storaged: account on/off charger per uid io usage
Register a listener to batteryproperties service for charger stats
change.
Aggregate IO usage based on charger stats in a collection window.
Bug: 33086174
Bug: 34198239
Change-Id: Ibe306c9c3ff8b8ada6be034aa8511268cb9a9b1c
diff --git a/storaged/Android.mk b/storaged/Android.mk
index 0e8b574..5abfb7a 100644
--- a/storaged/Android.mk
+++ b/storaged/Android.mk
@@ -2,22 +2,31 @@
LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-LIBSTORAGED_SHARED_LIBRARIES := libbinder libbase libutils libcutils liblog libsysutils libcap libpackagelistparser
+LIBSTORAGED_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
+ libbinder \
+ libbase \
+ libutils \
+ libcutils \
+ liblog \
+ libsysutils \
+ libcap \
+ libpackagelistparser \
+ libbatteryservice \
include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := storaged.cpp \
- storaged_service.cpp \
- storaged_utils.cpp \
- storaged_uid_monitor.cpp \
- EventLogTags.logtags
+LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
+ storaged.cpp \
+ storaged_service.cpp \
+ storaged_utils.cpp \
+ storaged_uid_monitor.cpp \
+ EventLogTags.logtags
LOCAL_MODULE := libstoraged
LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Werror
LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/include external/googletest/googletest/include
LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDE_DIRS := $(LOCAL_PATH)/include
LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(LIBSTORAGED_SHARED_LIBRARIES)
-
include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)
include $(CLEAR_VARS)
diff --git a/storaged/include/storaged.h b/storaged/include/storaged.h
index ba78882..7e5048f 100644
--- a/storaged/include/storaged.h
+++ b/storaged/include/storaged.h
@@ -26,8 +26,12 @@
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
+#include <batteryservice/IBatteryPropertiesListener.h>
+
#include "storaged_uid_monitor.h"
+using namespace android;
+
#define FRIEND_TEST(test_case_name, test_name) \
friend class test_case_name##_##test_name##_Test
@@ -268,7 +272,7 @@
int event_time_check_usec; // check how much cputime spent in event loop
};
-class storaged_t {
+class storaged_t : public BnBatteryPropertiesListener {
private:
time_t mTimer;
storaged_config mConfig;
@@ -294,11 +298,14 @@
}
std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> get_uids(void) {
- return mUidm.get_uids();
+ return mUidm.get_uid_io_stats();
}
- std::vector<struct uid_event> get_uid_events(int hours) {
- return mUidm.dump_events(hours);
+ std::map<uint64_t, std::vector<struct uid_record>> get_uid_records(int hours) {
+ return mUidm.dump(hours);
}
+
+ void init_battery_service();
+ virtual void batteryPropertiesChanged(struct BatteryProperties props);
};
// Eventlog tag
diff --git a/storaged/include/storaged_uid_monitor.h b/storaged/include/storaged_uid_monitor.h
index ac6a8bd..07e6daa 100644
--- a/storaged/include/storaged_uid_monitor.h
+++ b/storaged/include/storaged_uid_monitor.h
@@ -23,10 +23,22 @@
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
-enum {
- UID_FOREGROUND = 0,
- UID_BACKGROUND = 1,
- UID_STATS_SIZE = 2
+enum uid_stat_t {
+ FOREGROUND = 0,
+ BACKGROUND = 1,
+ UID_STATS = 2
+};
+
+enum charger_stat_t {
+ CHARGER_OFF = 0,
+ CHARGER_ON = 1,
+ CHARGER_STATS = 2
+};
+
+enum io_type_t {
+ READ = 0,
+ WRITE = 1,
+ IO_TYPES = 2
};
struct uid_io_stats {
@@ -39,39 +51,51 @@
struct uid_info {
uint32_t uid; // user id
std::string name; // package name
- struct uid_io_stats io[UID_STATS_SIZE]; // [0]:foreground [1]:background
+ struct uid_io_stats io[UID_STATS]; // [0]:foreground [1]:background
};
-struct uid_event {
+struct uid_io_usage {
+ uint64_t bytes[IO_TYPES][UID_STATS][CHARGER_STATS];
+};
+
+struct uid_record {
std::string name;
- uint64_t fg_read_bytes;
- uint64_t fg_write_bytes;
