diff --git a/include/utils/String16.h b/include/utils/String16.h
index 07a0c11..584f53f 100644
--- a/include/utils/String16.h
+++ b/include/utils/String16.h
@@ -19,39 +19,12 @@
 
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/SharedBuffer.h>
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <utils/Unicode.h>
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 extern "C" {
 
-typedef uint16_t char16_t;
-
-// Standard string functions on char16 strings.
-int strcmp16(const char16_t *, const char16_t *);
-int strncmp16(const char16_t *s1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n);
-size_t strlen16(const char16_t *);
-size_t strnlen16(const char16_t *, size_t);
-char16_t *strcpy16(char16_t *, const char16_t *);
-char16_t *strncpy16(char16_t *, const char16_t *, size_t);
-
-// Version of comparison that supports embedded nulls.
-// This is different than strncmp() because we don't stop
-// at a nul character and consider the strings to be different
-// if the lengths are different (thus we need to supply the
-// lengths of both strings).  This can also be used when
-// your string is not nul-terminated as it will have the
-// equivalent result as strcmp16 (unlike strncmp16).
-int strzcmp16(const char16_t *s1, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n2);
-
-// Version of strzcmp16 for comparing strings in different endianness.
-int strzcmp16_h_n(const char16_t *s1H, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2N, size_t n2);
-
-// Convert UTF-8 to UTF-16 including surrogate pairs
-void utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t *src, size_t srcLen, char16_t* dst, const size_t dstLen);
-
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/include/utils/String8.h b/include/utils/String8.h
index cef8eca..b36f128 100644
--- a/include/utils/String8.h
+++ b/include/utils/String8.h
@@ -18,122 +18,16 @@
 #define ANDROID_STRING8_H
 
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
+#include <utils/SharedBuffer.h>
+#include <utils/Unicode.h>
 
-// Need this for the char16_t type; String8.h should not
-// be depedent on the String16 class.
-#include <utils/String16.h>
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-extern "C" {
-
-typedef uint32_t char32_t;
-
-size_t strlen32(const char32_t *);
-size_t strnlen32(const char32_t *, size_t);
-
-/*
- * Returns the length of "src" when "src" is valid UTF-8 string.
- * Returns 0 if src is NULL, 0-length string or non UTF-8 string.
- * This function should be used to determine whether "src" is valid UTF-8
- * characters with valid unicode codepoints. "src" must be null-terminated.
- *
- * If you are going to use other GetUtf... functions defined in this header
- * with string which may not be valid UTF-8 with valid codepoint (form 0 to
- * 0x10FFFF), you should use this function before calling others, since the
- * other functions do not check whether the string is valid UTF-8 or not.
- *
- * If you do not care whether "src" is valid UTF-8 or not, you should use
- * strlen() as usual, which should be much faster.
- */
-size_t utf8_length(const char *src);
-
-/*
- * Returns the UTF-32 length of "src".
- */
-size_t utf32_length(const char *src, size_t src_len);
-
-/*
- * Returns the UTF-8 length of "src".
- */
-size_t utf8_length_from_utf16(const char16_t *src, size_t src_len);
-
-/*
- * Returns the UTF-8 length of "src".
- */
-size_t utf8_length_from_utf32(const char32_t *src, size_t src_len);
-
-/*
- * Returns the unicode value at "index".
- * Returns -1 when the index is invalid (equals to or more than "src_len").
- * If returned value is positive, it is able to be converted to char32_t, which
- * is unsigned. Then, if "next_index" is not NULL, the next index to be used is
- * stored in "next_index". "next_index" can be NULL.
- */
-int32_t utf32_at(const char *src, size_t src_len,
-                 size_t index, size_t *next_index);
-
-/*
- * Stores a UTF-32 string converted from "src" in "dst", if "dst_length" is not
- * large enough to store the string, the part of the "src" string is stored
- * into "dst".
- * Returns the size actually used for storing the string.
- * "dst" is not null-terminated when dst_len is fully used (like strncpy).
- */
-size_t utf8_to_utf32(const char* src, size_t src_len,
-                     char32_t* dst, size_t dst_len);
-
-/*
- * Stores a UTF-8 string converted from "src" in "dst", if "dst_length" is not
- * large enough to store the string, the part of the "src" string is stored
- * into "dst" as much as possible. See the examples for more detail.
- * Returns the size actually used for storing the string.
- * dst" is not null-terminated when dst_len is fully used (like strncpy).
- *
- * Example 1
- * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
- * "src_len" == 2
- * "dst_len" >= 7
- * ->
- * Returned value == 6
- * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84\0
- * (note that "dst" is null-terminated)
- *
- * Example 2
- * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
- * "src_len" == 2
- * "dst_len" == 5
- * ->
- * Returned value == 3
- * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\0
- * (note that "dst" is null-terminated, but \u3044 is not stored in "dst"
- * since "dst" does not have enough size to store the character)
- *
- * Example 3
- * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
- * "src_len" == 2
- * "dst_len" == 6
- * ->
- * Returned value == 6
- * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84
- * (note that "dst" is NOT null-terminated, like strncpy)
- */
-size_t utf32_to_utf8(const char32_t* src, size_t src_len,
-                     char* dst, size_t dst_len);
-
-size_t utf16_to_utf8(const char16_t* src, size_t src_len,
-                     char* dst, size_t dst_len);
-
-}
+#include <string.h> // for strcmp
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 namespace android {
 
+class String16;
 class TextOutput;
 
 //! This is a string holding UTF-8 characters. Does not allow the value more
@@ -182,7 +76,7 @@
             size_t              getUtf32Length() const;
             int32_t             getUtf32At(size_t index,
                                            size_t *next_index) const;
-            size_t              getUtf32(char32_t* dst, size_t dst_len) const;
+            void                getUtf32(char32_t* dst) const;
 
