diff --git a/user_bound_nlmessage.cc b/user_bound_nlmessage.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2087ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_bound_nlmessage.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,1881 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+// found in the LICENSE file.
+//
+// This code is derived from the 'iw' source code.  The copyright and license
+// of that code is as follows:
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2007, 2008  Johannes Berg
+// Copyright (c) 2007  Andy Lutomirski
+// Copyright (c) 2007  Mike Kershaw
+// Copyright (c) 2008-2009  Luis R. Rodriguez
+//
+// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+// purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+// copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+// WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+// ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+// WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+// ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+// OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+#include "shill/user_bound_nlmessage.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <endian.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <linux/nl80211.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <netlink/attr.h>
+#include <netlink/genl/ctrl.h>
+#include <netlink/genl/family.h>
+#include <netlink/genl/genl.h>
+#include <netlink/msg.h>
+#include <netlink/netlink.h>
+
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <base/format_macros.h>
+#include <base/stl_util.h>
+#include <base/stringprintf.h>
+
+#include "shill/ieee80211.h"
+#include "shill/logging.h"
+#include "shill/scope_logger.h"
+
+using base::LazyInstance;
+using base::StringAppendF;
+using base::StringPrintf;
+using std::map;
+using std::string;
+using std::vector;
+
+namespace shill {
+
+namespace {
+LazyInstance<UserBoundNlMessageDataCollector> g_datacollector =
+    LAZY_INSTANCE_INITIALIZER;
+}  // namespace
+
+const uint8_t UserBoundNlMessage::kCommand = 0xff;
+const char UserBoundNlMessage::kCommandString[] = "<Unknown Message>";
+const char UserBoundNlMessage::kBogusMacAddress[]="XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX";
+
+const uint8_t Nl80211Frame::kMinimumFrameByteCount = 26;
+const uint8_t Nl80211Frame::kFrameTypeMask = 0xfc;
+
+const uint32_t UserBoundNlMessage::kIllegalMessage = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+const int UserBoundNlMessage::kEthernetAddressBytes = 6;
+map<uint16_t, string> *UserBoundNlMessage::connect_status_map_ = NULL;
+
+// The nl messages look like this:
+//
+//       XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX-nlmsg_total_size-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
+//       XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX-nlmsg_msg_size-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
+//               +-- gnhl                        nlmsg_tail(hdr) --+
+//               |                               nlmsg_next(hdr) --+
+//               v        XXXXXXXXXXXX-nlmsg_len-XXXXXXXXXXXXXX    V
+// -----+-----+-+----------------------------------------------+-++----
+//  ... |     | |                payload                       | ||
+//      |     | +------+-+--------+-+--------------------------+ ||
+//      | nl  | |      | |        | |      attribs             | ||
+//      | msg |p| genl |p| family |p+------+-+-------+-+-------+p|| ...
+//      | hdr |a| msg  |a| header |a| nl   |p| pay   |p|       |a||
+//      |     |d| hdr  |d|        |d| attr |a| load  |a| ...   |d||
+//      |     | |      | |        | |      |d|       |d|       | ||
+// -----+-----+-+----------------------------------------------+-++----
+//       ^       ^                   ^        ^
+//       |       |                   |        XXXXXXX <-- nla_len(nlattr)
+//       |       |                   |        +-- nla_data(nlattr)
+//       |       |                   X-nla_total_size-X
+//       |       |                   XXXXX-nlmsg_attrlen-XXXXXX
+//       |       +-- nlmsg_data(hdr) +-- nlmsg_attrdata()
+//       +-- msg = nlmsg_hdr(raw_message)
+
+//
+// UserBoundNlMessage
+//
+
+UserBoundNlMessage::~UserBoundNlMessage() {
+  map<enum nl80211_attrs, nlattr *>::iterator i;
+  for (i = attributes_.begin(); i != attributes_.end(); ++i) {
+    delete [] reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(i->second);
+  }
+}
+
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::Init(nlattr *tb[NL80211_ATTR_MAX + 1],
+                              nlmsghdr *msg) {
+  if (!tb) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |tb| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  message_ = msg;
+
+  SLOG(WiFi, 6) << "NL Message " << GetId() << " <===";
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < NL80211_ATTR_MAX + 1; ++i) {
+    if (tb[i]) {
+      AddAttribute(static_cast<enum nl80211_attrs>(i), tb[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Convert integer values provided by libnl (for example, from the
+  // NL80211_ATTR_STATUS_CODE or NL80211_ATTR_REASON_CODE attribute) into
+  // strings describing the status.
+  if (!connect_status_map_) {
+    connect_status_map_ = new map<uint16_t, string>;
+    (*connect_status_map_)[0] = "Successful";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[1] = "Unspecified failure";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[2] = "Previous authentication no longer valid";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[3] = "Deauthenticated because sending station is "
+        "leaving (or has left) the IBSS or ESS";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[7] = "Class 3 frame received from non-authenticated "
+        "station";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[10] = "Cannot support all requested capabilities in "
+        "the capability information field";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[11] = "Reassociation denied due to inability to "
+        "confirm that association exists";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[12] = "Association denied due to reason outside the "
+        "scope of this standard";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[13] = "Responding station does not support the "
+        "specified authentication algorithm";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[14] = "Received an authentication frame with "
+        "authentication transaction sequence number out of expected sequence";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[15] = "Authentication rejected because of challenge "
+        "failure";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[16] = "Authentication rejected due to timeout "
+        "waiting for next frame in sequence";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[17] = "Association denied because AP is unable to "
+        "handle additional associated STA";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[18] = "Association denied due to requesting station "
+        "not supporting all of the data rates in the BSSBasicRateSet parameter";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[19] = "Association denied due to requesting station "
+        "not supporting the short preamble option";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[20] = "Association denied due to requesting station "
+        "not supporting the PBCC modulation option";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[21] = "Association denied due to requesting station "
+        "not supporting the channel agility option";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[22] = "Association request rejected because "
+        "Spectrum Management capability is required";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[23] = "Association request rejected because the "
+        "information in the Power Capability element is unacceptable";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[24] = "Association request rejected because the "
+        "information in the Supported Channels element is unacceptable";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[25] = "Association request rejected due to "
+        "requesting station not supporting the short slot time option";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[26] = "Association request rejected due to "
+        "requesting station not supporting the ER-PBCC modulation option";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[27] = "Association denied due to requesting STA not "
+        "supporting HT features";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[28] = "R0KH Unreachable";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[29] = "Association denied because the requesting "
+        "STA does not support the PCO transition required by the AP";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[30] = "Association request rejected temporarily; "
+        "try again later";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[31] = "Robust Management frame policy violation";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[32] = "Unspecified, QoS related failure";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[33] = "Association denied due to QAP having "
+        "insufficient bandwidth to handle another QSTA";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[34] = "Association denied due to poor channel "
+        "conditions";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[35] = "Association (with QBSS) denied due to "
+        "requesting station not supporting the QoS facility";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[37] = "The request has been declined";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[38] = "The request has not been successful as one "
+        "or more parameters have invalid values";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[39] = "The TS has not been created because the "
+        "request cannot be honored. However, a suggested Tspec is provided so "
+        "that the initiating QSTA may attempt to send another TS with the "
+        "suggested changes to the TSpec";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[40] = "Invalid Information Element";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[41] = "Group Cipher is not valid";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[42] = "Pairwise Cipher is not valid";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[43] = "AKMP is not valid";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[44] = "Unsupported RSN IE version";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[45] = "Invalid RSN IE Capabilities";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[46] = "Cipher suite is rejected per security policy";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[47] = "The TS has not been created. However, the HC "
+        "may be capable of creating a TS, in response to a request, after the "
+        "time indicated in the TS Delay element";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[48] = "Direct link is not allowed in the BSS by "
+        "policy";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[49] = "Destination STA is not present within this "
+        "QBSS";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[50] = "The destination STA is not a QSTA";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[51] = "Association denied because Listen Interval "
+        "is too large";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[52] = "Invalid Fast BSS Transition Action Frame "
+        "Count";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[53] = "Invalid PMKID";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[54] = "Invalid MDIE";
+    (*connect_status_map_)[55] = "Invalid FTIE";
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+UserBoundNlMessage::AttributeNameIterator*
+    UserBoundNlMessage::GetAttributeNameIterator() const {
+  UserBoundNlMessage::AttributeNameIterator *iter =
+      new UserBoundNlMessage::AttributeNameIterator(attributes_);
+  return iter;
+}
+
+// Return true if the attribute is in our map, regardless of the value of
+// the attribute, itself.
