>b1</code>,
-     * <code>b2</code>, <code>b3</code>, and <code>b4</code>, where
+     * If the bytes read, in order, are {@code b1},
+     * {@code b2}, {@code b3}, and {@code b4}, where
      * <code>0&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;b1, b2, b3, b4&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;255</code>,
      * then the result is equal to:
      * <blockquote><pre>
@@ -799,7 +803,7 @@
      * stream is detected, or an exception is thrown.
      *
      * @return     the next four bytes of this file, interpreted as an
-     *             <code>int</code>.
+     *             {@code int}.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this file reaches the end before reading
      *               four bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -818,15 +822,15 @@
      * Reads a signed 64-bit integer from this file. This method reads eight
      * bytes from the file, starting at the current file pointer.
      * If the bytes read, in order, are
-     * <code>b1</code>, <code>b2</code>, <code>b3</code>,
-     * <code>b4</code>, <code>b5</code>, <code>b6</code>,
-     * <code>b7</code>, and <code>b8,</code> where:
+     * {@code b1}, {@code b2}, {@code b3},
+     * {@code b4}, {@code b5}, {@code b6},
+     * {@code b7}, and {@code b8,} where:
      * <blockquote><pre>
      *     0 &lt;= b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8 &lt;=255,
      * </pre></blockquote>
      * <p>
      * then the result is equal to:
-     * <p><blockquote><pre>
+     * <blockquote><pre>
      *     ((long)b1 &lt;&lt; 56) + ((long)b2 &lt;&lt; 48)
      *     + ((long)b3 &lt;&lt; 40) + ((long)b4 &lt;&lt; 32)
      *     + ((long)b5 &lt;&lt; 24) + ((long)b6 &lt;&lt; 16)
@@ -837,7 +841,7 @@
      * stream is detected, or an exception is thrown.
      *
      * @return     the next eight bytes of this file, interpreted as a
-     *             <code>long</code>.
+     *             {@code long}.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this file reaches the end before reading
      *               eight bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -847,18 +851,18 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Reads a <code>float</code> from this file. This method reads an
-     * <code>int</code> value, starting at the current file pointer,
-     * as if by the <code>readInt</code> method
-     * and then converts that <code>int</code> to a <code>float</code>
-     * using the <code>intBitsToFloat</code> method in class
-     * <code>Float</code>.
+     * Reads a {@code float} from this file. This method reads an
+     * {@code int} value, starting at the current file pointer,
+     * as if by the {@code readInt} method
+     * and then converts that {@code int} to a {@code float}
+     * using the {@code intBitsToFloat} method in class
+     * {@code Float}.
      * <p>
      * This method blocks until the four bytes are read, the end of the
      * stream is detected, or an exception is thrown.
      *
      * @return     the next four bytes of this file, interpreted as a
-     *             <code>float</code>.
+     *             {@code float}.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this file reaches the end before reading
      *             four bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -870,18 +874,18 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Reads a <code>double</code> from this file. This method reads a
-     * <code>long</code> value, starting at the current file pointer,
-     * as if by the <code>readLong</code> method
-     * and then converts that <code>long</code> to a <code>double</code>
-     * using the <code>longBitsToDouble</code> method in
-     * class <code>Double</code>.
+     * Reads a {@code double} from this file. This method reads a
+     * {@code long} value, starting at the current file pointer,
+     * as if by the {@code readLong} method
+     * and then converts that {@code long} to a {@code double}
+     * using the {@code longBitsToDouble} method in
+     * class {@code Double}.
      * <p>
      * This method blocks until the eight bytes are read, the end of the
      * stream is detected, or an exception is thrown.
      *
      * @return     the next eight bytes of this file, interpreted as a
-     *             <code>double</code>.
+     *             {@code double}.
      * @exception  EOFException  if this file reaches the end before reading
      *             eight bytes.
      * @exception  IOException   if an I/O error occurs.
@@ -902,7 +906,7 @@
      * therefore, support the full Unicode character set.
      *
      * <p> A line of text is terminated by a carriage-return character
-     * (<code>'&#92;r'</code>), a newline character (<code>'&#92;n'</code>), a
+     * ({@code '\u005Cr'}), a newline character ({@code '\u005Cn'}), a
      * carriage-return character immediately followed by a newline character,
      * or the end of the file.  Line-terminating characters are discarded and
      * are not included as part of the string returned.
@@ -954,7 +958,7 @@
      * <p>
      * The first two bytes are read, starting from the current file
      * pointer, as if by
-     * <code>readUnsignedShort</code>. This value gives the number of
+     * {@code readUnsignedShort}. This value gives the number of
      * following bytes that are in the encoded string, not
      * the length of the resulting string. The following bytes are then
      * interpreted as bytes encoding characters in the modified UTF-8 format
@@ -976,13 +980,13 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Writes a <code>boolean</code> to the file as a one-byte value. The
-     * value <code>true</code> is written out as the value
-     * <code>(byte)1</code>; the value <code>false</code> is written out
-     * as the value <code>(byte)0</code>. The write starts at
+     * Writes a {@code boolean} to the file as a one-byte value. The
+     * value {@code true} is written out as the value
+     * {@code (byte)1}; the value {@code false} is written out
+     * as the value {@code (byte)0}. The write starts at
      * the current position of the file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      v   a <code>boolean</code> value to be written.
+     * @param      v   a {@code boolean} value to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public final void writeBoolean(boolean v) throws IOException {
@@ -991,10 +995,10 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Writes a <code>byte</code> to the file as a one-byte value. The
+     * Writes a {@code byte} to the file as a one-byte value. The
      * write starts at the current position of the file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      v   a <code>byte</code> value to be written.
+     * @param      v   a {@code byte} value to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public final void writeByte(int v) throws IOException {
@@ -1003,10 +1007,10 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Writes a <code>short</code> to the file as two bytes, high byte first.
+     * Writes a {@code short} to the file as two bytes, high byte first.
      * The write starts at the current position of the file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      v   a <code>short</code> to be written.
+     * @param      v   a {@code short} to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public final void writeShort(int v) throws IOException {
@@ -1016,11 +1020,11 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Writes a <code>char</code> to the file as a two-byte value, high
+     * Writes a {@code char} to the file as a two-byte value, high
      * byte first. The write starts at the current position of the
      * file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      v   a <code>char</code> value to be written.
+     * @param      v   a {@code char} value to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public final void writeChar(int v) throws IOException {
@@ -1030,10 +1034,10 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Writes an <code>int</code> to the file as four bytes, high byte first.
+     * Writes an {@code int} to the file as four bytes, high byte first.
      * The write starts at the current position of the file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      v   an <code>int</code> to be written.
+     * @param      v   an {@code int} to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public final void writeInt(int v) throws IOException {
@@ -1045,10 +1049,10 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Writes a <code>long</code> to the file as eight bytes, high byte first.
+     * Writes a {@code long} to the file as eight bytes, high byte first.
      * The write starts at the current position of the file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      v   a <code>long</code> to be written.
+     * @param      v   a {@code long} to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      */
     public final void writeLong(long v) throws IOException {
@@ -1064,13 +1068,13 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Converts the float argument to an <code>int</code> using the
-     * <code>floatToIntBits</code> method in class <code>Float</code>,
-     * and then writes that <code>int</code> value to the file as a
+     * Converts the float argument to an {@code int} using the
+     * {@code floatToIntBits} method in class {@code Float},
+     * and then writes that {@code int} value to the file as a
      * four-byte quantity, high byte first. The write starts at the
      * current position of the file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      v   a <code>float</code> value to be written.
+     * @param      v   a {@code float} value to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see        java.lang.Float#floatToIntBits(float)
      */
@@ -1079,13 +1083,13 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Converts the double argument to a <code>long</code> using the
-     * <code>doubleToLongBits</code> method in class <code>Double</code>,
-     * and then writes that <code>long</code> value to the file as an
+     * Converts the double argument to a {@code long} using the
+     * {@code doubleToLongBits} method in class {@code Double},
+     * and then writes that {@code long} value to the file as an
      * eight-byte quantity, high byte first. The write starts at the current
      * position of the file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      v   a <code>double</code> value to be written.
+     * @param      v   a {@code double} value to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see        java.lang.Double#doubleToLongBits(double)
      */
@@ -1102,6 +1106,7 @@
      * @param      s   a string of bytes to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
     public final void writeBytes(String s) throws IOException {
         int len = s.length();
         byte[] b = new byte[len];
@@ -1112,10 +1117,10 @@
     /**
      * Writes a string to the file as a sequence of characters. Each
      * character is written to the data output stream as if by the
-     * <code>writeChar</code> method. The write starts at the current
+     * {@code writeChar} method. The write starts at the current
      * position of the file pointer.
      *
-     * @param      s   a <code>String</code> value to be written.
+     * @param      s   a {@code String} value to be written.
      * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
      * @see        java.io.RandomAccessFile#writeChar(int)
      */
@@ -1139,7 +1144,7 @@
      * <p>
      * First, two bytes are written to the file, starting at the
      * current file pointer, as if by the
-     * <code>writeShort</code> method giving the number of bytes to
+     * {@code writeShort} method giving the number of bytes to
      * follow. This value is the number of bytes actually written out,
      * not the length of the string. Following the length, each character
      * of the string is output, in sequence, using the modified UTF-8 encoding
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Constructor.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Constructor.java
index 3e26cbb..a85d427 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Constructor.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Constructor.java
@@ -74,6 +74,12 @@
         return new Constructor<T>(ctor, cl);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    boolean hasGenericInformation() {
+        // Android-changed: Signature retrieval is handled in AbstractMethod.
+        return super.hasGenericInformationInternal();
+    }
+
     /**
      * {@inheritDoc}
      */
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Executable.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Executable.java
index 1840566..6c7f775 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Executable.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Executable.java
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@
      */
     Executable() {}
 
+    /**
+     * Does the Executable have generic information.
+     */
+    abstract boolean hasGenericInformation();
+
     boolean equalParamTypes(Class<?>[] params1, Class<?>[] params2) {
         /* Avoid unnecessary cloning */
         if (params1.length == params2.length) {
@@ -256,6 +261,160 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Behaves like {@code getGenericParameterTypes}, but returns type
+     * information for all parameters, including synthetic parameters.
+     */
+    Type[] getAllGenericParameterTypes() {
+        final boolean genericInfo = hasGenericInformation();
+
+        // Easy case: we don't have generic parameter information.  In
+        // this case, we just return the result of
+        // getParameterTypes().
+        if (!genericInfo) {
+            return getParameterTypes();
+        } else {
+            final boolean realParamData = hasRealParameterData();
+            final Type[] genericParamTypes = getGenericParameterTypes();
+            final Type[] nonGenericParamTypes = getParameterTypes();
+            final Type[] out = new Type[nonGenericParamTypes.length];
+            final Parameter[] params = getParameters();
+            int fromidx = 0;
+            // If we have real parameter data, then we use the
+            // synthetic and mandate flags to our advantage.
+            if (realParamData) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < out.length; i++) {
+                    final Parameter param = params[i];
+                    if (param.isSynthetic() || param.isImplicit()) {
+                        // If we hit a synthetic or mandated parameter,
+                        // use the non generic parameter info.
+                        out[i] = nonGenericParamTypes[i];
+                    } else {
+                        // Otherwise, use the generic parameter info.
+                        out[i] = genericParamTypes[fromidx];
+                        fromidx++;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Otherwise, use the non-generic parameter data.
+                // Without method parameter reflection data, we have
+                // no way to figure out which parameters are
+                // synthetic/mandated, thus, no way to match up the
+                // indexes.
+                return genericParamTypes.length == nonGenericParamTypes.length ?
+                    genericParamTypes : nonGenericParamTypes;
+            }
+            return out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of {@code Parameter} objects that represent
+     * all the parameters to the underlying executable represented by
+     * this object.  Returns an array of length 0 if the executable
+     * has no parameters.
+     *
+     * <p>The parameters of the underlying executable do not necessarily
+     * have unique names, or names that are legal identifiers in the
+     * Java programming language (JLS 3.8).
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     * @throws MalformedParametersException if the class file contains
+     * a MethodParameters attribute that is improperly formatted.
+     * @return an array of {@code Parameter} objects representing all
+     * the parameters to the executable this object represents.
+     * @hide Hidden pending tests
+     */
+    public Parameter[] getParameters() {
+        // TODO: This may eventually need to be guarded by security
+        // mechanisms similar to those in Field, Method, etc.
+        //
+        // Need to copy the cached array to prevent users from messing
+        // with it.  Since parameters are immutable, we can
+        // shallow-copy.
+        return privateGetParameters().clone();
+    }
+
+    private Parameter[] synthesizeAllParams() {
+        final int realparams = getParameterCount();
+        final Parameter[] out = new Parameter[realparams];
+        for (int i = 0; i < realparams; i++)
+            // TODO: is there a way to synthetically derive the
+            // modifiers?  Probably not in the general case, since
+            // we'd have no way of knowing about them, but there
+            // may be specific cases.
+            out[i] = new Parameter("arg" + i, 0, this, i);
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    private void verifyParameters(final Parameter[] parameters) {
+        final int mask = Modifier.FINAL | Modifier.SYNTHETIC | Modifier.MANDATED;
+
+        if (getParameterTypes().length != parameters.length)
+            throw new MalformedParametersException("Wrong number of parameters in MethodParameters attribute");
+
+        for (Parameter parameter : parameters) {
+            final String name = parameter.getRealName();
+            final int mods = parameter.getModifiers();
+
+            if (name != null) {
+                if (name.isEmpty() || name.indexOf('.') != -1 ||
+                    name.indexOf(';') != -1 || name.indexOf('[') != -1 ||
+                    name.indexOf('/') != -1) {
+                    throw new MalformedParametersException("Invalid parameter name \"" + name + "\"");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (mods != (mods & mask)) {
+                throw new MalformedParametersException("Invalid parameter modifiers");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Parameter[] privateGetParameters() {
+        // Use tmp to avoid multiple writes to a volatile.
+        Parameter[] tmp = parameters;
+
+        if (tmp == null) {
+            // Android-changed: Commented for now.
+            /*
+            // Otherwise, go to the JVM to get them
+            try {
+                tmp = getParameters0();
+            } catch(IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                // Rethrow ClassFormatErrors
+                throw new MalformedParametersException("Invalid constant pool index");
+            }
+            */
+            // Android-changed: End of changes.
+
+            // If we get back nothing, then synthesize parameters
+            if (tmp == null) {
+                hasRealParameterData = false;
+                tmp = synthesizeAllParams();
+            } else {
+                hasRealParameterData = true;
+                verifyParameters(tmp);
+            }
+
+            parameters = tmp;
+        }
+
+        return tmp;
+    }
+
+    boolean hasRealParameterData() {
+        // If this somehow gets called before parameters gets
+        // initialized, force it into existence.
+        if (parameters == null) {
+            privateGetParameters();
+        }
+        return hasRealParameterData;
+    }
+
+    private transient volatile boolean hasRealParameterData;
+    private transient volatile Parameter[] parameters;
+
+    /**
      * Returns an array of {@code Class} objects that represent the
      * types of exceptions declared to be thrown by the underlying
      * executable represented by this object.  Returns an array of
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/MalformedParametersException.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/MalformedParametersException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b14b15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/MalformedParametersException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang.reflect;
+
+/**
+ * Thrown when {@link java.lang.reflect.Executable#getParameters the
+ * java.lang.reflect package} attempts to read method parameters from
+ * a class file and determines that one or more parameters are
+ * malformed.
+ *
+ * <p>The following is a list of conditions under which this exception
+ * can be thrown:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li> The number of parameters (parameter_count) is wrong for the method
+ * <li> A constant pool index is out of bounds.
+ * <li> A constant pool index does not refer to a UTF-8 entry
+ * <li> A parameter's name is "", or contains an illegal character
+ * <li> The flags field contains an illegal flag (something other than
+ *     FINAL, SYNTHETIC, or MANDATED)
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * See {@link java.lang.reflect.Executable#getParameters} for more
+ * information.
+ *
+ * @see java.lang.reflect.Executable#getParameters
+ * @since 1.8
+ * @hide Hidden pending tests
+ */
+public class MalformedParametersException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    /**
+     * Version for serialization.
+     */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 20130919L;
+
+    /**
+     * Create a {@code MalformedParametersException} with an empty
+     * reason.
+     */
+    public MalformedParametersException() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Create a {@code MalformedParametersException}.
+     *
+     * @param reason The reason for the exception.
+     */
+    public MalformedParametersException(String reason) {
+        super(reason);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Method.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Method.java
index a9f2eb7..fe41c5e 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Method.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Method.java
@@ -82,9 +82,15 @@
     private Method() {
     }
 
+    @Override
+    boolean hasGenericInformation() {
+        // Android-changed: Signature retrieval is handled in AbstractMethod.
+        return super.hasGenericInformationInternal();
+    }
+
     /**
      * {@inheritDoc}
-      */
+     */
     @Override
     public Class<?> getDeclaringClass() {
         // Android-changed: This is handled by AbstractMethod.
@@ -159,6 +165,7 @@
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public Type getGenericReturnType() {
+        // Android-changed: Modified implementation to use AbstractMethod.
       return Types.getType(getMethodOrConstructorGenericInfoInternal().genericReturnType);
     }
 
@@ -238,7 +245,6 @@
         return getDeclaringClass().getName().hashCode() ^ getName().hashCode();
     }
 