     inline  String8&            operator=(const String8& other);
     inline  String8&            operator=(const char* other);
diff --git a/include/utils/Unicode.h b/include/utils/Unicode.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6afb291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/utils/Unicode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_UNICODE_H
+#define ANDROID_UNICODE_H
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+extern "C" {
+
+typedef uint32_t char32_t;
+typedef uint16_t char16_t;
+
+// Standard string functions on char16_t strings.
+int strcmp16(const char16_t *, const char16_t *);
+int strncmp16(const char16_t *s1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n);
+size_t strlen16(const char16_t *);
+size_t strnlen16(const char16_t *, size_t);
+char16_t *strcpy16(char16_t *, const char16_t *);
+char16_t *strncpy16(char16_t *, const char16_t *, size_t);
+
+// Version of comparison that supports embedded nulls.
+// This is different than strncmp() because we don't stop
+// at a nul character and consider the strings to be different
+// if the lengths are different (thus we need to supply the
+// lengths of both strings).  This can also be used when
+// your string is not nul-terminated as it will have the
+// equivalent result as strcmp16 (unlike strncmp16).
+int strzcmp16(const char16_t *s1, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n2);
+
+// Version of strzcmp16 for comparing strings in different endianness.
+int strzcmp16_h_n(const char16_t *s1H, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2N, size_t n2);
+
+// Standard string functions on char32_t strings.
+size_t strlen32(const char32_t *);
+size_t strnlen32(const char32_t *, size_t);
+
+/**
+ * Measure the length of a UTF-32 string in UTF-8. If the string is invalid
+ * such as containing a surrogate character, -1 will be returned.
+ */
+ssize_t utf32_to_utf8_length(const char32_t *src, size_t src_len);
+
+/**
+ * Stores a UTF-8 string converted from "src" in "dst", if "dst_length" is not
+ * large enough to store the string, the part of the "src" string is stored
+ * into "dst" as much as possible. See the examples for more detail.
+ * Returns the size actually used for storing the string.
+ * dst" is not null-terminated when dst_len is fully used (like strncpy).
+ *
+ * Example 1
+ * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
+ * "src_len" == 2
+ * "dst_len" >= 7
+ * ->
+ * Returned value == 6
+ * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84\0
+ * (note that "dst" is null-terminated)
+ *
+ * Example 2
+ * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
+ * "src_len" == 2
+ * "dst_len" == 5
+ * ->
+ * Returned value == 3
+ * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\0
+ * (note that "dst" is null-terminated, but \u3044 is not stored in "dst"
+ * since "dst" does not have enough size to store the character)
+ *
+ * Example 3
+ * "src" == \u3042\u3044 (\xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84)
+ * "src_len" == 2
+ * "dst_len" == 6
+ * ->
+ * Returned value == 6
+ * "dst" becomes \xE3\x81\x82\xE3\x81\x84
+ * (note that "dst" is NOT null-terminated, like strncpy)
+ */
+void utf32_to_utf8(const char32_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the unicode value at "index".
+ * Returns -1 when the index is invalid (equals to or more than "src_len").
+ * If returned value is positive, it is able to be converted to char32_t, which
+ * is unsigned. Then, if "next_index" is not NULL, the next index to be used is
+ * stored in "next_index". "next_index" can be NULL.
+ */
+int32_t utf32_from_utf8_at(const char *src, size_t src_len, size_t index, size_t *next_index);
+
+
+/**
+ * Returns the UTF-8 length of UTF-16 string "src".
+ */
+ssize_t utf16_to_utf8_length(const char16_t *src, size_t src_len);
+
+/**
+ * Converts a UTF-16 string to UTF-8. The destination buffer must be large
+ * enough to fit the UTF-16 as measured by utf16_to_utf8_length with an added
+ * NULL terminator.
+ */
+void utf16_to_utf8(const char16_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the length of "src" when "src" is valid UTF-8 string.
+ * Returns 0 if src is NULL or 0-length string. Returns -1 when the source
+ * is an invalid string.
+ *
+ * This function should be used to determine whether "src" is valid UTF-8
+ * characters with valid unicode codepoints. "src" must be null-terminated.
+ *
+ * If you are going to use other utf8_to_... functions defined in this header
+ * with string which may not be valid UTF-8 with valid codepoint (form 0 to
+ * 0x10FFFF), you should use this function before calling others, since the
+ * other functions do not check whether the string is valid UTF-8 or not.
+ *
+ * If you do not care whether "src" is valid UTF-8 or not, you should use
+ * strlen() as usual, which should be much faster.
+ */
+ssize_t utf8_length(const char *src);
+
+/**
+ * Measure the length of a UTF-32 string.
+ */
+size_t utf8_to_utf32_length(const char *src, size_t src_len);
+
+/**
+ * Stores a UTF-32 string converted from "src" in "dst". "dst" must be large
+ * enough to store the entire converted string as measured by
+ * utf8_to_utf32_length plus space for a NULL terminator.
+ */
+void utf8_to_utf32(const char* src, size_t src_len, char32_t* dst);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the UTF-16 length of UTF-8 string "src".
+ */
+ssize_t utf8_to_utf16_length(const uint8_t* src, size_t srcLen);
+
+/**
+ * Convert UTF-8 to UTF-16 including surrogate pairs. The destination buffer
+ * must be large enough to hold the result as measured by utf8_to_utf16_length
+ * plus an added NULL terminator.
+ */
+void utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* src, size_t srcLen, char16_t* dst);
+
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libs/utils/Android.mk b/libs/utils/Android.mk
index eb75ed8..05a9674 100644
--- a/libs/utils/Android.mk
+++ b/libs/utils/Android.mk
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 	TextOutput.cpp \
 	Threads.cpp \
 	Timers.cpp \
+	Unicode.cpp \
 	VectorImpl.cpp \
 	ZipFileCRO.cpp \
 	ZipFileRO.cpp \
diff --git a/libs/utils/ResourceTypes.cpp b/libs/utils/ResourceTypes.cpp
index f287298..bbf5093 100644
--- a/libs/utils/ResourceTypes.cpp
+++ b/libs/utils/ResourceTypes.cpp
@@ -444,15 +444,51 @@
     }
 }
 
-#define DECODE_LENGTH(str, chrsz, len) \
-    len = *(str); \
-    if (*(str)&(1<<(chrsz*8-1))) { \
-        (str)++; \
-        len = (((len)&((1<<(chrsz*8-1))-1))<<(chrsz*8)) + *(str); \
-    } \
-    (str)++;
+/**
+ * Strings in UTF-16 format have length indicated by a length encoded in the
+ * stored data. It is either 1 or 2 characters of length data. This allows a
+ * maximum length of 0x7FFFFFF (2147483647 bytes), but if you're storing that
+ * much data in a string, you're abusing them.
+ *
+ * If the high bit is set, then there are two characters or 4 bytes of length
+ * data encoded. In that case, drop the high bit of the first character and
+ * add it together with the next character.
+ */
+static inline size_t
+decodeLength(const char16_t** str)
+{
+    size_t len = **str;
+    if ((len & 0x8000) != 0) {
+        (*str)++;
+        len = ((len & 0x7FFF) << 16) | **str;
+    }
+    (*str)++;
+    return len;
+}
 