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::AttributeExists(enum nl80211_attrs name) const {
+  return ContainsKey(attributes_, name);
+}
+
+uint32_t UserBoundNlMessage::GetId() const {
+  if (!message_) {
+    return kIllegalMessage;
+  }
+  return message_->nlmsg_seq;
+}
+
+enum UserBoundNlMessage::Type
+    UserBoundNlMessage::GetAttributeType(enum nl80211_attrs name) const {
+  const nlattr *attr = GetAttribute(name);
+  if (!attr) {
+    return kTypeError;
+  }
+
+  switch (nla_type(attr)) {
+    case NLA_UNSPEC: return kTypeUnspecified;
+    case NLA_U8: return kTypeU8;
+    case NLA_U16: return kTypeU16;
+    case NLA_U32: return kTypeU32;
+    case NLA_U64: return kTypeU64;
+    case NLA_STRING: return kTypeString;
+    case NLA_FLAG: return kTypeFlag;
+    case NLA_MSECS: return kTypeMsecs;
+    case NLA_NESTED: return kTypeNested;
+    default: return kTypeError;
+  }
+
+  return kTypeError;
+}
+
+string UserBoundNlMessage::GetAttributeTypeString(enum nl80211_attrs name)
+    const {
+  switch (GetAttributeType(name)) {
+    case kTypeUnspecified: return "Unspecified Type"; break;
+    case kTypeU8: return "uint8_t"; break;
+    case kTypeU16: return "uint16_t"; break;
+    case kTypeU32: return "uint32_t"; break;
+    case kTypeU64: return "uint64_t"; break;
+    case kTypeString: return "String"; break;
+    case kTypeFlag: return "Flag"; break;
+    case kTypeMsecs: return "MSec Type"; break;
+    case kTypeNested: return "Nested Type"; break;
+    case kTypeError: return "ERROR TYPE"; break;
+    default: return "Funky Type"; break;
+  }
+}
+
+// Returns the raw attribute data but not the header.
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetRawAttributeData(enum nl80211_attrs name,
+                                             void **value,
+                                             int *length) const {
+  if (!value) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |value| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const nlattr *attr = GetAttribute(name);
+  if (!attr) {
+    *value = NULL;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (length) {
+    *length = nla_len(attr);
+  }
+  *value = nla_data(attr);
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetStringAttribute(enum nl80211_attrs name,
+                                            string *value) const {
+  if (!value) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |value| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const nlattr *attr = GetAttribute(name);
+  if (!attr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  value->assign(nla_get_string(const_cast<nlattr *>(attr)));
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetU8Attribute(enum nl80211_attrs name,
+                                        uint8_t *value) const {
+  if (!value) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |value| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const nlattr *attr = GetAttribute(name);
+  if (!attr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  *value = nla_get_u8(const_cast<nlattr *>(attr));
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetU16Attribute(enum nl80211_attrs name,
+                                         uint16_t *value) const {
+  if (!value) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |value| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const nlattr *attr = GetAttribute(name);
+  if (!attr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  *value = nla_get_u16(const_cast<nlattr *>(attr));
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetU32Attribute(enum nl80211_attrs name,
+                                         uint32_t *value) const {
+  if (!value) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |value| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const nlattr *attr = GetAttribute(name);
+  if (!attr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  *value = nla_get_u32(const_cast<nlattr *>(attr));
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetU64Attribute(enum nl80211_attrs name,
+                                         uint64_t *value) const {
+  if (!value) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |value| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const nlattr *attr = GetAttribute(name);
+  if (!attr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  *value = nla_get_u64(const_cast<nlattr *>(attr));
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Helper function to provide a string for a MAC address.
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetMacAttributeString(enum nl80211_attrs name,
+                                               string *value) const {
+  if (!value) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |value| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  void *rawdata_void = NULL;
+  if (!GetRawAttributeData(name, &rawdata_void, NULL)) {
+    value->assign(kBogusMacAddress);
+    return false;
+  }
+  const uint8_t *rawdata = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(rawdata_void);
+  value->assign(StringFromMacAddress(rawdata));
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Helper function to provide a string for NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_FREQUENCIES.
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetScanFrequenciesAttribute(
+    enum nl80211_attrs name, vector<uint32_t> *value) const {
+  if (!value) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |value| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  value->clear();
+  if (AttributeExists(name)) {
+    void *rawdata = NULL;
+    int len = 0;
+    if (GetRawAttributeData(name, &rawdata, &len) && rawdata) {
+      nlattr *nst = NULL;
+      nlattr *attr_data = reinterpret_cast<nlattr *>(rawdata);
+      int rem_nst;
+
+      nla_for_each_attr(nst, attr_data, len, rem_nst) {
+        value->push_back(nla_get_u32(nst));
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Helper function to provide a string for NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_SSIDS.