-
     /**
      * Returns a string describing this {@code Method}.  The string is
      * formatted as the method access modifiers, if any, followed by
@@ -332,7 +338,6 @@
         sb.append(getName());
     }
 
-
     /**
      * Invokes the underlying method represented by this {@code Method}
      * object, on the specified object with the specified parameters.
@@ -425,7 +430,6 @@
         return super.isSynthetic();
     }
 
-
     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if this method is a default
      * method; returns {@code false} otherwise.
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Parameter.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Parameter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89dd606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Parameter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+package java.lang.reflect;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.*;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import libcore.reflect.AnnotatedElements;
+
+/**
+ * Information about method parameters.
+ *
+ * A {@code Parameter} provides information about method parameters,
+ * including its name and modifiers.  It also provides an alternate
+ * means of obtaining attributes for the parameter.
+ *
+ * @since 1.8
+ * @hide Hidden pending tests
+ */
+public final class Parameter implements AnnotatedElement {
+
+    private final String name;
+    private final int modifiers;
+    private final Executable executable;
+    private final int index;
+
+    /**
+     * Package-private constructor for {@code Parameter}.
+     *
+     * If method parameter data is present in the classfile, then the
+     * JVM creates {@code Parameter} objects directly.  If it is
+     * absent, however, then {@code Executable} uses this constructor
+     * to synthesize them.
+     *
+     * @param name The name of the parameter.
+     * @param modifiers The modifier flags for the parameter.
+     * @param executable The executable which defines this parameter.
+     * @param index The index of the parameter.
+     */
+    Parameter(String name,
+              int modifiers,
+              Executable executable,
+              int index) {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.modifiers = modifiers;
+        this.executable = executable;
+        this.index = index;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares based on the executable and the index.
+     *
+     * @param obj The object to compare.
+     * @return Whether or not this is equal to the argument.
+     */
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if(obj instanceof Parameter) {
+            Parameter other = (Parameter)obj;
+            return (other.executable.equals(executable) &&
+                    other.index == index);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a hash code based on the executable's hash code and the
+     * index.
+     *
+     * @return A hash code based on the executable's hash code.
+     */
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return executable.hashCode() ^ index;
+    }
+
+    // Android-changed: Removed references to the class file format.
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the parameter has a name; returns false otherwise.
+     * Whether a parameter has a name is determined by compiler options
+     * and whether the parameter is synthesized.
+     *
+     * @return true if and only if the parameter has a name
+     */
+    public boolean isNamePresent() {
+        return executable.hasRealParameterData() && name != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string describing this parameter.  The format is the
+     * modifiers for the parameter, if any, in canonical order as
+     * recommended by <cite>The Java&trade; Language
+     * Specification</cite>, followed by the fully- qualified type of
+     * the parameter (excluding the last [] if the parameter is
+     * variable arity), followed by "..." if the parameter is variable
+     * arity, followed by a space, followed by the name of the
+     * parameter.
+     *
+     * @return A string representation of the parameter and associated
+     * information.
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        final Type type = getParameterizedType();
+        final String typename = type.getTypeName();
+
+        sb.append(Modifier.toString(getModifiers()));
+
+        if(0 != modifiers)
+            sb.append(' ');
+
+        if(isVarArgs())
+            sb.append(typename.replaceFirst("\\[\\]$", "..."));
+        else
+            sb.append(typename);
+
+        sb.append(' ');
+        sb.append(getName());
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the {@code Executable} which declares this parameter.
+     *
+     * @return The {@code Executable} declaring this parameter.
+     */
+    public Executable getDeclaringExecutable() {
+        return executable;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the modifier flags for this the parameter represented by
+     * this {@code Parameter} object.
+     *
+     * @return The modifier flags for this parameter.
+     */
+    public int getModifiers() {
+        return modifiers;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the parameter.  If the parameter's name is
+     * {@linkplain #isNamePresent() present}, then this method returns
+     * the name provided by the class file. Otherwise, this method
+     * synthesizes a name of the form argN, where N is the index of
+     * the parameter in the descriptor of the method which declares
+     * the parameter.
+     *
+     * @return The name of the parameter, either provided by the class
+     *         file or synthesized if the class file does not provide
+     *         a name.
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        // Note: empty strings as paramete names are now outlawed.
+        // The .equals("") is for compatibility with current JVM
+        // behavior.  It may be removed at some point.
+        if(name == null || name.equals(""))
+            return "arg" + index;
+        else
+            return name;
+    }
+
+    // Package-private accessor to the real name field.
+    String getRealName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Type} object that identifies the parameterized
+     * type for the parameter represented by this {@code Parameter}
+     * object.
+     *
+     * @return a {@code Type} object identifying the parameterized
+     * type of the parameter represented by this object
+     */
+    public Type getParameterizedType() {
+        Type tmp = parameterTypeCache;
+        if (null == tmp) {
+            tmp = executable.getAllGenericParameterTypes()[index];
+            parameterTypeCache = tmp;
+        }
+
+        return tmp;
+    }
+
+    private transient volatile Type parameterTypeCache = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Class} object that identifies the
+     * declared type for the parameter represented by this
+     * {@code Parameter} object.
+     *
+     * @return a {@code Class} object identifying the declared
+     * type of the parameter represented by this object
+     */
+    public Class<?> getType() {
+        Class<?> tmp = parameterClassCache;
+        if (null == tmp) {
+            tmp = executable.getParameterTypes()[index];
+            parameterClassCache = tmp;
+        }
+        return tmp;
+    }
+
+    private transient volatile Class<?> parameterClassCache = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this parameter is implicitly declared
+     * in source code; returns {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @return true if and only if this parameter is implicitly
+     * declared as defined by <cite>The Java&trade; Language
+     * Specification</cite>.
+     */
+    public boolean isImplicit() {
+        return Modifier.isMandated(getModifiers());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this parameter is neither implicitly
+     * nor explicitly declared in source code; returns {@code false}
+     * otherwise.
+     *
+     * @jls 13.1 The Form of a Binary
+     * @return true if and only if this parameter is a synthetic
+     * construct as defined by
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
+     */
+    public boolean isSynthetic() {
+        return Modifier.isSynthetic(getModifiers());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this parameter represents a variable
+     * argument list; returns {@code false} otherwise.
+     *
+     * @return {@code true} if an only if this parameter represents a
+     * variable argument list.
+     */
+    public boolean isVarArgs() {
+        return executable.isVarArgs() &&
+            index == executable.getParameterCount() - 1;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> annotationClass) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);
+        // Android-changed: Uses native code to obtain annotation information.
+        return getAnnotationNative(executable, index, annotationClass);
+    }
+    private static native <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotationNative(
+            Executable executable, int parameterIndex, Class<A> annotationType);
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public <T extends Annotation> T[] getAnnotationsByType(Class<T> annotationClass) {
+        // Android-changed: Uses AnnotatedElements instead.
+        return AnnotatedElements.getDirectOrIndirectAnnotationsByType(this, annotationClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations() {
+        return executable.getParameterAnnotations()[index];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public <T extends Annotation> T getDeclaredAnnotation(Class<T> annotationClass) {
+        // Only annotations on classes are inherited, for all other
+        // objects getDeclaredAnnotation is the same as
+        // getAnnotation.
+        return getAnnotation(annotationClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public <T extends Annotation> T[] getDeclaredAnnotationsByType(Class<T> annotationClass) {
+        // Only annotations on classes are inherited, for all other
+        // objects getDeclaredAnnotations is the same as
+        // getAnnotations.
+        return getAnnotationsByType(annotationClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public Annotation[] getAnnotations() {
+        return getDeclaredAnnotations();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java
index daa7b92..6f9f7dc 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java
@@ -303,11 +303,16 @@
             ret = socketGetOption(opt, null);
             return new Integer(ret);
         case IP_TOS:
-            ret = socketGetOption(opt, null);
-            if (ret == -1) { // ipv6 tos
-                return new Integer(trafficClass);
-            } else {
-                return new Integer(ret);
+            try {
+                ret = socketGetOption(opt, null);
+                if (ret == -1) { // ipv6 tos
+                    return trafficClass;
+                } else {
+                    return ret;
+                }
+            } catch (SocketException se) {
+                // TODO - should make better effort to read TOS or TCLASS
+                return trafficClass; // ipv6 tos
             }
         case SO_KEEPALIVE:
             ret = socketGetOption(opt, null);
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/DatagramSocket.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/DatagramSocket.java
index a6f09fa..4e03f8f 100755
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/DatagramSocket.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/DatagramSocket.java
@@ -172,10 +172,11 @@
                 // connection will be emulated by DatagramSocket
                 connectState = ST_CONNECTED_NO_IMPL;
           }*/
-          getImpl().connect(address, port);
 
           // socket is now connected by the impl
           connectState = ST_CONNECTED;
+          getImpl().connect(address, port);
+
           // Do we need to filter some packets?
           int avail = getImpl().dataAvailable();
           if (avail == -1) {
@@ -1219,7 +1220,14 @@
 
         if (isClosed())
             throw new SocketException("Socket is closed");
-        getImpl().setOption(SocketOptions.IP_TOS, new Integer(tc));
+        try {
+            getImpl().setOption(SocketOptions.IP_TOS, tc);
+        } catch (SocketException se) {
+            // not supported if socket already connected
+            // Solaris returns error in such cases
+            if(!isConnected())
+                throw se;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/PlainDatagramSocketImpl.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/PlainDatagramSocketImpl.java
index ae1e3a5..ea45500 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/PlainDatagramSocketImpl.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/PlainDatagramSocketImpl.java
@@ -69,6 +69,15 @@
         return (T)flow;
     }
 
+    protected void socketSetOption(int opt, Object val) throws SocketException {
+        try {
+            socketSetOption0(opt, val);
+        } catch (SocketException se) {
+            if (!connected)
+                throw se;
+        }
+    }
+
     protected synchronized native void bind0(int lport, InetAddress laddr)
         throws SocketException;
 
@@ -99,7 +108,7 @@
 
     protected native void datagramSocketClose();
 
-    protected native void socketSetOption(int opt, Object val)
+    protected native void socketSetOption0(int opt, Object val)
         throws SocketException;
 
     protected native Object socketGetOption(int opt) throws SocketException;
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/PlainSocketImpl.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/PlainSocketImpl.java
index 1409c7b..e2cf44e 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/PlainSocketImpl.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/PlainSocketImpl.java
@@ -82,6 +82,15 @@
         return (T)flow;
     }
 
+    protected void socketSetOption(int opt, boolean b, Object val) throws SocketException {
+        try {
+            socketSetOption0(opt, b, val);
+        } catch (SocketException se) {
+            if (socket == null || !socket.isConnected())
+                throw se;
+        }
+    }
+
     native void socketCreate(boolean isServer) throws IOException;
 
     native void socketConnect(InetAddress address, int port, int timeout)
@@ -100,7 +109,7 @@
 
     native void socketShutdown(int howto) throws IOException;
 
-    native void socketSetOption(int cmd, boolean on, Object value)
+    native void socketSetOption0(int cmd, boolean on, Object value)
         throws SocketException;
 
     native int socketGetOption(int opt, Object iaContainerObj) throws SocketException;
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/Socket.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/Socket.java
index 54f599f..28cd8c4 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/Socket.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/net/Socket.java
@@ -1405,7 +1405,14 @@
 
         if (isClosed())
             throw new SocketException("Socket is closed");
-        getImpl().setOption(SocketOptions.IP_TOS, new Integer(tc));
+        try {
+            getImpl().setOption(SocketOptions.IP_TOS, tc);
+        } catch (SocketException se) {
+            // not supported if socket already connected
+            // Solaris returns error in such cases
+            if(!isConnected())
+                throw se;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/DigestOutputStream.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/DigestOutputStream.java
index 1307bdf..d7f777b 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/DigestOutputStream.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/DigestOutputStream.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 1996, 1999, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@
  * the bits going through the stream.
  *
  * <p>To complete the message digest computation, call one of the
- * <code>digest</code> methods on the associated message
- * digest after your calls to one of this digest ouput stream's
+ * {@code digest} methods on the associated message
+ * digest after your calls to one of this digest output stream's
  * {@link #write(int) write} methods.
  *
  * <p>It is possible to turn this stream on or off (see
  * {@link #on(boolean) on}). When it is on, a call to one of the
- * <code>write</code> methods results in
+ * {@code write} methods results in
  * an update on the message digest.  But when it is off, the message
  * digest is not updated. The default is for the stream to be on.
  *
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@
      * the specified byte, and in any case writes the byte
      * to the output stream. That is, if the digest function is on
      * (see {@link #on(boolean) on}), this method calls
-     * <code>update</code> on the message digest associated with this
-     * stream, passing it the byte <code>b</code>. This method then
+     * {@code update} on the message digest associated with this
+     * stream, passing it the byte {@code b}. This method then
      * writes the byte to the output stream, blocking until the byte
      * is actually written.
      *
@@ -112,17 +112,17 @@
      * @see MessageDigest#update(byte)
      */
     public void write(int b) throws IOException {
+        out.write(b);
         if (on) {
             digest.update((byte)b);
         }
-        out.write(b);
     }
 
     /**
      * Updates the message digest (if the digest function is on) using
      * the specified subarray, and in any case writes the subarray to
      * the output stream. That is, if the digest function is on (see
-     * {@link #on(boolean) on}), this method calls <code>update</code>
+     * {@link #on(boolean) on}), this method calls {@code update}
      * on the message digest associated with this stream, passing it
      * the subarray specifications. This method then writes the subarray
      * bytes to the output stream, blocking until the bytes are actually
@@ -131,26 +131,35 @@
      * @param b the array containing the subarray to be used for updating
      * and writing to the output stream.
      *
-     * @param off the offset into <code>b</code> of the first byte to
+     * @param off the offset into {@code b} of the first byte to
      * be updated and written.
      *
      * @param len the number of bytes of data to be updated and written
-     * from <code>b</code>, starting at offset <code>off</code>.
+     * from {@code b}, starting at offset {@code off}.
      *
      * @exception IOException if an I/O error occurs.
      *
      * @see MessageDigest#update(byte[], int, int)
      */
     public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
+        // BEGIN ANDROID-ADDED: perform checks for parameters first.
+        // See org.apache.harmony.security.tests.j.s.DigestOutputStreamTest#test_write$BII_6
+        if (b == null || off + len > b.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("wrong parameters for write");
+        }
+        if (off < 0 || len < 0) {
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("wrong index for write");
+        }
+        // END ANDROID-ADDED
+        out.write(b, off, len);
         if (on) {
             digest.update(b, off, len);
         }
-        out.write(b, off, len);
     }
 
     /**
      * Turns the digest function on or off. The default is on.  When
-     * it is on, a call to one of the <code>write</code> methods results in an
+     * it is on, a call to one of the {@code write} methods results in an
      * update on the message digest.  But when it is off, the message
      * digest is not updated.
      *
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/PrivilegedActionException.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/PrivilegedActionException.java
index af89fb5..83d855a 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/PrivilegedActionException.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/PrivilegedActionException.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 1998, 2001, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1998, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -27,11 +27,81 @@
 
 /**
  * Legacy security code; do not use.
+ *
+ * This exception is thrown by
+ * {@code doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction)} and
+ * {@code doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction,
+ * AccessControlContext context)} to indicate
+ * that the action being performed threw a checked exception.  The exception
+ * thrown by the action can be obtained by calling the
+ * {@code getException} method.  In effect, an
+ * {@code PrivilegedActionException} is a "wrapper"
+ * for an exception thrown by a privileged action.
+ *
+ * <p>As of release 1.4, this exception has been retrofitted to conform to
+ * the general purpose exception-chaining mechanism.  The "exception thrown
+ * by the privileged computation" that is provided at construction time and
+ * accessed via the {@link #getException()} method is now known as the
+ * <i>cause</i>, and may be accessed via the {@link Throwable#getCause()}
+ * method, as well as the aforementioned "legacy method."
+ *
+ * @see PrivilegedExceptionAction
+ * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction)
+ * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction,AccessControlContext)
  */
-
 public class PrivilegedActionException extends Exception {
+    // use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.2.2 for interoperability
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 4724086851538908602L;
 
-    public PrivilegedActionException(Exception exception) { super(exception); }
+    /**
+     * @serial
+     */
+    private Exception exception;
 
-    public Exception getException() { return null; }
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new PrivilegedActionException &quot;wrapping&quot;
+     * the specific Exception.
+     *
+     * @param exception The exception thrown
+     */
+    public PrivilegedActionException(Exception exception) {
+        super((Throwable)null);  // Disallow initCause
+        this.exception = exception;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the exception thrown by the privileged computation that
+     * resulted in this {@code PrivilegedActionException}.
+     *
+     * <p>This method predates the general-purpose exception chaining facility.
+     * The {@link Throwable#getCause()} method is now the preferred means of
+     * obtaining this information.
+     *
+     * @return the exception thrown by the privileged computation that
+     *         resulted in this {@code PrivilegedActionException}.
+     * @see PrivilegedExceptionAction
+     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction)
+     * @see AccessController#doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction,
+     *                                            AccessControlContext)
+     */
+    public Exception getException() {
+        return exception;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the cause of this exception (the exception thrown by
+     * the privileged computation that resulted in this
+     * {@code PrivilegedActionException}).
+     *
+     * @return  the cause of this exception.
+     * @since   1.4
+     */
+    public Throwable getCause() {
+        return exception;
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        String s = getClass().getName();
+        return (exception != null) ? (s + ": " + exception.toString()) : s;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/Provider.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/Provider.java
index 81ae9f3..a932893 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/Provider.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/security/Provider.java
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
- * Copyright (c) 1996, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1996, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -35,8 +35,9 @@
 import java.lang.ref.*;
 import java.lang.reflect.*;
 import java.security.Security;
-import java.security.cert.CertStoreParameters;
 import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+import java.util.function.Function;
 