- uint64_t bg_read_bytes;
- uint64_t bg_write_bytes;
- uint64_t ts;
- bool operator< (const struct uid_event& e) const {
- return ts < e.ts;
- }
+ struct uid_io_usage ios;
};
class uid_monitor {
private:
- std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> last_uids;
- std::vector<struct uid_event> events;
- sem_t events_lock;
- void set_last_uids(std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info>&& uids, uint64_t ts);
- int interval; // monitor interval in seconds
- int threshold; // monitor threshold in bytes
- uint64_t last_report_ts; // timestamp of last report in nsec
+ // last dump from /proc/uid_io/stats, uid -> uid_info
+ std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> last_uid_io_stats;
+ // current io usage for next report, app name -> uid_io_usage
+ std::unordered_map<std::string, struct uid_io_usage> curr_io_stats;
+ // io usage records, timestamp -> vector of events
+ std::map<uint64_t, std::vector<struct uid_record>> records;
+ // charger ON/OFF
+ charger_stat_t charger_stat;
+ // protects curr_io_stats, last_uid_io_stats, records and charger_stat
+ sem_t um_lock;
+
+ // reads from /proc/uid_io/stats
+ std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> get_uid_io_stats_locked();
+ // flushes curr_io_stats to records
+ void add_records_locked(uint64_t curr_ts);
+ // updates curr_io_stats and set last_uid_io_stats
+ void update_curr_io_stats_locked();
+
public:
uid_monitor();
~uid_monitor();
- void set_periodic_chores_params(int intvl, int thold) { interval = intvl; threshold = thold; }
- int get_periodic_chores_interval() { return interval; }
- std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> get_uids();
+ // called by storaged main thread
+ void init(charger_stat_t stat);
+ // called by storaged -u
+ std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> get_uid_io_stats();
+ // called by dumpsys
+ std::map<uint64_t, std::vector<struct uid_record>> dump(int hours);
+ // called by battery properties listener
+ void set_charger_state(charger_stat_t stat);
+ // called by storaged periodic_chore
void report();
- void add_events(const std::vector<struct uid_event>& new_events, uint64_t curr_ts);
- std::vector<struct uid_event> dump_events(int hours);
};
#endif /* _STORAGED_UID_MONITOR_H_ */
diff --git a/storaged/main.cpp b/storaged/main.cpp
index ee6a4c9..1103df2 100644
--- a/storaged/main.cpp
+++ b/storaged/main.cpp
@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@
void* storaged_main(void* s) {
storaged_t* storaged = (storaged_t*)s;
+ storaged->init_battery_service();
+
LOG_TO(SYSTEM, INFO) << "storaged: Start";
for (;;) {
diff --git a/storaged/storaged.cpp b/storaged/storaged.cpp
index 73df6d0..2f02074 100644
--- a/storaged/storaged.cpp
+++ b/storaged/storaged.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
#include <unistd.h>
#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <batteryservice/BatteryServiceConstants.h>
+#include <batteryservice/IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar.h>
+#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
#include <cutils/properties.h>
#include <log/log.h>
@@ -157,6 +160,43 @@
}
}
+static sp<IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar> get_battery_properties_service() {
+ sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
+ if (sm == NULL) return NULL;
+
+ sp<IBinder> binder = sm->getService(String16("batteryproperties"));
+ if (binder == NULL) return NULL;
+
+ sp<IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar> battery_properties =
+ interface_cast<IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar>(binder);
+
+ return battery_properties;
+}
+
+static inline charger_stat_t is_charger_on(int64_t prop) {
+ return (prop == BATTERY_STATUS_CHARGING || prop == BATTERY_STATUS_FULL) ?