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetScanSsidsAttribute(
+    enum nl80211_attrs name, vector<string> *value) const {
+  if (!value) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |value| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (AttributeExists(name)) {
+    void *rawdata = NULL;
+    int len = 0;
+    if (GetRawAttributeData(name, &rawdata, &len) && rawdata) {
+      nlattr *nst = NULL;
+      nlattr *data = reinterpret_cast<nlattr *>(rawdata);
+      int rem_nst;
+
+      nla_for_each_attr(nst, data, len, rem_nst) {
+        value->push_back(StringFromSsid(nla_len(nst),
+                                        reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(
+                                          nla_data(nst))).c_str());
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::GetAttributeString(nl80211_attrs name,
+                                            string *param) const {
+  if (!param) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Null |param| parameter";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  switch (GetAttributeType(name)) {
+    case kTypeU8: {
+      uint8_t value;
+      if (!GetU8Attribute(name, &value))
+        return false;
+      *param = StringPrintf("%u", value);
+      break;
+    }
+    case kTypeU16: {
+      uint16_t value;
+      if (!GetU16Attribute(name, &value))
+        return false;
+      *param = StringPrintf("%u", value);
+      break;
+    }
+    case kTypeU32: {
+      uint32_t value;
+      if (!GetU32Attribute(name, &value))
+        return false;
+      *param = StringPrintf("%" PRIu32, value);
+      break;
+    }
+    case kTypeU64: {
+      uint64_t value;
+      if (!GetU64Attribute(name, &value))
+        return false;
+      *param = StringPrintf("%" PRIu64, value);
+      break;
+    }
+    case kTypeString:
+      if (!GetStringAttribute(name, param))
+        return false;
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+string UserBoundNlMessage::RawToString(enum nl80211_attrs name) const {
+  string output = " === RAW: ";
+
+  const nlattr *attr = GetAttribute(name);
+  if (!attr) {
+    output.append("<NULL> ===");
+    return output;
+  }
+
+  const char *typestring = NULL;
+  switch (nla_type(attr)) {
+    case NLA_UNSPEC: typestring = "NLA_UNSPEC"; break;
+    case NLA_U8: typestring = "NLA_U8"; break;
+    case NLA_U16: typestring = "NLA_U16"; break;
+    case NLA_U32: typestring = "NLA_U32"; break;
+    case NLA_U64: typestring = "NLA_U64"; break;
+    case NLA_STRING: typestring = "NLA_STRING"; break;
+    case NLA_FLAG: typestring = "NLA_FLAG"; break;
+    case NLA_MSECS: typestring = "NLA_MSECS"; break;
+    case NLA_NESTED: typestring = "NLA_NESTED"; break;
+    default: typestring = "<UNKNOWN>"; break;
+  }
+
+  uint16_t length = nla_len(attr);
+  uint16_t type = nla_type(attr);
+  StringAppendF(&output, "len=%u type=(%u)=%s", length, type, typestring);
+
+  const uint8_t *const_data
+      = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(nla_data(attr));
+
+  output.append(" DATA: ");
+  for (int i =0 ; i < length; ++i) {
+    StringAppendF(&output, "[%d]=%02x ",
+                  i, *(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(const_data)+i));
+  }
+  output.append(" ==== ");
+  return output;
+}
+
+// static
+string UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromAttributeName(enum nl80211_attrs name) {
+  switch (name) {
+    case NL80211_ATTR_UNSPEC:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_UNSPEC"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_NAME:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_NAME"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_IFINDEX:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_IFINDEX"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_IFNAME:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_IFNAME"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_IFTYPE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_IFTYPE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MAC:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MAC"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DATA:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DATA"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEY_IDX:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEY_IDX"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEY_CIPHER:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEY_CIPHER"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEY_SEQ:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEY_SEQ"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DEFAULT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DEFAULT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BEACON_INTERVAL:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BEACON_INTERVAL"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_DTIM_PERIOD:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_DTIM_PERIOD"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BEACON_HEAD:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BEACON_HEAD"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BEACON_TAIL:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BEACON_TAIL"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_AID:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_AID"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_FLAGS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_FLAGS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_LISTEN_INTERVAL:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_LISTEN_INTERVAL"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_SUPPORTED_RATES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_SUPPORTED_RATES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_VLAN:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_VLAN"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_INFO:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_INFO"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_BANDS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_BANDS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MNTR_FLAGS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MNTR_FLAGS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MESH_ID:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MESH_ID"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_PLINK_ACTION:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_PLINK_ACTION"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MPATH_NEXT_HOP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MPATH_NEXT_HOP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MPATH_INFO:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MPATH_INFO"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BSS_CTS_PROT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BSS_CTS_PROT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BSS_SHORT_PREAMBLE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BSS_SHORT_PREAMBLE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BSS_SHORT_SLOT_TIME:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BSS_SHORT_SLOT_TIME"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_HT_CAPABILITY:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_HT_CAPABILITY"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORTED_IFTYPES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORTED_IFTYPES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_REG_ALPHA2:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_REG_ALPHA2"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_REG_RULES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_REG_RULES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MESH_CONFIG:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MESH_CONFIG"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BSS_BASIC_RATES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BSS_BASIC_RATES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_TXQ_PARAMS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_TXQ_PARAMS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FREQ:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FREQ"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_CHANNEL_TYPE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_CHANNEL_TYPE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DEFAULT_MGMT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DEFAULT_MGMT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MGMT_SUBTYPE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MGMT_SUBTYPE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_IE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_IE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MAX_NUM_SCAN_SSIDS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MAX_NUM_SCAN_SSIDS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_FREQUENCIES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_FREQUENCIES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_SSIDS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_SSIDS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_GENERATION:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_GENERATION"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BSS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BSS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_REG_INITIATOR:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_REG_INITIATOR"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_REG_TYPE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_REG_TYPE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORTED_COMMANDS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORTED_COMMANDS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_FRAME:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_FRAME"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SSID:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SSID"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_AUTH_TYPE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_AUTH_TYPE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_REASON_CODE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_REASON_CODE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEY_TYPE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEY_TYPE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MAX_SCAN_IE_LEN:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MAX_SCAN_IE_LEN"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_FREQ_BEFORE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_FREQ_BEFORE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_FREQ_AFTER:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_FREQ_AFTER"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_FREQ_FIXED:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_FREQ_FIXED"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_RETRY_SHORT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_RETRY_SHORT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_RETRY_LONG:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_RETRY_LONG"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FRAG_THRESHOLD:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FRAG_THRESHOLD"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_RTS_THRESHOLD:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_RTS_THRESHOLD"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TIMED_OUT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TIMED_OUT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_USE_MFP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_USE_MFP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_FLAGS2:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_FLAGS2"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_CONTROL_PORT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_CONTROL_PORT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TESTDATA:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TESTDATA"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_PRIVACY:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_PRIVACY"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_DISCONNECTED_BY_AP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_DISCONNECTED_BY_AP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STATUS_CODE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STATUS_CODE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITES_PAIRWISE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITES_PAIRWISE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITE_GROUP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_CIPHER_SUITE_GROUP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WPA_VERSIONS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WPA_VERSIONS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_AKM_SUITES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_AKM_SUITES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_REQ_IE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_REQ_IE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_RESP_IE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_RESP_IE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_PREV_BSSID:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_PREV_BSSID"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEY:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEY"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEYS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEYS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_PID:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_PID"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_4ADDR:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_4ADDR"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SURVEY_INFO:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SURVEY_INFO"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_PMKID:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_PMKID"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MAX_NUM_PMKIDS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MAX_NUM_PMKIDS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_DURATION:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_DURATION"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_COOKIE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_COOKIE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_COVERAGE_CLASS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_COVERAGE_CLASS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TX_RATES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TX_RATES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_FRAME_MATCH:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_FRAME_MATCH"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_ACK:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_ACK"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_PS_STATE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_PS_STATE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_CQM:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_CQM"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_LOCAL_STATE_CHANGE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_LOCAL_STATE_CHANGE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_AP_ISOLATE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_AP_ISOLATE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_TX_POWER_SETTING:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_TX_POWER_SETTING"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_TX_POWER_LEVEL:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_TX_POWER_LEVEL"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TX_FRAME_TYPES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TX_FRAME_TYPES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_RX_FRAME_TYPES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_RX_FRAME_TYPES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_FRAME_TYPE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_FRAME_TYPE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_CONTROL_PORT_ETHERTYPE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_CONTROL_PORT_ETHERTYPE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_CONTROL_PORT_NO_ENCRYPT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_CONTROL_PORT_NO_ENCRYPT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORT_IBSS_RSN:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORT_IBSS_RSN"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_ANTENNA_TX:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_ANTENNA_TX"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_ANTENNA_RX:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_ANTENNA_RX"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MCAST_RATE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MCAST_RATE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_OFFCHANNEL_TX_OK:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_OFFCHANNEL_TX_OK"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BSS_HT_OPMODE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BSS_HT_OPMODE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DEFAULT_TYPES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_KEY_DEFAULT_TYPES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MAX_REMAIN_ON_CHANNEL_DURATION:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MAX_REMAIN_ON_CHANNEL_DURATION"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MESH_SETUP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MESH_SETUP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_ANTENNA_AVAIL_TX:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_ANTENNA_AVAIL_TX"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_ANTENNA_AVAIL_RX:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_ANTENNA_AVAIL_RX"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORT_MESH_AUTH:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORT_MESH_AUTH"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_PLINK_STATE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_PLINK_STATE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WOWLAN_TRIGGERS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WOWLAN_TRIGGERS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_WOWLAN_TRIGGERS_SUPPORTED:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_WOWLAN_TRIGGERS_SUPPORTED"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SCHED_SCAN_INTERVAL:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SCHED_SCAN_INTERVAL"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_INTERFACE_COMBINATIONS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_INTERFACE_COMBINATIONS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SOFTWARE_IFTYPES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SOFTWARE_IFTYPES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_REKEY_DATA:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_REKEY_DATA"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MAX_NUM_SCHED_SCAN_SSIDS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MAX_NUM_SCHED_SCAN_SSIDS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MAX_SCHED_SCAN_IE_LEN:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MAX_SCHED_SCAN_IE_LEN"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_SUPP_RATES:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_SUPP_RATES"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_HIDDEN_SSID:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_HIDDEN_SSID"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_IE_PROBE_RESP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_IE_PROBE_RESP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_IE_ASSOC_RESP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_IE_ASSOC_RESP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_STA_WME:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_STA_WME"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORT_AP_UAPSD:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SUPPORT_AP_UAPSD"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_ROAM_SUPPORT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_ROAM_SUPPORT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_SCHED_SCAN_MATCH:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_SCHED_SCAN_MATCH"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_MAX_MATCH_SETS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_MAX_MATCH_SETS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_PMKSA_CANDIDATE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_PMKSA_CANDIDATE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TX_NO_CCK_RATE:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TX_NO_CCK_RATE"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_ACTION:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_ACTION"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_DIALOG_TOKEN:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_DIALOG_TOKEN"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_OPERATION:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_OPERATION"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_SUPPORT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_SUPPORT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_EXTERNAL_SETUP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_TDLS_EXTERNAL_SETUP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_DEVICE_AP_SME:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_DEVICE_AP_SME"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_DONT_WAIT_FOR_ACK:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_DONT_WAIT_FOR_ACK"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_FEATURE_FLAGS:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_FEATURE_FLAGS"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_PROBE_RESP_OFFLOAD:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_PROBE_RESP_OFFLOAD"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_PROBE_RESP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_PROBE_RESP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_DFS_REGION:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_DFS_REGION"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_DISABLE_HT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_DISABLE_HT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_HT_CAPABILITY_MASK:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_HT_CAPABILITY_MASK"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_NOACK_MAP:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_NOACK_MAP"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_RX_SIGNAL_DBM:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_RX_SIGNAL_DBM"; break;
+    case NL80211_ATTR_BG_SCAN_PERIOD:
+      return "NL80211_ATTR_BG_SCAN_PERIOD"; break;
+    default:
+      return "<UNKNOWN>"; break;
+  }
+}
+
+// Protected members.
+
+// Duplicate attribute data, store in map indexed on |name|.
+bool UserBoundNlMessage::AddAttribute(enum nl80211_attrs name,
+                                      nlattr *data) {
+  if (ContainsKey(attributes_, name)) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Already have attribute name " << name;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if ((!data) || (nla_total_size(nla_len(data)) == 0)) {
+    attributes_[name] = NULL;
+  } else {
+    nlattr *newdata = reinterpret_cast<nlattr *>(
+        new uint8_t[nla_total_size(nla_len(data))]);
+    memcpy(newdata, data, nla_total_size(nla_len(data)));
+    attributes_[name] = newdata;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+const nlattr *UserBoundNlMessage::GetAttribute(enum nl80211_attrs name)
+    const {
+  map<enum nl80211_attrs, nlattr *>::const_iterator match;
+  match = attributes_.find(name);
+  // This method may be called to explore the existence of the attribute so
+  // we'll not emit an error if it's not found.
+  if (match == attributes_.end()) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  return match->second;
+}
+
+string UserBoundNlMessage::GetHeaderString() const {
+  char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
+  uint32_t ifindex = UINT32_MAX;
+  bool ifindex_exists = GetU32Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_IFINDEX, &ifindex);
+
+  uint32_t wifi = UINT32_MAX;
+  bool wifi_exists = GetU32Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY, &wifi);
+
+  string output;
+  if (ifindex_exists && wifi_exists) {
+    StringAppendF(&output, "%s (phy #%" PRIu32 "): ",
+                  (if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname) ? ifname : "<unknown>"),
+                  wifi);
+  } else if (ifindex_exists) {
+    StringAppendF(&output, "%s: ",
+                  (if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname) ? ifname : "<unknown>"));
+  } else if (wifi_exists) {
+    StringAppendF(&output, "phy #%" PRIu32 "u: ", wifi);
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+string UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromFrame(enum nl80211_attrs attr_name) const {
+  string output;
+
+  void *rawdata = NULL;
+  int frame_byte_count = 0;
+  if (GetRawAttributeData(attr_name, &rawdata, &frame_byte_count) && rawdata) {
+    const uint8_t *frame_data = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(rawdata);
+
+    Nl80211Frame frame(frame_data, frame_byte_count);
+    frame.ToString(&output);
+  } else {
+    output.append(" [no frame]");
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+// static
+string UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromKeyType(nl80211_key_type key_type) {
+  switch (key_type) {
+  case NL80211_KEYTYPE_GROUP:
+    return "Group";
+  case NL80211_KEYTYPE_PAIRWISE:
+    return "Pairwise";
+  case NL80211_KEYTYPE_PEERKEY:
+    return "PeerKey";
+  default:
+    return "<Unknown Key Type>";
+  }
+}
+
+// static
+string UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromMacAddress(const uint8_t *arg) {
+  string output;
+
+  if (!arg) {
+    output = kBogusMacAddress;
+    LOG(ERROR) << "|arg| parameter is NULL.";
+  } else {
+    StringAppendF(&output, "%02x", arg[0]);
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < kEthernetAddressBytes ; ++i) {
+      StringAppendF(&output, ":%02x", arg[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+// static
+string UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromRegInitiator(__u8 initiator) {
+  switch (initiator) {
+  case NL80211_REGDOM_SET_BY_CORE:
+    return "the wireless core upon initialization";
+  case NL80211_REGDOM_SET_BY_USER:
+    return "a user";
+  case NL80211_REGDOM_SET_BY_DRIVER:
+    return "a driver";
+  case NL80211_REGDOM_SET_BY_COUNTRY_IE:
+    return "a country IE";
+  default:
+    return "<Unknown Reg Initiator>";
+  }
+}
+
+// static
+string UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromSsid(const uint8_t len,
+                                          const uint8_t *data) {
+  string output;
+  if (!data) {
+    StringAppendF(&output, "<Error from %s, NULL parameter>", __func__);
+    LOG(ERROR) << "|data| parameter is NULL.";
+    return output;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    if (data[i] == ' ')
+      output.append(" ");
+    else if (isprint(data[i]))
+      StringAppendF(&output, "%c", static_cast<char>(data[i]));
+    else
+      StringAppendF(&output, "\\x%2x", data[i]);
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+// static
+string UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromStatus(uint16_t status) {
+  map<uint16_t, string>::const_iterator match;
+  match = connect_status_map_->find(status);
+  if (match == connect_status_map_->end()) {
+    string output;
+    StringAppendF(&output, "<Unknown Status:%u>", status);
+    return output;
+  }
+  return match->second;
+}
+
+Nl80211Frame::Nl80211Frame(const uint8_t *raw_frame, int frame_byte_count) :
+    frame_type_(kIllegalFrameType), status_(0), frame_(0), byte_count_(0) {
+  if (raw_frame == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  frame_ = new uint8_t[frame_byte_count];
+  memcpy(frame_, raw_frame, frame_byte_count);
+  byte_count_ = frame_byte_count;
+  const IEEE_80211::ieee80211_frame *frame =
+      reinterpret_cast<const IEEE_80211::ieee80211_frame *>(frame_);
+
+  // Now, let's populate the other stuff.