 /**
  * This class represents a "provider" for the
@@ -69,20 +70,21 @@
  * security token. A {@link ProviderException} should be used to indicate
  * such errors.
  *
- * <p>The service type <code>Provider</code> is reserved for use by the
+ * <p>The service type {@code Provider} is reserved for use by the
  * security framework. Services of this type cannot be added, removed,
  * or modified by applications.
  * The following attributes are automatically placed in each Provider object:
  * <table cellspacing=4>
+ * <caption><b>Attributes Automatically Placed in a Provider Object</b></caption>
  * <tr><th>Name</th><th>Value</th>
- * <tr><td><code>Provider.id name</code></td>
-  *    <td><code>String.valueOf(provider.getName())</code></td>
- * <tr><td><code>Provider.id version</code></td>
- *     <td><code>String.valueOf(provider.getVersion())</code></td>
- * <tr><td><code>Provider.id info</code></td>
-       <td><code>String.valueOf(provider.getInfo())</code></td>
- * <tr><td><code>Provider.id className</code></td>
- *     <td><code>provider.getClass().getName()</code></td>
+ * <tr><td>{@code Provider.id name}</td>
+  *    <td>{@code String.valueOf(provider.getName())}</td>
+ * <tr><td>{@code Provider.id version}</td>
+ *     <td>{@code String.valueOf(provider.getVersion())}</td>
+ * <tr><td>{@code Provider.id info}</td>
+       <td>{@code String.valueOf(provider.getInfo())}</td>
+ * <tr><td>{@code Provider.id className}</td>
+ *     <td>{@code provider.getClass().getName()}</td>
  * </table>
  *
  * @author Benjamin Renaud
@@ -193,23 +195,19 @@
      * Clears this provider so that it no longer contains the properties
      * used to look up facilities implemented by the provider.
      *
-     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its
-     * <code>checkSecurityAccess</code> method is called with the string
-     * <code>"clearProviderProperties."+name</code> (where <code>name</code>
-     * is the provider name) to see if it's ok to clear this provider.
-     * If the default implementation of <code>checkSecurityAccess</code>
-     * is used (that is, that method is not overriden), then this results in
-     * a call to the security manager's <code>checkPermission</code> method
-     * with a <code>SecurityPermission("clearProviderProperties."+name)</code>
-     * permission.
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the string {@code "clearProviderProperties."+name}
+     * (where {@code name} is the provider name) to see if it's ok to clear
+     * this provider.
      *
      * @throws  SecurityException
-     *          if a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
-     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess}</code> method
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
      *          denies access to clear this provider
      *
      * @since 1.2
      */
+    @Override
     public synchronized void clear() {
         check("clearProviderProperties."+name);
         if (debug != null) {
@@ -226,6 +224,7 @@
      *               input stream.
      * @see java.util.Properties#load
      */
+    @Override
     public synchronized void load(InputStream inStream) throws IOException {
         check("putProviderProperty."+name);
         if (debug != null) {
@@ -243,6 +242,7 @@
      *
      * @since 1.2
      */
+    @Override
     public synchronized void putAll(Map<?,?> t) {
         check("putProviderProperty."+name);
         if (debug != null) {
@@ -258,6 +258,7 @@
      * @see   java.util.Map.Entry
      * @since 1.2
      */
+    @Override
     public synchronized Set<Map.Entry<Object,Object>> entrySet() {
         checkInitialized();
         if (entrySet == null) {
@@ -284,6 +285,7 @@
      *
      * @since 1.2
      */
+    @Override
     public Set<Object> keySet() {
         checkInitialized();
         return Collections.unmodifiableSet(super.keySet());
@@ -295,39 +297,29 @@
      *
      * @since 1.2
      */
+    @Override
     public Collection<Object> values() {
         checkInitialized();
         return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(super.values());
     }
 
     /**
-     * Sets the <code>key</code> property to have the specified
-     * <code>value</code>.
+     * Sets the {@code key} property to have the specified
+     * {@code value}.
      *
-     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its
-     * <code>checkSecurityAccess</code> method is called with the string
-     * <code>"putProviderProperty."+name</code>, where <code>name</code> is the
-     * provider name, to see if it's ok to set this provider's property values.
-     * If the default implementation of <code>checkSecurityAccess</code>
-     * is used (that is, that method is not overriden), then this results in
-     * a call to the security manager's <code>checkPermission</code> method
-     * with a <code>SecurityPermission("putProviderProperty."+name)</code>
-     * permission.
-     *
-     * @param key the property key.
-     *
-     * @param value the property value.
-     *
-     * @return the previous value of the specified property
-     * (<code>key</code>), or null if it did not have one.
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the string {@code "putProviderProperty."+name},
+     * where {@code name} is the provider name, to see if it's ok to set this
+     * provider's property values.
      *
      * @throws  SecurityException
-     *          if a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
-     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess}</code> method
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
      *          denies access to set property values.
      *
      * @since 1.2
      */
+    @Override
     public synchronized Object put(Object key, Object value) {
         check("putProviderProperty."+name);
         if (debug != null) {
@@ -338,32 +330,49 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Removes the <code>key</code> property (and its corresponding
-     * <code>value</code>).
+     * If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped
+     * to {@code null}) associates it with the given value and returns
+     * {@code null}, else returns the current value.
      *
-     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its
-     * <code>checkSecurityAccess</code> method is called with the string
-     * <code>"removeProviderProperty."+name</code>, where <code>name</code> is
-     * the provider name, to see if it's ok to remove this provider's
-     * properties. If the default implementation of
-     * <code>checkSecurityAccess</code> is used (that is, that method is not
-     * overriden), then this results in a call to the security manager's
-     * <code>checkPermission</code> method with a
-     * <code>SecurityPermission("removeProviderProperty."+name)</code>
-     * permission.
-     *
-     * @param key the key for the property to be removed.
-     *
-     * @return the value to which the key had been mapped,
-     * or null if the key did not have a mapping.
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the string {@code "putProviderProperty."+name},
+     * where {@code name} is the provider name, to see if it's ok to set this
+     * provider's property values.
      *
      * @throws  SecurityException
-     *          if a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
-     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess}</code> method
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
+     *          denies access to set property values.
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Object putIfAbsent(Object key, Object value) {
+        check("putProviderProperty."+name);
+        if (debug != null) {
+            debug.println("Set " + name + " provider property [" +
+                          key + "/" + value +"]");
+        }
+        return implPutIfAbsent(key, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the {@code key} property (and its corresponding
+     * {@code value}).
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the string {@code "removeProviderProperty."+name},
+     * where {@code name} is the provider name, to see if it's ok to remove this
+     * provider's properties.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
      *          denies access to remove this provider's properties.
      *
      * @since 1.2
      */
+    @Override
     public synchronized Object remove(Object key) {
         check("removeProviderProperty."+name);
         if (debug != null) {
@@ -372,11 +381,247 @@
         return implRemove(key);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Removes the entry for the specified key only if it is currently
+     * mapped to the specified value.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the string {@code "removeProviderProperty."+name},
+     * where {@code name} is the provider name, to see if it's ok to remove this
+     * provider's properties.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
+     *          denies access to remove this provider's properties.
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
+        check("removeProviderProperty."+name);
+        if (debug != null) {
+            debug.println("Remove " + name + " provider property " + key);
+        }
+        return implRemove(key, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the entry for the specified key only if currently
+     * mapped to the specified value.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the string {@code "putProviderProperty."+name},
+     * where {@code name} is the provider name, to see if it's ok to set this
+     * provider's property values.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
+     *          denies access to set property values.
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized boolean replace(Object key, Object oldValue,
+            Object newValue) {
+        check("putProviderProperty." + name);
+
+        if (debug != null) {
+            debug.println("Replace " + name + " provider property " + key);
+        }
+        return implReplace(key, oldValue, newValue);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces the entry for the specified key only if it is
+     * currently mapped to some value.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the string {@code "putProviderProperty."+name},
+     * where {@code name} is the provider name, to see if it's ok to set this
+     * provider's property values.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
+     *          denies access to set property values.
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Object replace(Object key, Object value) {
+        check("putProviderProperty." + name);
+
+        if (debug != null) {
+            debug.println("Replace " + name + " provider property " + key);
+        }
+        return implReplace(key, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces each entry's value with the result of invoking the given
+     * function on that entry, in the order entries are returned by an entry
+     * set iterator, until all entries have been processed or the function
+     * throws an exception.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the string {@code "putProviderProperty."+name},
+     * where {@code name} is the provider name, to see if it's ok to set this
+     * provider's property values.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
+     *          denies access to set property values.
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super Object, ? super Object, ? extends Object> function) {
+        check("putProviderProperty." + name);
+
+        if (debug != null) {
+            debug.println("ReplaceAll " + name + " provider property ");
+        }
+        implReplaceAll(function);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts to compute a mapping for the specified key and its
+     * current mapped value (or {@code null} if there is no current
+     * mapping).
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the strings {@code "putProviderProperty."+name}
+     * and {@code "removeProviderProperty."+name}, where {@code name} is the
+     * provider name, to see if it's ok to set this provider's property values
+     * and remove this provider's properties.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
+     *          denies access to set property values or remove properties.
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Object compute(Object key,
+        BiFunction<? super Object, ? super Object, ? extends Object> remappingFunction) {
+        check("putProviderProperty." + name);
+        check("removeProviderProperty" + name);
+
+        if (debug != null) {
+            debug.println("Compute " + name + " provider property " + key);
+        }
+        return implCompute(key, remappingFunction);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or
+     * is mapped to {@code null}), attempts to compute its value using
+     * the given mapping function and enters it into this map unless
+     * {@code null}.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the strings {@code "putProviderProperty."+name}
+     * and {@code "removeProviderProperty."+name}, where {@code name} is the
+     * provider name, to see if it's ok to set this provider's property values
+     * and remove this provider's properties.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
+     *          denies access to set property values and remove properties.
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Object computeIfAbsent(Object key, Function<? super Object, ? extends Object> mappingFunction) {
+        check("putProviderProperty." + name);
+        check("removeProviderProperty" + name);
+
+        if (debug != null) {
+            debug.println("ComputeIfAbsent " + name + " provider property " +
+                    key);
+        }
+        return implComputeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the value for the specified key is present and non-null, attempts to
+     * compute a new mapping given the key and its current mapped value.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the strings {@code "putProviderProperty."+name}
+     * and {@code "removeProviderProperty."+name}, where {@code name} is the
+     * provider name, to see if it's ok to set this provider's property values
+     * and remove this provider's properties.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
+     *          denies access to set property values or remove properties.
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Object computeIfPresent(Object key, BiFunction<? super Object, ? super Object, ? extends Object> remappingFunction) {
+        check("putProviderProperty." + name);
+        check("removeProviderProperty" + name);
+
+        if (debug != null) {
+            debug.println("ComputeIfPresent " + name + " provider property " +
+                    key);
+        }
+        return implComputeIfPresent(key, remappingFunction);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the specified key is not already associated with a value or is
+     * associated with null, associates it with the given value. Otherwise,
+     * replaces the value with the results of the given remapping function,
+     * or removes if the result is null. This method may be of use when
+     * combining multiple mapped values for a key.
+     *
+     * <p>If a security manager is enabled, its {@code checkSecurityAccess}
+     * method is called with the strings {@code "putProviderProperty."+name}
+     * and {@code "removeProviderProperty."+name}, where {@code name} is the
+     * provider name, to see if it's ok to set this provider's property values
+     * and remove this provider's properties.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method
+     *          denies access to set property values or remove properties.
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Object merge(Object key, Object value,  BiFunction<? super Object, ? super Object, ? extends Object>  remappingFunction) {
+        check("putProviderProperty." + name);
+        check("removeProviderProperty" + name);
+
+        if (debug != null) {
+            debug.println("Merge " + name + " provider property " + key);
+        }
+        return implMerge(key, value, remappingFunction);
+    }
+
     // let javadoc show doc from superclass
+    @Override
     public Object get(Object key) {
         checkInitialized();
         return super.get(key);
     }
+    /**
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Object getOrDefault(Object key, Object defaultValue) {
+        checkInitialized();
+        return super.getOrDefault(key, defaultValue);
+    }
 
     /**
      * @since 1.8
@@ -388,12 +633,14 @@
     }
 
     // let javadoc show doc from superclass
+    @Override
     public Enumeration<Object> keys() {
         checkInitialized();
         return super.keys();
     }
 
     // let javadoc show doc from superclass
+    @Override
     public Enumeration<Object> elements() {
         checkInitialized();
         return super.elements();
@@ -485,8 +732,8 @@
      * Internal method to be called AFTER the security check has been
      * performed.
      */
-    private void implPutAll(Map t) {
-        for (Map.Entry e : ((Map<?,?>)t).entrySet()) {
+    private void implPutAll(Map<?,?> t) {
+        for (Map.Entry<?,?> e : t.entrySet()) {
             implPut(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
         }
         if (registered) {
@@ -504,6 +751,99 @@
         return super.remove(key);
     }
 
+    private boolean implRemove(Object key, Object value) {
+        if (key instanceof String && value instanceof String) {
+            if (!checkLegacy(key)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            legacyStrings.remove((String)key, value);
+        }
+        return super.remove(key, value);
+    }
+
+    private boolean implReplace(Object key, Object oldValue, Object newValue) {
+        if ((key instanceof String) && (oldValue instanceof String) &&
+                (newValue instanceof String)) {
+            if (!checkLegacy(key)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            legacyStrings.replace((String)key, (String)oldValue,
+                    (String)newValue);
+        }
+        return super.replace(key, oldValue, newValue);
+    }
+
+    private Object implReplace(Object key, Object value) {
+        if ((key instanceof String) && (value instanceof String)) {
+            if (!checkLegacy(key)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            legacyStrings.replace((String)key, (String)value);
+        }
+        return super.replace(key, value);
+    }
+
+    private void implReplaceAll(BiFunction<? super Object, ? super Object, ? extends Object> function) {
+        legacyChanged = true;
+        if (legacyStrings == null) {
+            legacyStrings = new LinkedHashMap<String,String>();
+        } else {
+            legacyStrings.replaceAll((BiFunction<? super String, ? super String, ? extends String>) function);
+        }
+        super.replaceAll(function);
+    }
+
+
+    private Object implMerge(Object key, Object value, BiFunction<? super Object, ? super Object, ? extends Object> remappingFunction) {
+        if ((key instanceof String) && (value instanceof String)) {
+            if (!checkLegacy(key)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            legacyStrings.merge((String)key, (String)value,
+                    (BiFunction<? super String, ? super String, ? extends String>) remappingFunction);
+        }
+        return super.merge(key, value, remappingFunction);
+    }
+
+    private Object implCompute(Object key, BiFunction<? super Object, ? super Object, ? extends Object> remappingFunction) {
+        if (key instanceof String) {
+            if (!checkLegacy(key)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            // BEGIN ANDROID-CHANGED: was
+            // legacyStrings.computeIfAbsent((String) key,
+            //         (Function<? super String, ? extends String>) remappingFunction);
+            // which cannot ever succeed as the cast from BiFunction to Function always fails
+            legacyStrings.compute((String) key,
+                    (BiFunction<? super String, ? super String, ? extends String>)
+                            remappingFunction);
+            // END ANDROID-CHANGED
+        }
+        return super.compute(key, remappingFunction);
+    }
+
+    private Object implComputeIfAbsent(Object key, Function<? super Object, ? extends Object> mappingFunction) {
+        if (key instanceof String) {
+            if (!checkLegacy(key)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            legacyStrings.computeIfAbsent((String) key,
+                    (Function<? super String, ? extends String>) mappingFunction);
+        }
+        return super.computeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction);
+    }
+
+    private Object implComputeIfPresent(Object key, BiFunction<? super Object, ? super Object, ? extends Object> remappingFunction) {
+        if (key instanceof String) {
+            if (!checkLegacy(key)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            legacyStrings.computeIfPresent((String) key,
+                    (BiFunction<? super String, ? super String, ? extends String>) remappingFunction);
+        }
+        return super.computeIfPresent(key, remappingFunction);
+    }
+
     private Object implPut(Object key, Object value) {
         if ((key instanceof String) && (value instanceof String)) {
             if (!checkLegacy(key)) {
@@ -514,6 +854,16 @@
         return super.put(key, value);
     }
 
