logd/LogStatistics.cpp - platform/system/core - Gitiles

 /*
  * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */

 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <time.h>

 #include <log/logger.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>

 #include "LogStatistics.h"

 PidStatistics::PidStatistics(pid_t pid, char *name)
         : pid(pid)
         , mSizesTotal(0)
         , mElementsTotal(0)
         , mSizes(0)
         , mElements(0)
         , name(name)
         , mGone(false)
 { }

 #ifdef DO_NOT_ERROR_IF_PIDSTATISTICS_USES_A_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR
 PidStatistics::PidStatistics(const PidStatistics &copy)
         : pid(copy->pid)
         , name(copy->name ? strdup(copy->name) : NULL)
         , mSizesTotal(copy->mSizesTotal)
         , mElementsTotal(copy->mElementsTotal)
         , mSizes(copy->mSizes)
         , mElements(copy->mElements)
         , mGone(copy->mGone)
 { }
 #endif

 PidStatistics::~PidStatistics() {
     free(name);
 }

 bool PidStatistics::pidGone() {
     if (mGone) {
         return true;
     }
     if (pid == gone) {
         return true;
     }
     if (kill(pid, 0) && (errno != EPERM)) {
         mGone = true;
         return true;
     }
     return false;
 }

 void PidStatistics::setName(char *new_name) {
     free(name);
     name = new_name;
 }

 void PidStatistics::add(unsigned short size) {
     mSizesTotal += size;
     ++mElementsTotal;
     mSizes += size;
     ++mElements;
 }

 bool PidStatistics::subtract(unsigned short size) {
     mSizes -= size;
     --mElements;
     return (mElements == 0) && pidGone();
 }

 void PidStatistics::addTotal(size_t size, size_t element) {
     if (pid == gone) {
         mSizesTotal += size;
         mElementsTotal += element;
     }
 }

 // must call free to release return value
 char *PidStatistics::pidToName(pid_t pid) {
     char *retval = NULL;
     if (pid != gone) {
         char buffer[512];
         snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "/proc/%u/cmdline", pid);
         int fd = open(buffer, O_RDONLY);
         if (fd >= 0) {
             ssize_t ret = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
             if (ret > 0) {
                 buffer[sizeof(buffer)-1] = '\0';
                 // frameworks intermediate state
                 if (strcmp(buffer, "<pre-initialized>")) {
                     retval = strdup(buffer);
                 }
             }
             close(fd);
         }
     }
     return retval;
 }

 UidStatistics::UidStatistics(uid_t uid)
         : uid(uid)
         , mSizes(0)
         , mElements(0) {
     Pids.clear();
 }

 UidStatistics::~UidStatistics() {
     PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end();) {
         delete (*it);
         it = Pids.erase(it);
     }
 }

 void UidStatistics::add(unsigned short size, pid_t pid) {
     mSizes += size;
     ++mElements;

     PidStatistics *p;
     PidStatisticsCollection::iterator last;
     PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (last = it = begin(); it != end(); last = it, ++it) {
         p = *it;
         if (pid == p->getPid()) {
             p->add(size);
             return;
         }
     }
     // insert if the gone entry.
     bool insert = (last != it) && (p->getPid() == p->gone);
     p = new PidStatistics(pid, pidToName(pid));
     if (insert) {
         Pids.insert(last, p);
     } else {
         Pids.push_back(p);
     }
     p->add(size);
 }

 void UidStatistics::subtract(unsigned short size, pid_t pid) {
     mSizes -= size;
     --mElements;

     PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         PidStatistics *p = *it;
         if (pid == p->getPid()) {
             if (p->subtract(size)) {
                 size_t szsTotal = p->sizesTotal();
                 size_t elsTotal = p->elementsTotal();
                 delete p;
                 Pids.erase(it);
                 it = end();
                 --it;
                 if (it == end()) {
                     p = new PidStatistics(p->gone);
                     Pids.push_back(p);
                 } else {
                     p = *it;
                     if (p->getPid() != p->gone) {
                         p = new PidStatistics(p->gone);
                         Pids.push_back(p);
                     }
                 }
                 p->addTotal(szsTotal, elsTotal);
             }
             return;
         }
     }
 }

 void UidStatistics::sort() {
     for (bool pass = true; pass;) {
         pass = false;
         PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it = begin();
         if (it != end()) {
             PidStatisticsCollection::iterator lt = it;
             PidStatistics *l = (*lt);
             while (++it != end()) {
                 PidStatistics *n = (*it);
                 if ((n->getPid() != n->gone) && (n->sizes() > l->sizes())) {
                     pass = true;
                     Pids.erase(it);
                     Pids.insert(lt, n);
                     it = lt;
                     n = l;
                 }
                 lt = it;
                 l = n;
             }
         }
     }
 }

 size_t UidStatistics::sizes(pid_t pid) {
     if (pid == pid_all) {
         return sizes();
     }

     PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         PidStatistics *p = *it;
         if (pid == p->getPid()) {
             return p->sizes();
         }
     }
     return 0;
 }

 size_t UidStatistics::elements(pid_t pid) {
     if (pid == pid_all) {
         return elements();
     }

     PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         PidStatistics *p = *it;
         if (pid == p->getPid()) {
             return p->elements();
         }
     }
     return 0;
 }

 size_t UidStatistics::sizesTotal(pid_t pid) {
     size_t sizes = 0;
     PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         PidStatistics *p = *it;
         if ((pid == pid_all) || (pid == p->getPid())) {
             sizes += p->sizesTotal();
         }
     }
     return sizes;
 }

 size_t UidStatistics::elementsTotal(pid_t pid) {
     size_t elements = 0;
     PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         PidStatistics *p = *it;
         if ((pid == pid_all) || (pid == p->getPid())) {
             elements += p->elementsTotal();
         }
     }
     return elements;
 }