+  if (frame_byte_count >= kMinimumFrameByteCount) {
+    mac_from_ =
+        UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromMacAddress(&frame->destination_mac[0]);
+    mac_to_ = UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromMacAddress(&frame->source_mac[0]);
+    frame_type_ = frame->frame_control & kFrameTypeMask;
+
+    switch (frame_type_) {
+    case kAssocResponseFrameType:
+    case kReassocResponseFrameType:
+      status_ = le16toh(frame->u.associate_response.status_code);
+      break;
+
+    case kAuthFrameType:
+      status_ = le16toh(frame->u.authentiate_message.status_code);
+      break;
+
+    case kDisassocFrameType:
+    case kDeauthFrameType:
+      status_ = le16toh(frame->u.deauthentiate_message.reason_code);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Nl80211Frame::~Nl80211Frame() {
+  delete [] frame_;
+  frame_ = NULL;
+}
+
+bool Nl80211Frame::ToString(string *output) {
+  if (!output) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "NULL |output|";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if ((byte_count_ == 0) || (frame_ == reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(NULL))) {
+    output->append(" [no frame]");
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (byte_count_ < kMinimumFrameByteCount) {
+    output->append(" [invalid frame: ");
+  } else {
+    StringAppendF(output, " %s -> %s", mac_from_.c_str(), mac_to_.c_str());
+
+    switch (frame_[0] & kFrameTypeMask) {
+    case kAssocResponseFrameType:
+      StringAppendF(output, "; AssocResponse status: %u: %s",
+                    status_,
+                    UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromStatus(status_).c_str());
+      break;
+    case kReassocResponseFrameType:
+      StringAppendF(output, "; ReassocResponse status: %u: %s",
+                    status_,
+                    UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromStatus(status_).c_str());
+      break;
+    case kAuthFrameType:
+      StringAppendF(output, "; Auth status: %u: %s",
+                    status_,
+                    UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromStatus(status_).c_str());
+      break;
+
+    case kDisassocFrameType:
+      StringAppendF(output, "; Disassoc reason %u: %s",
+                    status_,
+                    UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromStatus(status_).c_str());
+      break;
+    case kDeauthFrameType:
+      StringAppendF(output, "; Deauth reason %u: %s",
+                    status_,
+                    UserBoundNlMessage::StringFromStatus(status_).c_str());
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+    output->append(" [frame: ");
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < byte_count_; ++i) {
+    StringAppendF(output, "%02x, ", frame_[i]);
+  }
+  output->append("]");
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Nl80211Frame::IsEqual(const Nl80211Frame &other) {
+  if (byte_count_ != other.byte_count_) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < byte_count_; ++i) {
+    if (frame_[i] != other.frame_[i]) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+//
+// Specific UserBoundNlMessage types.
+//
+
+const uint8_t AssociateMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_ASSOCIATE;
+const char AssociateMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_ASSOCIATE";
+
+string AssociateMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  output.append("assoc");
+  if (AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_FRAME))
+    output.append(StringFromFrame(NL80211_ATTR_FRAME));
+  else if (AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_TIMED_OUT))
+    output.append(": timed out");
+  else
+    output.append(": unknown event");
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t AuthenticateMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_AUTHENTICATE;
+const char AuthenticateMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_AUTHENTICATE";
+
+string AuthenticateMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  output.append("auth");
+  if (AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_FRAME)) {
+    output.append(StringFromFrame(NL80211_ATTR_FRAME));
+  } else {
+    output.append(AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_TIMED_OUT) ?
+                  ": timed out" : ": unknown event");
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t CancelRemainOnChannelMessage::kCommand =
+  NL80211_CMD_CANCEL_REMAIN_ON_CHANNEL;
+const char CancelRemainOnChannelMessage::kCommandString[] =
+  "NL80211_CMD_CANCEL_REMAIN_ON_CHANNEL";
+
+string CancelRemainOnChannelMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  uint32_t freq;
+  uint64_t cookie;
+  StringAppendF(&output,
+                "done with remain on freq %" PRIu32 " (cookie %" PRIx64 ")",
+                (GetU32Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FREQ, &freq) ? 0 : freq),
+                (GetU64Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_COOKIE, &cookie) ? 0 : cookie));
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t ConnectMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_CONNECT;
+const char ConnectMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_CONNECT";
+
+string ConnectMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+
+  uint16_t status = UINT16_MAX;
+
+  if (!GetU16Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_STATUS_CODE, &status)) {
+    output.append("unknown connect status");
+  } else if (status == 0) {
+    output.append("connected");
+  } else {
+    output.append("failed to connect");
+  }
+
+  if (AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_MAC)) {
+    string mac;
+    GetMacAttributeString(NL80211_ATTR_MAC, &mac);
+    StringAppendF(&output, " to %s", mac.c_str());
+  }
+  if (status)
+    StringAppendF(&output, ", status: %u: %s", status,
+                  StringFromStatus(status).c_str());
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t DeauthenticateMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_DEAUTHENTICATE;
+const char DeauthenticateMessage::kCommandString[] =
+    "NL80211_CMD_DEAUTHENTICATE";
+
+string DeauthenticateMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  StringAppendF(&output, "deauth%s",
+                StringFromFrame(NL80211_ATTR_FRAME).c_str());
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t DeleteStationMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_DEL_STATION;
+const char DeleteStationMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_DEL_STATION";
+
+string DeleteStationMessage::ToString() const {
+  string mac;
+  GetMacAttributeString(NL80211_ATTR_MAC, &mac);
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  StringAppendF(&output, "del station %s", mac.c_str());
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t DisassociateMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_DISASSOCIATE;
+const char DisassociateMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_DISASSOCIATE";
+
+string DisassociateMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  StringAppendF(&output, "disassoc%s",
+                StringFromFrame(NL80211_ATTR_FRAME).c_str());
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t DisconnectMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_DISCONNECT;
+const char DisconnectMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_DISCONNECT";
+
+string DisconnectMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  StringAppendF(&output, "disconnected %s",
+                ((AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_DISCONNECTED_BY_AP)) ?