-const uint16_t* ResStringPool::stringAt(size_t idx, size_t* outLen) const
+/**
+ * Strings in UTF-8 format have length indicated by a length encoded in the
+ * stored data. It is either 1 or 2 characters of length data. This allows a
+ * maximum length of 0x7FFF (32767 bytes), but you should consider storing
+ * text in another way if you're using that much data in a single string.
+ *
+ * If the high bit is set, then there are two characters or 2 bytes of length
+ * data encoded. In that case, drop the high bit of the first character and
+ * add it together with the next character.
+ */
+static inline size_t
+decodeLength(const uint8_t** str)
+{
+    size_t len = **str;
+    if ((len & 0x80) != 0) {
+        (*str)++;
+        len = ((len & 0x7F) << 8) | **str;
+    }
+    (*str)++;
+    return len;
+}
+
+const uint16_t* ResStringPool::stringAt(size_t idx, size_t* u16len) const
 {
     if (mError == NO_ERROR && idx < mHeader->stringCount) {
         const bool isUTF8 = (mHeader->flags&ResStringPool_header::UTF8_FLAG) != 0;
@@ -461,37 +497,51 @@
             if (!isUTF8) {
                 const char16_t* strings = (char16_t*)mStrings;
                 const char16_t* str = strings+off;
-                DECODE_LENGTH(str, sizeof(char16_t), *outLen)
-                if ((uint32_t)(str+*outLen-strings) < mStringPoolSize) {
+
+                *u16len = decodeLength(&str);
+                if ((uint32_t)(str+*u16len-strings) < mStringPoolSize) {
                     return str;
                 } else {
                     LOGW("Bad string block: string #%d extends to %d, past end at %d\n",
-                            (int)idx, (int)(str+*outLen-strings), (int)mStringPoolSize);
+                            (int)idx, (int)(str+*u16len-strings), (int)mStringPoolSize);
                 }
             } else {
                 const uint8_t* strings = (uint8_t*)mStrings;
-                const uint8_t* str = strings+off;
-                DECODE_LENGTH(str, sizeof(uint8_t), *outLen)
-                size_t encLen;
-                DECODE_LENGTH(str, sizeof(uint8_t), encLen)
-                if ((uint32_t)(str+encLen-strings) < mStringPoolSize) {
+                const uint8_t* u8str = strings+off;
+
+                *u16len = decodeLength(&u8str);
+                size_t u8len = decodeLength(&u8str);
+
+                // encLen must be less than 0x7FFF due to encoding.
+                if ((uint32_t)(u8str+u8len-strings) < mStringPoolSize) {
                     AutoMutex lock(mDecodeLock);
+
                     if (mCache[idx] != NULL) {
                         return mCache[idx];
                     }
-                    char16_t *u16str = (char16_t *)calloc(*outLen+1, sizeof(char16_t));
+
+                    ssize_t actualLen = utf8_to_utf16_length(u8str, u8len);
+                    if (actualLen < 0 || (size_t)actualLen != *u16len) {
+                        LOGW("Bad string block: string #%lld decoded length is not correct "
+                                "%lld vs %llu\n",
+                                (long long)idx, (long long)actualLen, (long long)*u16len);
+                        return NULL;
+                    }
+
+                    char16_t *u16str = (char16_t *)calloc(*u16len+1, sizeof(char16_t));
                     if (!u16str) {
                         LOGW("No memory when trying to allocate decode cache for string #%d\n",
                                 (int)idx);
                         return NULL;
                     }
-                    const unsigned char *u8src = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(str);
-                    utf8_to_utf16(u8src, encLen, u16str, *outLen);
+
+                    utf8_to_utf16(u8str, u8len, u16str);
                     mCache[idx] = u16str;
                     return u16str;
                 } else {
-                    LOGW("Bad string block: string #%d extends to %d, past end at %d\n",
-                            (int)idx, (int)(str+encLen-strings), (int)mStringPoolSize);
+                    LOGW("Bad string block: string #%lld extends to %lld, past end at %lld\n",
+                            (long long)idx, (long long)(u8str+u8len-strings),
+                            (long long)mStringPoolSize);
                 }
             }
         } else {
@@ -512,9 +562,8 @@
             if (isUTF8) {
                 const uint8_t* strings = (uint8_t*)mStrings;
                 const uint8_t* str = strings+off;
-                DECODE_LENGTH(str, sizeof(uint8_t), *outLen)
-                size_t encLen;
-                DECODE_LENGTH(str, sizeof(uint8_t), encLen)
+                *outLen = decodeLength(&str);
+                size_t encLen = decodeLength(&str);
                 if ((uint32_t)(str+encLen-strings) < mStringPoolSize) {
                     return (const char*)str;
                 } else {
diff --git a/libs/utils/String16.cpp b/libs/utils/String16.cpp
index eab7b2b..4ce1664 100644
--- a/libs/utils/String16.cpp
+++ b/libs/utils/String16.cpp
@@ -18,228 +18,17 @@
 
 #include <utils/Debug.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Unicode.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 #include <utils/TextOutput.h>
 #include <utils/threads.h>
 
 #include <private/utils/Static.h>
 
-#ifdef HAVE_WINSOCK
-# undef  nhtol
-# undef  htonl
-# undef  nhtos
-# undef  htons
-
-# ifdef HAVE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
-#  define ntohl(x)    ( ((x) << 24) | (((x) >> 24) & 255) | (((x) << 8) & 0xff0000) | (((x) >> 8) & 0xff00) )
-#  define htonl(x)    ntohl(x)
-#  define ntohs(x)    ( (((x) << 8) & 0xff00) | (((x) >> 8) & 255) )
-#  define htons(x)    ntohs(x)
-# else
-#  define ntohl(x)    (x)
-#  define htonl(x)    (x)
-#  define ntohs(x)    (x)
-#  define htons(x)    (x)
-# endif
-#else
-# include <netinet/in.h>
-#endif
-
 #include <memory.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-int strcmp16(const char16_t *s1, const char16_t *s2)
-{
-  char16_t ch;
-  int d = 0;
-
-  while ( 1 ) {
-    d = (int)(ch = *s1++) - (int)*s2++;
-    if ( d || !ch )
-      break;
-  }
-
-  return d;
-}
-
-int strncmp16(const char16_t *s1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n)
-{
-  char16_t ch;
-  int d = 0;
-
-  while ( n-- ) {
-    d = (int)(ch = *s1++) - (int)*s2++;
-    if ( d || !ch )
-      break;
-  }
-
-  return d;
-}
-
-char16_t *strcpy16(char16_t *dst, const char16_t *src)
-{
-  char16_t *q = dst;
-  const char16_t *p = src;
-  char16_t ch;
-
-  do {
-    *q++ = ch = *p++;
-  } while ( ch );
-
-  return dst;
-}
-
-size_t strlen16(const char16_t *s)
-{
-  const char16_t *ss = s;
-  while ( *ss )
-    ss++;
-  return ss-s;
-}
-
-
-char16_t *strncpy16(char16_t *dst, const char16_t *src, size_t n)
-{
-  char16_t *q = dst;
-  const char16_t *p = src;
-  char ch;
-
-  while (n) {
-    n--;
-    *q++ = ch = *p++;
-    if ( !ch )
-      break;
-  }
-
-  *q = 0;
-
-  return dst;
-}
-
-size_t strnlen16(const char16_t *s, size_t maxlen)
-{
-  const char16_t *ss = s;
-
-  /* Important: the maxlen test must precede the reference through ss;
-     since the byte beyond the maximum may segfault */
-  while ((maxlen > 0) && *ss) {
-    ss++;
-    maxlen--;
-  }
-  return ss-s;
-}
-
-int strzcmp16(const char16_t *s1, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n2)
-{
-    const char16_t* e1 = s1+n1;
-    const char16_t* e2 = s2+n2;
-
-    while (s1 < e1 && s2 < e2) {
-        const int d = (int)*s1++ - (int)*s2++;
-        if (d) {
-            return d;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return n1 < n2
-        ? (0 - (int)*s2)
-        : (n1 > n2
-           ? ((int)*s1 - 0)
-           : 0);
-}
-
-int strzcmp16_h_n(const char16_t *s1H, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2N, size_t n2)
-{
-    const char16_t* e1 = s1H+n1;
-    const char16_t* e2 = s2N+n2;
-
-    while (s1H < e1 && s2N < e2) {
-        const char16_t c2 = ntohs(*s2N);
-        const int d = (int)*s1H++ - (int)c2;
-        s2N++;
-        if (d) {
-            return d;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return n1 < n2
-        ? (0 - (int)ntohs(*s2N))
-        : (n1 > n2
-           ? ((int)*s1H - 0)
-           : 0);
-}
-
-static inline size_t
-utf8_char_len(uint8_t ch)
-{
-    return ((0xe5000000 >> ((ch >> 3) & 0x1e)) & 3) + 1;
-}
-
-#define UTF8_SHIFT_AND_MASK(unicode, byte)  (unicode)<<=6; (unicode) |= (0x3f & (byte));
-
-static inline uint32_t
-utf8_to_utf32(const uint8_t *src, size_t length)
-{
-    uint32_t unicode;
-
-    switch (length)
-    {
-        case 1:
-            return src[0];
-        case 2:
-            unicode = src[0] & 0x1f;
-            UTF8_SHIFT_AND_MASK(unicode, src[1])
-            return unicode;
-        case 3:
-            unicode = src[0] & 0x0f;
-            UTF8_SHIFT_AND_MASK(unicode, src[1])
-            UTF8_SHIFT_AND_MASK(unicode, src[2])
-            return unicode;
-        case 4:
-            unicode = src[0] & 0x07;
-            UTF8_SHIFT_AND_MASK(unicode, src[1])
-            UTF8_SHIFT_AND_MASK(unicode, src[2])
-            UTF8_SHIFT_AND_MASK(unicode, src[3])
-            return unicode;
-        default:
-            return 0xffff;
-    }
-    
-    //printf("Char at %p: len=%d, utf-16=%p\n", src, length, (void*)result);
-}
-
-void
-utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t *src, size_t srcLen,
-        char16_t* dst, const size_t dstLen)
-{
-    const uint8_t* const end = src + srcLen;
-    const char16_t* const dstEnd = dst + dstLen;
-    while (src < end && dst < dstEnd) {
-        size_t len = utf8_char_len(*src);
-        uint32_t codepoint = utf8_to_utf32((const uint8_t*)src, len);
-
-        // Convert the UTF32 codepoint to one or more UTF16 codepoints
-        if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
-            // Single UTF16 character
-            *dst++ = (char16_t) codepoint;
-        } else {
-            // Multiple UTF16 characters with surrogates
-            codepoint = codepoint - 0x10000;
-            *dst++ = (char16_t) ((codepoint >> 10) + 0xD800);
-            *dst++ = (char16_t) ((codepoint & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00);
-        }
-
-        src += len;
-    }
-    if (dst < dstEnd) {
-        *dst = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -270,37 +59,33 @@
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-static char16_t* allocFromUTF8(const char* in, size_t len)
+static char16_t* allocFromUTF8(const char* u8str, size_t u8len)
 {
-    if (len == 0) return getEmptyString();
-    
-    size_t chars = 0;
-    const char* end = in+len;
-    const char* p = in;
-    
-    while (p < end) {
-        chars++;
-        int utf8len = utf8_char_len(*p);
-        uint32_t codepoint = utf8_to_utf32((const uint8_t*)p, utf8len);
-        if (codepoint > 0xFFFF) chars++; // this will be a surrogate pair in utf16
-        p += utf8len;
+    if (u8len == 0) return getEmptyString();
+
+    const uint8_t* u8cur = (const uint8_t*) u8str;
+
+    const ssize_t u16len = utf8_to_utf16_length(u8cur, u8len);
+    if (u16len < 0) {
+        return getEmptyString();
     }
-    
-    size_t bufSize = (chars+1)*sizeof(char16_t);
-    SharedBuffer* buf = SharedBuffer::alloc(bufSize);
+
+    const uint8_t* const u8end = u8cur + u8len;
+
+    SharedBuffer* buf = SharedBuffer::alloc(sizeof(char16_t)*(u16len+1));
     if (buf) {
-        p = in;
-        char16_t* str = (char16_t*)buf->data();
-        
-        utf8_to_utf16((const uint8_t*)p, len, str, bufSize);
+        u8cur = (const uint8_t*) u8str;
+        char16_t* u16str = (char16_t*)buf->data();
+
+        utf8_to_utf16(u8cur, u8len, u16str);
 
         //printf("Created UTF-16 string from UTF-8 \"%s\":", in);
         //printHexData(1, str, buf->size(), 16, 1);
         //printf("\n");
         
-        return str;
+        return u16str;
     }
-    
+
     return getEmptyString();
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/utils/String8.cpp b/libs/utils/String8.cpp
index 6358fc4..c8dc083 100644
--- a/libs/utils/String8.cpp
+++ b/libs/utils/String8.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 
 #include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Unicode.h>
+#include <utils/SharedBuffer.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 #include <utils/TextOutput.h>
 #include <utils/threads.h>
@@ -34,94 +36,10 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-static const char32_t kByteMask = 0x000000BF;
-static const char32_t kByteMark = 0x00000080;
-
-// Surrogates aren't valid for UTF-32 characters, so define some
-// constants that will let us screen them out.
-static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateHighStart  = 0x0000D800;
-static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateHighEnd    = 0x0000DBFF;
-static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateLowStart   = 0x0000DC00;
-static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateLowEnd     = 0x0000DFFF;
-static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateStart      = kUnicodeSurrogateHighStart;
-static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateEnd        = kUnicodeSurrogateLowEnd;
-static const char32_t kUnicodeMaxCodepoint        = 0x0010FFFF;
-
-// Mask used to set appropriate bits in first byte of UTF-8 sequence,
-// indexed by number of bytes in the sequence.
-// 0xxxxxxx
-// -> (00-7f) 7bit. Bit mask for the first byte is 0x00000000
-// 110yyyyx 10xxxxxx
-// -> (c0-df)(80-bf) 11bit. Bit mask is 0x000000C0
-// 1110yyyy 10yxxxxx 10xxxxxx
-// -> (e0-ef)(80-bf)(80-bf) 16bit. Bit mask is 0x000000E0
-// 11110yyy 10yyxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
-// -> (f0-f7)(80-bf)(80-bf)(80-bf) 21bit. Bit mask is 0x000000F0
-static const char32_t kFirstByteMark[] = {
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x000000C0, 0x000000E0, 0x000000F0
-};
-
 // Separator used by resource paths. This is not platform dependent contrary
 // to OS_PATH_SEPARATOR.
 #define RES_PATH_SEPARATOR '/'
 
-// Return number of utf8 bytes required for the character.
-static size_t utf32_to_utf8_bytes(char32_t srcChar)
-{
-    size_t bytesToWrite;
-
-    // Figure out how many bytes the result will require.
-    if (srcChar < 0x00000080)
-    {
-        bytesToWrite = 1;
-    }
-    else if (srcChar < 0x00000800)
-    {
-        bytesToWrite = 2;
-    }
-    else if (srcChar < 0x00010000)
-    {
-        if ((srcChar < kUnicodeSurrogateStart)
-         || (srcChar > kUnicodeSurrogateEnd))
-        {
-            bytesToWrite = 3;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // Surrogates are invalid UTF-32 characters.
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-    // Max code point for Unicode is 0x0010FFFF.
-    else if (srcChar <= kUnicodeMaxCodepoint)
-    {
-        bytesToWrite = 4;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        // Invalid UTF-32 character.
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    return bytesToWrite;
-}
-
-// Write out the source character to <dstP>.
-
-static void utf32_to_utf8(uint8_t* dstP, char32_t srcChar, size_t bytes)
-{
-    dstP += bytes;
-    switch (bytes)
-    {   /* note: everything falls through. */
-        case 4: *--dstP = (uint8_t)((srcChar | kByteMark) & kByteMask); srcChar >>= 6;
-        case 3: *--dstP = (uint8_t)((srcChar | kByteMark) & kByteMask); srcChar >>= 6;
-        case 2: *--dstP = (uint8_t)((srcChar | kByteMark) & kByteMask); srcChar >>= 6;
-        case 1: *--dstP = (uint8_t)(srcChar | kFirstByteMark[bytes]);
-    }
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 static SharedBuffer* gEmptyStringBuf = NULL;
 static char* gEmptyString = NULL;
 