 LidStatistics::LidStatistics() {
     Uids.clear();
 }

 LidStatistics::~LidStatistics() {
     UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end();) {
         delete (*it);
         it = Uids.erase(it);
     }
 }

 void LidStatistics::add(unsigned short size, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     UidStatistics *u;
     UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     UidStatisticsCollection::iterator last;

     if (uid == (uid_t) -1) { // init
         uid = (uid_t) AID_ROOT;
     }

     for (last = it = begin(); it != end(); last = it, ++it) {
         u = *it;
         if (uid == u->getUid()) {
             u->add(size, pid);
             if ((last != it) && ((*last)->sizesTotal() < u->sizesTotal())) {
                 Uids.erase(it);
                 Uids.insert(last, u);
             }
             return;
         }
     }
     u = new UidStatistics(uid);
     if ((last != it) && ((*last)->sizesTotal() < (size_t) size)) {
         Uids.insert(last, u);
     } else {
         Uids.push_back(u);
     }
     u->add(size, pid);
 }

 void LidStatistics::subtract(unsigned short size, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         UidStatistics *u = *it;
         if (uid == u->getUid()) {
             u->subtract(size, pid);
             return;
         }
     }
 }

 void LidStatistics::sort() {
     for (bool pass = true; pass;) {
         pass = false;
         UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it = begin();
         if (it != end()) {
             UidStatisticsCollection::iterator lt = it;
             UidStatistics *l = (*lt);
             while (++it != end()) {
                 UidStatistics *n = (*it);
                 if (n->sizes() > l->sizes()) {
                     pass = true;
                     Uids.erase(it);
                     Uids.insert(lt, n);
                     it = lt;
                     n = l;
                 }
                 lt = it;
                 l = n;
             }
         }
     }
 }

 size_t LidStatistics::sizes(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     size_t sizes = 0;
     UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         UidStatistics *u = *it;
         if ((uid == uid_all) || (uid == u->getUid())) {
             sizes += u->sizes(pid);
         }
     }
     return sizes;
 }

 size_t LidStatistics::elements(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     size_t elements = 0;
     UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         UidStatistics *u = *it;
         if ((uid == uid_all) || (uid == u->getUid())) {
             elements += u->elements(pid);
         }
     }
     return elements;
 }

 size_t LidStatistics::sizesTotal(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     size_t sizes = 0;
     UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         UidStatistics *u = *it;
         if ((uid == uid_all) || (uid == u->getUid())) {
             sizes += u->sizesTotal(pid);
         }
     }
     return sizes;
 }

 size_t LidStatistics::elementsTotal(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     size_t elements = 0;
     UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
     for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
         UidStatistics *u = *it;
         if ((uid == uid_all) || (uid == u->getUid())) {
             elements += u->elementsTotal(pid);
         }
     }
     return elements;
 }

 LogStatistics::LogStatistics()
         : start(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
     log_id_for_each(i) {
         mSizes[i] = 0;
         mElements[i] = 0;
     }

     dgram_qlen_statistics = false;
     for(unsigned short bucket = 0; dgram_qlen(bucket); ++bucket) {
         mMinimum[bucket].tv_sec = mMinimum[bucket].tv_sec_max;
         mMinimum[bucket].tv_nsec = mMinimum[bucket].tv_nsec_max;
     }
 }

 //   Each bucket below represents a dgram_qlen of log messages. By
 //   finding the minimum period of time from start to finish
 //   of each dgram_qlen, we can get a performance expectation for
 //   the user space logger. The net result is that the period
 //   of time divided by the dgram_qlen will give us the average time
 //   between log messages; at the point where the average time
 //   is greater than the throughput capability of the logger
 //   we will not longer require the benefits of the FIFO formed
 //   by max_dgram_qlen. We will also expect to see a very visible
 //   knee in the average time between log messages at this point,
 //   so we do not necessarily have to compare the rate against the
 //   measured performance (BM_log_maximum_retry) of the logger.
 //
 //   for example (reformatted):
 //
 //       Minimum time between log events per dgram_qlen:
 //       1   2   3   5   10  20  30  50  100  200 300 400 500 600
 //       5u2 12u 13u 15u 16u 27u 30u 36u 407u 3m1 3m3 3m9 3m9 5m5
 //
 //   demonstrates a clear knee rising at 100, so this means that for this
 //   case max_dgram_qlen = 100 would be more than sufficient to handle the
 //   worst that the system could stuff into the logger. The
 //   BM_log_maximum_retry performance (derated by the log collection) on the
 //   same system was 33.2us so we would almost be fine with max_dgram_qlen = 50.
 //   BM_log_maxumum_retry with statistics off is roughly 20us, so
 //   max_dgram_qlen = 20 would work. We will be more than willing to have
 //   a large engineering margin so the rule of thumb that lead us to 100 is
 //   fine.
 //
 // bucket dgram_qlen are tuned for /proc/sys/net/unix/max_dgram_qlen = 300
 const unsigned short LogStatistics::mBuckets[] = {
     1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600
 };

 unsigned short LogStatistics::dgram_qlen(unsigned short bucket) {
     if (bucket >= sizeof(mBuckets) / sizeof(mBuckets[0])) {
         return 0;
     }
     return mBuckets[bucket];
 }

 unsigned long long LogStatistics::minimum(unsigned short bucket) {
     if (mMinimum[bucket].tv_sec == mMinimum[bucket].tv_sec_max) {
         return 0;
     }
     return mMinimum[bucket].nsec();
 }

 void LogStatistics::recordDiff(log_time diff, unsigned short bucket) {
     if ((diff.tv_sec || diff.tv_nsec) && (mMinimum[bucket] > diff)) {
         mMinimum[bucket] = diff;
     }
 }

 void LogStatistics::add(unsigned short size,
                         log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     mSizes[log_id] += size;
     ++mElements[log_id];
     id(log_id).add(size, uid, pid);
 }

 void LogStatistics::subtract(unsigned short size,
                              log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     mSizes[log_id] -= size;
     --mElements[log_id];
     id(log_id).subtract(size, uid, pid);
 }

 size_t LogStatistics::sizes(log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     if (log_id != log_id_all) {
         return id(log_id).sizes(uid, pid);
     }
     size_t sizes = 0;
     log_id_for_each(i) {
         sizes += id(i).sizes(uid, pid);
     }
     return sizes;
 }

 size_t LogStatistics::elements(log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     if (log_id != log_id_all) {
         return id(log_id).elements(uid, pid);
     }
     size_t elements = 0;
     log_id_for_each(i) {
         elements += id(i).elements(uid, pid);
     }
     return elements;
 }

