CommandProcessor: dump AsciiMessage payloads

Update CommandProcessor::Dump(), to include the
payload for AsciiMessages.

Along the way:
- extend SendAsciiMessageWithAdjustments(),
  to allow tweaking of the transport-layer
  packet size
- simplify the loop in Dump()

While there: elaborate the documentation for
the |current_log_buffer_| field. The additional
comments explain what validity assumptions can
be made of data in |current_log_buffer_|.

Bug: 32240979
Test: ./runtests.sh (on angler)
Change-Id: I670b88782317e39e42f083cc298aa71075482a9c
3 files changed