+    private Object implPutIfAbsent(Object key, Object value) {
+        if ((key instanceof String) && (value instanceof String)) {
+            if (!checkLegacy(key)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            legacyStrings.putIfAbsent((String)key, (String)value);
+        }
+        return super.putIfAbsent(key, value);
+    }
+
     private void implClear() {
         if (legacyStrings != null) {
             legacyStrings.clear();
@@ -590,9 +940,9 @@
      * occur if the legacy properties are inconsistent or incomplete.
      */
     private void removeInvalidServices(Map<ServiceKey,Service> map) {
-        for (Iterator t = map.entrySet().iterator(); t.hasNext(); ) {
-            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)t.next();
-            Service s = (Service)entry.getValue();
+        for (Iterator<Map.Entry<ServiceKey, Service>> t =
+                map.entrySet().iterator(); t.hasNext(); ) {
+            Service s = t.next().getValue();
             if (s.isValid() == false) {
                 t.remove();
             }
@@ -693,9 +1043,9 @@
      * the service added via {@link #putService putService()} is returned.
      *
      * @param type the type of {@link Service service} requested
-     * (for example, <code>MessageDigest</code>)
+     * (for example, {@code MessageDigest})
      * @param algorithm the case insensitive algorithm name (or alternate
-     * alias) of the service requested (for example, <code>SHA-1</code>)
+     * alias) of the service requested (for example, {@code SHA-1})
      *
      * @return the service describing this Provider's matching service
      * or null if no such service exists
@@ -770,20 +1120,20 @@
      * Java Cryptography Architecture API Specification &amp; Reference </a>.
      *
      * <p>Also, if there is a security manager, its
-     * <code>checkSecurityAccess</code> method is called with the string
-     * <code>"putProviderProperty."+name</code>, where <code>name</code> is
+     * {@code checkSecurityAccess} method is called with the string
+     * {@code "putProviderProperty."+name}, where {@code name} is
      * the provider name, to see if it's ok to set this provider's property
-     * values. If the default implementation of <code>checkSecurityAccess</code>
+     * values. If the default implementation of {@code checkSecurityAccess}
      * is used (that is, that method is not overriden), then this results in
-     * a call to the security manager's <code>checkPermission</code> method with
-     * a <code>SecurityPermission("putProviderProperty."+name)</code>
+     * a call to the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method with
+     * a {@code SecurityPermission("putProviderProperty."+name)}
      * permission.
      *
      * @param s the Service to add
      *
      * @throws SecurityException
-     *      if a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
-     *      java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess}</code> method denies
+     *      if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *      java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method denies
      *      access to set property values.
      * @throws NullPointerException if s is null
      *
@@ -867,21 +1217,21 @@
      * from this provider's Hashtable.
      *
      * <p>Also, if there is a security manager, its
-     * <code>checkSecurityAccess</code> method is called with the string
-     * <code>"removeProviderProperty."+name</code>, where <code>name</code> is
+     * {@code checkSecurityAccess} method is called with the string
+     * {@code "removeProviderProperty."+name}, where {@code name} is
      * the provider name, to see if it's ok to remove this provider's
      * properties. If the default implementation of
-     * <code>checkSecurityAccess</code> is used (that is, that method is not
+     * {@code checkSecurityAccess} is used (that is, that method is not
      * overriden), then this results in a call to the security manager's
-     * <code>checkPermission</code> method with a
-     * <code>SecurityPermission("removeProviderProperty."+name)</code>
+     * {@code checkPermission} method with a
+     * {@code SecurityPermission("removeProviderProperty."+name)}
      * permission.
      *
      * @param s the Service to be removed
      *
      * @throws  SecurityException
-     *          if a security manager exists and its <code>{@link
-     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess}</code> method denies
+     *          if a security manager exists and its {@link
+     *          java.lang.SecurityManager#checkSecurityAccess} method denies
      *          access to remove this provider's properties.
      * @throws NullPointerException if s is null
      *
@@ -952,15 +1302,15 @@
         final String name;
         final boolean supportsParameter;
         final String constructorParameterClassName;
-        private volatile Class constructorParameterClass;
+        private volatile Class<?> constructorParameterClass;
 
         EngineDescription(String name, boolean sp, String paramName) {
             this.name = name;
             this.supportsParameter = sp;
             this.constructorParameterClassName = paramName;
         }
-        Class getConstructorParameterClass() throws ClassNotFoundException {
-            Class clazz = constructorParameterClass;
+        Class<?> getConstructorParameterClass() throws ClassNotFoundException {
+            Class<?> clazz = constructorParameterClass;
             if (clazz == null) {
                 clazz = Class.forName(constructorParameterClassName);
                 constructorParameterClass = clazz;
@@ -1042,7 +1392,7 @@
      * <p>This class defines the methods {@link #supportsParameter
      * supportsParameter()} and {@link #newInstance newInstance()}
      * which are used by the Java security framework when it searches for
-     * suitable services and instantes them. The valid arguments to those
+     * suitable services and instantiates them. The valid arguments to those
      * methods depend on the type of service. For the service types defined
      * within Java SE, see the
      * <a href="{@docRoot}openjdk-redirect.html?v=8&path=/technotes/guides/security/crypto/CryptoSpec.html">
@@ -1063,7 +1413,7 @@
         private Map<UString,String> attributes;
 
         // Reference to the cached implementation Class object
-        private volatile Reference<Class> classRef;
+        private volatile Reference<Class<?>> classRef;
 
         // flag indicating whether this service has its attributes for
         // supportedKeyFormats or supportedKeyClasses set
@@ -1080,7 +1430,7 @@
         // whether this service has been registered with the Provider
         private boolean registered;
 
-        private static final Class[] CLASS0 = new Class[0];
+        private static final Class<?>[] CLASS0 = new Class<?>[0];
 
         // this constructor and these methods are used for parsing
         // the legacy string properties.
@@ -1151,7 +1501,7 @@
         }
 
         /**
-         * Get the type of this service. For example, <code>MessageDigest</code>.
+         * Get the type of this service. For example, {@code MessageDigest}.
          *
          * @return the type of this service
          */
@@ -1161,7 +1511,7 @@
 
         /**
          * Return the name of the algorithm of this service. For example,
-         * <code>SHA-1</code>.
+         * {@code SHA-1}.
          *
          * @return the algorithm of this service
          */
@@ -1233,7 +1583,7 @@
          *
          * @throws InvalidParameterException if the value of
          * constructorParameter is invalid for this type of service.
-         * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException if instantation failed for
+         * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException if instantiation failed for
          * any other reason.
          */
         public Object newInstance(Object constructorParameter)
@@ -1260,12 +1610,14 @@
                             ("constructorParameter not used with " + type
                             + " engines");
                     }
-                    Class clazz = getImplClass();
-                    return clazz.newInstance();
+                    Class<?> clazz = getImplClass();
+                    Class<?>[] empty = {};
+                    Constructor<?> con = clazz.getConstructor(empty);
+                    return con.newInstance();
                 } else {
-                    Class paramClass = cap.getConstructorParameterClass();
+                    Class<?> paramClass = cap.getConstructorParameterClass();
                     if (constructorParameter != null) {
-                        Class argClass = constructorParameter.getClass();
+                        Class<?> argClass = constructorParameter.getClass();
                         if (paramClass.isAssignableFrom(argClass) == false) {
                             throw new InvalidParameterException
                             ("constructorParameter must be instanceof "
@@ -1273,8 +1625,8 @@
                             + " for engine type " + type);
                         }
                     }
-                    Class clazz = getImplClass();
-                    Constructor cons = clazz.getConstructor(paramClass);
+                    Class<?> clazz = getImplClass();
+                    Constructor<?> cons = clazz.getConstructor(paramClass);
                     return cons.newInstance(constructorParameter);
                 }
             } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
@@ -1293,10 +1645,10 @@
         }
 
         // return the implementation Class object for this service
-        private Class getImplClass() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+        private Class<?> getImplClass() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
             try {
-                Reference<Class> ref = classRef;
-                Class clazz = (ref == null) ? null : ref.get();
+                Reference<Class<?>> ref = classRef;
+                Class<?> clazz = (ref == null) ? null : ref.get();
                 if (clazz == null) {
                     ClassLoader cl = provider.getClass().getClassLoader();
                     if (cl == null) {
@@ -1304,13 +1656,18 @@
                     } else {
                         clazz = cl.loadClass(className);
                     }
-                    classRef = new WeakReference<Class>(clazz);
+                    if (!Modifier.isPublic(clazz.getModifiers())) {
+                        throw new NoSuchAlgorithmException
+                            ("class configured for " + type + " (provider: " +
+                            provider.getName() + ") is not public.");
+                    }
+                    classRef = new WeakReference<Class<?>>(clazz);
                 }
                 return clazz;
             } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                 throw new NoSuchAlgorithmException
-                    ("class configured for " + type + "(provider: " +
-                    provider.getName() + ")" + "cannot be found.", e);
+                    ("class configured for " + type + " (provider: " +
+                    provider.getName() + ") cannot be found.", e);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1321,28 +1678,33 @@
          */
         private Object newInstanceGeneric(Object constructorParameter)
                 throws Exception {
-            Class clazz = getImplClass();
+            Class<?> clazz = getImplClass();
             if (constructorParameter == null) {
-                Object o = clazz.newInstance();
-                return o;
+                // create instance with public no-arg constructor if it exists
+                try {
+                    Class<?>[] empty = {};
+                    Constructor<?> con = clazz.getConstructor(empty);
+                    return con.newInstance();
+                } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+                    throw new NoSuchAlgorithmException("No public no-arg "
+                        + "constructor found in class " + className);
+                }
             }
-            Class argClass = constructorParameter.getClass();
+            Class<?> argClass = constructorParameter.getClass();
             Constructor[] cons = clazz.getConstructors();
             // find first public constructor that can take the
             // argument as parameter
-            for (int i = 0; i < cons.length; i++) {
-                Constructor con = cons[i];
-                Class[] paramTypes = con.getParameterTypes();
+            for (Constructor<?> con : cons) {
+                Class<?>[] paramTypes = con.getParameterTypes();
                 if (paramTypes.length != 1) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 if (paramTypes[0].isAssignableFrom(argClass) == false) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                Object o = con.newInstance(new Object[] {constructorParameter});
-                return o;
+                return con.newInstance(constructorParameter);
             }
-            throw new NoSuchAlgorithmException("No constructor matching "
+            throw new NoSuchAlgorithmException("No public constructor matching "
                 + argClass.getName() + " found in class " + className);
         }
 
@@ -1420,10 +1782,10 @@
                     s = getAttribute("SupportedKeyClasses");
                     if (s != null) {
                         String[] classNames = s.split("\\|");
-                        List<Class> classList =
+                        List<Class<?>> classList =
                             new ArrayList<>(classNames.length);
                         for (String className : classNames) {
-                            Class clazz = getKeyClass(className);
+                            Class<?> clazz = getKeyClass(className);
                             if (clazz != null) {
                                 classList.add(clazz);
                             }
@@ -1440,7 +1802,7 @@
         }
 