 size_t LogStatistics::sizesTotal(log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     if (log_id != log_id_all) {
         return id(log_id).sizesTotal(uid, pid);
     }
     size_t sizes = 0;
     log_id_for_each(i) {
         sizes += id(i).sizesTotal(uid, pid);
     }
     return sizes;
 }

 size_t LogStatistics::elementsTotal(log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
     if (log_id != log_id_all) {
         return id(log_id).elementsTotal(uid, pid);
     }
     size_t elements = 0;
     log_id_for_each(i) {
         elements += id(i).elementsTotal(uid, pid);
     }
     return elements;
 }

 void LogStatistics::format(char **buf,
                            uid_t uid, unsigned int logMask, log_time oldest) {
     static const unsigned short spaces_current = 13;
     static const unsigned short spaces_total = 19;

     if (*buf) {
         free(*buf);
         *buf = NULL;
     }

     android::String8 string("        span -> size/num");
     size_t oldLength;
     short spaces = 2;

     log_id_for_each(i) {
         if (!logMask & (1 << i)) {
             continue;
         }
         oldLength = string.length();
         if (spaces < 0) {
             spaces = 0;
         }
         string.appendFormat("%*s%s", spaces, "", android_log_id_to_name(i));
         spaces += spaces_total + oldLength - string.length();

         LidStatistics &l = id(i);
         l.sort();

         UidStatisticsCollection::iterator iu;
         for (iu = l.begin(); iu != l.end(); ++iu) {
             (*iu)->sort();
         }
     }

     spaces = 1;
     log_time t(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
     unsigned long long d = t.nsec() - start.nsec();
     string.appendFormat("\nTotal%4llu:%02llu:%02llu.%09llu",
                   d / NS_PER_SEC / 60 / 60, (d / NS_PER_SEC / 60) % 60,
                   (d / NS_PER_SEC) % 60, d % NS_PER_SEC);

     log_id_for_each(i) {
         if (!(logMask & (1 << i))) {
             continue;
         }
         oldLength = string.length();
         if (spaces < 0) {
             spaces = 0;
         }
         string.appendFormat("%*s%zu/%zu", spaces, "",
                             sizesTotal(i), elementsTotal(i));
         spaces += spaces_total + oldLength - string.length();
     }

     spaces = 1;
     d = t.nsec() - oldest.nsec();
     string.appendFormat("\nNow%6llu:%02llu:%02llu.%09llu",
                   d / NS_PER_SEC / 60 / 60, (d / NS_PER_SEC / 60) % 60,
                   (d / NS_PER_SEC) % 60, d % NS_PER_SEC);

     log_id_for_each(i) {
         if (!(logMask & (1 << i))) {
             continue;
         }

         size_t els = elements(i);
         if (els) {
             oldLength = string.length();
             if (spaces < 0) {
                 spaces = 0;
             }
             string.appendFormat("%*s%zu/%zu", spaces, "", sizes(i), els);
             spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;
         }
         spaces += spaces_total;
     }

     // Construct list of worst spammers by Pid
     static const unsigned char num_spammers = 10;
     bool header = false;

     log_id_for_each(i) {
         if (!(logMask & (1 << i))) {
             continue;
         }

         PidStatisticsCollection pids;
         pids.clear();

         LidStatistics &l = id(i);
         UidStatisticsCollection::iterator iu;
         for (iu = l.begin(); iu != l.end(); ++iu) {
             UidStatistics &u = *(*iu);
             PidStatisticsCollection::iterator ip;
             for (ip = u.begin(); ip != u.end(); ++ip) {
                 PidStatistics *p = (*ip);
                 if (p->getPid() == p->gone) {
                     break;
                 }

                 size_t mySizes = p->sizes();

                 PidStatisticsCollection::iterator q;
                 unsigned char num = 0;
                 for (q = pids.begin(); q != pids.end(); ++q) {
                     if (mySizes > (*q)->sizes()) {
                         pids.insert(q, p);
                         break;
                     }
                     // do we need to traverse deeper in the list?
                     if (++num > num_spammers) {
                         break;
                     }
                 }
                 if (q == pids.end()) {
                    pids.push_back(p);
                 }
             }
         }

         size_t threshold = sizes(i);
         if (threshold < 65536) {
             threshold = 65536;
         }
         threshold /= 100;

         PidStatisticsCollection::iterator pt = pids.begin();

         for(int line = 0;
                 (pt != pids.end()) && (line < num_spammers);
                 ++line, pt = pids.erase(pt)) {
             PidStatistics *p = *pt;

             size_t sizes = p->sizes();
             if (sizes < threshold) {
                 break;
             }

             char *name = p->getName();
             pid_t pid = p->getPid();
             if (!name || !*name) {
                 name = pidToName(pid);
                 if (name) {
                     if (*name) {
                         p->setName(name);
                     } else {
                         free(name);
                         name = NULL;
                     }
                 }
             }

             if (!header) {
                 string.appendFormat("\n\nChattiest clients:\n"
                                     "log id %-*s PID[?] name",
                                     spaces_total, "size/total");
                 header = true;
             }

             size_t sizesTotal = p->sizesTotal();

             android::String8 sz("");
             sz.appendFormat((sizes != sizesTotal) ? "%zu/%zu" : "%zu",
                             sizes, sizesTotal);

             android::String8 pd("");
             pd.appendFormat("%u%c", pid, p->pidGone() ? '?' : ' ');

             string.appendFormat("\n%-7s%-*s %-7s%s",
                                 line ? "" : android_log_id_to_name(i),
                                 spaces_total, sz.string(), pd.string(),
                                 name ? name : "");
         }