+ CHARGER_ON : CHARGER_OFF;
+}
+
+void storaged_t::batteryPropertiesChanged(struct BatteryProperties props) {
+ mUidm.set_charger_state(is_charger_on(props.batteryStatus));
+}
+
+void storaged_t::init_battery_service() {
+ sp<IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar> battery_properties = get_battery_properties_service();
+ if (battery_properties == NULL) {
+ LOG_TO(SYSTEM, WARNING) << "failed to find batteryproperties service";
+ return;
+ }
+
+ struct BatteryProperty val;
+ battery_properties->getProperty(BATTERY_PROP_BATTERY_STATUS, &val);
+ mUidm.init(is_charger_on(val.valueInt64));
+
+ // register listener after init uid_monitor
+ battery_properties->registerListener(this);
+}
+
/* storaged_t */
storaged_t::storaged_t(void) {
mConfig.emmc_available = (access(EMMC_ECSD_PATH, R_OK) >= 0);
@@ -181,9 +221,8 @@
mConfig.periodic_chores_interval_emmc_info_publish =
property_get_int32("ro.storaged.emmc_info_pub", DEFAULT_PERIODIC_CHORES_INTERVAL_EMMC_INFO_PUBLISH);
- mUidm.set_periodic_chores_params(
- property_get_int32("ro.storaged.uid_io.interval", DEFAULT_PERIODIC_CHORES_INTERVAL_UID_IO),
- property_get_int32("ro.storaged.uid_io.threshold", DEFAULT_PERIODIC_CHORES_UID_IO_THRESHOLD));
+ mConfig.periodic_chores_interval_uid_io =
+ property_get_int32("ro.storaged.uid_io.interval", DEFAULT_PERIODIC_CHORES_INTERVAL_UID_IO);
mStarttime = time(NULL);
}
@@ -204,7 +243,7 @@
}
if (mConfig.proc_uid_io_available && mTimer &&
- (mTimer % mUidm.get_periodic_chores_interval()) == 0) {
+ (mTimer % mConfig.periodic_chores_interval_uid_io) == 0) {
mUidm.report();
}
diff --git a/storaged/storaged_service.cpp b/storaged/storaged_service.cpp
index d81e0e5..6635431 100644
--- a/storaged/storaged_service.cpp
+++ b/storaged/storaged_service.cpp
@@ -99,20 +99,26 @@
}
}
- const std::vector<struct uid_event>& events = storaged.get_uid_events(hours);
- for (const auto& event : events) {
- dprintf(fd, "%llu %s %llu %llu %llu %llu\n",
- (unsigned long long)event.ts,
- event.name.c_str(),
- (unsigned long long)event.fg_read_bytes,
- (unsigned long long)event.fg_write_bytes,
- (unsigned long long)event.bg_read_bytes,
- (unsigned long long)event.bg_write_bytes);
+ const std::map<uint64_t, std::vector<struct uid_record>>& records =
+ storaged.get_uid_records(hours);
+ for (const auto& it : records) {
+ dprintf(fd, "%llu\n", (unsigned long long)it.first);
+ for (const auto& record : it.second) {
+ dprintf(fd, "%s %llu %llu %llu %llu %llu %llu %llu %llu\n",
+ record.name.c_str(),
+ (unsigned long long)record.ios.bytes[READ][FOREGROUND][CHARGER_OFF],
+ (unsigned long long)record.ios.bytes[WRITE][FOREGROUND][CHARGER_OFF],
+ (unsigned long long)record.ios.bytes[READ][BACKGROUND][CHARGER_OFF],
+ (unsigned long long)record.ios.bytes[WRITE][BACKGROUND][CHARGER_OFF],
+ (unsigned long long)record.ios.bytes[READ][FOREGROUND][CHARGER_ON],
+ (unsigned long long)record.ios.bytes[WRITE][FOREGROUND][CHARGER_ON],
+ (unsigned long long)record.ios.bytes[READ][BACKGROUND][CHARGER_ON],
+ (unsigned long long)record.ios.bytes[WRITE][BACKGROUND][CHARGER_ON]);
+ }
}
return NO_ERROR;
}
-
sp<IStoraged> get_storaged_service() {
sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
if (sm == NULL) return NULL;
diff --git a/storaged/storaged_uid_monitor.cpp b/storaged/storaged_uid_monitor.cpp