@@ -175,62 +93,47 @@
     return getEmptyString();
 }
 
-template<typename T, typename L>
-static char* allocFromUTF16OrUTF32(const T* in, L len)
-{
-    if (len == 0) return getEmptyString();
-
-    size_t bytes = 0;
-    const T* end = in+len;
-    const T* p = in;
-
-    while (p < end) {
-        bytes += utf32_to_utf8_bytes(*p);
-        p++;
-    }
-
-    SharedBuffer* buf = SharedBuffer::alloc(bytes+1);
-    LOG_ASSERT(buf, "Unable to allocate shared buffer");
-    if (buf) {
-        p = in;
-        char* str = (char*)buf->data();
-        char* d = str;
-        while (p < end) {
-            const T c = *p++;
-            size_t len = utf32_to_utf8_bytes(c);
-            utf32_to_utf8((uint8_t*)d, c, len);
-            d += len;
-        }
-        *d = 0;
-
-        return str;
-    }
-
-    return getEmptyString();
-}
-
 static char* allocFromUTF16(const char16_t* in, size_t len)
 {
     if (len == 0) return getEmptyString();
 
-    const size_t bytes = utf8_length_from_utf16(in, len);
+    const ssize_t bytes = utf16_to_utf8_length(in, len);
+    if (bytes < 0) {
+        return getEmptyString();
+    }
 
     SharedBuffer* buf = SharedBuffer::alloc(bytes+1);
     LOG_ASSERT(buf, "Unable to allocate shared buffer");
-    if (buf) {
-        char* str = (char*)buf->data();
-
-        utf16_to_utf8(in, len, str, bytes+1);
-
-        return str;
+    if (!buf) {
+        return getEmptyString();
     }
 
-    return getEmptyString();
+    char* str = (char*)buf->data();
+    utf16_to_utf8(in, len, str);
+    return str;
 }
 
 static char* allocFromUTF32(const char32_t* in, size_t len)
 {
-    return allocFromUTF16OrUTF32<char32_t, size_t>(in, len);
+    if (len == 0) {
+        return getEmptyString();
+    }
+
+    const ssize_t bytes = utf32_to_utf8_length(in, len);
+    if (bytes < 0) {
+        return getEmptyString();
+    }
+
+    SharedBuffer* buf = SharedBuffer::alloc(bytes+1);
+    LOG_ASSERT(buf, "Unable to allocate shared buffer");
+    if (!buf) {
+        return getEmptyString();
+    }
+
+    char* str = (char*) buf->data();
+    utf32_to_utf8(in, len, str);
+
+    return str;
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -510,17 +413,17 @@
 
 size_t String8::getUtf32Length() const
 {
-    return utf32_length(mString, length());
+    return utf8_to_utf32_length(mString, length());
 }
 
 int32_t String8::getUtf32At(size_t index, size_t *next_index) const
 {
-    return utf32_at(mString, length(), index, next_index);
+    return utf32_from_utf8_at(mString, length(), index, next_index);
 }
 
-size_t String8::getUtf32(char32_t* dst, size_t dst_len) const
+void String8::getUtf32(char32_t* dst) const
 {
-    return utf8_to_utf32(mString, length(), dst, dst_len);
+    utf8_to_utf32(mString, length(), dst);
 }
 
 TextOutput& operator<<(TextOutput& to, const String8& val)
@@ -705,241 +608,3 @@
 }
 