         // get the key class object of the specified name
-        private Class getKeyClass(String name) {
+        private Class<?> getKeyClass(String name) {
             try {
                 return Class.forName(name);
             } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
@@ -1477,8 +1839,8 @@
             if (supportedClasses == null) {
                 return false;
             }
-            Class keyClass = key.getClass();
-            for (Class clazz : supportedClasses) {
+            Class<?> keyClass = key.getClass();
+            for (Class<?> clazz : supportedClasses) {
                 if (clazz.isAssignableFrom(keyClass)) {
                     return true;
                 }
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Base64.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Base64.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..172acbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Base64.java
@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+
+import java.io.FilterOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+/**
+ * This class consists exclusively of static methods for obtaining
+ * encoders and decoders for the Base64 encoding scheme. The
+ * implementation of this class supports the following types of Base64
+ * as specified in
+ * <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4648.txt">RFC 4648</a> and
+ * <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>.
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ * <li><a name="basic"><b>Basic</b></a>
+ * <p> Uses "The Base64 Alphabet" as specified in Table 1 of
+ *     RFC 4648 and RFC 2045 for encoding and decoding operation.
+ *     The encoder does not add any line feed (line separator)
+ *     character. The decoder rejects data that contains characters
+ *     outside the base64 alphabet.</p></li>
+ *
+ * <li><a name="url"><b>URL and Filename safe</b></a>
+ * <p> Uses the "URL and Filename safe Base64 Alphabet" as specified
+ *     in Table 2 of RFC 4648 for encoding and decoding. The
+ *     encoder does not add any line feed (line separator) character.
+ *     The decoder rejects data that contains characters outside the
+ *     base64 alphabet.</p></li>
+ *
+ * <li><a name="mime"><b>MIME</b></a>
+ * <p> Uses the "The Base64 Alphabet" as specified in Table 1 of
+ *     RFC 2045 for encoding and decoding operation. The encoded output
+ *     must be represented in lines of no more than 76 characters each
+ *     and uses a carriage return {@code '\r'} followed immediately by
+ *     a linefeed {@code '\n'} as the line separator. No line separator
+ *     is added to the end of the encoded output. All line separators
+ *     or other characters not found in the base64 alphabet table are
+ *     ignored in decoding operation.</p></li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p> Unless otherwise noted, passing a {@code null} argument to a
+ * method of this class will cause a {@link java.lang.NullPointerException
+ * NullPointerException} to be thrown.
+ *
+ * @author  Xueming Shen
+ * @since   1.8
+ */
+
+public class Base64 {
+
+    private Base64() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Encoder} that encodes using the
+     * <a href="#basic">Basic</a> type base64 encoding scheme.
+     *
+     * @return  A Base64 encoder.
+     */
+    public static Encoder getEncoder() {
+         return Encoder.RFC4648;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Encoder} that encodes using the
+     * <a href="#url">URL and Filename safe</a> type base64
+     * encoding scheme.
+     *
+     * @return  A Base64 encoder.
+     */
+    public static Encoder getUrlEncoder() {
+         return Encoder.RFC4648_URLSAFE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Encoder} that encodes using the
+     * <a href="#mime">MIME</a> type base64 encoding scheme.
+     *
+     * @return  A Base64 encoder.
+     */
+    public static Encoder getMimeEncoder() {
+        return Encoder.RFC2045;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Encoder} that encodes using the
+     * <a href="#mime">MIME</a> type base64 encoding scheme
+     * with specified line length and line separators.
+     *
+     * @param   lineLength
+     *          the length of each output line (rounded down to nearest multiple
+     *          of 4). If {@code lineLength <= 0} the output will not be separated
+     *          in lines
+     * @param   lineSeparator
+     *          the line separator for each output line
+     *
+     * @return  A Base64 encoder.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException if {@code lineSeparator} includes any
+     *          character of "The Base64 Alphabet" as specified in Table 1 of
+     *          RFC 2045.
+     */
+    public static Encoder getMimeEncoder(int lineLength, byte[] lineSeparator) {
+         Objects.requireNonNull(lineSeparator);
+         int[] base64 = Decoder.fromBase64;
+         for (byte b : lineSeparator) {
+             if (base64[b & 0xff] != -1)
+                 throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                     "Illegal base64 line separator character 0x" + Integer.toString(b, 16));
+         }
+         if (lineLength <= 0) {
+             return Encoder.RFC4648;
+         }
+         return new Encoder(false, lineSeparator, lineLength >> 2 << 2, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Decoder} that decodes using the
+     * <a href="#basic">Basic</a> type base64 encoding scheme.
+     *
+     * @return  A Base64 decoder.
+     */
+    public static Decoder getDecoder() {
+         return Decoder.RFC4648;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Decoder} that decodes using the
+     * <a href="#url">URL and Filename safe</a> type base64
+     * encoding scheme.
+     *
+     * @return  A Base64 decoder.
+     */
+    public static Decoder getUrlDecoder() {
+         return Decoder.RFC4648_URLSAFE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@link Decoder} that decodes using the
+     * <a href="#mime">MIME</a> type base64 decoding scheme.
+     *
+     * @return  A Base64 decoder.
+     */
+    public static Decoder getMimeDecoder() {
+         return Decoder.RFC2045;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This class implements an encoder for encoding byte data using
+     * the Base64 encoding scheme as specified in RFC 4648 and RFC 2045.
+     *
+     * <p> Instances of {@link Encoder} class are safe for use by
+     * multiple concurrent threads.
+     *
+     * <p> Unless otherwise noted, passing a {@code null} argument to
+     * a method of this class will cause a
+     * {@link java.lang.NullPointerException NullPointerException} to
+     * be thrown.
+     *
+     * @see     Decoder
+     * @since   1.8
+     */
+    public static class Encoder {
+
+        private final byte[] newline;
+        private final int linemax;
+        private final boolean isURL;
+        private final boolean doPadding;
+
+        private Encoder(boolean isURL, byte[] newline, int linemax, boolean doPadding) {
+            this.isURL = isURL;
+            this.newline = newline;
+            this.linemax = linemax;
+            this.doPadding = doPadding;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * This array is a lookup table that translates 6-bit positive integer
+         * index values into their "Base64 Alphabet" equivalents as specified
+         * in "Table 1: The Base64 Alphabet" of RFC 2045 (and RFC 4648).
+         */
+        private static final char[] toBase64 = {
+            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M',
+            'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',
+            'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm',
+            'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/'
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * It's the lookup table for "URL and Filename safe Base64" as specified
+         * in Table 2 of the RFC 4648, with the '+' and '/' changed to '-' and
+         * '_'. This table is used when BASE64_URL is specified.
+         */
+        private static final char[] toBase64URL = {
+            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M',
+            'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',
+            'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm',
+            'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',
+            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-', '_'
+        };
+
+        private static final int MIMELINEMAX = 76;
+        private static final byte[] CRLF = new byte[] {'\r', '\n'};
+
+        static final Encoder RFC4648 = new Encoder(false, null, -1, true);
+        static final Encoder RFC4648_URLSAFE = new Encoder(true, null, -1, true);
+        static final Encoder RFC2045 = new Encoder(false, CRLF, MIMELINEMAX, true);
+
+        private final int outLength(int srclen) {
+            int len = 0;
+            if (doPadding) {
+                len = 4 * ((srclen + 2) / 3);
+            } else {
+                int n = srclen % 3;
+                len = 4 * (srclen / 3) + (n == 0 ? 0 : n + 1);
+            }
+            if (linemax > 0)                                  // line separators
+                len += (len - 1) / linemax * newline.length;
+            return len;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Encodes all bytes from the specified byte array into a newly-allocated
+         * byte array using the {@link Base64} encoding scheme. The returned byte
+         * array is of the length of the resulting bytes.
+         *
+         * @param   src
+         *          the byte array to encode
+         * @return  A newly-allocated byte array containing the resulting
+         *          encoded bytes.
+         */
+        public byte[] encode(byte[] src) {
+            int len = outLength(src.length);          // dst array size
+            byte[] dst = new byte[len];
+            int ret = encode0(src, 0, src.length, dst);
+            if (ret != dst.length)
+                 return Arrays.copyOf(dst, ret);
+            return dst;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Encodes all bytes from the specified byte array using the
+         * {@link Base64} encoding scheme, writing the resulting bytes to the
+         * given output byte array, starting at offset 0.
+         *
+         * <p> It is the responsibility of the invoker of this method to make
+         * sure the output byte array {@code dst} has enough space for encoding
+         * all bytes from the input byte array. No bytes will be written to the
+         * output byte array if the output byte array is not big enough.
+         *
+         * @param   src
+         *          the byte array to encode
+         * @param   dst
+         *          the output byte array
+         * @return  The number of bytes written to the output byte array
+         *
+         * @throws  IllegalArgumentException if {@code dst} does not have enough
+         *          space for encoding all input bytes.
+         */
+        public int encode(byte[] src, byte[] dst) {
+            int len = outLength(src.length);         // dst array size
+            if (dst.length < len)
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Output byte array is too small for encoding all input bytes");
+            return encode0(src, 0, src.length, dst);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Encodes the specified byte array into a String using the {@link Base64}
+         * encoding scheme.
+         *
+         * <p> This method first encodes all input bytes into a base64 encoded
+         * byte array and then constructs a new String by using the encoded byte
+         * array and the {@link java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets#ISO_8859_1
+         * ISO-8859-1} charset.
+         *
+         * <p> In other words, an invocation of this method has exactly the same
+         * effect as invoking
+         * {@code new String(encode(src), StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1)}.
+         *
+         * @param   src
+         *          the byte array to encode
+         * @return  A String containing the resulting Base64 encoded characters
+         */
+        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+        public String encodeToString(byte[] src) {
+            byte[] encoded = encode(src);
+            return new String(encoded, 0, 0, encoded.length);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Encodes all remaining bytes from the specified byte buffer into
+         * a newly-allocated ByteBuffer using the {@link Base64} encoding
+         * scheme.
+         *
+         * Upon return, the source buffer's position will be updated to
+         * its limit; its limit will not have been changed. The returned
+         * output buffer's position will be zero and its limit will be the
+         * number of resulting encoded bytes.
+         *
+         * @param   buffer
+         *          the source ByteBuffer to encode
+         * @return  A newly-allocated byte buffer containing the encoded bytes.
+         */
+        public ByteBuffer encode(ByteBuffer buffer) {
+            int len = outLength(buffer.remaining());
+            byte[] dst = new byte[len];
+            int ret = 0;
+            if (buffer.hasArray()) {
+                ret = encode0(buffer.array(),
+                              buffer.arrayOffset() + buffer.position(),
+                              buffer.arrayOffset() + buffer.limit(),
+                              dst);
+                buffer.position(buffer.limit());
+            } else {
+                byte[] src = new byte[buffer.remaining()];
+                buffer.get(src);
+                ret = encode0(src, 0, src.length, dst);
+            }
+            if (ret != dst.length)
+                 dst = Arrays.copyOf(dst, ret);
+            return ByteBuffer.wrap(dst);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Wraps an output stream for encoding byte data using the {@link Base64}
+         * encoding scheme.
+         *
+         * <p> It is recommended to promptly close the returned output stream after
+         * use, during which it will flush all possible leftover bytes to the underlying
+         * output stream. Closing the returned output stream will close the underlying
+         * output stream.
+         *
+         * @param   os
+         *          the output stream.
+         * @return  the output stream for encoding the byte data into the
+         *          specified Base64 encoded format
+         */
+        public OutputStream wrap(OutputStream os) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(os);
+            return new EncOutputStream(os, isURL ? toBase64URL : toBase64,
+                                       newline, linemax, doPadding);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns an encoder instance that encodes equivalently to this one,
+         * but without adding any padding character at the end of the encoded
+         * byte data.
+         *
+         * <p> The encoding scheme of this encoder instance is unaffected by
+         * this invocation. The returned encoder instance should be used for
+         * non-padding encoding operation.
+         *
+         * @return an equivalent encoder that encodes without adding any
+         *         padding character at the end
+         */
+        public Encoder withoutPadding() {
+            if (!doPadding)
+                return this;
+            return new Encoder(isURL, newline, linemax, false);
+        }
+
+        private int encode0(byte[] src, int off, int end, byte[] dst) {
+            char[] base64 = isURL ? toBase64URL : toBase64;
+            int sp = off;
+            int slen = (end - off) / 3 * 3;
+            int sl = off + slen;
+            if (linemax > 0 && slen  > linemax / 4 * 3)
+                slen = linemax / 4 * 3;
+            int dp = 0;
+            while (sp < sl) {
+                int sl0 = Math.min(sp + slen, sl);
+                for (int sp0 = sp, dp0 = dp ; sp0 < sl0; ) {
+                    int bits = (src[sp0++] & 0xff) << 16 |
+                               (src[sp0++] & 0xff) <<  8 |
+                               (src[sp0++] & 0xff);
+                    dst[dp0++] = (byte)base64[(bits >>> 18) & 0x3f];
+                    dst[dp0++] = (byte)base64[(bits >>> 12) & 0x3f];
+                    dst[dp0++] = (byte)base64[(bits >>> 6)  & 0x3f];
+                    dst[dp0++] = (byte)base64[bits & 0x3f];
+                }
+                int dlen = (sl0 - sp) / 3 * 4;
+                dp += dlen;
+                sp = sl0;
+                if (dlen == linemax && sp < end) {
+                    for (byte b : newline){
+                        dst[dp++] = b;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (sp < end) {               // 1 or 2 leftover bytes
+                int b0 = src[sp++] & 0xff;
+                dst[dp++] = (byte)base64[b0 >> 2];
+                if (sp == end) {
+                    dst[dp++] = (byte)base64[(b0 << 4) & 0x3f];
+                    if (doPadding) {
+                        dst[dp++] = '=';
+                        dst[dp++] = '=';
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    int b1 = src[sp++] & 0xff;
+                    dst[dp++] = (byte)base64[(b0 << 4) & 0x3f | (b1 >> 4)];
+                    dst[dp++] = (byte)base64[(b1 << 2) & 0x3f];
+                    if (doPadding) {
+                        dst[dp++] = '=';
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return dp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This class implements a decoder for decoding byte data using the
+     * Base64 encoding scheme as specified in RFC 4648 and RFC 2045.
+     *
+     * <p> The Base64 padding character {@code '='} is accepted and
+     * interpreted as the end of the encoded byte data, but is not
+     * required. So if the final unit of the encoded byte data only has
+     * two or three Base64 characters (without the corresponding padding
+     * character(s) padded), they are decoded as if followed by padding
+     * character(s). If there is a padding character present in the
+     * final unit, the correct number of padding character(s) must be
+     * present, otherwise {@code IllegalArgumentException} (
+     * {@code IOException} when reading from a Base64 stream) is thrown
+     * during decoding.
+     *
+     * <p> Instances of {@link Decoder} class are safe for use by
+     * multiple concurrent threads.
+     *
+     * <p> Unless otherwise noted, passing a {@code null} argument to
+     * a method of this class will cause a
+     * {@link java.lang.NullPointerException NullPointerException} to
+     * be thrown.
+     *
+     * @see     Encoder
+     * @since   1.8
+     */
+    public static class Decoder {
+
+        private final boolean isURL;
+        private final boolean isMIME;
+
+        private Decoder(boolean isURL, boolean isMIME) {
+            this.isURL = isURL;
+            this.isMIME = isMIME;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Lookup table for decoding unicode characters drawn from the
+         * "Base64 Alphabet" (as specified in Table 1 of RFC 2045) into
+         * their 6-bit positive integer equivalents.  Characters that
+         * are not in the Base64 alphabet but fall within the bounds of
+         * the array are encoded to -1.
+         *
+         */
+        private static final int[] fromBase64 = new int[256];
+        static {
+            Arrays.fill(fromBase64, -1);
+            for (int i = 0; i < Encoder.toBase64.length; i++)
+                fromBase64[Encoder.toBase64[i]] = i;
+            fromBase64['='] = -2;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Lookup table for decoding "URL and Filename safe Base64 Alphabet"
+         * as specified in Table2 of the RFC 4648.
+         */
+        private static final int[] fromBase64URL = new int[256];
+
+        static {
+            Arrays.fill(fromBase64URL, -1);
+            for (int i = 0; i < Encoder.toBase64URL.length; i++)
+                fromBase64URL[Encoder.toBase64URL[i]] = i;
+            fromBase64URL['='] = -2;
+        }
+
+        static final Decoder RFC4648         = new Decoder(false, false);
+        static final Decoder RFC4648_URLSAFE = new Decoder(true, false);
+        static final Decoder RFC2045         = new Decoder(false, true);
+
+        /**
+         * Decodes all bytes from the input byte array using the {@link Base64}
+         * encoding scheme, writing the results into a newly-allocated output
+         * byte array. The returned byte array is of the length of the resulting
+         * bytes.
+         *
+         * @param   src
+         *          the byte array to decode
+         *
+         * @return  A newly-allocated byte array containing the decoded bytes.
+         *
+         * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+         *          if {@code src} is not in valid Base64 scheme
+         */
+        public byte[] decode(byte[] src) {
+            byte[] dst = new byte[outLength(src, 0, src.length)];
+            int ret = decode0(src, 0, src.length, dst);
+            if (ret != dst.length) {
+                dst = Arrays.copyOf(dst, ret);
+            }
+            return dst;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Decodes a Base64 encoded String into a newly-allocated byte array
+         * using the {@link Base64} encoding scheme.
+         *
+         * <p> An invocation of this method has exactly the same effect as invoking
+         * {@code decode(src.getBytes(StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1))}
+         *
+         * @param   src
+         *          the string to decode
+         *
+         * @return  A newly-allocated byte array containing the decoded bytes.
+         *
+         * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+         *          if {@code src} is not in valid Base64 scheme
+         */
+        public byte[] decode(String src) {
+            return decode(src.getBytes(StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Decodes all bytes from the input byte array using the {@link Base64}
+         * encoding scheme, writing the results into the given output byte array,
+         * starting at offset 0.
+         *
+         * <p> It is the responsibility of the invoker of this method to make
+         * sure the output byte array {@code dst} has enough space for decoding
+         * all bytes from the input byte array. No bytes will be be written to
+         * the output byte array if the output byte array is not big enough.
+         *
+         * <p> If the input byte array is not in valid Base64 encoding scheme
+         * then some bytes may have been written to the output byte array before
+         * IllegalargumentException is thrown.
+         *
+         * @param   src
+         *          the byte array to decode
+         * @param   dst
+         *          the output byte array
+         *
+         * @return  The number of bytes written to the output byte array
+         *
+         * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+         *          if {@code src} is not in valid Base64 scheme, or {@code dst}
+         *          does not have enough space for decoding all input bytes.
+         */
+        public int decode(byte[] src, byte[] dst) {
+            int len = outLength(src, 0, src.length);
+            if (dst.length < len)
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Output byte array is too small for decoding all input bytes");
+            return decode0(src, 0, src.length, dst);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Decodes all bytes from the input byte buffer using the {@link Base64}
+         * encoding scheme, writing the results into a newly-allocated ByteBuffer.
+         *
+         * <p> Upon return, the source buffer's position will be updated to
+         * its limit; its limit will not have been changed. The returned
+         * output buffer's position will be zero and its limit will be the
+         * number of resulting decoded bytes
+         *
+         * <p> {@code IllegalArgumentException} is thrown if the input buffer
+         * is not in valid Base64 encoding scheme. The position of the input
+         * buffer will not be advanced in this case.
+         *
+         * @param   buffer
+         *          the ByteBuffer to decode
+         *
+         * @return  A newly-allocated byte buffer containing the decoded bytes
+         *
+         * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+         *          if {@code src} is not in valid Base64 scheme.
+         */
+        public ByteBuffer decode(ByteBuffer buffer) {
+            int pos0 = buffer.position();
+            try {
+                byte[] src;
+                int sp, sl;
+                if (buffer.hasArray()) {
+                    src = buffer.array();
+                    sp = buffer.arrayOffset() + buffer.position();
+                    sl = buffer.arrayOffset() + buffer.limit();
+                    buffer.position(buffer.limit());
+                } else {
+                    src = new byte[buffer.remaining()];
+                    buffer.get(src);
+                    sp = 0;
+                    sl = src.length;
+                }
+                byte[] dst = new byte[outLength(src, sp, sl)];
+                return ByteBuffer.wrap(dst, 0, decode0(src, sp, sl, dst));
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+                buffer.position(pos0);
+                throw iae;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns an input stream for decoding {@link Base64} encoded byte stream.
+         *
+         * <p> The {@code read}  methods of the returned {@code InputStream} will
+         * throw {@code IOException} when reading bytes that cannot be decoded.
+         *
+         * <p> Closing the returned input stream will close the underlying
+         * input stream.
+         *
+         * @param   is
+         *          the input stream
+         *
+         * @return  the input stream for decoding the specified Base64 encoded
+         *          byte stream
+         */
+        public InputStream wrap(InputStream is) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(is);
+            return new DecInputStream(is, isURL ? fromBase64URL : fromBase64, isMIME);
+        }
+
+        private int outLength(byte[] src, int sp, int sl) {
+            int[] base64 = isURL ? fromBase64URL : fromBase64;
+            int paddings = 0;
+            int len = sl - sp;
+            if (len == 0)
+                return 0;
+            if (len < 2) {
+                if (isMIME && base64[0] == -1)
+                    return 0;
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Input byte[] should at least have 2 bytes for base64 bytes");
+            }
+            if (isMIME) {
+                // scan all bytes to fill out all non-alphabet. a performance
+                // trade-off of pre-scan or Arrays.copyOf
+                int n = 0;
+                while (sp < sl) {
+                    int b = src[sp++] & 0xff;
+                    if (b == '=') {
+                        len -= (sl - sp + 1);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if ((b = base64[b]) == -1)
+                        n++;
+                }
+                len -= n;
+            } else {
+                if (src[sl - 1] == '=') {
+                    paddings++;
+                    if (src[sl - 2] == '=')
+                        paddings++;
+                }
+            }
+            if (paddings == 0 && (len & 0x3) !=  0)
+                paddings = 4 - (len & 0x3);
+            return 3 * ((len + 3) / 4) - paddings;
+        }
+
+        private int decode0(byte[] src, int sp, int sl, byte[] dst) {
+            int[] base64 = isURL ? fromBase64URL : fromBase64;
+            int dp = 0;
+            int bits = 0;
+            int shiftto = 18;       // pos of first byte of 4-byte atom
+            while (sp < sl) {
+                int b = src[sp++] & 0xff;
+                if ((b = base64[b]) < 0) {
+                    if (b == -2) {         // padding byte '='
+                        // =     shiftto==18 unnecessary padding
+                        // x=    shiftto==12 a dangling single x
+                        // x     to be handled together with non-padding case
+                        // xx=   shiftto==6&&sp==sl missing last =
+                        // xx=y  shiftto==6 last is not =
+                        if (shiftto == 6 && (sp == sl || src[sp++] != '=') ||
+                            shiftto == 18) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                "Input byte array has wrong 4-byte ending unit");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if (isMIME)    // skip if for rfc2045
+                        continue;
+                    else
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "Illegal base64 character " +
+                            Integer.toString(src[sp - 1], 16));
+                }
+                bits |= (b << shiftto);
+                shiftto -= 6;
+                if (shiftto < 0) {
+                    dst[dp++] = (byte)(bits >> 16);
+                    dst[dp++] = (byte)(bits >>  8);
+                    dst[dp++] = (byte)(bits);
+                    shiftto = 18;
+                    bits = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            // reached end of byte array or hit padding '=' characters.
+            if (shiftto == 6) {
+                dst[dp++] = (byte)(bits >> 16);
+            } else if (shiftto == 0) {
+                dst[dp++] = (byte)(bits >> 16);
+                dst[dp++] = (byte)(bits >>  8);
+            } else if (shiftto == 12) {
+                // dangling single "x", incorrectly encoded.
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Last unit does not have enough valid bits");
+            }
+            // anything left is invalid, if is not MIME.
+            // if MIME, ignore all non-base64 character
+            while (sp < sl) {
+                if (isMIME && base64[src[sp++]] < 0)
+                    continue;
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Input byte array has incorrect ending byte at " + sp);
+            }
+            return dp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * An output stream for encoding bytes into the Base64.
+     */
+    private static class EncOutputStream extends FilterOutputStream {
+
+        private int leftover = 0;
+        private int b0, b1, b2;
+        private boolean closed = false;
+
+        private final char[] base64;    // byte->base64 mapping
+        private final byte[] newline;   // line separator, if needed
+        private final int linemax;
+        private final boolean doPadding;// whether or not to pad
+        private int linepos = 0;
+
+        EncOutputStream(OutputStream os, char[] base64,
+                        byte[] newline, int linemax, boolean doPadding) {
+            super(os);
+            this.base64 = base64;
+            this.newline = newline;
+            this.linemax = linemax;
+            this.doPadding = doPadding;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(int b) throws IOException {
+            byte[] buf = new byte[1];
+            buf[0] = (byte)(b & 0xff);
+            write(buf, 0, 1);
+        }
+
+        private void checkNewline() throws IOException {
+            if (linepos == linemax) {
+                out.write(newline);
+                linepos = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
+            if (closed)
+                throw new IOException("Stream is closed");
+            if (off < 0 || len < 0 || off + len > b.length)
+                throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException();
+            if (len == 0)
+                return;
+            if (leftover != 0) {
+                if (leftover == 1) {
+                    b1 = b[off++] & 0xff;
+                    len--;
+                    if (len == 0) {
+                        leftover++;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                b2 = b[off++] & 0xff;
+                len--;
+                checkNewline();
+                out.write(base64[b0 >> 2]);
+                out.write(base64[(b0 << 4) & 0x3f | (b1 >> 4)]);
+                out.write(base64[(b1 << 2) & 0x3f | (b2 >> 6)]);
+                out.write(base64[b2 & 0x3f]);
+                linepos += 4;
+            }
+            int nBits24 = len / 3;
+            leftover = len - (nBits24 * 3);
+            while (nBits24-- > 0) {
+                checkNewline();
+                int bits = (b[off++] & 0xff) << 16 |
+                           (b[off++] & 0xff) <<  8 |
+                           (b[off++] & 0xff);
+                out.write(base64[(bits >>> 18) & 0x3f]);
+                out.write(base64[(bits >>> 12) & 0x3f]);
+                out.write(base64[(bits >>> 6)  & 0x3f]);
+                out.write(base64[bits & 0x3f]);
+                linepos += 4;
+           }
+            if (leftover == 1) {
+                b0 = b[off++] & 0xff;
+            } else if (leftover == 2) {
+                b0 = b[off++] & 0xff;
+                b1 = b[off++] & 0xff;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() throws IOException {
+            if (!closed) {
+                closed = true;
+                if (leftover == 1) {
+                    checkNewline();
+                    out.write(base64[b0 >> 2]);
+                    out.write(base64[(b0 << 4) & 0x3f]);
+                    if (doPadding) {
+                        out.write('=');
+                        out.write('=');
+                    }
+                } else if (leftover == 2) {
+                    checkNewline();
+                    out.write(base64[b0 >> 2]);
+                    out.write(base64[(b0 << 4) & 0x3f | (b1 >> 4)]);
+                    out.write(base64[(b1 << 2) & 0x3f]);
+                    if (doPadding) {
+                       out.write('=');
+                    }
+                }
+                leftover = 0;
+                out.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * An input stream for decoding Base64 bytes
+     */
+    private static class DecInputStream extends InputStream {
+
+        private final InputStream is;
+        private final boolean isMIME;
+        private final int[] base64;      // base64 -> byte mapping
+        private int bits = 0;            // 24-bit buffer for decoding
+        private int nextin = 18;         // next available "off" in "bits" for input;
+                                         // -> 18, 12, 6, 0
+        private int nextout = -8;        // next available "off" in "bits" for output;
+                                         // -> 8, 0, -8 (no byte for output)
+        private boolean eof = false;
+        private boolean closed = false;
+
+        DecInputStream(InputStream is, int[] base64, boolean isMIME) {
+            this.is = is;
+            this.base64 = base64;
+            this.isMIME = isMIME;
+        }
+
+        private byte[] sbBuf = new byte[1];
+
+        @Override
+        public int read() throws IOException {
+            return read(sbBuf, 0, 1) == -1 ? -1 : sbBuf[0] & 0xff;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
+            if (closed)
+                throw new IOException("Stream is closed");
+            if (eof && nextout < 0)    // eof and no leftover
+                return -1;
+            if (off < 0 || len < 0 || len > b.length - off)
+                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
+            int oldOff = off;
+            if (nextout >= 0) {       // leftover output byte(s) in bits buf
+                do {
+                    if (len == 0)
+                        return off - oldOff;
+                    b[off++] = (byte)(bits >> nextout);
+                    len--;
+                    nextout -= 8;
+                } while (nextout >= 0);
+                bits = 0;
+            }
+            while (len > 0) {
+                int v = is.read();
+                if (v == -1) {
+                    eof = true;
+                    if (nextin != 18) {
+                        if (nextin == 12)
+                            throw new IOException("Base64 stream has one un-decoded dangling byte.");
+                        // treat ending xx/xxx without padding character legal.
+                        // same logic as v == '=' below
+                        b[off++] = (byte)(bits >> (16));
+                        len--;
+                        if (nextin == 0) {           // only one padding byte
+                            if (len == 0) {          // no enough output space
+                                bits >>= 8;          // shift to lowest byte
+                                nextout = 0;
+                            } else {
+                                b[off++] = (byte) (bits >>  8);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (off == oldOff)
+                        return -1;
+                    else
+                        return off - oldOff;
+                }
+                if (v == '=') {                  // padding byte(s)
+                    // =     shiftto==18 unnecessary padding
+                    // x=    shiftto==12 dangling x, invalid unit
+                    // xx=   shiftto==6 && missing last '='
+                    // xx=y  or last is not '='
+                    if (nextin == 18 || nextin == 12 ||
+                        nextin == 6 && is.read() != '=') {
+                        throw new IOException("Illegal base64 ending sequence:" + nextin);
+                    }
+                    b[off++] = (byte)(bits >> (16));
+                    len--;
+                    if (nextin == 0) {           // only one padding byte
+                        if (len == 0) {          // no enough output space
+                            bits >>= 8;          // shift to lowest byte
+                            nextout = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            b[off++] = (byte) (bits >>  8);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    eof = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                if ((v = base64[v]) == -1) {
+                    if (isMIME)                 // skip if for rfc2045
+                        continue;
+                    else
+                        throw new IOException("Illegal base64 character " +
+                            Integer.toString(v, 16));
+                }
+                bits |= (v << nextin);
+                if (nextin == 0) {
+                    nextin = 18;    // clear for next
+                    nextout = 16;
+                    while (nextout >= 0) {
+                        b[off++] = (byte)(bits >> nextout);
+                        len--;
+                        nextout -= 8;
+                        if (len == 0 && nextout >= 0) {  // don't clean "bits"
+                            return off - oldOff;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    bits = 0;
+                } else {
+                    nextin -= 6;
+                }
+            }
+            return off - oldOff;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int available() throws IOException {
+            if (closed)
+                throw new IOException("Stream is closed");
+            return is.available();   // TBD:
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() throws IOException {
+            if (!closed) {
+                closed = true;
+                is.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Collection.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Collection.java
index 7db86aa..e4c6b4c 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Collection.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Collection.java
@@ -104,10 +104,23 @@
  * the specified behavior of underlying {@link Object} methods wherever the
  * implementor deems it appropriate.
  *
+ * <p>Some collection operations which perform recursive traversal of the
+ * collection may fail with an exception for self-referential instances where
+ * the collection directly or indirectly contains itself. This includes the
+ * {@code clone()}, {@code equals()}, {@code hashCode()} and {@code toString()}
+ * methods. Implementations may optionally handle the self-referential scenario,
+ * however most current implementations do not do so.
+ *
  * <p>This interface is a member of the
  * <a href="{@docRoot}openjdk-redirect.html?v=8&path=/technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
  * Java Collections Framework</a>.
  *
+ * @implSpec
+ * The default method implementations (inherited or otherwise) do not apply any
+ * synchronization protocol.  If a {@code Collection} implementation has a
+ * specific synchronization protocol, then it must override default
+ * implementations to apply that protocol.
+ *
  * @param <E> the type of elements in this collection
  *
  * @author  Josh Bloch
@@ -226,6 +239,7 @@
      * Note that <tt>toArray(new Object[0])</tt> is identical in function to
      * <tt>toArray()</tt>.
      *
+     * @param <T> the runtime type of the array to contain the collection
      * @param a the array into which the elements of this collection are to be
      *        stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the same
      *        runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
@@ -370,7 +384,6 @@
      */
     boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c);
 