         pids.clear();
     }

     if (dgram_qlen_statistics) {
         const unsigned short spaces_time = 6;
         const unsigned long long max_seconds = 100000;
         spaces = 0;
         string.append("\n\nMinimum time between log events per dgram_qlen:\n");
         for(unsigned short i = 0; dgram_qlen(i); ++i) {
             oldLength = string.length();
             if (spaces < 0) {
                 spaces = 0;
             }
             string.appendFormat("%*s%u", spaces, "", dgram_qlen(i));
             spaces += spaces_time + oldLength - string.length();
         }
         string.append("\n");
         spaces = 0;
         unsigned short n;
         for(unsigned short i = 0; (n = dgram_qlen(i)); ++i) {
             unsigned long long duration = minimum(i);
             if (duration) {
                 duration /= n;
                 if (duration >= (NS_PER_SEC * max_seconds)) {
                     duration = NS_PER_SEC * (max_seconds - 1);
                 }
                 oldLength = string.length();
                 if (spaces < 0) {
                     spaces = 0;
                 }
                 string.appendFormat("%*s", spaces, "");
                 if (duration >= (NS_PER_SEC * 10)) {
                     string.appendFormat("%llu",
                         (duration + (NS_PER_SEC / 2))
                             / NS_PER_SEC);
                 } else if (duration >= (NS_PER_SEC / (1000 / 10))) {
                     string.appendFormat("%llum",
                         (duration + (NS_PER_SEC / 2 / 1000))
                             / (NS_PER_SEC / 1000));
                 } else if (duration >= (NS_PER_SEC / (1000000 / 10))) {
                     string.appendFormat("%lluu",
                          (duration + (NS_PER_SEC / 2 / 1000000))
                              / (NS_PER_SEC / 1000000));
                 } else {
                     string.appendFormat("%llun", duration);
                 }
                 spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;
             }
             spaces += spaces_time;
         }
     }

     log_id_for_each(i) {
         if (!(logMask & (1 << i))) {
             continue;
         }

         header = false;
         bool first = true;

         UidStatisticsCollection::iterator ut;
         for(ut = id(i).begin(); ut != id(i).end(); ++ut) {
             UidStatistics *up = *ut;
             if ((uid != AID_ROOT) && (uid != up->getUid())) {
                 continue;
             }

             PidStatisticsCollection::iterator pt = up->begin();
             if (pt == up->end()) {
                 continue;
             }

             android::String8 intermediate;

             if (!header) {
                 // header below tuned to match spaces_total and spaces_current
                 spaces = 0;
                 intermediate = string.format("%s: UID/PID Total size/num",
                                              android_log_id_to_name(i));
                 string.appendFormat("\n\n%-31sNow          "
                                          "UID/PID[?]  Total              Now",
                                     intermediate.string());
                 intermediate.clear();
                 header = true;
             }

             bool oneline = ++pt == up->end();
             --pt;

             if (!oneline) {
                 first = true;
             } else if (!first && (spaces > 0)) {
                 string.appendFormat("%*s", spaces, "");
             }
             spaces = 0;

             uid_t u = up->getUid();
             PidStatistics *pp = *pt;
             pid_t p = pp->getPid();

             intermediate = string.format(oneline
                                              ? ((p == PidStatistics::gone)
                                                  ? "%d/?"
                                                  : "%d/%d%c")
                                              : "%d",
                                          u, p, pp->pidGone() ? '?' : '\0');
             string.appendFormat(first ? "\n%-12s" : "%-12s",
                                 intermediate.string());
             intermediate.clear();

             size_t elsTotal = up->elementsTotal();
             oldLength = string.length();
             string.appendFormat("%zu/%zu", up->sizesTotal(), elsTotal);
             spaces += spaces_total + oldLength - string.length();

             size_t els = up->elements();
             if (els == elsTotal) {
                 if (spaces < 0) {
                     spaces = 0;
                 }
                 string.appendFormat("%*s=", spaces, "");
                 spaces = -1;
             } else if (els) {
                 oldLength = string.length();
                 if (spaces < 0) {
                     spaces = 0;
                 }
                 string.appendFormat("%*s%zu/%zu", spaces, "", up->sizes(), els);
                 spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;
             }
             spaces += spaces_current;

             first = !first;

             if (oneline) {
                 continue;
             }

             size_t gone_szs = 0;
             size_t gone_els = 0;

             for(; pt != up->end(); ++pt) {
                 pp = *pt;
                 p = pp->getPid();

                 // If a PID no longer has any current logs, and is not
                 // active anymore, skip & report totals for gone.
                 elsTotal = pp->elementsTotal();
                 size_t szsTotal = pp->sizesTotal();
                 if (p == pp->gone) {
                     gone_szs += szsTotal;
                     gone_els += elsTotal;
                     continue;
                 }
                 els = pp->elements();
                 bool gone = pp->pidGone();
                 if (gone && (els == 0)) {
                     // ToDo: garbage collection: move this statistical bucket
                     //       from its current UID/PID to UID/? (races and
                     //       wrap around are our achilles heel). Below is
                     //       merely lipservice to catch PIDs that were still
                     //       around when the stats were pruned to zero.
                     gone_szs += szsTotal;
                     gone_els += elsTotal;
                     continue;
                 }

                 if (!first && (spaces > 0)) {
                     string.appendFormat("%*s", spaces, "");
                 }
                 spaces = 0;

                 intermediate = string.format(gone ? "%d/%d?" : "%d/%d", u, p);
                 string.appendFormat(first ? "\n%-12s" : "%-12s",
                                     intermediate.string());
                 intermediate.clear();

                 oldLength = string.length();
                 string.appendFormat("%zu/%zu", szsTotal, elsTotal);
                 spaces += spaces_total + oldLength - string.length();

                 if (els == elsTotal) {
                     if (spaces < 0) {
                         spaces = 0;
                     }
                     string.appendFormat("%*s=", spaces, "");
                     spaces = -1;
                 } else if (els) {
                     oldLength = string.length();
                     if (spaces < 0) {
                         spaces = 0;
                     }
                     string.appendFormat("%*s%zu/%zu", spaces, "",
                                         pp->sizes(), els);
                     spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;
                 }
                 spaces += spaces_current;

                 first = !first;
             }

             if (gone_els) {
                 if (!first && (spaces > 0)) {
                     string.appendFormat("%*s", spaces, "");
                 }

                 intermediate = string.format("%d/?", u);
                 string.appendFormat(first ? "\n%-12s" : "%-12s",
                                     intermediate.string());
                 intermediate.clear();

                 spaces = spaces_total + spaces_current;

                 oldLength = string.length();
                 string.appendFormat("%zu/%zu", gone_szs, gone_els);
                 spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;

                 first = !first;
             }
         }
     }

     *buf = strdup(string.string());
 }

 uid_t LogStatistics::pidToUid(pid_t pid) {
     log_id_for_each(i) {
         LidStatistics &l = id(i);
         UidStatisticsCollection::iterator iu;
         for (iu = l.begin(); iu != l.end(); ++iu) {
             UidStatistics &u = *(*iu);
             PidStatisticsCollection::iterator ip;
             for (ip = u.begin(); ip != u.end(); ++ip) {
                 if ((*ip)->getPid() == pid) {
                     return u.getUid();
                 }
             }
         }
     }
     return getuid(); // associate this with the logger
 }
	/*
	* Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
	*
	* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	* You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*/