 }; // namespace android
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-size_t strlen32(const char32_t *s)
-{
-  const char32_t *ss = s;
-  while ( *ss )
-    ss++;
-  return ss-s;
-}
-
-size_t strnlen32(const char32_t *s, size_t maxlen)
-{
-  const char32_t *ss = s;
-  while ((maxlen > 0) && *ss) {
-    ss++;
-    maxlen--;
-  }
-  return ss-s;
-}
-
-size_t utf8_length(const char *src)
-{
-    const char *cur = src;
-    size_t ret = 0;
-    while (*cur != '\0') {
-        const char first_char = *cur++;
-        if ((first_char & 0x80) == 0) { // ASCII
-            ret += 1;
-            continue;
-        }
-        // (UTF-8's character must not be like 10xxxxxx,
-        //  but 110xxxxx, 1110xxxx, ... or 1111110x)
-        if ((first_char & 0x40) == 0) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        int32_t mask, to_ignore_mask;
-        size_t num_to_read = 0;
-        char32_t utf32 = 0;
-        for (num_to_read = 1, mask = 0x40, to_ignore_mask = 0x80;
-             num_to_read < 5 && (first_char & mask);
-             num_to_read++, to_ignore_mask |= mask, mask >>= 1) {
-            if ((*cur & 0xC0) != 0x80) { // must be 10xxxxxx
-                return 0;
-            }
-            // 0x3F == 00111111
-            utf32 = (utf32 << 6) + (*cur++ & 0x3F);
-        }
-        // "first_char" must be (110xxxxx - 11110xxx)
-        if (num_to_read == 5) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        to_ignore_mask |= mask;
-        utf32 |= ((~to_ignore_mask) & first_char) << (6 * (num_to_read - 1));
-        if (utf32 > android::kUnicodeMaxCodepoint) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        ret += num_to_read;
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-size_t utf32_length(const char *src, size_t src_len)
-{
-    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    size_t ret = 0;
-    const char* cur;
-    const char* end;
-    size_t num_to_skip;
-    for (cur = src, end = src + src_len, num_to_skip = 1;
-         cur < end;
-         cur += num_to_skip, ret++) {
-        const char first_char = *cur;
-        num_to_skip = 1;
-        if ((first_char & 0x80) == 0) {  // ASCII
-            continue;
-        }
-        int32_t mask;
-
-        for (mask = 0x40; (first_char & mask); num_to_skip++, mask >>= 1) {
-        }
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-size_t utf8_length_from_utf32(const char32_t *src, size_t src_len)
-{
-    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    size_t ret = 0;
-    const char32_t *end = src + src_len;
-    while (src < end) {
-        ret += android::utf32_to_utf8_bytes(*src++);
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-size_t utf8_length_from_utf16(const char16_t *src, size_t src_len)
-{
-    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    size_t ret = 0;
-    const char16_t* const end = src + src_len;
-    while (src < end) {
-        if ((*src & 0xFC00) == 0xD800 && (src + 1) < end
-                && (*++src & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) {
-            // surrogate pairs are always 4 bytes.
-            ret += 4;
-            src++;
-        } else {
-            ret += android::utf32_to_utf8_bytes((char32_t) *src++);
-        }
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static int32_t utf32_at_internal(const char* cur, size_t *num_read)
-{
-    const char first_char = *cur;
-    if ((first_char & 0x80) == 0) { // ASCII
-        *num_read = 1;
-        return *cur;
-    }
-    cur++;
-    char32_t mask, to_ignore_mask;
-    size_t num_to_read = 0;
-    char32_t utf32 = first_char;
-    for (num_to_read = 1, mask = 0x40, to_ignore_mask = 0xFFFFFF80;
-         (first_char & mask);
-         num_to_read++, to_ignore_mask |= mask, mask >>= 1) {
-        // 0x3F == 00111111
-        utf32 = (utf32 << 6) + (*cur++ & 0x3F);
-    }
-    to_ignore_mask |= mask;
-    utf32 &= ~(to_ignore_mask << (6 * (num_to_read - 1)));
-
-    *num_read = num_to_read;
-    return static_cast<int32_t>(utf32);
-}
-
-int32_t utf32_at(const char *src, size_t src_len,
-                 size_t index, size_t *next_index)
-{
-    if (index >= src_len) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    size_t dummy_index;
-    if (next_index == NULL) {
-        next_index = &dummy_index;
-    }
-    size_t num_read;
-    int32_t ret = utf32_at_internal(src + index, &num_read);
-    if (ret >= 0) {
-        *next_index = index + num_read;
-    }
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-size_t utf8_to_utf32(const char* src, size_t src_len,
-                     char32_t* dst, size_t dst_len)
-{
-    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0 || dst == NULL || dst_len == 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    const char* cur = src;
-    const char* end = src + src_len;
-    char32_t* cur_utf32 = dst;
-    const char32_t* end_utf32 = dst + dst_len;
-    while (cur_utf32 < end_utf32 && cur < end) {
-        size_t num_read;
-        *cur_utf32++ =
-                static_cast<char32_t>(utf32_at_internal(cur, &num_read));
-        cur += num_read;
-    }
-    if (cur_utf32 < end_utf32) {
-        *cur_utf32 = 0;
-    }
-    return static_cast<size_t>(cur_utf32 - dst);
-}
-
-size_t utf32_to_utf8(const char32_t* src, size_t src_len,
-                     char* dst, size_t dst_len)
-{
-    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0 || dst == NULL || dst_len == 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    const char32_t *cur_utf32 = src;
-    const char32_t *end_utf32 = src + src_len;
-    char *cur = dst;
-    const char *end = dst + dst_len;
-    while (cur_utf32 < end_utf32 && cur < end) {
-        size_t len = android::utf32_to_utf8_bytes(*cur_utf32);
-        android::utf32_to_utf8((uint8_t *)cur, *cur_utf32++, len);
-        cur += len;
-    }
-    if (cur < end) {
-        *cur = '\0';
-    }
-    return cur - dst;
-}
-
-size_t utf16_to_utf8(const char16_t* src, size_t src_len,
-                     char* dst, size_t dst_len)
-{
-    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0 || dst == NULL || dst_len == 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    const char16_t* cur_utf16 = src;
-    const char16_t* const end_utf16 = src + src_len;
-    char *cur = dst;
-    const char* const end = dst + dst_len;
-    while (cur_utf16 < end_utf16 && cur < end) {
-        char32_t utf32;
-        // surrogate pairs
-        if ((*cur_utf16 & 0xFC00) == 0xD800 && (cur_utf16 + 1) < end_utf16) {
-            utf32 = (*cur_utf16++ - 0xD800) << 10;
-            utf32 |= *cur_utf16++ - 0xDC00;
-            utf32 += 0x10000;
-        } else {
-            utf32 = (char32_t) *cur_utf16++;
-        }
-        size_t len = android::utf32_to_utf8_bytes(utf32);
-        android::utf32_to_utf8((uint8_t*)cur, utf32, len);
-        cur += len;
-    }
-    if (cur < end) {
-        *cur = '\0';
-    }
-    return cur - dst;
-}
diff --git a/libs/utils/Unicode.cpp b/libs/utils/Unicode.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78c61b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/utils/Unicode.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,575 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <utils/Unicode.h>
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WINSOCK
+# undef  nhtol
+# undef  htonl
+# undef  nhtos
+# undef  htons
+
+# ifdef HAVE_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#  define ntohl(x)    ( ((x) << 24) | (((x) >> 24) & 255) | (((x) << 8) & 0xff0000) | (((x) >> 8) & 0xff00) )
+#  define htonl(x)    ntohl(x)
+#  define ntohs(x)    ( (((x) << 8) & 0xff00) | (((x) >> 8) & 255) )
+#  define htons(x)    ntohs(x)
+# else
+#  define ntohl(x)    (x)
+#  define htonl(x)    (x)
+#  define ntohs(x)    (x)
+#  define htons(x)    (x)
+# endif
+#else
+# include <netinet/in.h>
+#endif
+
+extern "C" {
+
+static const char32_t kByteMask = 0x000000BF;
+static const char32_t kByteMark = 0x00000080;
+
+// Surrogates aren't valid for UTF-32 characters, so define some
+// constants that will let us screen them out.
+static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateHighStart  = 0x0000D800;
+static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateHighEnd    = 0x0000DBFF;
+static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateLowStart   = 0x0000DC00;
+static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateLowEnd     = 0x0000DFFF;
+static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateStart      = kUnicodeSurrogateHighStart;
+static const char32_t kUnicodeSurrogateEnd        = kUnicodeSurrogateLowEnd;
+static const char32_t kUnicodeMaxCodepoint        = 0x0010FFFF;
+
+// Mask used to set appropriate bits in first byte of UTF-8 sequence,
+// indexed by number of bytes in the sequence.
+// 0xxxxxxx
+// -> (00-7f) 7bit. Bit mask for the first byte is 0x00000000
+// 110yyyyx 10xxxxxx
+// -> (c0-df)(80-bf) 11bit. Bit mask is 0x000000C0
+// 1110yyyy 10yxxxxx 10xxxxxx
+// -> (e0-ef)(80-bf)(80-bf) 16bit. Bit mask is 0x000000E0
+// 11110yyy 10yyxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
+// -> (f0-f7)(80-bf)(80-bf)(80-bf) 21bit. Bit mask is 0x000000F0
+static const char32_t kFirstByteMark[] = {
+    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x000000C0, 0x000000E0, 0x000000F0
+};
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// UTF-32
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Return number of UTF-8 bytes required for the character. If the character
+ * is invalid, return size of 0.
+ */
+static inline size_t utf32_codepoint_utf8_length(char32_t srcChar)
+{
+    // Figure out how many bytes the result will require.
+    if (srcChar < 0x00000080) {
+        return 1;
+    } else if (srcChar < 0x00000800) {
+        return 2;
+    } else if (srcChar < 0x00010000) {
+        if ((srcChar < kUnicodeSurrogateStart) || (srcChar > kUnicodeSurrogateEnd)) {
+            return 3;
+        } else {
+            // Surrogates are invalid UTF-32 characters.
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    // Max code point for Unicode is 0x0010FFFF.
+    else if (srcChar <= kUnicodeMaxCodepoint) {
+        return 4;
+    } else {
+        // Invalid UTF-32 character.
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+// Write out the source character to <dstP>.
+
+static inline void utf32_codepoint_to_utf8(uint8_t* dstP, char32_t srcChar, size_t bytes)
+{
+    dstP += bytes;
+    switch (bytes)
+    {   /* note: everything falls through. */
+        case 4: *--dstP = (uint8_t)((srcChar | kByteMark) & kByteMask); srcChar >>= 6;
+        case 3: *--dstP = (uint8_t)((srcChar | kByteMark) & kByteMask); srcChar >>= 6;
+        case 2: *--dstP = (uint8_t)((srcChar | kByteMark) & kByteMask); srcChar >>= 6;
+        case 1: *--dstP = (uint8_t)(srcChar | kFirstByteMark[bytes]);
+    }
+}
+
+size_t strlen32(const char32_t *s)
+{
+  const char32_t *ss = s;
+  while ( *ss )
+    ss++;
+  return ss-s;
+}
+
+size_t strnlen32(const char32_t *s, size_t maxlen)
+{
+  const char32_t *ss = s;
+  while ((maxlen > 0) && *ss) {
+    ss++;
+    maxlen--;
+  }
+  return ss-s;
+}
+
+static inline int32_t utf32_at_internal(const char* cur, size_t *num_read)
+{
+    const char first_char = *cur;
+    if ((first_char & 0x80) == 0) { // ASCII
+        *num_read = 1;
+        return *cur;
+    }
+    cur++;
+    char32_t mask, to_ignore_mask;
+    size_t num_to_read = 0;
+    char32_t utf32 = first_char;
+    for (num_to_read = 1, mask = 0x40, to_ignore_mask = 0xFFFFFF80;
+         (first_char & mask);
+         num_to_read++, to_ignore_mask |= mask, mask >>= 1) {