-
     /**
      * Removes all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given
      * predicate.  Errors or runtime exceptions thrown during iteration or by
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Formattable.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Formattable.java
index 28b788c..f7e1e50 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Formattable.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Formattable.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
  * For example, the following class prints out different representations of a
  * stock's name depending on the flags and length constraints:
  *
- * <blockquote><pre>
+ * {@code
  *   import java.nio.CharBuffer;
  *   import java.util.Formatter;
  *   import java.util.Formattable;
@@ -89,12 +89,12 @@
  *           return String.format("%s - %s", symbol, companyName);
  *       }
  *   }
- * </pre></blockquote>
+ * }
  *
  * <p> When used in conjunction with the {@link java.util.Formatter}, the above
  * class produces the following output for various format strings.
  *
- * <blockquote><pre>
+ * {@code
  *   Formatter fmt = new Formatter();
  *   StockName sn = new StockName("HUGE", "Huge Fruit, Inc.",
  *                                "Fruit Titanesque, Inc.");
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
  *   fmt.format("%-10.8s", sn);              //   -> "HUGE      "
  *   fmt.format("%.12s", sn);                //   -> "Huge Fruit,*"
  *   fmt.format(Locale.FRANCE, "%25s", sn);  //   -> "   Fruit Titanesque, Inc."
- * </pre></blockquote>
+ * }
  *
  * <p> Formattables are not necessarily safe for multithreaded access.  Thread
  * safety is optional and may be enforced by classes that extend and implement
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/IllegalFormatConversionException.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/IllegalFormatConversionException.java
index 9bdbfc4..a9b006f 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/IllegalFormatConversionException.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/IllegalFormatConversionException.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 17000126L;
 
     private char c;
-    private Class arg;
+    private Class<?> arg;
 
     /**
      * Constructs an instance of this class with the mismatched conversion and
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatException.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatException.java
index 64dde4d..bacab3d 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatException.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/InvalidPropertiesFormatException.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2003, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@
  */
 
 public class InvalidPropertiesFormatException extends IOException {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7763056076009360219L;
+
     /**
      * Constructs an InvalidPropertiesFormatException with the specified
      * cause.
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/MissingFormatWidthException.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/MissingFormatWidthException.java
index af76ac5..9650fe2 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/MissingFormatWidthException.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/MissingFormatWidthException.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2003, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 /**
  * Unchecked exception thrown when the format width is required.
  *
- * <p> Unless otherwise specified, passing a <tt>null</tt> argument to anyg
+ * <p> Unless otherwise specified, passing a <tt>null</tt> argument to any
  * method or constructor in this class will cause a {@link
  * NullPointerException} to be thrown.
  *
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/NoSuchElementException.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/NoSuchElementException.java
index 88ff2c0..15e1aad 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/NoSuchElementException.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/NoSuchElementException.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 1994, 2008, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -26,13 +26,12 @@
 package java.util;
 
 /**
- * Thrown by the <code>nextElement</code> method of an
- * <code>Enumeration</code> to indicate that there are no more
- * elements in the enumeration.
+ * Thrown by various accessor methods to indicate that the element being requested
+ * does not exist.
  *
  * @author  unascribed
- * @see     java.util.Enumeration
  * @see     java.util.Enumeration#nextElement()
+ * @see     java.util.Iterator#next()
  * @since   JDK1.0
  */
 public
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Observable.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Observable.java
index 1d8be3b..1f21aaa 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Observable.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Observable.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 1994, 2004, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
  * notifications on separate threads, or may guarantee that their
  * subclass follows this order, as they choose.
  * <p>
- * Note that this notification mechanism is has nothing to do with threads
+ * Note that this notification mechanism has nothing to do with threads
  * and is completely separate from the <tt>wait</tt> and <tt>notify</tt>
  * mechanism of class <tt>Object</tt>.
  * <p>
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@
  */
 public class Observable {
     private boolean changed = false;
-    private final ArrayList<Observer> observers;
+    private Vector<Observer> obs;
 
     /** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */
 
     public Observable() {
-        observers = new ArrayList<>();
+        obs = new Vector<>();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@
     public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
         if (o == null)
             throw new NullPointerException();
-        if (!observers.contains(o)) {
-            observers.add(o);
+        if (!obs.contains(o)) {
+            obs.addElement(o);
         }
     }
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
      * @param   o   the observer to be deleted.
      */
     public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
-        observers.remove(o);
+        obs.removeElement(o);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -134,38 +134,37 @@
          * a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
          * current Observers.
          */
-        Observer[] arrLocal;
+        Object[] arrLocal;
 
         synchronized (this) {
             /* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
-             * arbitrary Observables while holding its own Monitor.
+             * arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
              * The code where we extract each Observable from
-             * the ArrayList and store the state of the Observer
+             * the Vector and store the state of the Observer
              * needs synchronization, but notifying observers
              * does not (should not).  The worst result of any
              * potential race-condition here is that:
-             *
              * 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
              *   notification in progress
              * 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
              *   wrongly notified when it doesn't care
              */
+            // Android-changed: Call out to hasChanged() to figure out if something changes.
             if (!hasChanged())
                 return;
-
-            arrLocal = observers.toArray(new Observer[observers.size()]);
+            arrLocal = obs.toArray();
             clearChanged();
         }
 
         for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
-            arrLocal[i].update(this, arg);
+            ((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
     }
 