	#include <fcntl.h>
	#include <stdarg.h>
	#include <time.h>

	#include <log/logger.h>
	#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
	#include <utils/String8.h>

	#include "LogStatistics.h"

	PidStatistics::PidStatistics(pid_t pid, char *name)
	: pid(pid)
	, mSizesTotal(0)
	, mElementsTotal(0)
	, mSizes(0)
	, mElements(0)
	, name(name)
	, mGone(false)
	{ }

	#ifdef DO_NOT_ERROR_IF_PIDSTATISTICS_USES_A_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR
	PidStatistics::PidStatistics(const PidStatistics &copy)
	: pid(copy->pid)
	, name(copy->name ? strdup(copy->name) : NULL)
	, mSizesTotal(copy->mSizesTotal)
	, mElementsTotal(copy->mElementsTotal)
	, mSizes(copy->mSizes)
	, mElements(copy->mElements)
	, mGone(copy->mGone)
	{ }
	#endif

	PidStatistics::~PidStatistics() {
	free(name);
	}

	bool PidStatistics::pidGone() {
	if (mGone) {
	return true;
	}
	if (pid == gone) {
	return true;
	}
	if (kill(pid, 0) && (errno != EPERM)) {
	mGone = true;
	return true;
	}
	return false;
	}

	void PidStatistics::setName(char *new_name) {
	free(name);
	name = new_name;
	}

	void PidStatistics::add(unsigned short size) {
	mSizesTotal += size;
	++mElementsTotal;
	mSizes += size;
	++mElements;
	}

	bool PidStatistics::subtract(unsigned short size) {
	mSizes -= size;
	--mElements;
	return (mElements == 0) && pidGone();
	}

	void PidStatistics::addTotal(size_t size, size_t element) {
	if (pid == gone) {
	mSizesTotal += size;
	mElementsTotal += element;
	}
	}

	// must call free to release return value
	char *PidStatistics::pidToName(pid_t pid) {
	char *retval = NULL;
	if (pid != gone) {
	char buffer[512];
	snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "/proc/%u/cmdline", pid);
	int fd = open(buffer, O_RDONLY);
	if (fd >= 0) {
	ssize_t ret = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
	if (ret > 0) {
	buffer[sizeof(buffer)-1] = '\0';
	// frameworks intermediate state
	if (strcmp(buffer, "<pre-initialized>")) {
	retval = strdup(buffer);
	}
	}
	close(fd);
	}
	}
	return retval;
	}

	UidStatistics::UidStatistics(uid_t uid)
	: uid(uid)
	, mSizes(0)
	, mElements(0) {
	Pids.clear();
	}

	UidStatistics::~UidStatistics() {
	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end();) {
	delete (*it);
	it = Pids.erase(it);
	}
	}

	void UidStatistics::add(unsigned short size, pid_t pid) {
	mSizes += size;
	++mElements;

	PidStatistics *p;
	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator last;
	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (last = it = begin(); it != end(); last = it, ++it) {
	p = *it;
	if (pid == p->getPid()) {
	p->add(size);
	return;
	}
	}
	// insert if the gone entry.
	bool insert = (last != it) && (p->getPid() == p->gone);
	p = new PidStatistics(pid, pidToName(pid));
	if (insert) {
	Pids.insert(last, p);
	} else {
	Pids.push_back(p);
	}
	p->add(size);
	}

	void UidStatistics::subtract(unsigned short size, pid_t pid) {
	mSizes -= size;
	--mElements;

	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	PidStatistics p = it;
	if (pid == p->getPid()) {
	if (p->subtract(size)) {
	size_t szsTotal = p->sizesTotal();
	size_t elsTotal = p->elementsTotal();
	delete p;
	Pids.erase(it);
	it = end();
	--it;
	if (it == end()) {
	p = new PidStatistics(p->gone);
	Pids.push_back(p);
	} else {
	p = *it;
	if (p->getPid() != p->gone) {
	p = new PidStatistics(p->gone);
	Pids.push_back(p);
	}
	}
	p->addTotal(szsTotal, elsTotal);
	}
	return;
	}
	}
	}

	void UidStatistics::sort() {
	for (bool pass = true; pass;) {
	pass = false;
	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it = begin();
	if (it != end()) {
	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator lt = it;
	PidStatistics l = (lt);
	while (++it != end()) {
	PidStatistics n = (it);
	if ((n->getPid() != n->gone) && (n->sizes() > l->sizes())) {
	pass = true;
	Pids.erase(it);
	Pids.insert(lt, n);
	it = lt;
	n = l;
	}
	lt = it;
	l = n;
	}
	}
	}
	}

	size_t UidStatistics::sizes(pid_t pid) {
	if (pid == pid_all) {
	return sizes();
	}

	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	PidStatistics p = it;
	if (pid == p->getPid()) {
	return p->sizes();
	}
	}
	return 0;
	}

	size_t UidStatistics::elements(pid_t pid) {
	if (pid == pid_all) {
	return elements();
	}

	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	PidStatistics p = it;
	if (pid == p->getPid()) {
	return p->elements();
	}
	}
	return 0;
	}

	size_t UidStatistics::sizesTotal(pid_t pid) {
	size_t sizes = 0;
	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	PidStatistics p = it;
	if ((pid == pid_all) \|\| (pid == p->getPid())) {
	sizes += p->sizesTotal();
	}
	}
	return sizes;
	}

	size_t UidStatistics::elementsTotal(pid_t pid) {
	size_t elements = 0;
	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	PidStatistics p = it;
	if ((pid == pid_all) \|\| (pid == p->getPid())) {
	elements += p->elementsTotal();
	}
	}
	return elements;
	}