+        // 0x3F == 00111111
+        utf32 = (utf32 << 6) + (*cur++ & 0x3F);
+    }
+    to_ignore_mask |= mask;
+    utf32 &= ~(to_ignore_mask << (6 * (num_to_read - 1)));
+
+    *num_read = num_to_read;
+    return static_cast<int32_t>(utf32);
+}
+
+int32_t utf32_from_utf8_at(const char *src, size_t src_len, size_t index, size_t *next_index)
+{
+    if (index >= src_len) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    size_t dummy_index;
+    if (next_index == NULL) {
+        next_index = &dummy_index;
+    }
+    size_t num_read;
+    int32_t ret = utf32_at_internal(src + index, &num_read);
+    if (ret >= 0) {
+        *next_index = index + num_read;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+ssize_t utf32_to_utf8_length(const char32_t *src, size_t src_len)
+{
+    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    size_t ret = 0;
+    const char32_t *end = src + src_len;
+    while (src < end) {
+        ret += utf32_codepoint_utf8_length(*src++);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+void utf32_to_utf8(const char32_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst)
+{
+    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0 || dst == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const char32_t *cur_utf32 = src;
+    const char32_t *end_utf32 = src + src_len;
+    char *cur = dst;
+    while (cur_utf32 < end_utf32) {
+        size_t len = utf32_codepoint_utf8_length(*cur_utf32);
+        utf32_codepoint_to_utf8((uint8_t *)cur, *cur_utf32++, len);
+        cur += len;
+    }
+    *cur = '\0';
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// UTF-16
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+int strcmp16(const char16_t *s1, const char16_t *s2)
+{
+  char16_t ch;
+  int d = 0;
+
+  while ( 1 ) {
+    d = (int)(ch = *s1++) - (int)*s2++;
+    if ( d || !ch )
+      break;
+  }
+
+  return d;
+}
+
+int strncmp16(const char16_t *s1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n)
+{
+  char16_t ch;
+  int d = 0;
+
+  while ( n-- ) {
+    d = (int)(ch = *s1++) - (int)*s2++;
+    if ( d || !ch )
+      break;
+  }
+
+  return d;
+}
+
+char16_t *strcpy16(char16_t *dst, const char16_t *src)
+{
+  char16_t *q = dst;
+  const char16_t *p = src;
+  char16_t ch;
+
+  do {
+    *q++ = ch = *p++;
+  } while ( ch );
+
+  return dst;
+}
+
+size_t strlen16(const char16_t *s)
+{
+  const char16_t *ss = s;
+  while ( *ss )
+    ss++;
+  return ss-s;
+}
+
+
+char16_t *strncpy16(char16_t *dst, const char16_t *src, size_t n)
+{
+  char16_t *q = dst;
+  const char16_t *p = src;
+  char ch;
+
+  while (n) {
+    n--;
+    *q++ = ch = *p++;
+    if ( !ch )
+      break;
+  }
+
+  *q = 0;
+
+  return dst;
+}
+
+size_t strnlen16(const char16_t *s, size_t maxlen)
+{
+  const char16_t *ss = s;
+
+  /* Important: the maxlen test must precede the reference through ss;
+     since the byte beyond the maximum may segfault */
+  while ((maxlen > 0) && *ss) {
+    ss++;
+    maxlen--;
+  }
+  return ss-s;
+}
+
+int strzcmp16(const char16_t *s1, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2, size_t n2)
+{
+    const char16_t* e1 = s1+n1;
+    const char16_t* e2 = s2+n2;
+
+    while (s1 < e1 && s2 < e2) {
+        const int d = (int)*s1++ - (int)*s2++;
+        if (d) {
+            return d;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return n1 < n2
+        ? (0 - (int)*s2)
+        : (n1 > n2
+           ? ((int)*s1 - 0)
+           : 0);
+}
+
+int strzcmp16_h_n(const char16_t *s1H, size_t n1, const char16_t *s2N, size_t n2)
+{
+    const char16_t* e1 = s1H+n1;
+    const char16_t* e2 = s2N+n2;
+
+    while (s1H < e1 && s2N < e2) {
+        const char16_t c2 = ntohs(*s2N);
+        const int d = (int)*s1H++ - (int)c2;
+        s2N++;
+        if (d) {
+            return d;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return n1 < n2
+        ? (0 - (int)ntohs(*s2N))
+        : (n1 > n2
+           ? ((int)*s1H - 0)
+           : 0);
+}
+
+void utf16_to_utf8(const char16_t* src, size_t src_len, char* dst)
+{
+    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0 || dst == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const char16_t* cur_utf16 = src;
+    const char16_t* const end_utf16 = src + src_len;
+    char *cur = dst;
+    while (cur_utf16 < end_utf16) {
+        char32_t utf32;
+        // surrogate pairs
+        if ((*cur_utf16 & 0xFC00) == 0xD800) {
+            utf32 = (*cur_utf16++ - 0xD800) << 10;
+            utf32 |= *cur_utf16++ - 0xDC00;
+            utf32 += 0x10000;
+        } else {
+            utf32 = (char32_t) *cur_utf16++;
+        }
+        const size_t len = utf32_codepoint_utf8_length(utf32);
+        utf32_codepoint_to_utf8((uint8_t*)cur, utf32, len);
+        cur += len;
+    }
+    *cur = '\0';
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// UTF-8
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ssize_t utf8_length(const char *src)
+{
+    const char *cur = src;
+    size_t ret = 0;
+    while (*cur != '\0') {
+        const char first_char = *cur++;
+        if ((first_char & 0x80) == 0) { // ASCII
+            ret += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        // (UTF-8's character must not be like 10xxxxxx,
+        //  but 110xxxxx, 1110xxxx, ... or 1111110x)
+        if ((first_char & 0x40) == 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        int32_t mask, to_ignore_mask;
+        size_t num_to_read = 0;
+        char32_t utf32 = 0;
+        for (num_to_read = 1, mask = 0x40, to_ignore_mask = 0x80;
+             num_to_read < 5 && (first_char & mask);
+             num_to_read++, to_ignore_mask |= mask, mask >>= 1) {
+            if ((*cur & 0xC0) != 0x80) { // must be 10xxxxxx
+                return -1;
+            }
+            // 0x3F == 00111111
+            utf32 = (utf32 << 6) + (*cur++ & 0x3F);
+        }
+        // "first_char" must be (110xxxxx - 11110xxx)
+        if (num_to_read == 5) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        to_ignore_mask |= mask;
+        utf32 |= ((~to_ignore_mask) & first_char) << (6 * (num_to_read - 1));
+        if (utf32 > kUnicodeMaxCodepoint) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        ret += num_to_read;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+ssize_t utf16_to_utf8_length(const char16_t *src, size_t src_len)
+{
+    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    size_t ret = 0;
+    const char16_t* const end = src + src_len;
+    while (src < end) {
+        if ((*src & 0xFC00) == 0xD800 && (src + 1) < end
+                && (*++src & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) {
+            // surrogate pairs are always 4 bytes.
+            ret += 4;
+            src++;
+        } else {
+            ret += utf32_codepoint_utf8_length((char32_t) *src++);
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns 1-4 based on the number of leading bits.
+ *
+ * 1111 -> 4
+ * 1110 -> 3
+ * 110x -> 2
+ * 10xx -> 1
+ * 0xxx -> 1
+ */
+static inline size_t utf8_codepoint_len(uint8_t ch)
+{
+    return ((0xe5000000 >> ((ch >> 3) & 0x1e)) & 3) + 1;
+}
+
+static inline void utf8_shift_and_mask(uint32_t* codePoint, const uint8_t byte)
+{
+    *codePoint <<= 6;
+    *codePoint |= 0x3F & byte;
+}
+
+size_t utf8_to_utf32_length(const char *src, size_t src_len)
+{
+    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    size_t ret = 0;
+    const char* cur;
+    const char* end;
+    size_t num_to_skip;
+    for (cur = src, end = src + src_len, num_to_skip = 1;
+         cur < end;
+         cur += num_to_skip, ret++) {
+        const char first_char = *cur;
+        num_to_skip = 1;
+        if ((first_char & 0x80) == 0) {  // ASCII
+            continue;
+        }
+        int32_t mask;
+
+        for (mask = 0x40; (first_char & mask); num_to_skip++, mask >>= 1) {
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+void utf8_to_utf32(const char* src, size_t src_len, char32_t* dst)
+{
+    if (src == NULL || src_len == 0 || dst == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const char* cur = src;
+    const char* const end = src + src_len;
+    char32_t* cur_utf32 = dst;
+    while (cur < end) {
+        size_t num_read;
+        *cur_utf32++ = static_cast<char32_t>(utf32_at_internal(cur, &num_read));
+        cur += num_read;
+    }
+    *cur_utf32 = 0;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t utf8_to_utf32_codepoint(const uint8_t *src, size_t length)
+{
+    uint32_t unicode;
+
+    switch (length)
+    {
+        case 1:
+            return src[0];
+        case 2:
+            unicode = src[0] & 0x1f;
+            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[1]);
+            return unicode;
+        case 3:
+            unicode = src[0] & 0x0f;
+            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[1]);
+            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[2]);
+            return unicode;
+        case 4:
+            unicode = src[0] & 0x07;
+            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[1]);
+            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[2]);
+            utf8_shift_and_mask(&unicode, src[3]);
+            return unicode;
+        default:
+            return 0xffff;
+    }
+
+    //printf("Char at %p: len=%d, utf-16=%p\n", src, length, (void*)result);
+}
+
+ssize_t utf8_to_utf16_length(const uint8_t* u8str, size_t u8len)
+{
+    const uint8_t* const u8end = u8str + u8len;
+    const uint8_t* u8cur = u8str;
+
+    /* Validate that the UTF-8 is the correct len */
+    size_t u16measuredLen = 0;
+    while (u8cur < u8end) {
+        u16measuredLen++;
+        int u8charLen = utf8_codepoint_len(*u8cur);
+        uint32_t codepoint = utf8_to_utf32_codepoint(u8cur, u8charLen);
+        if (codepoint > 0xFFFF) u16measuredLen++; // this will be a surrogate pair in utf16
+        u8cur += u8charLen;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure that we ended where we thought we would and the output UTF-16
+     * will be exactly how long we were told it would be.
+     */
+    if (u8cur != u8end) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return u16measuredLen;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a UTF-8 string to UTF-16. The destination UTF-16 buffer must have
+ * space for NULL at the end.
+ */
+void utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* u8str, size_t u8len, char16_t* u16str)
+{
+    const uint8_t* const u8end = u8str + u8len;
+    const uint8_t* u8cur = u8str;
+    char16_t* u16cur = u16str;
+
+    while (u8cur < u8end) {
+        size_t u8len = utf8_codepoint_len(*u8cur);
+        uint32_t codepoint = utf8_to_utf32_codepoint(u8cur, u8len);
+
+        // Convert the UTF32 codepoint to one or more UTF16 codepoints
+        if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
+            // Single UTF16 character
+            *u16cur++ = (char16_t) codepoint;
+        } else {
+            // Multiple UTF16 characters with surrogates
+            codepoint = codepoint - 0x10000;
+            *u16cur++ = (char16_t) ((codepoint >> 10) + 0xD800);
+            *u16cur++ = (char16_t) ((codepoint & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00);
+        }
+
+        u8cur += u8len;
+    }
+    *u16cur = 0;
+}
+
+}
diff --git a/libs/utils/tests/Android.mk b/libs/utils/tests/Android.mk
index 00077ee..72d4876 100644
--- a/libs/utils/tests/Android.mk
+++ b/libs/utils/tests/Android.mk
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
 test_src_files := \
 	ObbFile_test.cpp \
 	Looper_test.cpp \
-	String8_test.cpp
+	String8_test.cpp \
+	Unicode_test.cpp
 