     /**
      * Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
      */
     public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
-        observers.clear();
+        obs.removeAllElements();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -210,6 +209,6 @@
      * @return  the number of observers of this object.
      */
     public synchronized int countObservers() {
-        return observers.size();
+        return obs.size();
     }
 }
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Scanner.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Scanner.java
index fdc787d..d2ac697 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Scanner.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Scanner.java
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
- * Copyright (c) 2003, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -50,47 +50,51 @@
  *
  * <p>For example, this code allows a user to read a number from
  * <tt>System.in</tt>:
- * <blockquote><pre>
+ * <blockquote><pre>{@code
  *     Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
  *     int i = sc.nextInt();
- * </pre></blockquote>
+ * }</pre></blockquote>
  *
  * <p>As another example, this code allows <code>long</code> types to be
  * assigned from entries in a file <code>myNumbers</code>:
- * <blockquote><pre>
+ * <blockquote><pre>{@code
  *      Scanner sc = new Scanner(new File("myNumbers"));
  *      while (sc.hasNextLong()) {
  *          long aLong = sc.nextLong();
- *      }</pre></blockquote>
+ *      }
+ * }</pre></blockquote>
  *
  * <p>The scanner can also use delimiters other than whitespace. This
  * example reads several items in from a string:
- *<blockquote><pre>
+ * <blockquote><pre>{@code
  *     String input = "1 fish 2 fish red fish blue fish";
  *     Scanner s = new Scanner(input).useDelimiter("\\s*fish\\s*");
  *     System.out.println(s.nextInt());
  *     System.out.println(s.nextInt());
  *     System.out.println(s.next());
  *     System.out.println(s.next());
- *     s.close(); </pre></blockquote>
+ *     s.close();
+ * }</pre></blockquote>
  * <p>
  * prints the following output:
- * <blockquote><pre>
+ * <blockquote><pre>{@code
  *     1
  *     2
  *     red
- *     blue </pre></blockquote>
+ *     blue
+ * }</pre></blockquote>
  *
  * <p>The same output can be generated with this code, which uses a regular
  * expression to parse all four tokens at once:
- *<blockquote><pre>
+ * <blockquote><pre>{@code
  *     String input = "1 fish 2 fish red fish blue fish";
  *     Scanner s = new Scanner(input);
  *     s.findInLine("(\\d+) fish (\\d+) fish (\\w+) fish (\\w+)");
  *     MatchResult result = s.match();
  *     for (int i=1; i<=result.groupCount(); i++)
  *         System.out.println(result.group(i));
- *     s.close(); </pre></blockquote>
+ *     s.close();
+ * }</pre></blockquote>
  *
  * <p>The <a name="default-delimiter">default whitespace delimiter</a> used
  * by a scanner is as recognized by {@link java.lang.Character}.{@link
@@ -146,13 +150,13 @@
  * {@link #reset} method will reset the value of the scanner's radix to
  * <code>10</code> regardless of whether it was previously changed.
  *
- * <a name="localized-numbers">
- * <h4> Localized numbers </h4>
+ * <h3> <a name="localized-numbers">Localized numbers</a> </h3>
  *
  * <p> An instance of this class is capable of scanning numbers in the standard
  * formats as well as in the formats of the scanner's locale. A scanner's
  * <a name="initial-locale">initial locale </a>is the value returned by the {@link
- * java.util.Locale#getDefault} method; it may be changed via the {@link
+ * java.util.Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category)
+ * Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT)} method; it may be changed via the {@link
  * #useLocale} method. The {@link #reset} method will reset the value of the
  * scanner's locale to the initial locale regardless of whether it was
  * previously changed.
@@ -163,186 +167,138 @@
  * {@link java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols DecimalFormatSymbols} object,
  * <tt>dfs</tt>.
  *
- * <blockquote><table>
- * <tr><td valign="top"><i>LocalGroupSeparator&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></td>
- *     <td valign="top">The character used to separate thousands groups,
- *                      <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>dfs.</tt>{@link
- *                      java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#getGroupingSeparator
- *                      getGroupingSeparator()}</td></tr>
- * <tr><td valign="top"><i>LocalDecimalSeparator&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></td>
- *     <td valign="top">The character used for the decimal point,
- *                      <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>dfs.</tt>{@link
- *                      java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#getDecimalSeparator
- *                      getDecimalSeparator()}</td></tr>
- * <tr><td valign="top"><i>LocalPositivePrefix&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></td>
- *     <td valign="top">The string that appears before a positive number (may
- *                      be empty), <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>df.</tt>{@link
- *                      java.text.DecimalFormat#getPositivePrefix
- *                      getPositivePrefix()}</td></tr>
- * <tr><td valign="top"><i>LocalPositiveSuffix&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></td>
- *     <td valign="top">The string that appears after a positive number (may be
- *                      empty), <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>df.</tt>{@link
- *                      java.text.DecimalFormat#getPositiveSuffix
- *                      getPositiveSuffix()}</td></tr>
- * <tr><td valign="top"><i>LocalNegativePrefix&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></td>
- *     <td valign="top">The string that appears before a negative number (may
- *                      be empty), <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>df.</tt>{@link
- *                      java.text.DecimalFormat#getNegativePrefix
- *                      getNegativePrefix()}</td></tr>
- * <tr><td valign="top"><i>LocalNegativeSuffix&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></td>
- *     <td valign="top">The string that appears after a negative number (may be
- *                      empty), <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>df.</tt>{@link
- *                      java.text.DecimalFormat#getNegativeSuffix
- *                      getNegativeSuffix()}</td></tr>
- * <tr><td valign="top"><i>LocalNaN&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></td>
- *     <td valign="top">The string that represents not-a-number for
- *                      floating-point values,
- *                      <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>dfs.</tt>{@link
- *                      java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#getNaN
- *                      getNaN()}</td></tr>
- * <tr><td valign="top"><i>LocalInfinity&nbsp;&nbsp;</i></td>
- *     <td valign="top">The string that represents infinity for floating-point
- *                      values, <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>dfs.</tt>{@link
- *                      java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#getInfinity
- *                      getInfinity()}</td></tr>
- * </table></blockquote>
+ * <blockquote><dl>
+ *     <dt><i>LocalGroupSeparator&nbsp;&nbsp;</i>
+ *         <dd>The character used to separate thousands groups,
+ *         <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>dfs.</tt>{@link
+ *         java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#getGroupingSeparator
+ *         getGroupingSeparator()}
+ *     <dt><i>LocalDecimalSeparator&nbsp;&nbsp;</i>
+ *         <dd>The character used for the decimal point,
+ *     <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>dfs.</tt>{@link
+ *     java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#getDecimalSeparator
+ *     getDecimalSeparator()}
+ *     <dt><i>LocalPositivePrefix&nbsp;&nbsp;</i>
+ *         <dd>The string that appears before a positive number (may
+ *         be empty), <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>df.</tt>{@link
+ *         java.text.DecimalFormat#getPositivePrefix
+ *         getPositivePrefix()}
+ *     <dt><i>LocalPositiveSuffix&nbsp;&nbsp;</i>
+ *         <dd>The string that appears after a positive number (may be
+ *         empty), <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>df.</tt>{@link
+ *         java.text.DecimalFormat#getPositiveSuffix
+ *         getPositiveSuffix()}
+ *     <dt><i>LocalNegativePrefix&nbsp;&nbsp;</i>
+ *         <dd>The string that appears before a negative number (may
+ *         be empty), <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>df.</tt>{@link
+ *         java.text.DecimalFormat#getNegativePrefix
+ *         getNegativePrefix()}
+ *     <dt><i>LocalNegativeSuffix&nbsp;&nbsp;</i>
+ *         <dd>The string that appears after a negative number (may be
+ *         empty), <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>df.</tt>{@link
+ *     java.text.DecimalFormat#getNegativeSuffix
+ *     getNegativeSuffix()}
+ *     <dt><i>LocalNaN&nbsp;&nbsp;</i>
+ *         <dd>The string that represents not-a-number for
+ *         floating-point values,
+ *         <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>dfs.</tt>{@link
+ *         java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#getNaN
+ *         getNaN()}
+ *     <dt><i>LocalInfinity&nbsp;&nbsp;</i>
+ *         <dd>The string that represents infinity for floating-point
+ *         values, <i>i.e.,</i>&nbsp;<tt>dfs.</tt>{@link
+ *         java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#getInfinity
+ *         getInfinity()}
+ * </dl></blockquote>
  *
- * <a name="number-syntax">
- * <h4> Number syntax </h4>
+ * <h4> <a name="number-syntax">Number syntax</a> </h4>
  *
  * <p> The strings that can be parsed as numbers by an instance of this class
  * are specified in terms of the following regular-expression grammar, where
- * Rmax is the highest digit in the radix being used (for example, Rmax is 9
- * in base 10).
+ * Rmax is the highest digit in the radix being used (for example, Rmax is 9 in base 10).
  *
- * <p>
- * <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 align=center>
- *
- *   <tr><td valign=top align=right><i>NonASCIIDigit</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td valign=top>= A non-ASCII character c for which
+ * <dl>
+ *   <dt><i>NonAsciiDigit</i>:
+ *       <dd>A non-ASCII character c for which
  *            {@link java.lang.Character#isDigit Character.isDigit}<tt>(c)</tt>
- *                        returns&nbsp;true</td></tr>
+ *                        returns&nbsp;true
  *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ *   <dt><i>Non0Digit</i>:
+ *       <dd><tt>[1-</tt><i>Rmax</i><tt>] | </tt><i>NonASCIIDigit</i>
  *
- *   <tr><td align=right><i>Non0Digit</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *   <td><tt>= [1-</tt><i>Rmax</i><tt>] | </tt><i>NonASCIIDigit</i></td></tr>
+ *   <dt><i>Digit</i>:
+ *       <dd><tt>[0-</tt><i>Rmax</i><tt>] | </tt><i>NonASCIIDigit</i>
  *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ *   <dt><i>GroupedNumeral</i>:
+ *       <dd><tt>(&nbsp;</tt><i>Non0Digit</i>
+ *                   <i>Digit</i><tt>?
+ *                   </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>?</tt>
+ *       <dd>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<tt>(&nbsp;</tt><i>LocalGroupSeparator</i>
+ *                         <i>Digit</i>
+ *                         <i>Digit</i>
+ *                         <i>Digit</i><tt> )+ )</tt>
  *
- *   <tr><td align=right><i>Digit</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *   <td><tt>= [0-</tt><i>Rmax</i><tt>] | </tt><i>NonASCIIDigit</i></td></tr>
+ *   <dt><i>Numeral</i>:
+ *       <dd><tt>( ( </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>+ )
+ *               | </tt><i>GroupedNumeral</i><tt> )</tt>
  *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ *   <dt><a name="Integer-regex"><i>Integer</i>:</a>
+ *       <dd><tt>( [-+]? ( </tt><i>Numeral</i><tt>
+ *                               ) )</tt>
+ *       <dd><tt>| </tt><i>LocalPositivePrefix</i> <i>Numeral</i>
+ *                      <i>LocalPositiveSuffix</i>
+ *       <dd><tt>| </tt><i>LocalNegativePrefix</i> <i>Numeral</i>
+ *                 <i>LocalNegativeSuffix</i>
  *
- *   <tr><td valign=top align=right><i>GroupedNumeral</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td valign=top>
- *         <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
- *           <tr><td><tt>= (&nbsp;</tt></td>
- *               <td><i>Non0Digit</i><tt>
- *                   </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>?
- *                   </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>?</tt></td></tr>
- *           <tr><td></td>
- *               <td><tt>(&nbsp;</tt><i>LocalGroupSeparator</i><tt>
- *                         </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>
- *                         </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>
- *                         </tt><i>Digit</i><tt> )+ )</tt></td></tr>
- *         </table></td></tr>
+ *   <dt><i>DecimalNumeral</i>:
+ *       <dd><i>Numeral</i>
+ *       <dd><tt>| </tt><i>Numeral</i>
+ *                 <i>LocalDecimalSeparator</i>
+ *                 <i>Digit</i><tt>*</tt>
+ *       <dd><tt>| </tt><i>LocalDecimalSeparator</i>
+ *                 <i>Digit</i><tt>+</tt>
  *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ *   <dt><i>Exponent</i>:
+ *       <dd><tt>( [eE] [+-]? </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>+ )</tt>
  *
- *   <tr><td align=right><i>Numeral</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td><tt>= ( ( </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>+ )
- *               | </tt><i>GroupedNumeral</i><tt> )</tt></td></tr>
+ *   <dt><a name="Decimal-regex"><i>Decimal</i>:</a>
+ *       <dd><tt>( [-+]? </tt><i>DecimalNumeral</i>
+ *                         <i>Exponent</i><tt>? )</tt>
+ *       <dd><tt>| </tt><i>LocalPositivePrefix</i>
+ *                 <i>DecimalNumeral</i>
+ *                 <i>LocalPositiveSuffix</i>
+ *                 <i>Exponent</i><tt>?</tt>
+ *       <dd><tt>| </tt><i>LocalNegativePrefix</i>
+ *                 <i>DecimalNumeral</i>
+ *                 <i>LocalNegativeSuffix</i>
+ *                 <i>Exponent</i><tt>?</tt>
  *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ *   <dt><i>HexFloat</i>:
+ *       <dd><tt>[-+]? 0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]*\.[0-9a-fA-F]+
+ *                 ([pP][-+]?[0-9]+)?</tt>
  *
- *   <tr><td valign=top align=right>
- *         <a name="Integer-regex"><i>Integer</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td valign=top><tt>= ( [-+]? ( </tt><i>Numeral</i><tt>
- *                               ) )</tt></td></tr>
- *   <tr><td></td>
- *       <td><tt>| </tt><i>LocalPositivePrefix</i><tt> </tt><i>Numeral</i><tt>
- *                      </tt><i>LocalPositiveSuffix</i></td></tr>
- *   <tr><td></td>
- *       <td><tt>| </tt><i>LocalNegativePrefix</i><tt> </tt><i>Numeral</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>LocalNegativeSuffix</i></td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td align=right><i>DecimalNumeral</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td><tt>= </tt><i>Numeral</i></td></tr>
- *   <tr><td></td>
- *       <td><tt>| </tt><i>Numeral</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>LocalDecimalSeparator</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>*</tt></td></tr>
- *   <tr><td></td>
- *       <td><tt>| </tt><i>LocalDecimalSeparator</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>+</tt></td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td align=right><i>Exponent</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td><tt>= ( [eE] [+-]? </tt><i>Digit</i><tt>+ )</tt></td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td align=right>
- *         <a name="Decimal-regex"><i>Decimal</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td><tt>= ( [-+]? </tt><i>DecimalNumeral</i><tt>
- *                         </tt><i>Exponent</i><tt>? )</tt></td></tr>
- *   <tr><td></td>
- *       <td><tt>| </tt><i>LocalPositivePrefix</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>DecimalNumeral</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>LocalPositiveSuffix</i>
- *                 </tt><i>Exponent</i><tt>?</td></tr>
- *   <tr><td></td>
- *       <td><tt>| </tt><i>LocalNegativePrefix</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>DecimalNumeral</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>LocalNegativeSuffix</i>
- *                 </tt><i>Exponent</i><tt>?</td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td align=right><i>HexFloat</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td><tt>= [-+]? 0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]*\.[0-9a-fA-F]+
- *                 ([pP][-+]?[0-9]+)?</tt></td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td align=right><i>NonNumber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td valign=top><tt>= NaN
+ *   <dt><i>NonNumber</i>:
+ *       <dd><tt>NaN
  *                          | </tt><i>LocalNan</i><tt>
  *                          | Infinity
- *                          | </tt><i>LocalInfinity</i></td></tr>
+ *                          | </tt><i>LocalInfinity</i>
  *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+ *   <dt><i>SignedNonNumber</i>:
+ *       <dd><tt>( [-+]? </tt><i>NonNumber</i><tt> )</tt>
+ *       <dd><tt>| </tt><i>LocalPositivePrefix</i>
+ *                 <i>NonNumber</i>
+ *                 <i>LocalPositiveSuffix</i>
+ *       <dd><tt>| </tt><i>LocalNegativePrefix</i>
+ *                 <i>NonNumber</i>
+ *                 <i>LocalNegativeSuffix</i>
  *
- *   <tr><td align=right><i>SignedNonNumber</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td><tt>= ( [-+]? </tt><i>NonNumber</i><tt> )</tt></td></tr>
- *   <tr><td></td>
- *       <td><tt>| </tt><i>LocalPositivePrefix</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>NonNumber</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>LocalPositiveSuffix</i></td></tr>
- *   <tr><td></td>
- *       <td><tt>| </tt><i>LocalNegativePrefix</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>NonNumber</i><tt>
- *                 </tt><i>LocalNegativeSuffix</i></td></tr>
+ *   <dt><a name="Float-regex"><i>Float</i></a>:
+ *       <dd><i>Decimal</i>
+ *           <tt>| </tt><i>HexFloat</i>
+ *           <tt>| </tt><i>SignedNonNumber</i>
  *
- *   <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
- *
- *   <tr><td valign=top align=right>
- *         <a name="Float-regex"><i>Float</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;::</td>
- *       <td valign=top><tt>= </tt><i>Decimal</i><tt></td></tr>
- *       <tr><td></td>
- *           <td><tt>| </tt><i>HexFloat</i><tt></td></tr>
- *       <tr><td></td>
- *           <td><tt>| </tt><i>SignedNonNumber</i><tt></td></tr>
- *
- * </table>
- * </center>
- *
- * <p> Whitespace is not significant in the above regular expressions.
+ * </dl>
+ * <p>Whitespace is not significant in the above regular expressions.
  *
  * @since   1.5
  */
@@ -466,7 +422,7 @@
     private int SIMPLE_GROUP_INDEX = 5;
     private String buildIntegerPatternString() {
         String radixDigits = digits.substring(0, radix);
-        // Android changed : Support non-decimal starting digits. (i.e, a-z are valid radix digits).
+        // Android-changed : Support non-decimal starting digits. (i.e, a-z are valid radix digits).
         String nonZeroRadixDigits = "((?i)[" + digits.substring(1, radix) + "]|(" + non0Digit + "))";
 
         // \\p{javaDigit} is not guaranteed to be appropriate
@@ -474,7 +430,7 @@
         // whatever parse method is invoked, so ultimately the
         // Scanner will do the right thing
         String digit = "((?i)["+radixDigits+"]|\\p{javaDigit})";
-        // Android changed : Support non-decimal starting digits.
+        // Android-changed : Support non-decimal starting digits.
         String groupedNumeral = "("+nonZeroRadixDigits+digit+"?"+digit+"?("+
                                 groupSeparator+digit+digit+digit+")+)";
         // digit++ is the possessive form which is necessary for reducing
@@ -573,9 +529,8 @@
      * Constructs a <code>Scanner</code> that returns values scanned
      * from the specified source delimited by the specified pattern.
      *
-     * @param  source A character source implementing the Readable interface
+     * @param source A character source implementing the Readable interface
      * @param pattern A delimiting pattern
-     * @return A scanner with the specified source and pattern
      */
     private Scanner(Readable source, Pattern pattern) {
         assert source != null : "source should not be null";
@@ -741,7 +696,7 @@
     public Scanner(Path source, String charsetName) throws IOException {
         this(Objects.requireNonNull(source), toCharset(charsetName));
     }
-    
+
     private Scanner(Path source, Charset charset)  throws IOException {
         this(makeReadable(Files.newInputStream(source), charset));
     }
@@ -1688,6 +1643,7 @@
      * <tt>findWithinHorizon(Pattern.compile(pattern, horizon))</tt>.
      *
      * @param pattern a string specifying the pattern to search for
+     * @param horizon the search horizon
      * @return the text that matched the specified pattern
      * @throws IllegalStateException if this scanner is closed
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if horizon is negative
@@ -1722,6 +1678,7 @@
      * thrown.
      *
      * @param pattern the pattern to scan for
+     * @param horizon the search horizon
      * @return the text that matched the specified pattern
      * @throws IllegalStateException if this scanner is closed
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if horizon is negative
@@ -2660,11 +2617,11 @@
      * <tt>scanner.reset()</tt> behaves in exactly the same way as the
      * invocation
      *
-     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * <blockquote><pre>{@code
      *   scanner.useDelimiter("\\p{javaWhitespace}+")
-     *          .useLocale(Locale.getDefault())
+     *          .useLocale(Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.FORMAT))
      *          .useRadix(10);
-     * </pre></blockquote>
+     * }</pre></blockquote>
      *
      * @return this scanner
      *
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/TimerTask.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/TimerTask.java
index b8c8340..5750486 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/TimerTask.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/TimerTask.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 1999, 2004, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1999, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -130,14 +130,14 @@
      * <p>This method is typically invoked from within a task's run method, to
      * determine whether the current execution of the task is sufficiently
      * timely to warrant performing the scheduled activity:
-     * <pre>
+     * <pre>{@code
      *   public void run() {
      *       if (System.currentTimeMillis() - scheduledExecutionTime() >=
      *           MAX_TARDINESS)
      *               return;  // Too late; skip this execution.
      *       // Perform the task
      *   }
-     * </pre>
+     * }</pre>
      * This method is typically <i>not</i> used in conjunction with
      * <i>fixed-delay execution</i> repeating tasks, as their scheduled
      * execution times are allowed to drift over time, and so are not terribly
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/javax/crypto/CipherOutputStream.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/javax/crypto/CipherOutputStream.java
index 15edd45..6b8d273 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/javax/crypto/CipherOutputStream.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/javax/crypto/CipherOutputStream.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 1997, 2007, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@
     // the buffer holding data ready to be written out
     private byte[] obuffer;
 