index 93c9df4..b46d09a 100644
--- a/storaged/storaged_uid_monitor.cpp
+++ b/storaged/storaged_uid_monitor.cpp
@@ -49,20 +49,19 @@
return true;
}
-void uid_monitor::set_last_uids(std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info>&& uids,
- uint64_t ts)
+std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> uid_monitor::get_uid_io_stats()
{
- last_uids = uids;
- last_report_ts = ts;
-}
+ std::unique_ptr<lock_t> lock(new lock_t(&um_lock));
+ return get_uid_io_stats_locked();
+};
-std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> uid_monitor::get_uids()
+std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> uid_monitor::get_uid_io_stats_locked()
{
- std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> uids;
+ std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> uid_io_stats;
std::string buffer;
if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(UID_IO_STATS_PATH, &buffer)) {
PLOG_TO(SYSTEM, ERROR) << UID_IO_STATS_PATH << ": ReadFileToString failed";
- return uids;
+ return uid_io_stats;
}
std::stringstream ss(buffer);
@@ -70,144 +69,167 @@
bool refresh_uid = false;
while (ss >> u.uid) {
- ss >> u.io[UID_FOREGROUND].rchar >> u.io[UID_FOREGROUND].wchar
- >> u.io[UID_FOREGROUND].read_bytes >> u.io[UID_FOREGROUND].write_bytes
- >> u.io[UID_BACKGROUND].rchar >> u.io[UID_BACKGROUND].wchar
- >> u.io[UID_BACKGROUND].read_bytes >> u.io[UID_BACKGROUND].write_bytes;
+ ss >> u.io[FOREGROUND].rchar >> u.io[FOREGROUND].wchar
+ >> u.io[FOREGROUND].read_bytes >> u.io[FOREGROUND].write_bytes
+ >> u.io[BACKGROUND].rchar >> u.io[BACKGROUND].wchar
+ >> u.io[BACKGROUND].read_bytes >> u.io[BACKGROUND].write_bytes;
if (!ss.good()) {
ss.clear(std::ios_base::badbit);
break;
}
- if (last_uids.find(u.uid) == last_uids.end()) {
+ if (last_uid_io_stats.find(u.uid) == last_uid_io_stats.end()) {
refresh_uid = true;
u.name = std::to_string(u.uid);
} else {
- u.name = last_uids[u.uid].name;
+ u.name = last_uid_io_stats[u.uid].name;
}
- uids[u.uid] = u;
+ uid_io_stats[u.uid] = u;
}
if (!ss.eof() || ss.bad()) {
- uids.clear();
+ uid_io_stats.clear();
LOG_TO(SYSTEM, ERROR) << "read UID IO stats failed";
}
if (refresh_uid) {
- packagelist_parse(packagelist_parse_cb, &uids);
+ packagelist_parse(packagelist_parse_cb, &uid_io_stats);
}
- return uids;
+ return uid_io_stats;
}
-static const int MAX_UID_EVENTS_SIZE = 1000 * 48; // 1000 uids in 48 hours
+static const int MAX_UID_RECORDS_SIZE = 1000 * 48; // 1000 uids in 48 hours
-void uid_monitor::add_events(const std::vector<struct uid_event>& new_events,
- uint64_t curr_ts)
+static inline int records_size(
+ const std::map<uint64_t, std::vector<struct uid_record>>& records)
{
- std::unique_ptr<lock_t> lock(new lock_t(&events_lock));
-
- // remove events more than 5 days old
- struct uid_event first_event;
- first_event.ts = curr_ts / SEC_TO_USEC - 5 * DAY_TO_SEC;
- auto it = std::upper_bound(events.begin(), events.end(), first_event);
- events.erase(events.begin(), it);
-
- // make some room for new events
- int overflow = events.size() + new_events.size() - MAX_UID_EVENTS_SIZE;
- if (overflow > 0)
- events.erase(events.begin(), events.begin() + overflow);
-
- events.insert(events.end(), new_events.begin(), new_events.end());
+ int count = 0;
+ for (auto const& it : records) {
+ count += it.second.size();