 shared_libraries := \
 	libz \
diff --git a/libs/utils/tests/Unicode_test.cpp b/libs/utils/tests/Unicode_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18c130c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/utils/tests/Unicode_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "Unicode_test"
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Unicode.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+class UnicodeTest : public testing::Test {
+protected:
+    virtual void SetUp() {
+    }
+
+    virtual void TearDown() {
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(UnicodeTest, UTF8toUTF16ZeroLength) {
+    ssize_t measured;
+
+    const uint8_t str[] = { };
+
+    measured = utf8_to_utf16_length(str, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, measured)
+            << "Zero length input should return zero length output.";
+}
+
+TEST_F(UnicodeTest, UTF8toUTF16ASCIILength) {
+    ssize_t measured;
+
+    // U+0030 or ASCII '0'
+    const uint8_t str[] = { 0x30 };
+
+    measured = utf8_to_utf16_length(str, sizeof(str));
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, measured)
+            << "ASCII glyphs should have a length of 1 char16_t";
+}
+
+TEST_F(UnicodeTest, UTF8toUTF16Plane1Length) {
+    ssize_t measured;
+
+    // U+2323 SMILE
+    const uint8_t str[] = { 0xE2, 0x8C, 0xA3 };
+
+    measured = utf8_to_utf16_length(str, sizeof(str));
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, measured)
+            << "Plane 1 glyphs should have a length of 1 char16_t";
+}
+
+TEST_F(UnicodeTest, UTF8toUTF16SurrogateLength) {
+    ssize_t measured;
+
+    // U+10000
+    const uint8_t str[] = { 0xF0, 0x90, 0x80, 0x80 };
+
+    measured = utf8_to_utf16_length(str, sizeof(str));
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, measured)
+            << "Surrogate pairs should have a length of 2 char16_t";
+}
+
+TEST_F(UnicodeTest, UTF8toUTF16TruncatedUTF8) {
+    ssize_t measured;
+
+    // Truncated U+2323 SMILE
+    // U+2323 SMILE
+    const uint8_t str[] = { 0xE2, 0x8C };
+
+    measured = utf8_to_utf16_length(str, sizeof(str));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, measured)
+            << "Truncated UTF-8 should return -1 to indicate invalid";
+}
+
+TEST_F(UnicodeTest, UTF8toUTF16Normal) {
+    const uint8_t str[] = {
+        0x30, // U+0030, 1 UTF-16 character
+        0xC4, 0x80, // U+0100, 1 UTF-16 character
+        0xE2, 0x8C, 0xA3, // U+2323, 1 UTF-16 character
+        0xF0, 0x90, 0x80, 0x80, // U+10000, 2 UTF-16 character
+    };
+
+    char16_t output[1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1]; // Room for NULL
+
+    utf8_to_utf16(str, sizeof(str), output);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x0030, output[0])
+            << "should be U+0030";
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x0100, output[1])
+            << "should be U+0100";
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x2323, output[2])
+            << "should be U+2323";
+    EXPECT_EQ(0xD800, output[3])
+            << "should be first half of surrogate U+10000";
+    EXPECT_EQ(0xDC00, output[4])
+            << "should be second half of surrogate U+10000";
+    EXPECT_EQ(NULL, output[5])
+            << "should be NULL terminated";
+}
+
+}