	LidStatistics::LidStatistics() {
	Uids.clear();
	}

	LidStatistics::~LidStatistics() {
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end();) {
	delete (*it);
	it = Uids.erase(it);
	}
	}

	void LidStatistics::add(unsigned short size, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	UidStatistics *u;
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator last;

	if (uid == (uid_t) -1) { // init
	uid = (uid_t) AID_ROOT;
	}

	for (last = it = begin(); it != end(); last = it, ++it) {
	u = *it;
	if (uid == u->getUid()) {
	u->add(size, pid);
	if ((last != it) && ((*last)->sizesTotal() < u->sizesTotal())) {
	Uids.erase(it);
	Uids.insert(last, u);
	}
	return;
	}
	}
	u = new UidStatistics(uid);
	if ((last != it) && ((*last)->sizesTotal() < (size_t) size)) {
	Uids.insert(last, u);
	} else {
	Uids.push_back(u);
	}
	u->add(size, pid);
	}

	void LidStatistics::subtract(unsigned short size, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	UidStatistics u = it;
	if (uid == u->getUid()) {
	u->subtract(size, pid);
	return;
	}
	}
	}

	void LidStatistics::sort() {
	for (bool pass = true; pass;) {
	pass = false;
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it = begin();
	if (it != end()) {
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator lt = it;
	UidStatistics l = (lt);
	while (++it != end()) {
	UidStatistics n = (it);
	if (n->sizes() > l->sizes()) {
	pass = true;
	Uids.erase(it);
	Uids.insert(lt, n);
	it = lt;
	n = l;
	}
	lt = it;
	l = n;
	}
	}
	}
	}

	size_t LidStatistics::sizes(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	size_t sizes = 0;
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	UidStatistics u = it;
	if ((uid == uid_all) \|\| (uid == u->getUid())) {
	sizes += u->sizes(pid);
	}
	}
	return sizes;
	}

	size_t LidStatistics::elements(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	size_t elements = 0;
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	UidStatistics u = it;
	if ((uid == uid_all) \|\| (uid == u->getUid())) {
	elements += u->elements(pid);
	}
	}
	return elements;
	}

	size_t LidStatistics::sizesTotal(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	size_t sizes = 0;
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	UidStatistics u = it;
	if ((uid == uid_all) \|\| (uid == u->getUid())) {
	sizes += u->sizesTotal(pid);
	}
	}
	return sizes;
	}

	size_t LidStatistics::elementsTotal(uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	size_t elements = 0;
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator it;
	for (it = begin(); it != end(); ++it) {
	UidStatistics u = it;
	if ((uid == uid_all) \|\| (uid == u->getUid())) {
	elements += u->elementsTotal(pid);
	}
	}
	return elements;
	}

	LogStatistics::LogStatistics()
	: start(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) {
	log_id_for_each(i) {
	mSizes[i] = 0;
	mElements[i] = 0;
	}

	dgram_qlen_statistics = false;
	for(unsigned short bucket = 0; dgram_qlen(bucket); ++bucket) {
	mMinimum[bucket].tv_sec = mMinimum[bucket].tv_sec_max;
	mMinimum[bucket].tv_nsec = mMinimum[bucket].tv_nsec_max;
	}
	}

	// Each bucket below represents a dgram_qlen of log messages. By
	// finding the minimum period of time from start to finish
	// of each dgram_qlen, we can get a performance expectation for
	// the user space logger. The net result is that the period
	// of time divided by the dgram_qlen will give us the average time
	// between log messages; at the point where the average time
	// is greater than the throughput capability of the logger
	// we will not longer require the benefits of the FIFO formed
	// by max_dgram_qlen. We will also expect to see a very visible
	// knee in the average time between log messages at this point,
	// so we do not necessarily have to compare the rate against the
	// measured performance (BM_log_maximum_retry) of the logger.
	//
	// for example (reformatted):
	//
	// Minimum time between log events per dgram_qlen:
	// 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 400 500 600
	// 5u2 12u 13u 15u 16u 27u 30u 36u 407u 3m1 3m3 3m9 3m9 5m5
	//
	// demonstrates a clear knee rising at 100, so this means that for this
	// case max_dgram_qlen = 100 would be more than sufficient to handle the
	// worst that the system could stuff into the logger. The
	// BM_log_maximum_retry performance (derated by the log collection) on the
	// same system was 33.2us so we would almost be fine with max_dgram_qlen = 50.
	// BM_log_maxumum_retry with statistics off is roughly 20us, so
	// max_dgram_qlen = 20 would work. We will be more than willing to have
	// a large engineering margin so the rule of thumb that lead us to 100 is
	// fine.
	//
	// bucket dgram_qlen are tuned for /proc/sys/net/unix/max_dgram_qlen = 300
	const unsigned short LogStatistics::mBuckets[] = {
	1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600
	};

	unsigned short LogStatistics::dgram_qlen(unsigned short bucket) {
	if (bucket >= sizeof(mBuckets) / sizeof(mBuckets[0])) {
	return 0;
	}
	return mBuckets[bucket];
	}

	unsigned long long LogStatistics::minimum(unsigned short bucket) {
	if (mMinimum[bucket].tv_sec == mMinimum[bucket].tv_sec_max) {
	return 0;
	}
	return mMinimum[bucket].nsec();
	}

	void LogStatistics::recordDiff(log_time diff, unsigned short bucket) {
	if ((diff.tv_sec \|\| diff.tv_nsec) && (mMinimum[bucket] > diff)) {
	mMinimum[bucket] = diff;
	}
	}

	void LogStatistics::add(unsigned short size,
	log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	mSizes[log_id] += size;
	++mElements[log_id];
	id(log_id).add(size, uid, pid);
	}

	void LogStatistics::subtract(unsigned short size,
	log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	mSizes[log_id] -= size;
	--mElements[log_id];
	id(log_id).subtract(size, uid, pid);
	}

	size_t LogStatistics::sizes(log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	if (log_id != log_id_all) {
	return id(log_id).sizes(uid, pid);
	}
	size_t sizes = 0;
	log_id_for_each(i) {
	sizes += id(i).sizes(uid, pid);
	}
	return sizes;
	}

	size_t LogStatistics::elements(log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	if (log_id != log_id_all) {
	return id(log_id).elements(uid, pid);
	}
	size_t elements = 0;
	log_id_for_each(i) {
	elements += id(i).elements(uid, pid);
	}
	return elements;
	}