+ }
+ return count;
}
-std::vector<struct uid_event> uid_monitor::dump_events(int hours)
+static struct uid_io_usage zero_io_usage;
+
+void uid_monitor::add_records_locked(uint64_t curr_ts)
{
- std::unique_ptr<lock_t> lock(new lock_t(&events_lock));
- std::vector<struct uid_event> dump_events;
- struct timespec ts;
-
- if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) < 0) {
- PLOG_TO(SYSTEM, ERROR) << "clock_gettime() failed";
- return dump_events;
+ // remove records more than 5 days old
+ if (curr_ts > 5 * DAY_TO_SEC) {
+ auto it = records.lower_bound(curr_ts - 5 * DAY_TO_SEC);
+ records.erase(records.begin(), it);
}
- struct uid_event first_event;
- if (hours == 0) {
- first_event.ts = 0; // dump all events
- } else {
- first_event.ts = ts.tv_sec - (uint64_t)hours * HOUR_TO_SEC;
+ std::vector<struct uid_record> new_records;
+ for (const auto& p : curr_io_stats) {
+ struct uid_record record = {};
+ record.name = p.first;
+ record.ios = p.second;
+ if (memcmp(&record.ios, &zero_io_usage, sizeof(struct uid_io_usage))) {
+ new_records.push_back(record);
+ }
}
- auto it = std::upper_bound(events.begin(), events.end(), first_event);
- dump_events.assign(it, events.end());
+ curr_io_stats.clear();
- return dump_events;
+ if (new_records.empty())
+ return;
+
+ // make some room for new records
+ int overflow = records_size(records) +
+ new_records.size() - MAX_UID_RECORDS_SIZE;
+ while (overflow > 0 && records.size() > 0) {
+ overflow -= records[0].size();
+ records.erase(records.begin());
+ }
+
+ records[curr_ts].insert(records[curr_ts].end(),
+ new_records.begin(), new_records.end());
+}
+
+std::map<uint64_t, std::vector<struct uid_record>> uid_monitor::dump(int hours)
+{
+ std::unique_ptr<lock_t> lock(new lock_t(&um_lock));
+
+ std::map<uint64_t, std::vector<struct uid_record>> dump_records;
+ uint64_t first_ts = 0;
+
+ if (hours != 0) {
+ first_ts = time(NULL) - (uint64_t)hours * HOUR_TO_SEC;
+ }
+
+ dump_records.insert(records.lower_bound(first_ts), records.end());
+
+ return dump_records;
+}
+
+void uid_monitor::update_curr_io_stats_locked()
+{
+ std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> uid_io_stats =
+ get_uid_io_stats_locked();
+ if (uid_io_stats.empty()) {
+ return;
+ }
+
+ for (const auto& it : uid_io_stats) {
+ const struct uid_info& uid = it.second;
+
+ if (curr_io_stats.find(uid.name) == curr_io_stats.end()) {
+ curr_io_stats[uid.name] = {};
+ }
+
+ struct uid_io_usage& usage = curr_io_stats[uid.name];
+ usage.bytes[READ][FOREGROUND][charger_stat] +=
+ uid.io[FOREGROUND].read_bytes -
+ last_uid_io_stats[uid.uid].io[FOREGROUND].read_bytes;
+ usage.bytes[READ][BACKGROUND][charger_stat] +=
+ uid.io[BACKGROUND].read_bytes -
+ last_uid_io_stats[uid.uid].io[BACKGROUND].read_bytes;
+ usage.bytes[WRITE][FOREGROUND][charger_stat] +=
+ uid.io[FOREGROUND].write_bytes -
+ last_uid_io_stats[uid.uid].io[FOREGROUND].write_bytes;
+ usage.bytes[WRITE][BACKGROUND][charger_stat] +=
+ uid.io[BACKGROUND].write_bytes -
+ last_uid_io_stats[uid.uid].io[BACKGROUND].write_bytes;;
+ }
+
+ last_uid_io_stats = uid_io_stats;
}
void uid_monitor::report()
{
- struct timespec ts;
+ std::unique_ptr<lock_t> lock(new lock_t(&um_lock));
- // Use monotonic to exclude suspend time so that we measure IO bytes/sec
- // when system is running.