+                  "(by AP)" : "(local request)"));
+
+  uint16_t reason = UINT16_MAX;
+  if (GetU16Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_REASON_CODE, &reason)) {
+    StringAppendF(&output, " reason: %u: %s",
+                  reason, StringFromStatus(reason).c_str());
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t FrameTxStatusMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_FRAME_TX_STATUS;
+const char FrameTxStatusMessage::kCommandString[] =
+    "NL80211_CMD_FRAME_TX_STATUS";
+
+string FrameTxStatusMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  uint64_t cookie = UINT64_MAX;
+  GetU64Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_COOKIE, &cookie);
+
+  StringAppendF(&output, "mgmt TX status (cookie %" PRIx64 "): %s",
+                cookie,
+                (AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_ACK) ? "acked" : "no ack"));
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t JoinIbssMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_JOIN_IBSS;
+const char JoinIbssMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_JOIN_IBSS";
+
+string JoinIbssMessage::ToString() const {
+  string mac;
+  GetMacAttributeString(NL80211_ATTR_MAC, &mac);
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  StringAppendF(&output, "IBSS %s joined", mac.c_str());
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t MichaelMicFailureMessage::kCommand =
+    NL80211_CMD_MICHAEL_MIC_FAILURE;
+const char MichaelMicFailureMessage::kCommandString[] =
+    "NL80211_CMD_MICHAEL_MIC_FAILURE";
+
+string MichaelMicFailureMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+
+  output.append("Michael MIC failure event:");
+
+  if (AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_MAC)) {
+    string mac;
+    GetMacAttributeString(NL80211_ATTR_MAC, &mac);
+    StringAppendF(&output, " source MAC address %s", mac.c_str());
+  }
+
+  if (AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_KEY_SEQ)) {
+    void *rawdata = NULL;
+    int length = 0;
+    if (GetRawAttributeData(NL80211_ATTR_KEY_SEQ, &rawdata, &length) &&
+        rawdata && length == 6) {
+      const unsigned char *seq = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(
+          rawdata);
+      StringAppendF(&output, " seq=%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x",
+                    seq[0], seq[1], seq[2], seq[3], seq[4], seq[5]);
+    }
+  }
+  uint32_t key_type_val = UINT32_MAX;
+  if (GetU32Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_KEY_TYPE, &key_type_val)) {
+    enum nl80211_key_type key_type =
+        static_cast<enum nl80211_key_type >(key_type_val);
+    StringAppendF(&output, " Key Type %s", StringFromKeyType(key_type).c_str());
+  }
+
+  uint8_t key_index = UINT8_MAX;
+  if (GetU8Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_KEY_IDX, &key_index)) {
+    StringAppendF(&output, " Key Id %u", key_index);
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t NewScanResultsMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_NEW_SCAN_RESULTS;
+const char NewScanResultsMessage::kCommandString[] =
+    "NL80211_CMD_NEW_SCAN_RESULTS";
+
+string NewScanResultsMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  output.append("scan finished");
+
+  {
+    output.append("; frequencies: ");
+    vector<uint32_t> list;
+    if (GetScanFrequenciesAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_FREQUENCIES, &list)) {
+      string str;
+      for (vector<uint32_t>::const_iterator i = list.begin();
+             i != list.end(); ++i) {
+        StringAppendF(&str, " %" PRIu32 ", ", *i);
+      }
+      output.append(str);
+    }
+  }
+
+  {
+    output.append("; SSIDs: ");
+    vector<string> list;
+    if (GetScanSsidsAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_SSIDS, &list)) {
+      string str;
+      for (vector<string>::const_iterator i = list.begin();
+           i != list.end(); ++i) {
+        StringAppendF(&str, "\"%s\", ", i->c_str());
+      }
+      output.append(str);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t NewStationMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_NEW_STATION;
+const char NewStationMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_NEW_STATION";
+
+string NewStationMessage::ToString() const {
+  string mac;
+  GetMacAttributeString(NL80211_ATTR_MAC, &mac);
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  StringAppendF(&output, "new station %s", mac.c_str());
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t NewWifiMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_NEW_WIPHY;
+const char NewWifiMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_NEW_WIPHY";
+
+string NewWifiMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  string wifi_name = "None";
+  GetStringAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_NAME, &wifi_name);
+  StringAppendF(&output, "renamed to %s", wifi_name.c_str());
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t NotifyCqmMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_NOTIFY_CQM;
+const char NotifyCqmMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_NOTIFY_CQM";
+
+string NotifyCqmMessage::ToString() const {
+  static const nla_policy kCqmPolicy[NL80211_ATTR_CQM_MAX + 1] = {
+    { NLA_U32, 0, 0 },  // Who Knows?
+    { NLA_U32, 0, 0 },  // [NL80211_ATTR_CQM_RSSI_THOLD]
+    { NLA_U32, 0, 0 },  // [NL80211_ATTR_CQM_RSSI_HYST]
+    { NLA_U32, 0, 0 },  // [NL80211_ATTR_CQM_RSSI_THRESHOLD_EVENT]
+  };
+
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  output.append("connection quality monitor event: ");
+
+  const nlattr *const_data = GetAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_CQM);
+  nlattr *cqm_attr = const_cast<nlattr *>(const_data);
+
+  nlattr *cqm[NL80211_ATTR_CQM_MAX + 1];
+  if (!AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_CQM) || !cqm_attr ||
+      nla_parse_nested(cqm, NL80211_ATTR_CQM_MAX, cqm_attr,
+                       const_cast<nla_policy *>(kCqmPolicy))) {
+    output.append("missing data!");
+    return output;
+  }
+  if (cqm[NL80211_ATTR_CQM_RSSI_THRESHOLD_EVENT]) {
+    enum nl80211_cqm_rssi_threshold_event rssi_event =
+        static_cast<enum nl80211_cqm_rssi_threshold_event>(
+          nla_get_u32(cqm[NL80211_ATTR_CQM_RSSI_THRESHOLD_EVENT]));
+    if (rssi_event == NL80211_CQM_RSSI_THRESHOLD_EVENT_HIGH)
+      output.append("RSSI went above threshold");
+    else
+      output.append("RSSI went below threshold");
+  } else if (cqm[NL80211_ATTR_CQM_PKT_LOSS_EVENT] &&
+       AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_MAC)) {
+    string mac;
+    GetMacAttributeString(NL80211_ATTR_MAC, &mac);
+    StringAppendF(&output, "peer %s didn't ACK %" PRIu32 " packets",
+                  mac.c_str(),
+                  nla_get_u32(cqm[NL80211_ATTR_CQM_PKT_LOSS_EVENT]));
+  } else {
+    output.append("unknown event");
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t PmksaCandidateMessage::kCommand = NL80211_ATTR_PMKSA_CANDIDATE;
+const char PmksaCandidateMessage::kCommandString[] =
+  "NL80211_ATTR_PMKSA_CANDIDATE";
+
+string PmksaCandidateMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  output.append("PMKSA candidate found");
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t RegBeaconHintMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_REG_BEACON_HINT;
+const char RegBeaconHintMessage::kCommandString[] =
+    "NL80211_CMD_REG_BEACON_HINT";
+
+string RegBeaconHintMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  uint32_t wiphy_idx = UINT32_MAX;
+  GetU32Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY, &wiphy_idx);
+
+  const nlattr *const_before = GetAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_FREQ_BEFORE);
+  ieee80211_beacon_channel chan_before_beacon;
+  memset(&chan_before_beacon, 0, sizeof(chan_before_beacon));