	size_t LogStatistics::sizesTotal(log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	if (log_id != log_id_all) {
	return id(log_id).sizesTotal(uid, pid);
	}
	size_t sizes = 0;
	log_id_for_each(i) {
	sizes += id(i).sizesTotal(uid, pid);
	}
	return sizes;
	}

	size_t LogStatistics::elementsTotal(log_id_t log_id, uid_t uid, pid_t pid) {
	if (log_id != log_id_all) {
	return id(log_id).elementsTotal(uid, pid);
	}
	size_t elements = 0;
	log_id_for_each(i) {
	elements += id(i).elementsTotal(uid, pid);
	}
	return elements;
	}

	void LogStatistics::format(char **buf,
	uid_t uid, unsigned int logMask, log_time oldest) {
	static const unsigned short spaces_current = 13;
	static const unsigned short spaces_total = 19;

	if (*buf) {
	free(*buf);
	*buf = NULL;
	}

	android::String8 string(" span -> size/num");
	size_t oldLength;
	short spaces = 2;

	log_id_for_each(i) {
	if (!logMask & (1 << i)) {
	continue;
	}
	oldLength = string.length();
	if (spaces < 0) {
	spaces = 0;
	}
	string.appendFormat("%*s%s", spaces, "", android_log_id_to_name(i));
	spaces += spaces_total + oldLength - string.length();

	LidStatistics &l = id(i);
	l.sort();

	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator iu;
	for (iu = l.begin(); iu != l.end(); ++iu) {
	(*iu)->sort();
	}
	}

	spaces = 1;
	log_time t(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
	unsigned long long d = t.nsec() - start.nsec();
	string.appendFormat("\nTotal%4llu:%02llu:%02llu.%09llu",
	d / NS_PER_SEC / 60 / 60, (d / NS_PER_SEC / 60) % 60,
	(d / NS_PER_SEC) % 60, d % NS_PER_SEC);

	log_id_for_each(i) {
	if (!(logMask & (1 << i))) {
	continue;
	}
	oldLength = string.length();
	if (spaces < 0) {
	spaces = 0;
	}
	string.appendFormat("%*s%zu/%zu", spaces, "",
	sizesTotal(i), elementsTotal(i));
	spaces += spaces_total + oldLength - string.length();
	}

	spaces = 1;
	d = t.nsec() - oldest.nsec();
	string.appendFormat("\nNow%6llu:%02llu:%02llu.%09llu",
	d / NS_PER_SEC / 60 / 60, (d / NS_PER_SEC / 60) % 60,
	(d / NS_PER_SEC) % 60, d % NS_PER_SEC);

	log_id_for_each(i) {
	if (!(logMask & (1 << i))) {
	continue;
	}

	size_t els = elements(i);
	if (els) {
	oldLength = string.length();
	if (spaces < 0) {
	spaces = 0;
	}
	string.appendFormat("%*s%zu/%zu", spaces, "", sizes(i), els);
	spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;
	}
	spaces += spaces_total;
	}

	// Construct list of worst spammers by Pid
	static const unsigned char num_spammers = 10;
	bool header = false;

	log_id_for_each(i) {
	if (!(logMask & (1 << i))) {
	continue;
	}

	PidStatisticsCollection pids;
	pids.clear();

	LidStatistics &l = id(i);
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator iu;
	for (iu = l.begin(); iu != l.end(); ++iu) {
	UidStatistics &u = (iu);
	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator ip;
	for (ip = u.begin(); ip != u.end(); ++ip) {
	PidStatistics p = (ip);
	if (p->getPid() == p->gone) {
	break;
	}

	size_t mySizes = p->sizes();

	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator q;
	unsigned char num = 0;
	for (q = pids.begin(); q != pids.end(); ++q) {
	if (mySizes > (*q)->sizes()) {
	pids.insert(q, p);
	break;
	}
	// do we need to traverse deeper in the list?
	if (++num > num_spammers) {
	break;
	}
	}
	if (q == pids.end()) {
	pids.push_back(p);
	}
	}
	}

	size_t threshold = sizes(i);
	if (threshold < 65536) {
	threshold = 65536;
	}
	threshold /= 100;

	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator pt = pids.begin();

	for(int line = 0;
	(pt != pids.end()) && (line < num_spammers);
	++line, pt = pids.erase(pt)) {
	PidStatistics p = pt;

	size_t sizes = p->sizes();
	if (sizes < threshold) {
	break;
	}

	char *name = p->getName();
	pid_t pid = p->getPid();
	if (!name \|\| !*name) {
	name = pidToName(pid);
	if (name) {
	if (*name) {
	p->setName(name);
	} else {
	free(name);
	name = NULL;
	}
	}
	}

	if (!header) {
	string.appendFormat("\n\nChattiest clients:\n"
	"log id %-*s PID[?] name",
	spaces_total, "size/total");
	header = true;
	}

	size_t sizesTotal = p->sizesTotal();

	android::String8 sz("");
	sz.appendFormat((sizes != sizesTotal) ? "%zu/%zu" : "%zu",
	sizes, sizesTotal);

	android::String8 pd("");
	pd.appendFormat("%u%c", pid, p->pidGone() ? '?' : ' ');

	string.appendFormat("\n%-7s%-*s %-7s%s",
	line ? "" : android_log_id_to_name(i),
	spaces_total, sz.string(), pd.string(),
	name ? name : "");
	}