- if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) < 0) {
- PLOG_TO(SYSTEM, ERROR) << "clock_gettime() failed";
+ update_curr_io_stats_locked();
+ add_records_locked(time(NULL));
+}
+
+void uid_monitor::set_charger_state(charger_stat_t stat)
+{
+ std::unique_ptr<lock_t> lock(new lock_t(&um_lock));
+
+ if (charger_stat == stat) {
return;
}
- uint64_t curr_ts = ts.tv_sec * NS_PER_SEC + ts.tv_nsec;
- uint64_t ts_delta = curr_ts - last_report_ts;
- uint64_t adjusted_threshold = threshold * ((double)ts_delta / interval / NS_PER_SEC);
+ update_curr_io_stats_locked();
+ charger_stat = stat;
+}
- std::unordered_map<uint32_t, struct uid_info> uids = get_uids();
- if (uids.empty()) {
- return;
- }
-
- std::vector<struct uid_event> new_events;
- for (const auto& it : uids) {
- const struct uid_info& uid = it.second;
- struct uid_event event;
-
- event.ts = ts.tv_sec;
- event.name = uid.name;
- event.fg_read_bytes = uid.io[UID_FOREGROUND].read_bytes -
- last_uids[uid.uid].io[UID_FOREGROUND].read_bytes;;
- event.fg_write_bytes = uid.io[UID_FOREGROUND].write_bytes -
- last_uids[uid.uid].io[UID_FOREGROUND].write_bytes;;
- event.bg_read_bytes = uid.io[UID_BACKGROUND].read_bytes -
- last_uids[uid.uid].io[UID_BACKGROUND].read_bytes;;
- event.bg_write_bytes = uid.io[UID_BACKGROUND].write_bytes -
- last_uids[uid.uid].io[UID_BACKGROUND].write_bytes;;
-
- if (event.fg_read_bytes + event.fg_write_bytes +
- event.bg_read_bytes + event.bg_write_bytes == 0) {
- continue;
- }
-
- new_events.push_back(event);
- }
-
- add_events(new_events, curr_ts);
- set_last_uids(std::move(uids), curr_ts);
+void uid_monitor::init(charger_stat_t stat)
+{
+ charger_stat = stat;
+ last_uid_io_stats = get_uid_io_stats();
}
uid_monitor::uid_monitor()
{
- struct timespec ts;
-
- if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) < 0) {
- PLOG_TO(SYSTEM, ERROR) << "clock_gettime() failed";
- return;
- }
- last_report_ts = ts.tv_sec * NS_PER_SEC + ts.tv_nsec;
-
- sem_init(&events_lock, 0, 1);
+ sem_init(&um_lock, 0, 1);
}
uid_monitor::~uid_monitor()
{
- sem_destroy(&events_lock);
+ sem_destroy(&um_lock);
}
diff --git a/storaged/storaged_utils.cpp b/storaged/storaged_utils.cpp
index 51ea64f..1ef89af 100644
--- a/storaged/storaged_utils.cpp
+++ b/storaged/storaged_utils.cpp
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
static bool cmp_uid_info(struct uid_info l, struct uid_info r) {
// Compare background I/O first.
- for (int i = UID_STATS_SIZE - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+ for (int i = UID_STATS - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
uint64_t l_bytes = l.io[i].read_bytes + l.io[i].write_bytes;
uint64_t r_bytes = r.io[i].read_bytes + r.io[i].write_bytes;
uint64_t l_chars = l.io[i].rchar + l.io[i].wchar;