+  if (ParseBeaconHintChan(const_before, &chan_before_beacon))
+    return "";
+
+  const nlattr *const_after = GetAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_FREQ_AFTER);
+  ieee80211_beacon_channel chan_after_beacon;
+  memset(&chan_after_beacon, 0, sizeof(chan_after_beacon));
+  if (ParseBeaconHintChan(const_after, &chan_after_beacon))
+    return "";
+
+  if (chan_before_beacon.center_freq != chan_after_beacon.center_freq)
+    return "";
+
+  /* A beacon hint is sent _only_ if something _did_ change */
+  output.append("beacon hint:");
+  StringAppendF(&output, "phy%" PRIu32 " %u MHz [%d]:",
+                wiphy_idx, chan_before_beacon.center_freq,
+                ChannelFromIeee80211Frequency(chan_before_beacon.center_freq));
+
+  if (chan_before_beacon.passive_scan && !chan_after_beacon.passive_scan)
+    output.append("\to active scanning enabled");
+  if (chan_before_beacon.no_ibss && !chan_after_beacon.no_ibss)
+    output.append("\to beaconing enabled");
+  return output;
+}
+
+int RegBeaconHintMessage::ParseBeaconHintChan(const nlattr *tb,
+                                              ieee80211_beacon_channel *chan)
+    const {
+  static const nla_policy kBeaconFreqPolicy[
+      NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_MAX + 1] = {
+        {0, 0, 0},
+        { NLA_U32, 0, 0 },  // [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_FREQ]
+        {0, 0, 0},
+        { NLA_FLAG, 0, 0 },  // [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_PASSIVE_SCAN]
+        { NLA_FLAG, 0, 0 },  // [NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IBSS]
+  };
+
+  if (!tb) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "|tb| parameter is NULL.";
+    return -EINVAL;
+  }
+
+  if (!chan) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "|chan| parameter is NULL.";
+    return -EINVAL;
+  }
+
+  nlattr *tb_freq[NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_MAX + 1];
+
+  if (nla_parse_nested(tb_freq,
+                       NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_MAX,
+                       const_cast<nlattr *>(tb),
+                       const_cast<nla_policy *>(kBeaconFreqPolicy)))
+    return -EINVAL;
+
+  chan->center_freq = nla_get_u32(tb_freq[NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_FREQ]);
+
+  if (tb_freq[NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_PASSIVE_SCAN])
+    chan->passive_scan = true;
+  if (tb_freq[NL80211_FREQUENCY_ATTR_NO_IBSS])
+    chan->no_ibss = true;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int RegBeaconHintMessage::ChannelFromIeee80211Frequency(int freq) {
+  // TODO(wdg): get rid of these magic numbers.
+  if (freq == 2484)
+    return 14;
+
+  if (freq < 2484)
+    return (freq - 2407) / 5;
+
+  /* FIXME: dot11ChannelStartingFactor (802.11-2007 17.3.8.3.2) */
+  return freq/5 - 1000;
+}
+
+const uint8_t RegChangeMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_REG_CHANGE;
+const char RegChangeMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_REG_CHANGE";
+
+string RegChangeMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  output.append("regulatory domain change: ");
+
+  uint8_t reg_type = UINT8_MAX;
+  GetU8Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_REG_TYPE, &reg_type);
+
+  uint32_t initiator = UINT32_MAX;
+  GetU32Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_REG_INITIATOR, &initiator);
+
+  uint32_t wifi = UINT32_MAX;
+  bool wifi_exists = GetU32Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY, &wifi);
+
+  string alpha2 = "<None>";
+  GetStringAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_REG_ALPHA2, &alpha2);
+
+  switch (reg_type) {
+  case NL80211_REGDOM_TYPE_COUNTRY:
+    StringAppendF(&output, "set to %s by %s request",
+                  alpha2.c_str(), StringFromRegInitiator(initiator).c_str());
+    if (wifi_exists)
+      StringAppendF(&output, " on phy%" PRIu32, wifi);
+    break;
+
+  case NL80211_REGDOM_TYPE_WORLD:
+    StringAppendF(&output, "set to world roaming by %s request",
+                  StringFromRegInitiator(initiator).c_str());
+    break;
+
+  case NL80211_REGDOM_TYPE_CUSTOM_WORLD:
+    StringAppendF(&output,
+                  "custom world roaming rules in place on phy%" PRIu32
+                  " by %s request",
+                  wifi, StringFromRegInitiator(initiator).c_str());
+    break;
+
+  case NL80211_REGDOM_TYPE_INTERSECTION:
+    StringAppendF(&output, "intersection used due to a request made by %s",
+                  StringFromRegInitiator(initiator).c_str());
+    if (wifi_exists)
+      StringAppendF(&output, " on phy%" PRIu32, wifi);
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    output.append("unknown source");
+    break;
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t RemainOnChannelMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_REMAIN_ON_CHANNEL;
+const char RemainOnChannelMessage::kCommandString[] =
+    "NL80211_CMD_REMAIN_ON_CHANNEL";
+
+string RemainOnChannelMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+
+  uint32_t wifi_freq = UINT32_MAX;
+  GetU32Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_WIPHY_FREQ, &wifi_freq);
+
+  uint32_t duration = UINT32_MAX;
+  GetU32Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_DURATION, &duration);
+
+  uint64_t cookie = UINT64_MAX;
+  GetU64Attribute(NL80211_ATTR_COOKIE, &cookie);
+
+  StringAppendF(&output, "remain on freq %" PRIu32 " (%" PRIu32 "ms, cookie %"
+                PRIx64 ")",
+                wifi_freq, duration, cookie);
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t RoamMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_ROAM;
+const char RoamMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_ROAM";
+
+string RoamMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  output.append("roamed");
+
+  if (AttributeExists(NL80211_ATTR_MAC)) {
+    string mac;
+    GetMacAttributeString(NL80211_ATTR_MAC, &mac);
+    StringAppendF(&output, " to %s", mac.c_str());
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t ScanAbortedMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_SCAN_ABORTED;
+const char ScanAbortedMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_SCAN_ABORTED";
+
+string ScanAbortedMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  output.append("scan aborted");
+
+  {
+    output.append("; frequencies: ");
+    vector<uint32_t> list;
+    if (GetScanFrequenciesAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_FREQUENCIES, &list)) {
+      string str;
+      for (vector<uint32_t>::const_iterator i = list.begin();
+           i != list.end(); ++i) {
+        StringAppendF(&str, " %" PRIu32 ", ", *i);
+      }
+      output.append(str);
+    }
+  }
+
+  {
+    output.append("; SSIDs: ");
+    vector<string> list;
+    if (GetScanSsidsAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_SSIDS, &list)) {
+      string str;
+      for (vector<string>::const_iterator i = list.begin();
+           i != list.end(); ++i) {
+        StringAppendF(&str, "\"%s\", ", i->c_str());
+      }
+      output.append(str);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t TriggerScanMessage::kCommand = NL80211_CMD_TRIGGER_SCAN;
+const char TriggerScanMessage::kCommandString[] = "NL80211_CMD_TRIGGER_SCAN";
+
+string TriggerScanMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  output.append("scan started");
+
+  {
+    output.append("; frequencies: ");
+    vector<uint32_t> list;
+    if (GetScanFrequenciesAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_FREQUENCIES, &list)) {
+      string str;
+      for (vector<uint32_t>::const_iterator i = list.begin();
+             i != list.end(); ++i) {
+        StringAppendF(&str, "%" PRIu32 ", ", *i);
+      }
+      output.append(str);
+    }
+  }
+
+  {
+    output.append("; SSIDs: ");
+    vector<string> list;