	pids.clear();
	}

	if (dgram_qlen_statistics) {
	const unsigned short spaces_time = 6;
	const unsigned long long max_seconds = 100000;
	spaces = 0;
	string.append("\n\nMinimum time between log events per dgram_qlen:\n");
	for(unsigned short i = 0; dgram_qlen(i); ++i) {
	oldLength = string.length();
	if (spaces < 0) {
	spaces = 0;
	}
	string.appendFormat("%*s%u", spaces, "", dgram_qlen(i));
	spaces += spaces_time + oldLength - string.length();
	}
	string.append("\n");
	spaces = 0;
	unsigned short n;
	for(unsigned short i = 0; (n = dgram_qlen(i)); ++i) {
	unsigned long long duration = minimum(i);
	if (duration) {
	duration /= n;
	if (duration >= (NS_PER_SEC * max_seconds)) {
	duration = NS_PER_SEC * (max_seconds - 1);
	}
	oldLength = string.length();
	if (spaces < 0) {
	spaces = 0;
	}
	string.appendFormat("%*s", spaces, "");
	if (duration >= (NS_PER_SEC * 10)) {
	string.appendFormat("%llu",
	(duration + (NS_PER_SEC / 2))
	/ NS_PER_SEC);
	} else if (duration >= (NS_PER_SEC / (1000 / 10))) {
	string.appendFormat("%llum",
	(duration + (NS_PER_SEC / 2 / 1000))
	/ (NS_PER_SEC / 1000));
	} else if (duration >= (NS_PER_SEC / (1000000 / 10))) {
	string.appendFormat("%lluu",
	(duration + (NS_PER_SEC / 2 / 1000000))
	/ (NS_PER_SEC / 1000000));
	} else {
	string.appendFormat("%llun", duration);
	}
	spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;
	}
	spaces += spaces_time;
	}
	}

	log_id_for_each(i) {
	if (!(logMask & (1 << i))) {
	continue;
	}

	header = false;
	bool first = true;

	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator ut;
	for(ut = id(i).begin(); ut != id(i).end(); ++ut) {
	UidStatistics up = ut;
	if ((uid != AID_ROOT) && (uid != up->getUid())) {
	continue;
	}

	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator pt = up->begin();
	if (pt == up->end()) {
	continue;
	}

	android::String8 intermediate;

	if (!header) {
	// header below tuned to match spaces_total and spaces_current
	spaces = 0;
	intermediate = string.format("%s: UID/PID Total size/num",
	android_log_id_to_name(i));
	string.appendFormat("\n\n%-31sNow "
	"UID/PID[?] Total Now",
	intermediate.string());
	intermediate.clear();
	header = true;
	}

	bool oneline = ++pt == up->end();
	--pt;

	if (!oneline) {
	first = true;
	} else if (!first && (spaces > 0)) {
	string.appendFormat("%*s", spaces, "");
	}
	spaces = 0;

	uid_t u = up->getUid();
	PidStatistics pp = pt;
	pid_t p = pp->getPid();

	intermediate = string.format(oneline
	? ((p == PidStatistics::gone)
	? "%d/?"
	: "%d/%d%c")
	: "%d",
	u, p, pp->pidGone() ? '?' : '\0');
	string.appendFormat(first ? "\n%-12s" : "%-12s",
	intermediate.string());
	intermediate.clear();

	size_t elsTotal = up->elementsTotal();
	oldLength = string.length();
	string.appendFormat("%zu/%zu", up->sizesTotal(), elsTotal);
	spaces += spaces_total + oldLength - string.length();

	size_t els = up->elements();
	if (els == elsTotal) {
	if (spaces < 0) {
	spaces = 0;
	}
	string.appendFormat("%*s=", spaces, "");
	spaces = -1;
	} else if (els) {
	oldLength = string.length();
	if (spaces < 0) {
	spaces = 0;
	}
	string.appendFormat("%*s%zu/%zu", spaces, "", up->sizes(), els);
	spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;
	}
	spaces += spaces_current;

	first = !first;

	if (oneline) {
	continue;
	}

	size_t gone_szs = 0;
	size_t gone_els = 0;

	for(; pt != up->end(); ++pt) {
	pp = *pt;
	p = pp->getPid();

	// If a PID no longer has any current logs, and is not
	// active anymore, skip & report totals for gone.
	elsTotal = pp->elementsTotal();
	size_t szsTotal = pp->sizesTotal();
	if (p == pp->gone) {
	gone_szs += szsTotal;
	gone_els += elsTotal;
	continue;
	}
	els = pp->elements();
	bool gone = pp->pidGone();
	if (gone && (els == 0)) {
	// ToDo: garbage collection: move this statistical bucket
	// from its current UID/PID to UID/? (races and
	// wrap around are our achilles heel). Below is
	// merely lipservice to catch PIDs that were still
	// around when the stats were pruned to zero.
	gone_szs += szsTotal;
	gone_els += elsTotal;
	continue;
	}

	if (!first && (spaces > 0)) {
	string.appendFormat("%*s", spaces, "");
	}
	spaces = 0;

	intermediate = string.format(gone ? "%d/%d?" : "%d/%d", u, p);
	string.appendFormat(first ? "\n%-12s" : "%-12s",
	intermediate.string());
	intermediate.clear();

	oldLength = string.length();
	string.appendFormat("%zu/%zu", szsTotal, elsTotal);
	spaces += spaces_total + oldLength - string.length();

	if (els == elsTotal) {
	if (spaces < 0) {
	spaces = 0;
	}
	string.appendFormat("%*s=", spaces, "");
	spaces = -1;
	} else if (els) {
	oldLength = string.length();
	if (spaces < 0) {
	spaces = 0;
	}
	string.appendFormat("%*s%zu/%zu", spaces, "",
	pp->sizes(), els);
	spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;
	}
	spaces += spaces_current;

	first = !first;
	}

	if (gone_els) {
	if (!first && (spaces > 0)) {
	string.appendFormat("%*s", spaces, "");
	}

	intermediate = string.format("%d/?", u);
	string.appendFormat(first ? "\n%-12s" : "%-12s",
	intermediate.string());
	intermediate.clear();

	spaces = spaces_total + spaces_current;

	oldLength = string.length();
	string.appendFormat("%zu/%zu", gone_szs, gone_els);
	spaces -= string.length() - oldLength;

	first = !first;
	}
	}
	}

	*buf = strdup(string.string());
	}

	uid_t LogStatistics::pidToUid(pid_t pid) {
	log_id_for_each(i) {
	LidStatistics &l = id(i);
	UidStatisticsCollection::iterator iu;
	for (iu = l.begin(); iu != l.end(); ++iu) {
	UidStatistics &u = (iu);
	PidStatisticsCollection::iterator ip;
	for (ip = u.begin(); ip != u.end(); ++ip) {
	if ((*ip)->getPid() == pid) {
	return u.getUid();
	}
	}
	}
	}
	return getuid(); // associate this with the logger
	}