+    // stream status
+    private boolean closed = false;
+
     /**
      *
      * Constructs a CipherOutputStream from an OutputStream and a
@@ -198,11 +201,14 @@
      * @since      JCE1.2
      */
     public void close() throws IOException {
+        if (closed) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        closed = true;
         try {
             obuffer = cipher.doFinal();
-        } catch (IllegalBlockSizeException e) {
-            obuffer = null;
-        } catch (BadPaddingException e) {
+        } catch (IllegalBlockSizeException | BadPaddingException e) {
             obuffer = null;
         }
         try {
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/java/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.java b/ojluni/src/main/java/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.java
index 7203166..3ee7f8c 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/java/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.java
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/java/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.java
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
  *         <tr>
  *             <td>SSLv3</td>
  *             <td>1+</td>
- *             <td>1+</td>
+ *             <td>1&ndash;22</td>
  *         </tr>
  *         <tr>
  *             <td>TLSv1</td>
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/native/PlainDatagramSocketImpl.c b/ojluni/src/main/native/PlainDatagramSocketImpl.c
index f9b9deb..aad8c34 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/native/PlainDatagramSocketImpl.c
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/native/PlainDatagramSocketImpl.c
@@ -1284,11 +1284,11 @@
 
 /*
  * Class:     java_net_PlainDatagramSocketImpl
- * Method:    socketSetOption
+ * Method:    socketSetOption0
  * Signature: (ILjava/lang/Object;)V
  */
 JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
-PlainDatagramSocketImpl_socketSetOption(JNIEnv *env,
+PlainDatagramSocketImpl_socketSetOption0(JNIEnv *env,
                                                       jobject this,
                                                       jint opt,
                                                       jobject value) {
@@ -1942,7 +1942,7 @@
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainDatagramSocketImpl, setTimeToLive, "(I)V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainDatagramSocketImpl, setTTL, "(B)V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainDatagramSocketImpl, socketGetOption, "(I)Ljava/lang/Object;"),
-  NATIVE_METHOD(PlainDatagramSocketImpl, socketSetOption, "(ILjava/lang/Object;)V"),
+  NATIVE_METHOD(PlainDatagramSocketImpl, socketSetOption0, "(ILjava/lang/Object;)V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainDatagramSocketImpl, datagramSocketClose, "()V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainDatagramSocketImpl, datagramSocketCreate, "()V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainDatagramSocketImpl, receive0, "(Ljava/net/DatagramPacket;)V"),
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/native/PlainSocketImpl.c b/ojluni/src/main/native/PlainSocketImpl.c
index af856c5..0129eb5 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/native/PlainSocketImpl.c
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/native/PlainSocketImpl.c
@@ -845,11 +845,11 @@
 
 /*
  * Class:     java_net_PlainSocketImpl
- * Method:    socketSetOption
+ * Method:    socketSetOption0
  * Signature: (IZLjava/lang/Object;)V
  */
 JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
-PlainSocketImpl_socketSetOption(JNIEnv *env, jobject this,
+PlainSocketImpl_socketSetOption0(JNIEnv *env, jobject this,
                                               jint cmd, jboolean on,
                                               jobject value) {
     int fd;
@@ -1073,7 +1073,7 @@
 static JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainSocketImpl, socketSendUrgentData, "(I)V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainSocketImpl, socketGetOption, "(ILjava/lang/Object;)I"),
-  NATIVE_METHOD(PlainSocketImpl, socketSetOption, "(IZLjava/lang/Object;)V"),
+  NATIVE_METHOD(PlainSocketImpl, socketSetOption0, "(IZLjava/lang/Object;)V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainSocketImpl, socketShutdown, "(I)V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainSocketImpl, socketClose0, "()V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(PlainSocketImpl, socketAccept, "(Ljava/net/SocketImpl;)V"),
diff --git a/ojluni/src/main/native/net_util_md.c b/ojluni/src/main/native/net_util_md.c
index f1d60fe..0dd6c09 100644
--- a/ojluni/src/main/native/net_util_md.c
+++ b/ojluni/src/main/native/net_util_md.c
@@ -911,12 +911,10 @@
 
     int i;
 
-    /*
-     * Different multicast options if IPv6 is enabled
-     */
 #ifdef AF_INET6
     if (ipv6_available()) {
         switch (cmd) {
+            // Different multicast options if IPv6 is enabled
             case java_net_SocketOptions_IP_MULTICAST_IF:
             case java_net_SocketOptions_IP_MULTICAST_IF2:
                 *level = IPPROTO_IPV6;
@@ -927,6 +925,13 @@
                 *level = IPPROTO_IPV6;
                 *optname = IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP;
                 return 0;
+#if (defined(__solaris__) || defined(MACOSX))
+            // Map IP_TOS request to IPV6_TCLASS
+            case java_net_SocketOptions_IP_TOS:
+                *level = IPPROTO_IPV6;
+                *optname = IPV6_TCLASS;
+                return 0;
+#endif
         }
     }
 #endif
@@ -950,9 +955,6 @@
  * Wrapper for getsockopt system routine - does any necessary
  * pre/post processing to deal with OS specific oddities :-
  *
- * IP_TOS is a no-op with IPv6 sockets as it's setup when
- * the connection is established.
- *
  * On Linux the SO_SNDBUF/SO_RCVBUF values must be post-processed
  * to compensate for an incorrect value returned by the kernel.
  */
@@ -962,21 +964,6 @@
 {
     int rv;
 
-#ifdef AF_INET6
-    if ((level == IPPROTO_IP) && (opt == IP_TOS)) {
-        if (ipv6_available()) {
-
-            /*
-             * For IPv6 socket option implemented at Java-level
-             * so return -1.
-             */
-            int *tc = (int *)result;
-            *tc = -1;
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-#endif
-
 #ifdef __solaris__
     rv = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, result, len);
 #else
@@ -1027,8 +1014,7 @@
  *
  * For IP_TOS socket option need to mask off bits as this
  * aren't automatically masked by the kernel and results in
- * an error. In addition IP_TOS is a NOOP with IPv6 as it
- * should be setup as connection time.
+ * an error.
  */
 int
 NET_SetSockOpt(int fd, int level, int  opt, const void *arg,
@@ -1054,41 +1040,46 @@
 #else
     static long maxsockbuf = -1;
 #endif
-
-    int addopt;
-    struct linger *ling;
 #endif
 
     /*
      * IPPROTO/IP_TOS :-
-     * 1. IPv6 on Solaris/Mac OS: NOOP and will be set
-     *    in flowinfo field when connecting TCP socket,
-     *    or sending UDP packet.
+     * 1. IPv6 on Solaris/Mac OS:
+     *    Set the TOS OR Traffic Class value to cater for
+     *    IPv6 and IPv4 scenarios.
      * 2. IPv6 on Linux: By default Linux ignores flowinfo
      *    field so enable IPV6_FLOWINFO_SEND so that flowinfo
-     *    will be examined.
+     *    will be examined. We also set the IPv4 TOS option in this case.
      * 3. IPv4: set socket option based on ToS and Precedence
      *    fields (otherwise get invalid argument)
      */
     if (level == IPPROTO_IP && opt == IP_TOS) {
         int *iptos;
 
-#if defined(AF_INET6) && (defined(__solaris__) || defined(MACOSX))
-        if (ipv6_available()) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-#endif
-
 #if defined(AF_INET6) && defined(__linux__)
         if (ipv6_available()) {
             int optval = 1;
-            return setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_FLOWINFO_SEND,
-                              (void *)&optval, sizeof(optval));
+            if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_FLOWINFO_SEND,
+                           (void *)&optval, sizeof(optval)) < 0) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+           /*
+            * Let's also set the IPV6_TCLASS flag.
+            * Linux appears to allow both IP_TOS and IPV6_TCLASS to be set
+            * This helps in mixed environments where IPv4 and IPv6 sockets
+            * are connecting.
+            */
+           if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_TCLASS,
+                           arg, len) < 0) {
+                return -1;
+            }
         }
 #endif
 
         iptos = (int *)arg;
-        *iptos &= (IPTOS_TOS_MASK | IPTOS_PREC_MASK);
+        // Android-changed: This is out-dated RFC 1349 scheme. Modern Linux uses
+        // Diffsev/ECN, and this mask is no longer relavant.
+        // *iptos &= (IPTOS_TOS_MASK | IPTOS_PREC_MASK);
     }
 
     /*
@@ -1153,7 +1144,7 @@
      * On Linux the receive buffer is used for both socket
      * structures and the the packet payload. The implication
      * is that if SO_RCVBUF is too small then small packets
-     * must be discard.
+     * must be discarded.
      */
 #ifdef __linux__
     if (level == SOL_SOCKET && opt == SO_RCVBUF) {
@@ -1222,8 +1213,7 @@
         }
 
         if (sotype == SOCK_DGRAM) {
-            addopt = SO_REUSEPORT;
-            setsockopt(fd, level, addopt, arg, len);
+            setsockopt(fd, level, SO_REUSEPORT, arg, len);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1336,7 +1326,7 @@
  * NET_WAIT_READ, NET_WAIT_WRITE & NET_WAIT_CONNECT.
  *
  * The function will return when either the socket is ready for one
- * of the specified operation or the timeout expired.
+ * of the specified operations or the timeout expired.
  *
  * It returns the time left from the timeout (possibly 0), or -1 if it expired.
  */
diff --git a/openjdk_java_files.mk b/openjdk_java_files.mk
index b0d574e..f1e425e 100644
--- a/openjdk_java_files.mk
+++ b/openjdk_java_files.mk
@@ -186,9 +186,11 @@
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/InvocationTargetException.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/ReflectiveOperationException.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/MalformedParameterizedTypeException.java \
+    ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/MalformedParametersException.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Member.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Method.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Modifier.java \
+    ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Parameter.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/ParameterizedType.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/Proxy.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/reflect/ReflectPermission.java \
@@ -759,6 +761,7 @@
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/ArrayPrefixHelpers.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Arrays.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/ArraysParallelSortHelpers.java \
+    ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Base64.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/BitSet.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Calendar.java \
     ojluni/src/main/java/java/util/Collection.java \
diff --git a/support/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/StandardNames.java b/support/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/StandardNames.java
index d414d4b..d2f8b67 100644
--- a/support/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/StandardNames.java
+++ b/support/src/test/java/libcore/java/security/StandardNames.java
@@ -988,6 +988,15 @@
             "TLS_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA"
             );
 
+    // Should be updated to match BoringSSL's defaults when they change.
+    // https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/boringssl/+/master/src/ssl/t1_lib.c#305
+    public static final List<String> ELLIPTIC_CURVES_DEFAULT = Arrays.asList(
+            "x25519 (29)",
+            "secp256r1 (23)",
+            "secp384r1 (24)",
+            "secp521r1 (25)"
+            );
+
     private static final Set<String> PERMITTED_DEFAULT_KEY_EXCHANGE_ALGS =
             new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("RSA",
                                               "DHE_RSA",
@@ -1154,6 +1163,10 @@
         }
     }
 
+    public static void assertDefaultEllipticCurves(String[] curves) {
+        assertEquals(ELLIPTIC_CURVES_DEFAULT, Arrays.asList(curves));
+    }
+
     public static void assertSSLContextEnabledProtocols(String version, String[] protocols) {
         assertEquals("For protocol \"" + version + "\"",
                 Arrays.toString(SSL_CONTEXT_PROTOCOLS_ENABLED.get(version)),
diff --git a/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/EllipticCurve.java b/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/EllipticCurve.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a409c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/EllipticCurve.java
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package libcore.tlswire.handshake;
+
+/**
+ * {@code EllipticCurve} enum from RFC 4492 section 5.1.1. Curves are assigned
+ * via the
+ * <a href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xhtml#tls-parameters-8">IANA registry</a>.
+ */
+public enum EllipticCurve {
+    SECT163K1(1, "sect163k1"),
+    SECT163R1(2, "sect163r1"),
+    SECT163R2(3, "sect163r2"),
+    SECT193R1(4, "sect193r1"),
+    SECT193R2(5, "sect193r2"),
+    SECT233K1(6, "sect233k1"),
+    SECT233R1(7, "sect233r1"),
+    SECT239K1(8, "sect239k1"),
+    SECT283K1(9, "sect283k1"),
+    SECT283R1(10, "sect283r1"),
+    SECT409K1(11, "sect409k1"),
+    SECT409R1(12, "sect409r1"),
+    SECT571K1(13, "sect571k1"),
+    SECT571R1(14, "sect571r1"),
+    SECP160K1(15, "secp160k1"),
+    SECP160R1(16, "secp160r1"),
+    SECP160R2(17, "secp160r2"),
+    SECP192K1(18, "secp192k1"),
+    SECP192R1(19, "secp192r1"),
+    SECP224K1(20, "secp224k1"),
+    SECP256K1(22, "secp256k1"),
+    SECP256R1(23, "secp256r1"),
+    SECP384R1(24, "secp384r1"),
+    SECP521R1(25, "secp521r1"),
+    BRAINPOOLP256R1(26, "brainpoolP256r1"),
+    BRAINPOOLP384R1(27, "brainpoolP384r1"),
+    BRAINPOOLP521R1(28, "brainpoolP521r1"),
+    X25519(29, "x25519"),
+    X448(30, "x448"),
+    ARBITRARY_PRIME(0xFF01, "arbitrary_explicit_prime_curves"),
+    ARBITRARY_CHAR2(0xFF02, "arbitrary_explicit_char2_curves");
+
+    public final int identifier;
+    public final String name;
+
+    private EllipticCurve(int identifier, String name) {
+        this.identifier = identifier;
+        this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    public static EllipticCurve fromIdentifier(int identifier) {
+        for (EllipticCurve curve : values()) {
+            if (curve.identifier == identifier) {
+                return curve;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new AssertionError("Unknown curve identifier " + identifier);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(name);
+        sb.append(" (");
+        sb.append(identifier);
+        sb.append(')');
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/EllipticCurvesHelloExtension.java b/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/EllipticCurvesHelloExtension.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19749a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/EllipticCurvesHelloExtension.java
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package libcore.tlswire.handshake;
+
+import libcore.tlswire.util.IoUtils;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * {@code elliptic_curves} {@link HelloExtension} from RFC 4492 section 5.1.1.
+ */
+public class EllipticCurvesHelloExtension extends HelloExtension {
+    public List<EllipticCurve> supported;
+    public boolean wellFormed;
+
+    @Override
+    protected void parseData() throws IOException {
+        byte[] ellipticCurvesListBytes = IoUtils.readTlsVariableLengthByteVector(
+                new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(data)), 0xffff);
+        ByteArrayInputStream ellipticCurvesListIn = new ByteArrayInputStream(ellipticCurvesListBytes);
+        DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(ellipticCurvesListIn);
+        wellFormed = (ellipticCurvesListIn.available() % 2) == 0;
+        supported = new ArrayList<EllipticCurve>(ellipticCurvesListIn.available() / 2);
+        while (ellipticCurvesListIn.available() >= 2) {
+            int curve_id = in.readUnsignedShort();
+            supported.add(EllipticCurve.fromIdentifier(curve_id));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("HelloExtension{type: elliptic_curves, wellFormed: ");
+        sb.append(wellFormed);
+        sb.append(", supported: ");
+        sb.append(supported);
+        sb.append('}');
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/HelloExtension.java b/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/HelloExtension.java
index a648cdf..2a77687 100644
--- a/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/HelloExtension.java
+++ b/support/src/test/java/libcore/tlswire/handshake/HelloExtension.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 public class HelloExtension {
 
     public static final int TYPE_SERVER_NAME = 0;
+    public static final int TYPE_ELLIPTIC_CURVES = 10;
     public static final int TYPE_PADDING = 21;
     public static final int TYPE_SESSION_TICKET = 35;
     public static final int TYPE_RENEGOTIATION_INFO = 65281;
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@
         TYPE_TO_NAME.put(7, "client_authz");
         TYPE_TO_NAME.put(8, "server_authz");
         TYPE_TO_NAME.put(9, "cert_type");
-        TYPE_TO_NAME.put(10, "elliptic_curves");
+        TYPE_TO_NAME.put(TYPE_ELLIPTIC_CURVES, "elliptic_curves");
         TYPE_TO_NAME.put(11, "ec_point_formats");
         TYPE_TO_NAME.put(12, "srp");
         TYPE_TO_NAME.put(13, "signature_algorithms");
@@ -75,6 +76,9 @@
             case TYPE_SERVER_NAME:
                 result = new ServerNameHelloExtension();
                 break;
+            case TYPE_ELLIPTIC_CURVES:
+                result = new EllipticCurvesHelloExtension();
+                break;
             default:
                 result = new HelloExtension();
                 break;