+    if (GetScanSsidsAttribute(NL80211_ATTR_SCAN_SSIDS, &list)) {
+      string str;
+      for (vector<string>::const_iterator i = list.begin();
+           i != list.end(); ++i) {
+        StringAppendF(&str, "\"%s\", ", i->c_str());
+      }
+      output.append(str);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t UnknownMessage::kCommand = 0xff;
+const char UnknownMessage::kCommandString[] = "<Unknown Message Type>";
+
+string UnknownMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  StringAppendF(&output, "unknown event %u", command_);
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t UnprotDeauthenticateMessage::kCommand =
+    NL80211_CMD_UNPROT_DEAUTHENTICATE;
+const char UnprotDeauthenticateMessage::kCommandString[] =
+    "NL80211_CMD_UNPROT_DEAUTHENTICATE";
+
+string UnprotDeauthenticateMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  StringAppendF(&output, "unprotected deauth %s",
+                StringFromFrame(NL80211_ATTR_FRAME).c_str());
+  return output;
+}
+
+const uint8_t UnprotDisassociateMessage::kCommand =
+    NL80211_CMD_UNPROT_DISASSOCIATE;
+const char UnprotDisassociateMessage::kCommandString[] =
+    "NL80211_CMD_UNPROT_DISASSOCIATE";
+
+string UnprotDisassociateMessage::ToString() const {
+  string output(GetHeaderString());
+  StringAppendF(&output, "unprotected disassoc %s",
+                StringFromFrame(NL80211_ATTR_FRAME).c_str());
+  return output;
+}
+
+//
+// Factory class.
+//
+
+UserBoundNlMessage *UserBoundNlMessageFactory::CreateMessage(nlmsghdr *msg) {
+  if (!msg) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "NULL |msg| parameter";
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  scoped_ptr<UserBoundNlMessage> message;
+  genlmsghdr *gnlh =
+      reinterpret_cast<genlmsghdr *>(nlmsg_data(msg));
+
+  if (!gnlh) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "NULL gnlh";
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  switch (gnlh->cmd) {
+    case AssociateMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new AssociateMessage()); break;
+    case AuthenticateMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new AuthenticateMessage()); break;
+    case CancelRemainOnChannelMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new CancelRemainOnChannelMessage()); break;
+    case ConnectMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new ConnectMessage()); break;
+    case DeauthenticateMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new DeauthenticateMessage()); break;
+
+#if 0
+    // TODO(wdg): our version of 'iw' doesn't have this so I can't put it in
+    // without breaking the diff.  Remove the 'if 0' after the unit tests are
+    // added.
+    case DeleteStationMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new DeleteStationMessage()); break;
+#endif
+
+    case DisassociateMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new DisassociateMessage()); break;
+    case DisconnectMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new DisconnectMessage()); break;
+    case FrameTxStatusMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new FrameTxStatusMessage()); break;
+    case JoinIbssMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new JoinIbssMessage()); break;
+    case MichaelMicFailureMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new MichaelMicFailureMessage()); break;
+    case NewScanResultsMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new NewScanResultsMessage()); break;
+    case NewStationMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new NewStationMessage()); break;
+    case NewWifiMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new NewWifiMessage()); break;
+    case NotifyCqmMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new NotifyCqmMessage()); break;
+    case PmksaCandidateMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new PmksaCandidateMessage()); break;
+    case RegBeaconHintMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new RegBeaconHintMessage()); break;
+    case RegChangeMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new RegChangeMessage()); break;
+    case RemainOnChannelMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new RemainOnChannelMessage()); break;
+    case RoamMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new RoamMessage()); break;
+    case ScanAbortedMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new ScanAbortedMessage()); break;
+    case TriggerScanMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new TriggerScanMessage()); break;
+    case UnprotDeauthenticateMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new UnprotDeauthenticateMessage()); break;
+    case UnprotDisassociateMessage::kCommand:
+      message.reset(new UnprotDisassociateMessage()); break;
+
+    default:
+      message.reset(new UnknownMessage(gnlh->cmd)); break;
+      break;
+  }
+
+  nlattr *tb[NL80211_ATTR_MAX + 1];
+
+  // Parse the attributes from the nl message payload (which starts at the
+  // header) into the 'tb' array.
+  nla_parse(tb, NL80211_ATTR_MAX, genlmsg_attrdata(gnlh, 0),
+    genlmsg_attrlen(gnlh, 0), NULL);
+
+  if (!message->Init(tb, msg)) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Message did not initialize properly";
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+//#if 0  // If we're collecting data for unit tests, uncommnet this.
+  UserBoundNlMessageDataCollector::GetInstance()->CollectDebugData(*message,
+                                                                   msg);
+//#endif // 0
+
+  return message.release();
+}
+
+UserBoundNlMessageDataCollector *
+    UserBoundNlMessageDataCollector::GetInstance() {
+  return g_datacollector.Pointer();
+}
+
+UserBoundNlMessageDataCollector::UserBoundNlMessageDataCollector() {
+  need_to_print[NL80211_ATTR_PMKSA_CANDIDATE] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_CANCEL_REMAIN_ON_CHANNEL] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_DEL_STATION] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_FRAME_TX_STATUS] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_JOIN_IBSS] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_MICHAEL_MIC_FAILURE] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_NEW_WIPHY] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_REG_BEACON_HINT] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_REG_CHANGE] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_REMAIN_ON_CHANNEL] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_ROAM] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_SCAN_ABORTED] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_UNPROT_DEAUTHENTICATE] = true;
+  need_to_print[NL80211_CMD_UNPROT_DISASSOCIATE] = true;
+}
+
+void UserBoundNlMessageDataCollector::CollectDebugData(
+    const UserBoundNlMessage &message, nlmsghdr *msg)
+{
+  if (!msg) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "NULL |msg| parameter";
+    return;
+  }
+
+  bool doit = false;
+
+  map<uint8_t, bool>::const_iterator node;
+  node = need_to_print.find(message.GetMessageType());
+  if (node != need_to_print.end())
+    doit = node->second;
+
+  if (doit) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "@@const unsigned char "
+               << "k" << message.GetMessageTypeString()
+               << "[] = { ";
+
+    int payload_bytes = nlmsg_len(msg);
+
+    size_t bytes = nlmsg_total_size(payload_bytes);
+    unsigned char *rawdata = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(msg);
+    for (size_t i=0; i<bytes; ++i) {
+      LOG(ERROR) << "  0x"
+                 << std::hex << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(2)
+                 << + rawdata[i] << ",";
+    }
+    LOG(ERROR) << "};";
+    need_to_print[message.GetMessageType()] = false;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace shill.